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Avila-Tavares R, Gibran L, Brito LGO, Tavoni TM, Gonçalves MO, Baracat EC, Maranhão RC, Podgaec S. Pilot study of treatment of patients with deep infiltrative endometriosis with methotrexate carried in lipid nanoparticles. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:659-667. [PMID: 37987824 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously, lipid nanoparticles (LDE) injected in women with endometriosis were shown to concentrate in the lesions. Here, the safety and feasibility of LDE carrying methotrexate (MTX) to treat deep infiltrating endometriosis was tested. DESIGN Prospective pilot study. SETTING Perola Byington Hospital Reference for Women's Health. SUBJECTS Eleven volunteers (aged 30-47 years, BMI 26.15 ± 6.50 kg/m2) with endometriosis with visual analog scale pelvic pain scores (VAS) > 7 and rectosigmoid lesions were enrolled in the study. INTERVENTION Three patients were treated with LDE-MTX at single intravenous 25 mg/m2 dose of MTX and eight patients with two 25 mg/m2 doses with 1-week interval. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical complaints, blood count, and biochemistry were analyzed before treatment and on days 90, 120, and 180 after LDE-MTX administration. Endometriotic lesions were evaluated by pelvic and transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) before treatment and on days 30 and 180 after LDE-MTX administration. RESULTS No clinical complaints related with LDE-MTX treatment were reported by the patients, and no hematologic, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed in the laboratorial exams. FSH, LH, TSH, free T4, anti-Müllerian hormone, and prolactin levels were also within normal ranges during the observation period. Scores for deep dyspareunia (p < 0.001), chronic pelvic pain (p = 0.008), and dyschezia (p = 0.025) were improved over the 180-day observation period. There was a non-significant trend for reduction of VAS scores for dysmenorrhea. Bowel lesions by TVUS were unchanged. No clear differences between the two dose levels in therapeutic responses were observed. CONCLUSION Results support the safety and feasibility of using LDE-MTX in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis as a novel and promising therapy for the disease. More prolonged treatment schemes should be tested in future placebo-controlled studies aiming to establish the usefulness of this novel nanomedicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Avila-Tavares
- Gynecological Endoscopy Center of the Perola Byington Hospital Reference for Women's Health, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Gibran
- Gynecological Endoscopy Center of the Perola Byington Hospital Reference for Women's Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Oliveira Brito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thauany Martins Tavoni
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Podgaec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Methotrexate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Protein Functionalization to Improve Brain Biodistribution. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11020065. [PMID: 30717376 PMCID: PMC6409770 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and invasive primary tumor of the central nervous system and normally has a negative prognosis. Biodistribution in healthy animal models is an important preliminary study aimed at investigating the efficacy of chemotherapy, as it is mainly addressed towards residual cells after surgery in a region with an intact blood⁻brain barrier. Nanoparticles have emerged as versatile vectors that can overcome the blood⁻brain barrier. In this experimental work, solid lipid nanoparticles, prepared using fatty acid coacervation, have been loaded with an active lipophilic ester of cytotoxic drug methotrexate, and functionalized with either transferrin or insulin, two proteins whose receptors are abundantly expressed on the blood⁻brain barrier. Functionalization has been achieved by grafting a maleimide moiety onto the nanoparticle's surface and exploiting its reactivity towards thiolated proteins. The nanoparticles have been tested in vitro on a blood⁻brain barrier cellular model and in vivo for biodistribution in Wistar rats. Drug metabolites, in particular 7-hydroxymethotrexate, have also been investigated in the animal model. The data obtained indicate that the functionalization of the nanoparticles improved their ability to overcome the blood⁻brain barrier when a PEG spacer between the proteins and the nanoparticle's surface was used. This is probably because this method provided improved ligand⁻receptor interactions and selectivity for the target tissue.
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Battaglia L, Muntoni E, Chirio D, Peira E, Annovazzi L, Schiffer D, Mellai M, Riganti C, Salaroglio IC, Lanotte M, Panciani P, Capucchio MT, Valazza A, Biasibetti E, Gallarate M. Solid lipid nanoparticles by coacervation loaded with a methotrexate prodrug: preliminary study for glioma treatment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:639-656. [PMID: 28186465 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Methotrexate-loaded biocompatible nanoparticles were tested for preliminary efficacy in glioma treatment. MATERIALS & METHODS Behenic acid nanoparticles, prepared by the coacervation method, were loaded with the ester prodrug didodecylmethotrexate, which was previously tested in vitro against glioblastoma human primary cultures. Nanoparticle conjugation with an ApoE mimicking chimera peptide was performed to obtain active targeting to the brain. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Biodistribution studies in healthy rats assessed the superiority of ApoE-conjugated formulation, which was tested on an F98/Fischer glioma model. Differences were observed in tumor growth rate (measured by MRI) between control and treated rats. In vitro tests on F98 cultured cells assessed their susceptibility to treatment, with consequent apoptosis, and allowed us to explain the apoptosis observed in glioma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Muntoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Chirio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Peira
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- Centro Ricerche di Neurobiooncologia, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Davide Schiffer
- Centro Ricerche di Neurobiooncologia, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Marta Mellai
- Centro Ricerche di Neurobiooncologia, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Michele Lanotte
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Panciani
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alberto Valazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marina Gallarate
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Use of combined chemotherapy with etoposide and methotrexate, both associated to lipid nanoemulsions for atherosclerosis treatment in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2015; 29:15-22. [PMID: 25672520 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of atherosclerotic rabbits with intravenous methotrexate or etoposide carried in lipid nanoemulsions (LDE) markedly reduced the lesions in the aorta. Here, the combined treatment with LDE-methotrexate and LDE-etoposide was investigated aiming to increase the anti-atherosclerosis effect. METHODS Thirty-six male rabbits received a diet with 1 % cholesterol for 2 months. After the first month, the animals received 4 weekly intravenous injections of LDE-methotrexate (4 mg/kg dose), LDE-etoposide (6 mg/kg), or a combination of those two drugs, while the control animals were injected with LDE (n = 9 for each group). RESULTS LDE-methotrexate+LDE-etoposide reduced aortic lesion areas by 95 % compared with controls and the intima-media ratio was reduced five-fold, whereas LDE-methotrexate reduced the lesions by 81 % and LDE-etoposide by 83 %. Compared to controls, the positive area of macrophages and MMP-9 in the arterial intima was significantly reduced in all treated groups (p < 0.001), but the MMP9 reduction was greater with the combined chemotherapy than the reduction achieved by the isolated treatments. Presence of CD3 positive cells was equal in controls and LDE-methotrexate+LDE-etoposide treated animals. However, FOXP3 positive T lymphocytes in the intima were increased in the LDE-methotrexate+LDE-etoposide rabbits. Weight, food intake evolution and the hematologic parameters suggested that the treatment had very low toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the single treatments with LDE-methotrexate and LDE-etoposide, the combined treatment was more effective in reducing the atherosclerotic lesions. Because the toxicity of the novel drug-target combined scheme was low, those results favor the possibility of future clinical studies in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Vlasenko YV, Alekseeva AS, Vodovozova EL. Synthesis of a fluorescent analogue of methotrexate lipophilic prodrug. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bulgarelli A, Leite ACA, Dias AAM, Maranhão RC. Anti-Atherogenic Effects of Methotrexate Carried by a Lipid Nanoemulsion That Binds to LDL Receptors in Cholesterol-fed Rabbits. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 27:531-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Dendrimer-based multivalent methotrexates as dual acting nanoconjugates for cancer cell targeting. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 47:560-72. [PMID: 22142685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-targeting drug delivery can be based on the rational design of a therapeutic platform. This approach is typically achieved by the functionalization of a nanoparticle with two distinct types of molecules, a targeting ligand specific for a cancer cell, and a cytotoxic molecule to kill the cell. The present study aims to evaluate the validity of an alternative simplified approach in the design of cancer-targeting nanotherapeutics: conjugating a single type of molecule with dual activities to nanoparticles, instead of coupling a pair of orthogonal molecules. Herein we investigate whether this strategy can be validated by its application to methotrexate, a dual-acting small molecule that shows cytotoxicity because of its potent inhibitory activity against dihydrofolate reductase and that binds folic acid receptor, a tumor biomarker frequently upregulated on the cancer cell surface. This article describes a series of dendrimer conjugates derived from a generation 5 polyamidoamine (G5 PAMAM) presenting a multivalent array of methotrexate and also demonstrates their dual biological activities by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, a cell-free enzyme assay, and cell-based experiments with KB cancer cells.
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Moura JA, Valduga CJ, Tavares ER, Kretzer IF, Maria DA, Maranhão RC. Novel formulation of a methotrexate derivative with a lipid nanoemulsion. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:2285-95. [PMID: 22072866 PMCID: PMC3205125 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s18039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid nanoemulsions that bind to low-density lipoprotein receptors can concentrate chemotherapeutic agents in tissues with low-density lipoprotein receptor overexpression and decrease the toxicity of the treatment. The aim of this study was to develop a new formulation using a lipophilic derivative of methotrexate, ie, didodecyl methotrexate (ddMTX), associated with a lipid nanoemulsion (ddMTX-LDE). Methods ddMTX was synthesized by an esterification reaction between methotrexate and dodecyl bromide. The lipid nanoemulsion was prepared by four hours of ultrasonication of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, triolein, and cholesteryloleate. Association of ddMTX with the lipid nanoemulsion was performed by additional cosonication of ddMTX with the previously prepared lipid nanoemulsion. Formulation stability was evaluated, and cell uptake, cytotoxicity, and acute animal toxicity studies were performed. Results The yield of ddMTX incorporation was 98% and the particle size of LDE-ddMTX was 60 nm. After 48 hours of incubation with plasma, approximately 28% ddMTX was released from the lipid nanoemulsion. The formulation remained stable for at least 45 days at 4°C. Cytotoxicity of LDE-ddMTX against K562 and HL60 neoplastic cells was higher than for methotrexate (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] 1.6 versus 18.2 mM and 0.2 versus 26 mM, respectively), and cellular uptake of LDE-ddMTX was 90-fold higher than that of methotrexate in K562 cells and 75-fold in HL60 cells. Toxicity of LDE-ddMTX, administered at escalating doses, was higher than for methotrexate (LD50 115 mg/kg versus 470 mg/kg; maximum tolerated dose 47 mg/kg versus 94 mg/kg) in mice. However, the hematological toxicity of LDE-ddMTX was lower than for methotrexate. Conclusion LDE-ddMTX was stable, and uptake of the formulation by neoplastic cells was remarkably greater than of methotrexate, which resulted in markedly greater cytotoxicity. LDE-ddMTX is thus a promising formulation to be tested in future animal models of cancer or rheumatic disease, wherein methotrexate is widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Moura
- Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rosenholm JM, Peuhu E, Bate-Eya LT, Eriksson JE, Sahlgren C, Lindén M. Cancer-cell-specific induction of apoptosis using mesoporous silica nanoparticles as drug-delivery vectors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1234-1241. [PMID: 20486218 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200902355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate (MTX) to cancer cells using poly(ethyleneimine)-functionalized mesoporous silica particles as drug-delivery vectors is reported. Due to its high affinity for folate receptors, the expression of which is elevated in cancer cells, MTX serves as both a targeting ligand and a cytotoxic agent. Enhanced cancer-cell apoptosis (programmed cell death) relative to free MTX is thus observed at particle concentrations where nonspecific MTX-induced apoptosis is not observed in the nontargeted healthy cell line, while corresponding amounts of free drug affect both cell lines equally. The particles remain compartmentalized in endo-/lysosomes during the time of observation (up to 72 h), while the drug is released from the particle only upon cell entry, thereby inducing selective apoptosis in the target cells. As MTX is mainly attached to the particle surface, an additional advantage is that the presented carrier design allows for adsorption (loading) of additional drugs into the pore network for therapies based on a combination of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosenholm
- Center for Functional Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, 2500 Turku, Finland
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Kuznetsova NR, Gaenko GP, Khaĭdukov SV, Bovin NV, Vodovozova EL. [The influence of carbohydrate ligands on the cytotoxicity of liposomes bearing a methotrexate-diglyceride conjugate in human acute leukemia cell cultures]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:542-9. [PMID: 19928057 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162009040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of the chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate (MTX) in tumor cells is limited by the frequent development of the drug resistance of tumor cells. We had previously shown in vitro using human acute leukemia cells with various sensitivity to MTX (T-lymphoblastic CCRF-CEM line and resistant CEM/MTX subline) that MTX incorporation into liposomes as a lipophilic prodrug, diglyceride conjugate (MTX-DG), allows for the overcoming of cell resistance due to the impaired active transmembrane transport. In this work, we have studied the profile of binding with carbohydrates of the cell lines mentioned using carbohydrate fluorescent probes (poly(acryl amide) conjugates). Lipophilic conjugates of tetrasaccharide SiaLe(x), 6'-HSO3LacNAc, and also inactive pentaol for incorporation into liposomes, have been synthesized. The cytotoxicity of MTX-DG liposomes equipped with the SiaLe(x) ligand toward the sensitive CCRF-CEM cell culture was demonstrated to be 3.5 times higher than that of MTX-DG liposomes bearing the control inactive pentaol. The activity of MTX liposomes bearing 6'-HSO3LacNAc toward resistant CEM/MTX was 1.6-fold increased. The use of carbohydrate ligands as molecular addresses for drug-carrying liposomes as a potential method of treating heterogeneous tumor tissue is discussed.
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Kaasgaard T, Andresen TL, Jensen SS, Holte RO, Jensen LT, Jørgensen K. Liposomes containing alkylated methotrexate analogues for phospholipase A2 mediated tumor targeted drug delivery. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 157:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kuznetsova N, Kandyba A, Vostrov I, Kadykov V, Gaenko G, Molotkovsky J, Vodovozova E. Liposomes loaded with lipophilic prodrugs of methotrexate and melphalan as convenient drug delivery vehicles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vodovozova EL, Kuznetsova NR, Kadykov VA, Khutsyan SS, Gaenko GP, Molotkovsky YG. Liposomes as nanocarriers of lipid-conjugated antitumor drugs melphalan and methotrexate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078008030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vodovozova EL, Kuznetsova NR, Gaenko GP, Molotkovskiĭ IG. [Liposomal formulation of a methotrexate diglyceride conjugate: activity in methotrexate-resistant leukemia cultured cells]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007; 33:470-3. [PMID: 17886439 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162007040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently synthesized a lipid conjugate of the anticancer agent methotrexate (MTX-DG) and showed that the conjugate is quantitatively included in the lipid bilayer of liposomes prepared by a standard extrusion technique from an 8 : 1 : 1 (mol) egg phosphatidylcholine-yeast phosphatidylinositol-MTX-DG mixture. Both the size of liposomes (126 +/- 30 nm) and the MTX-DG concentration (4.4 mM) are relevant for systemic injections in mammals. The liposomal formulation of MTX-DG was shown to overcome the resistance of tumor cells in vitro to methotrexate: the cytotoxic activities (IC50) of MTX in cultures of the human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CEM-CCRF and the MTX-resistant subline CEM/MTX were 0.075 +/- 0.005 and 16.4 +/- 4.9 microM, respectively, while, in the case of liposomes loaded with MTX-DG, the IC50 values were much closer: 0.77 +/- 0.06 and 3.8 +/- 1.9 microM.
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A diglyceride derivative of methotrexate: Synthesis and cytotoxic activity in addressed liposomes. Pharm Chem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-007-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pitts C, Bowen D, Southerland WM. Interaction energy analyses of folate analog binding to human dihydrofolate reductase: contribution of the antifolate substructural regions to complex stability. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 2000; 16:99-121. [PMID: 10962643 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2000.16.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of the human dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), methotrexate tetrazole, and NADPH ternary complex was used to model the corresponding ternary complexes with methotrexate tetrazole replaced by methotrexate, methotrexate-polyglutamate with three glutamyl residues, and 5,10-deazaaminopterin, respectively. Each complex was solvated in a 60-angstrom cube of explicit water and subjected to structural minimization followed by interaction energy analyses. Interaction energy calculations were performed for the antifolate interaction with water, NADPH, the DHFR binding site residues, the entire DHFR protein, and the solvated NADPH:DHFR complex. These studies revealed that methotrexate-polyglutamate exhibited the most stable interactions and that approximately one half of antifolate:DHFR stability could be accounted for by the interaction of the antifolate with the binding site residues. The antifolate structures were also subdivided into heterocyclic, phenyl, and glutamyl substructural regions. Interaction energies were subsequently calculated for the interactions of the subregions with water, NADPH, the DHFR binding site residues, the DHFR protein, and the solvated NADPH:DHFR complex. The glutamyl substructural region showed the greatest contribution to overall antifolate binding stability due to its interaction with the DHFR protein. The heterocyclic and phenyl substructural regions generally showed much less stable interactions. These results suggest that the primary stabilizing factor of the antifolate interaction is the interaction of glutamyl with the DHFR protein. Additionally, interaction energy analyses were performed for specific groups of atoms within the substructural regions. These studies indicated that the stability of the glutamyl interaction is due to the interaction of glutamyl oxygen atoms with the DHFR protein. In the case of the methotrexate tetrazole complex, the tetrazole nitrogens also contribute significantly to the stability of the glutamyl interaction. The carbon atoms of the heterocyclic and phenyl groups both showed more stable interactions with NADPH than with water, while the nitrogen atoms showed more stable interactions with water than with NADPH. Collectively, these results indicate that the glutamyl region is the most important in antifolate binding stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pitts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA
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Pignatello R, Spampinato G, Sorrenti V, Di Giacomo C, Vicari L, McGuire JJ, Russell CA, Puglisi G, Toth I. Lipophilic methotrexate conjugates with antitumor activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000; 10:237-45. [PMID: 10767601 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic methotrexate (MTX)-lipoamino acid conjugates coupled with amide or ester linkages (1a-1r) were synthesised. The inhibitory activity of the conjugates was evaluated on bovine liver DHFR. The in vitro growth inhibitory effect against MTX-sensitive human lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM cells and an MTX-resistant sub-line (CEM/MTX), which displays defective intracellular transport of MTX, was determined under short-term and continuous (120-h incubation) exposure conditions. The alpha, gamma, or alpha,gamma amide conjugates showed different activity in inhibiting the growth of parent cells. CEM/MTX cells were much less susceptible than CCRF-CEM cells to inhibition by alpha or alpha,gamma-substituted lipoamino acid conjugates, whereas both cell lines were almost equally sensitive to the MTX-gamma conjugates. Although less potent than MTX, they could partially circumvent the impaired transport system. These findings confirm that lipophilic MTX conjugates may be good lead compounds on the drug development for the treatment of some MTX-resistant tumors. Ester-type conjugates displayed an interesting activity against parent CCRF-CEM cells, although they were less potent against the transport-resistant sub-line. Stability studies on these molecules indicated that they are not degraded into MTX in the culture medium, thus suggesting that they are not able to over-cross cell resistance despite of their lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pignatello
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK.
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Wells XE, Bender VJ, Francis CL, He-Williams HM, Manthey MK, Moghaddam MJ, Reilly WG, Whittaker RG. Tris and the ready production of drug-fatty acyl conjugates. Drug Dev Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199903/04)46:3/4<302::aid-ddr16>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Puglisi G, Fresta M, Pignatello R. Synthesis of methotrexate ?,?-bis(amides) and correlation of thermotropic and DPPC biomembrane interaction parameters with their anticancer activity. Drug Dev Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199806/07)44:2/3<62::aid-ddr3>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wright JE, Rosowsky A, Cucchi CA, Flatow J, Frei E. Methotrexate and gamma-tert-butyl methotrexate transport in CEM and CEM/MTX human leukemic lymphoblasts. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:871-6. [PMID: 8373437 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90496-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In a continuing investigation of determinants of their 200-fold methotrexate resistance and their collateral sensitivity to gamma-tert-butyl methotrexate, the ability of CEM/MTX cells to transport the two drugs was analyzed and compared with that of CEM cells. The Km and Vmax values for the influx of methotrexate into CEM cells did not differ significantly from those of CEM/MTX cells, and this was the case for gamma-tert-butyl methotrexate as well. Surface binding and influx rates were proportional to cell surface area, but differences in efflux rates and methotrexate uptake were too large to be explained on this basis. Neither methotrexate nor trimetrexate competed with gamma-tert-butyl methotrexate influx in CEM cells. However, both drugs perturbed the gamma-tert-butyl methotrexate steady state in CEM cells, resulting in slightly less uptake than with gamma-tert-butyl methotrexate alone. However, the major difference between the two cell types was in the methotrexate uptake plateau, which was much greater in the case of the parental cell line. A related observation was the more rapid efflux of methotrexate from CEM/MTX cells than from CEM cells. The poor uptake, the associated meager capacity to polyglutamylate methotrexate and the enhanced methotrexate efflux appear to be responsible for its decreased activity against CEM/MTX cells. Half-lives for gamma-tert-butyl methotrexate efflux were the same in both cell lines, allowing the drug to accumulate to cytotoxic levels despite its inability to form polyglutamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Wright
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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Hassan EE, Gallo JM. Targeting anticancer drugs to the brain. I: Enhanced brain delivery of oxantrazole following administration in magnetic cationic microspheres. J Drug Target 1993; 1:7-14. [PMID: 8069547 DOI: 10.3109/10611869308998759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic cationic microsphere delivery system, prepared from the polysaccharide chitosan and containing oxantrazole (OX), was examined for its ability to enhance brain delivery of OX compared to administration of OX in solution (OX-S). Magnetic chitosan microspheres containing OX (MCM-OX) and OX-S were administered intraarterially to male Fischer 344 rats at OX doses of 0.1 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg with a magnetic field of 6000 G applied to the brain for 30 min. Animals were sacrificed at 30 min and 120 min after MCM-OX and OX-S treatments, and multiple tissues were collected and analyzed for OX by HPLC. A statistical analysis of the effects of treatment, OX dose, and time on total OX in each sampled tissue was made. MCM-OX significantly increased OX brain concentrations compared to those achieved with OX-S treatments, concentrations after MCM-OX being a minimum of 100-fold greater. Within the MCM-OX treatment groups, ipsilateral OX concentrations were much greater, indicating target organ selectivity. A most interesting finding was that OX brain concentrations were similar at 120 min and 30 min after MCM-OX treatment. Thus, even in the absence of the magnetic field, MCM-OX were retained in the brain, possibly through cationic-anionic interactions with the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Search for new anti-tumor drugs among compounds inhibiting enzymes involved in folic acid metabolism (a review). Pharm Chem J 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00777683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Greig NH, Daly EM, Sweeney DJ, Rapoport SI. Pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester, a lipophilic chlorambucil derivative that achieves and maintains high concentrations in brain. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990; 25:320-5. [PMID: 2306791 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equimolar doses of chlorambucil (10 mg/kg) and the lipophilic chlorambucil derivative, chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester (13 mg/kg), were given i.v. to rats. Plasma and brain concentrations of chlorambucil and its active metabolites, 3,4-dehydrochlorambucil and phenylacetic mustard, as well as of chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester were then determined by HPLC between 2 and 240 min after drug administration. Chlorambucil demonstrated a monophasic disappearance from plasma following its administration, with a half-life of 28 min. Significant amounts of phenylacetic mustard were detected after 15 min, and this agent maintained high levels of active compounds in plasma throughout the study. Only low concentrations of chlorambucil and phenylacetic mustard were detected in brain between 2 and 120 min. Following equimolar chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester administration, it rapidly disappeared from plasma, with a half-life of approximately 2 min, and maintained low plateau concentrations between 15 and 120 min after treatment. It was not detected thereafter, although significant amounts of chlorambucil and phenylacetic mustard were detected throughout the study. Significant amounts of chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester entered and remained within the brain, achieving a peak concentration at 15 min and disappearing thereafter with a half-life of 37 min. Low levels of chlorambucil and phenylacetic mustard were also detected. Calculated from the areas under the concentration vs time curves of total active compounds derived from chlorambucil and chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester in brain and plasma, the brain:plasma concentration integral ratios were 0.018 and 0.68, respectively. Following equimolar doses of chlorambucil and chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester, a 7-fold greater concentration integral was achieved by chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester in brain at a 5-fold lower plasma concentration integral. Chlorambucil-tertiary butyl ester may be of value in the treatment of brain-sequestered tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Greig
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, England
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Wright JE, Rosowsky A, Waxman DJ, Trites D, Cucchi CA, Flatow J, Frei E. Metabolism of methotrexate and gamma-tert-butyl methotrexate by human leukemic cells in culture and by hepatic aldehyde oxidase in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:2209-14. [PMID: 2440437 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cellular uptake and metabolism of methotrexate (MTX) and gamma-tert-butyl methotrexate (TBM) were compared in CEM human leukemic lymphoblasts and a highly MTX-resistant subline (CEM/MTX) in which MTX uptake is defective. The CEM/MTX cells were found previously to be as sensitive as the parent line to TBM. While MTX was polyglutamylated extensively in the CEM cells, giving abundant levels of non-effluxing conjugates, polyglutamylation in CEM/MTX cells was reduced severely, even after exposure to a high MTX concentration (100 microM) in the medium. This treatment provided free intracellular MTX in greater than 100-fold excess over the dihydrofolate reductase level. In contrast to MTX, the ester TBM was unmetabolized in either cell line. Uptake levels after incubation of CEM and CEM/MTX cells with 2 microM TBM for 24 hr were 17 and 15 pmol/mg protein respectively. Thus, TBM accumulated equally in both cells and was well retained despite the lack of polyglutamylation. These results, together with the previously observed affinity of the drug for dihydrofolate reductase, provide a plausible rationale for the comparable sensitivity of CEM and CEM/MTX cells to TBM. Experiments were also performed to determine the susceptibility of TBM to metabolic detoxification by hepatic aldehyde oxidase. Km values were 8-fold lower for TBM than for MTX in assays using an enzyme preparation from rabbit liver, and Vmax values were 8-fold higher. Neither MTX nor TBM was oxidized to its 7-hydroxy derivative in intact CEM or CEM/MTX cells. Because TBM is capable of overcoming at least one of the modalities of MTX resistance, defective polyglutamylation, and may be more efficiently detoxified than MTX by the action of hepatic aldehyde oxidase, it has the potential to be a useful agent for the treatment of MTX-resistant tumors.
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