1
|
Gupta A, Laha JK. Growing Utilization of Radical Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300207. [PMID: 37565381 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our current unhealthy lifestyle and the exponential surge in the population getting affected by a variety of diseases have made pharmaceuticals or drugs an imperative part of life, making the development of innovative strategies for drug discovery or the introduction of refined, cost-effective and modern technologies for the synthesis of clinically used drugs, a need of the hour. Ever since their discovery, free radicals and radical cations or anions as reactive intermediates have captivated the chemists, resulting in an exceptional utilization of these moieties throughout the field of chemical synthesis, owing to their unprecedented and widespread reactivity. Sticking with the idea of not judging the book by its cover, despite the conventional thought process of radicals being unstable and difficult to control entities, scientists and academicians around the globe have done an appreciable amount of work utilizing both persistent as well as transient radicals for a variety of organic transformations, exemplifying them with the synthesis of significant biologically active pharmaceutical ingredients. This review truly accounts for the organic radical transformations including radical addition, radical cascade cyclization, radical/radical cross-coupling, coupling with metal-complexes and radical cations coupling with nucleophiles, that offers fascinating and unconventional approaches towards the construction of intricate structural frameworks of marketed APIs with high atom- and step-economy; complementing the otherwise employed traditional methods. This tutorial review presents a comprehensive package of diverse methods utilized for radical generation, featuring their reactivity to form critical bonds in pharmaceutical total synthesis or in building key starting materials or intermediates of their synthetic journey, acknowledging their excellence, downsides and underlying mechanisms, which are otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Despite great achievements over the past few decades in this area, many challenges and obstacles are yet to be unraveled to shorten the distance between the academics and the industry, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhuang JQ, Guo YQ, Deng CL, Zhang XG, Tu HY. TBAI-Mediated Cyclization and Methylsulfonylation of Propargylic Amides with Dimethyl Sulfite. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37467194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A tetramethylammonium iodide (TBAI)-mediated cyclization and methylsulfonylation of propargylic amides enabled by dimethyl sulfite as a SO2 surrogate and methyl source have been developed. The transition metal-free and oxidant-free reaction provides a practical and efficient approach for the selective synthesis of methylsulfonyl oxazoles in moderate to excellent yields with good functional group compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qing Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ying-Qiong Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chen-Liang Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xing-Guo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hai-Yong Tu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu MS, Shu W. Rapid Synthesis of β-Chiral Sulfones by Ni-Organophotocatalyzed Enantioselective Sulfonylalkenylation of Alkenes. JACS AU 2023; 3:1321-1327. [PMID: 37234126 PMCID: PMC10207110 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
β-Chiral sulfones are substructures widespread in drug molecules and bioactive targets and serve as important chiral synthons in organic synthesis yet are challenging to access. Herein, a three-component strategy enabled by visible-light- and Ni-catalyzed sulfonylalkenylation of styrenes for the synthesis of enantioenriched β-chiral sulfones has been developed. This dual-catalysis strategy allows for one-step skeletal assembly along with the control of enantioselectivity in the presence of a chiral ligand, providing an efficient and straightforward access to enantioenriched β-alkenyl sulfones from easily available and simple starting materials. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the reaction undergoes a chemoselective radical addition over two alkenes followed by a Ni-intercepted asymmetric Csp3-Csp2 coupling with alkenyl halides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shang Liu
- Shenzhen
Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen
Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People’s Republic
of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Bai S, Du Y, Qi X, Gao H. Expeditious and Efficient
ortho
‐Selective Trifluoromethane‐sulfonylation of Arylhydroxylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University 27 South Shanda Road Ji'nan 250100, Shandong China
| | - Songlin Bai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing 102206 China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuanbo Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University 27 South Shanda Road Ji'nan 250100, Shandong China
| | - Xiangbing Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing 102206 China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hongyin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University 27 South Shanda Road Ji'nan 250100, Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li C, Hu DD, Jin RX, Wu BB, Wang CY, Ke Z, Wang XS. Selective 1,4-arylsulfonation of 1,3-enynes via photoredox/nickel dual catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A photoredox/nickel-catalyzed selective 1,4-arylsulfonation of 1,3-enynes to access structurally diverse sulfone-containing allenes has been established with low catalyst loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Duo-Duo Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ruo-Xing Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bing-Bing Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Sheng Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei W, Zhong Y, Feng Y, Gao L, Tang H, Pan Y, Ma X, Mo Z. Electrochemically Mediated Direct C(
sp
3
)−H Sulfonylation of Xanthene Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan‐Jie Wei
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Feng Feng
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gao
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai‐Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying‐Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xian‐Li Ma
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 People's Republic of China
| | - Zu‐Yu Mo
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University Guilin 541199 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Bai S, Du Y, Qi X, Gao H. Expeditious and Efficient ortho-Selective Trifluoromethane-sulfonylation of Arylhydroxylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115611. [PMID: 34904339 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A metal- and oxidant-free, practical and efficient method for the synthesis of highly versatile and synthetically useful ortho-trifluoromethanesulfonylated anilines from arylhydroxylamines and trifluoromethanesulfinic chloride was developed. This rapid transformation proceeded smoothly with good yields and excellent ortho-selectivity in the absence of any metals or ligands. Mechanistically, the reaction comprised a noncanonical O-trifluoromethanesulfinylation of the arylhydroxylamine, and the subsequent [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to afford ortho-trifluoromethanesulfonylated aniline derivatives. The practical application of this reaction was demonstrated by further conversion into a series of functional molecules under different reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Songlin Bai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuanbo Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangbing Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongyin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jamalpoor A, van Gelder CAGH, Yousef Yengej FA, Zaal EA, Berlingerio SP, Veys KR, Pou Casellas C, Voskuil K, Essa K, Ammerlaan CME, Rega LR, van der Welle REN, Lilien MR, Rookmaaker MB, Clevers H, Klumperman J, Levtchenko E, Berkers CR, Verhaar MC, Altelaar M, Masereeuw R, Janssen MJ. Cysteamine-bicalutamide combination therapy corrects proximal tubule phenotype in cystinosis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13067. [PMID: 34165243 PMCID: PMC8261496 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephropathic cystinosis is a severe monogenic kidney disorder caused by mutations in CTNS, encoding the lysosomal transporter cystinosin, resulting in lysosomal cystine accumulation. The sole treatment, cysteamine, slows down the disease progression, but does not correct the established renal proximal tubulopathy. Here, we developed a new therapeutic strategy by applying omics to expand our knowledge on the complexity of the disease and prioritize drug targets in cystinosis. We identified alpha-ketoglutarate as a potential metabolite to bridge cystinosin loss to autophagy, apoptosis and kidney proximal tubule impairment in cystinosis. This insight combined with a drug screen revealed a bicalutamide-cysteamine combination treatment as a novel dual-target pharmacological approach for the phenotypical correction of cystinotic kidney proximal tubule cells, patient-derived kidney tubuloids and cystinotic zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amer Jamalpoor
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Charlotte AGH van Gelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Fjodor A Yousef Yengej
- Hubrecht Institute‐Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Esther A Zaal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Division of Cell Biology, Cancer & MetabolismDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sante P Berlingerio
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Koenraad R Veys
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Carla Pou Casellas
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Koen Voskuil
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Khaled Essa
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Carola ME Ammerlaan
- Hubrecht Institute‐Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Rita Rega
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research AreaBambino Gesù Children’s HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Reini EN van der Welle
- Section Cell BiologyCenter for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc R Lilien
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyWilhelmina Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute‐Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell BiologyCenter for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Division of Cell Biology, Cancer & MetabolismDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Manoe J Janssen
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Palladium-catalyzed substitution of allylic alcohols with sulfinate salts: A synthesis of bicalutamide. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
10
|
Ichikawa Y, Hiramatsu M, Mita Y, Makishima M, Matsumoto Y, Masumoto Y, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Hashimoto Y, Ishikawa M. meta-Non-flat substituents: a novel molecular design to improve aqueous solubility in small molecule drug discovery. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:446-456. [PMID: 33331380 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solubility is a key requirement for small-molecule drug candidates. Here, we investigated the regioisomer-physicochemical property relationships of disubstituted benzenes. We found that meta-isomers bearing non-flat substituents tend to possess the lowest melting point and the highest thermodynamic aqueous solubility among the regioisomers. The examination of pharmaceutical compounds containing a disubstituted benzene moiety supported the idea that the introduction of a non-flat substituent at the meta position of a benzene substructure would be a promising approach for medicinal chemists aiming to improve the thermodynamic aqueous solubility of drug candidates, even though it might not be universally effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ichikawa
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Michiaki Hiramatsu
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mita
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yui Masumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Rational design and synthesis of novel anti-prostate cancer agents bearing a 3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3636-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Bassetto M, Ferla S, Pertusati F, Kandil S, Westwell AD, Brancale A, McGuigan C. Design and synthesis of novel bicalutamide and enzalutamide derivatives as antiproliferative agents for the treatment of prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:230-43. [PMID: 27131065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the major causes of male death worldwide and the development of new and more potent anti-PC compounds is a constant requirement. Among the current treatments, (R)-bicalutamide and enzalutamide are non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonist drugs approved also in the case of castration-resistant forms. Both these drugs present a moderate antiproliferative activity and their use is limited due to the development of resistant mutants of their biological target. Insertion of fluorinated and perfluorinated groups in biologically active compounds is a current trend in medicinal chemistry, applied to improve their efficacy and stability profiles. As a means to obtain such effects, different modifications with perfluoro groups were rationally designed on the bicalutamide and enzalutamide structures, leading to the synthesis of a series of new antiproliferative compounds. Several new analogues displayed improved in vitro activity towards four different prostate cancer cell lines, while maintaining full AR antagonism and therefore representing promising leads for further development. Furthermore, a series of molecular modelling studies were performed on the AR antagonist conformation, providing useful insights on potential protein-ligand interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Bassetto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Sahar Kandil
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ran F, Xing H, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li P, Zhao G. Recent Developments in Androgen Receptor Antagonists. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:757-775. [PMID: 26462013 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates the expression of a series of downstream target genes after the binding of androgens, has been a target for the discovery of drugs used to treat prostate cancer. Prostate cancer always progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer after a period of androgen deprivation therapy. Thus, developing potent androgen receptor antagonists for the therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer possesses great significance. This review summarizes the preclinical development of androgen receptor antagonists, conventional androgen receptor antagonists that competitively bind to the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor and coactivator antagonists of the androgen receptor, including both activation function-2 antagonists and binding function-3 antagonists. We hope that this review can help other researchers find new scaffolds and sites for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Ran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Hualu Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Daoguang Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Pengzhan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Guisen Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guerrini A, Tesei A, Ferroni C, Paganelli G, Zamagni A, Carloni S, Di Donato M, Castoria G, Leonetti C, Porru M, De Cesare M, Zaffaroni N, Beretta GL, Del Rio A, Varchi G. A New Avenue toward Androgen Receptor Pan-antagonists: C2 Sterically Hindered Substitution of Hydroxy-propanamides. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7263-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5005122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guerrini
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- I.R.S.T., Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la cura dei Tumori, Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferroni
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Paganelli
- I.R.S.T., Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la cura dei Tumori, Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Alice Zamagni
- I.R.S.T., Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la cura dei Tumori, Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Silvia Carloni
- I.R.S.T., Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la cura dei Tumori, Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department
of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department
of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- Experimental
Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via
delle Messi d’Oro, 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Porru
- Experimental
Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via
delle Messi d’Oro, 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Michelandrea De Cesare
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Via Amadeo, 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Via Amadeo, 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Beretta
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Via Amadeo, 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schragl KM, Forsdahl G, Gmeiner G, Enev VS, Gaertner P. Novel pathway for the synthesis of arylpropionamide-derived selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) metabolites of andarine and ostarine. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
17
|
Yamamoto S, Kobayashi H, Kaku T, Aikawa K, Hara T, Yamaoka M, Kanzaki N, Hasuoka A, Baba A, Ito M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-aryl-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpyrrolidine derivatives as novel androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Krug O, Thomas A, Beuck S, Schenk I, Machnik M, Schänzer W, Bondesson U, Hedeland M, Thevis M. Characterization of In Vitro Synthesized Equine Metabolites of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators S24 and S4. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Yamamoto S, Tomita N, Suzuki Y, Suzaki T, Kaku T, Hara T, Yamaoka M, Kanzaki N, Hasuoka A, Baba A, Ito M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 4-arylmethyl-1-phenylpyrazole and 4-aryloxy-1-phenylpyrazole derivatives as novel androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2338-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Yamamoto S, Matsunaga N, Hitaka T, Yamada M, Hara T, Miyazaki J, Santou T, Kusaka M, Yamaoka M, Kanzaki N, Furuya S, Tasaka A, Hamamura K, Ito M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 4-phenylpyrrole derivatives as novel androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:422-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
21
|
Kaemmerer H, Horvath Z, Lee JW, Kaspereit M, Arnell R, Hedberg M, Herschend B, Jones MJ, Larson K, Lorenz H, Seidel-Morgensten A. Separation of Racemic Bicalutamide by an Optimized Combination of Continuous Chromatography and Selective Crystallization. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op200136z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert Arnell
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Pharmaceutical Development, 15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Martin Hedberg
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Pharmaceutical Development, 15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Björn Herschend
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Pharmaceutical Development, 15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Matthew J. Jones
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Pharmaceutical Development, 15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Larson
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Pharmaceutical Development, 15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Crystal structure, docking study and structure–activity relationship of carborane-containing androgen receptor antagonist 3-(12-hydroxymethyl-1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran-1-yl)benzonitrile. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3540-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
23
|
Thevis M, Geyer H, Kamber M, Schänzer W. Detection of the arylpropionamide-derived selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) S-4 (Andarine) in a black-market product. Drug Test Anal 2011; 1:387-92. [PMID: 20355219 DOI: 10.1002/dta.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal and tissue-selective anabolic agents such as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent a promising class of therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases such as sarcopenia or cancer cachexia. Advanced compounds of SARMs are based on an arylpropionamide-derived structure and leading drug candidates have successfully completed phase-II-clinical trials. Although none of these therapeutics have been approved, their performance-enhancing qualities and the black-market availability of these products makes them a viable target for misuse in the athletic community. In 2008, SARMs were added to the Prohibited List established by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). That SARMs are the subject of misuse even without clinical approval was proved for the first time by the detection of the drug candidate Andarine (also referred to as S-4, S-3-(4-acetylamino-phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamide), advertised, sold and supplied via the Internet. The oily liquids, declared as green tea extracts and face moisturizer, were assayed using state-of-the-art analytical procedures and S-4 was found at concentrations of approximately 150 mg/mL. The authenticity of the product was demonstrated in comparison to reference material by liquid chromatography, high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry using positive and negative electrospray ionization, and comparison to reference material. Moreover, an impurity resulting from poor product purification was detected, accounting for approximately 10% of S-4. This consisted of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-propionamide. The ease of purchasing non-approved drug candidates that could potentially increase athletic performance demonstrates the need to operate proactively in the continued fight against doping. The early inclusion of emerging drugs into routine sports drug testing procedures is a key element of preventive doping research, limiting the options for cheating athletes who aim to undermine the doping control system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Synthesis and biological activity of ferrocenyl derivatives of the non-steroidal antiandrogens flutamide and bicalutamide. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Thevis M, Gerace E, Thomas A, Beuck S, Geyer H, Schlörer N, Kearbey JD, Dalton JT, Schänzer W. Characterization of in vitro generated metabolites of the selective androgen receptor modulators S-22 and S-23 and in vivo comparison to post-administration canine urine specimens. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:589-98. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
26
|
Goto T, Ohta K, Fujii S, Ohta S, Endo Y. Design and Synthesis of Androgen Receptor Full Antagonists Bearing a p-Carborane Cage: Promising Ligands for Anti-Androgen Withdrawal Syndrome. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4917-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100316f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhito Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Kiminori Ohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujii
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li W, Hwang DJ, Cremer D, Joo H, Kraka E, Kim J, Ross CR, Nguyen VQ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Structure determination of chiral sulfoxide in diastereomeric bicalutamide derivatives. Chirality 2009; 21:578-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
28
|
Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Jones A, Coss CC, Narayanan R, He Y, Hwang DJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Nonsteroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs): Dissociating the Anabolic and Androgenic Activities of the Androgen Receptor for Therapeutic Benefit. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3597-617. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900280m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Mohler
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Casey E. Bohl
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Amanda Jones
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Yali He
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Dong Jin Hwang
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - James T. Dalton
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sancheti PP, Vyas VM, Shah M, Karekar P, Pore YV. Spectrophotometric estimation of bicalutamide in tablets. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008; 70:810-2. [PMID: 21369450 PMCID: PMC3040883 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.49131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of bicalutamide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Bicalutamide shows maximum absorbance at 272 nm with molar absorptivity of 2.3399×104 l/mol/cm. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1.5-18 μg/ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.1 and 0.4 μg/ml, respectively. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P P Sancheti
- Government College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Karad-415 124, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Isolation and characterization of process related impurities and degradation products of bicalutamide and development of RP-HPLC method for impurity profile study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:505-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
31
|
Thevis M, Lohmann W, Schrader Y, Kohler M, Bornatsch W, Karst U, Schänzer W. Use of an electrochemically synthesised metabolite of a selective androgen receptor modulator for mass spectrometry-based sports drug testing. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2008; 14:163-170. [PMID: 18708696 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of the metabolism of new therapeutics is a major task for pharmaceutical companies and of great interest for drug testing laboratories. The latter in particular need to determine the presence or absence of drugs or their metabolic products in urine to test for a misuse of these compounds. Commonly, in vitro or animal models are used to mimic the human metabolism and produce potential targets in amounts allowing for method development. An alternative route based on electrochemical reactions of drugs was reported to allow for the generation of selected metabolites. The utility of this approach for doping control purposes was demonstrated with a novel class of anabolic agents termed selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). An arylpropionamide- derived drug candidate was subjected to electrochemical "metabolism" and a major phase-I- metabolite, resulting from the elimination of a substituted phenol residue as identified in in vitro experiments, was generated and characterised using liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. The metabolite was included in routine doping control procedures based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and has served as a reference compound for 5000 doping control specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kuuranne T, Leinonen A, Schänzer W, Kamber M, Kostiainen R, Thevis M. Aryl-Propionamide-Derived Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Characterization of the in Vitro Synthesized Metabolites for Doping Control Purposes. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:571-81. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
33
|
Guo Y, Fujiwara K, Amii H, Uneyama K. Selective Defluorination Approach to N-Cbz-3,3-difluoro-2-difluoromethylenepyrrolidine and Its Application to 3,3-Difluoroproline Dipeptide Synthesis. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8523-6. [PMID: 17914839 DOI: 10.1021/jo070719q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mg-promoted defluorination of N-(p-methoxyphenyl)bis(trifluoromethyl)imine 1 gave perfluoroenamine 2, which was readily transformed to N-Cbz-2-trifluoromethyl-3,3-difluoropyrrolidine 10. Chemoselective defluorination from the trifluoromethyl group of 10 by LHMDS-promoted dehydrofluorination in THF provided 3,3-difluoro-2-difluoromethylenepyrrolidine 11. The product 11 was converted to 3,3-difluoroproline dipeptides 16 upon treatment with aminoesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, 3-3-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gardelli C, Nizi E, Muraglia E, Crescenzi B, Ferrara M, Orvieto F, Pace P, Pescatore G, Poma M, Ferreira MDRR, Scarpelli R, Homnick CF, Ikemoto N, Alfieri A, Verdirame M, Bonelli F, Paz OG, Taliani M, Monteagudo E, Pesci S, Laufer R, Felock P, Stillmock KA, Hazuda D, Rowley M, Summa V. Discovery and Synthesis of HIV Integrase Inhibitors: Development of Potent and Orally Bioavailable N-Methyl Pyrimidones. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4953-75. [PMID: 17824681 DOI: 10.1021/jm0704705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) encodes three enzymes essential for viral replication: a reverse transcriptase, a protease, and an integrase. The latter is responsible for the integration of the viral genome into the human genome and, therefore, represents an attractive target for chemotherapeutic intervention against AIDS. A drug based on this mechanism has not yet been approved. Benzyl-dihydroxypyrimidine-carboxamides were discovered in our laboratories as a novel and metabolically stable class of agents that exhibits potent inhibition of the HIV integrase strand transfer step. Further efforts led to very potent compounds based on the structurally related N-Me pyrimidone scaffold. One of the more interesting compounds in this series is the 2-N-Me-morpholino derivative 27a, which shows a CIC95 of 65 nM in the cell in the presence of serum. The compound has favorable pharmacokinetic properties in three preclinical species and shows no liabilities in several counterscreening assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry - Istituto Di Ricerche Di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bacillus subtilis epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed preparation of enantiopure 2-methylpropane-1,2,3-triol monobenzyl ether and its application to expeditious synthesis of (R)-bicalutamide. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
36
|
Nageswara Rao R, Narasa Raju A, Nagaraju D. An improved and validated LC method for resolution of bicalutamide enantiomers using amylose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as a chiral stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:347-53. [PMID: 16750608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An improved HPLC method for determination of enantiomeric purity of bicalutamide in drugs and pharmaceuticals was developed and validated. Baseline separation with resolution >/=6.0 was achieved within 10 min on Chiralpak AD-H (250 mm x 4.6 mm; particle size 5 microm) column using n-hexane:2-propanol (65:35 v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at 25 degrees C. The detection was made at 270 nm using UV detector while a polarimetric detector connected in series was used for identification of enantiomers. The effects of 2-propanol, ethanol and temperature on enantioselectivity and resolution of enantiomers were evaluated. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision and linearity in the range of 10-250 microg/ml and the r(2) was >0.9999. The recoveries were 99.68-100.25% with <1% R.S.D. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of enantiomers were (2.4, 3.0 and 7.6, 9.3) x 10(-8)g/ml for (S)-(+)-BCT and (R)-(-)-BCT enantiomers, respectively. The method was found to be suitable for rapid determination of enantiomeric purity of bicalutamide in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- HPLC/UV Group, Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jacobson O, Laky D, Carlson KE, Elgavish S, Gozin M, Even-Sapir E, Leibovitc I, Gutman M, Chisin R, Katzenellenbogen JA, Mishani E. Chiral dimethylamine flutamide derivatives—modeling, synthesis, androgen receptor affinities and carbon-11 labeling. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:695-704. [PMID: 16934688 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Revised: 05/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Most prostate cancers are androgen dependent upon initial diagnosis. On the other hand, some very aggressive forms of prostate cancer were shown to have lost the expression of the androgen receptor (AR). Although the AR is routinely targeted in endocrine treatment, the clinical outcome remains suboptimal. Therefore, it is crucial to demonstrate the presence and activity of the AR in each case of prostate cancer, before and after treatment. While noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET) has the potential to determine AR expression of tumor cells in vivo, fully optimized PET imaging agents are not yet available. Based on molecular modeling, three novel derivatives of hydroxyflutamide (Compounds 1-3) were designed and synthesized. They contain an electron-rich group (dimethylamine) located on the methyl moiety, which may confer a better stability to the molecule in vivo. Compounds 1-3 have AR binding that is similar or higher than that of the currently used commercial drugs. An automated carbon-11 radiolabeling route was developed, and the compounds were successfully labeled with a 10-15% decay-corrected radiochemical yield, 99% radiochemical purity and a specific activity of 4Ci/mumol end of bombardment (n=15). These labeled biomarkers may facilitate the future quantitative molecular imaging of AR-positive prostate cancer using PET and may also allow for image-guided treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bogen SL, Arasappan A, Bennett F, Chen K, Jao E, Liu YT, Lovey RG, Venkatraman S, Pan W, Parekh T, Pike RE, Ruan S, Liu R, Baroudy B, Agrawal S, Chase R, Ingravallo P, Pichardo J, Prongay A, Brisson JM, Hsieh TY, Cheng KC, Kemp SJ, Levy OE, Lim-Wilby M, Tamura SY, Saksena AK, Girijavallabhan V, Njoroge FG. Discovery of SCH446211 (SCH6): a new ketoamide inhibitor of the HCV NS3 serine protease and HCV subgenomic RNA replication. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2750-7. [PMID: 16640336 DOI: 10.1021/jm060077j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of various modified prolines at P(2) and optimization of the P(1) side chain led to the discovery of SCH6 (24, Table 2), a potent ketoamide inhibitor of the HCV NS3 serine protease. In addition to excellent enzyme potency (K(i)*= 3.8 nM), 24 was also found to be a potent inhibitor of HCV subgenomic RNA replication with IC(50) and IC(90) of 40 and 100 nM, respectively. Recently, antiviral activity of 24 was demonstrated with inhibition of the full-length genotype 2a HCV genome. In addition, 24 was found to restore the responsiveness of the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) in cells containing HCV RNA replicons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane L Bogen
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Thevis M, Kamber M, Schänzer W. Screening for metabolically stable aryl-propionamide-derived selective androgen receptor modulators for doping control purposes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:870-6. [PMID: 16470709 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic agents have been among the most frequently detected drugs in amateur and professional sport. A novel class of therapeutics presumably complementing anabolic steroids in the near future includes so-called selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) that have been under clinical investigations for several years. Although not yet commercially available, their potential for misuse in sports is high. Four aryl-propionamide-derived SARMs were synthesized in order to establish a fast and robust screening procedure using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Synthesized compounds were characterized by high-resolution/high-accuracy mass analysis employing a linear ion trap-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer while routine analyses were conducted on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Characteristic product ions obtained by collision-induced dissociation were found at m/z 289 and 261 as well as m/z 269 and 241 representing the bisubstituted aniline residues of selected model compounds. Assay validation was performed regarding lower limit of detection (1 ng/mL), recovery (85-105%), intraday precision (7.6-11.6%) and interday precision (9.9-14.4%), and precursor ion scan experiments on diagnostic product ions enabled the detection of a structurally related compound at 50 ng/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry--Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Török R, Bor A, Orosz G, Lukács F, Armstrong DW, Péter A. High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of bicalutamide and its related compounds. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1098:75-81. [PMID: 16314163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic methods were developed for the enantioseparation of (R,S)-bicalutamide (1) and its analogs (+/-)-3-chloro-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide (2), (+/-)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl)-2-methyloxirane-2-carboxamide (3), (+/-)-4-fluorophenylsulfonyl-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid (4) and (+/-)-3-hydroxy-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide (5). The methods involved the use of a cellulose-based Chiralcel OD-H, macrocyclic glycopeptide-based Chirobiotic T, TAG and R, beta-cyclodextrin-based Cyclobond I 2000SN and t-butyl carbamate-derivatized quinine-based columns. The conditions affording the best resolution were found by selection and variation of the mobile-phase compositions, and the differences in separation capability of the methods were noted. The sequence of elution of the enantiomers was determined in all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Török
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jacobson O, Bechor Y, Icar A, Novak N, Birman A, Marom H, Fadeeva L, Golan E, Leibovitch I, Gutman M, Even-Sapir E, Chisin R, Gozin M, Mishani E. Prostate cancer PET bioprobes: Synthesis of [18F]-radiolabeled hydroxyflutamide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6195-205. [PMID: 16054371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 80-90% of prostate cancers are androgen dependent at initial diagnosis. The androgen receptor (AR) is present in most advanced prostate cancer specimens and is believed to have a critical role in its development. Today, treatment of prostate cancer is done by inhibition of AR using antiandrogens such as flutamide (pro-drug of hydroxyflutamide), nilutamide, and bicalutamide. However, there is currently no noninvasive imaging modalities to detect, guide, and monitor specific treatment of AR-positive prostate cancer. (R)-3-Bromo-N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide [18F]-1 and N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide [18F]-2, derivatives of hydroxyflutamide, were synthesized as a fluorine-containing imaging agent candidates. A three-step fluorine-18 radiosynthesis route was developed, and the compounds were successfully labeled with a 10+/-3% decay corrected radiochemical yield, 95% radiochemical purity, and a specific activity of 1500+/-200 Ci/mmol end of bombardment (n = 10). These labeled biprobes not only may enable for the future quantitative molecular imaging of AR-positive prostate cancer using positron emission tomography but may also allow for image-guided treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ganellin CR, Bishop PB, Bambal RB, Chan SMT, Leblond B, Moore ANJ, Zhao L, Bourgeat P, Rose C, Vargas F, Schwartz JC. Inhibitors of Tripeptidyl Peptidase II. 3. Derivation of Butabindide by Successive Structure Optimizations Leading to a Potential General Approach to Designing Exopeptidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7333-42. [PMID: 16279793 DOI: 10.1021/jm0500830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8)-inactivating peptidase is a serine peptidase that has been shown to be a membrane-bound isoform of tripeptidyl peptidase II (EC 3.4.14.10). It cleaves the neurotransmitter CCK-8 sulfate at the Met-Gly bond to give Asp-Tyr(SO3H)-Met-OH + Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2. Starting from Val-Pro-NHBu, a dipeptide of submicromolar affinity that had previously been generated to serve as a lead, successive optimization at P3, P1, and then P2 gave Abu-Pro-NHBu (18, Ki = 80 nM). Further transformation (by making a benzologue) gave the indoline analogue, butabindide (33) as a reversible inhibitor having nanomolar affinity (Ki = 7 nM). Retrospective analysis suggested the possibility of a general approach to designing exopeptidase inhibitors starting from the structure of the first hydrolysis product. Application of this approach to CCK-8 led to Abu-Phe-NHBu (37), but this only had Ki = 9.4 microM. Molecular modeling, to determine the minimum energy conformations and explain the 1000-fold better affinity of butabindide, indicated that 37 cannot access the likely active conformation of butabindide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Robin Ganellin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nair VA, Mustafa SM, Mohler ML, Yang J, Kirkovsky LI, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Synthesis of irreversibly binding bicalutamide analogs for imaging studies. Tetrahedron Lett 2005; 46:4821-4823. [PMID: 18079986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic methodology for preparing radioactive androgen receptor binding compounds in order to determine receptor-ligands interactions has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipin A Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, The Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, RM 227 C, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kuang YY, Chen FE. A CONVENIENT AND EFFICIENT ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF (S)-α-ARYLTHIOMETHYL-α-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID ESTERS. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940509354885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Nair VA, Mustafa SM, Mohler ML, Fisher SJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Synthesis of novel iodo derived bicalutamide analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
Bicalutamide is a nonsteroidal pure antiandrogen given at a dosage of 150 mg once daily as monotherapy for the treatment of early (localised or locally advanced) nonmetastatic prostate cancer. It is used at a dosage of 50 mg once daily in combination with a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogue or surgical castration for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Bicalutamide is a racemate and its antiandrogenic activity resides almost exclusively in the (R)-enantiomer, with little, if any, activity in the (S)-enantiomer. (R)-Bicalutamide is slowly and saturably absorbed, but absorption is unaffected by food. It has a long plasma elimination half-life (1 week) and accumulates about 10-fold in plasma during daily administration. (S)-Bicalutamide is much more rapidly absorbed and cleared from plasma; steady-state concentrations (Css) of (R)-bicalutamide are 100-fold higher than those of (S)-bicalutamide. Css increases linearly with doses up to 50 mg, but nonlinearly at higher doses, reaching a plateau above 300 mg. Css is higher in Japanese than in Caucasians, but no relationship with degree of renal impairment, bodyweight or age exists. Although mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment does not affect pharmacokinetics, there is evidence for slower elimination of (R)-bicalutamide in subjects with severe hepatic impairment. Bicalutamide metabolites are excreted almost equally in urine and faeces with little or no unchanged drug excreted in urine; conversely, unchanged drug predominates in plasma. Bicalutamide in faeces is thought to arise from hydrolysis of bicalutamide glucuronide and from unabsorbed drug. Bicalutamide appears to be cleared almost exclusively by metabolism; this is largely mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) for (R)-bicalutamide, but glucuronidation is the predominant metabolic route for (S)-bicalutamide. (S)-Bicalutamide is metabolised in vitro by CYP3A4, and it is probable that this isoenzyme is also responsible for the metabolism of (R)-bicalutamide. In vitro data suggest that (R)-bicalutamide has the potential to inhibit CYP3A4 and, to a lesser extent, CYP2C9, 2C19 and 2D6. However, using midazolam as a specific CYP3A4 marker, no clinically relevant inhibition is observed in vivo with bicalutamide 150mg. Although bicalutamide is a CYP inducer in laboratory animals, dosages < or = 150 mg/day have shown no evidence of enzyme induction in humans. Daily administration of bicalutamide increases circulating levels of gonadotrophins and sex hormones; although testosterone increases by up to 80%, concentrations in most patients remain within the normal range. Bicalutamide produces a dose-related decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at dosages < or = 150 mg/day. However, little relationship is observed between median PSA reduction and (R)-bicalutamide Css.
Collapse
|
47
|
He Y, Yin D, Perera M, Kirkovsky L, Stourman N, Li W, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Novel nonsteroidal ligands with high binding affinity and potent functional activity for the androgen receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:619-34. [PMID: 12161060 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(02)01335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While nonsteroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonists have been known for many years, and used in the clinic for the treatment of hormone dependent prostate cancer, very little is known about nonsteroidal AR agonists. We designed and synthesized a series of chiral bicalutamide analogs, which bear electron-withdrawing groups (either a cyano or a nitro group at the 4-position and a trifluoromethyl group at the 3-position) in the aromatic A ring, and different substituents at the para position in the aromatic B ring of the parent molecule. We also synthesized a series of racemic bicalutamide analogs, which have a trifluoromethyl group instead of a methyl group at the R(2) position. We examined AR binding affinities of our compounds in a competitive binding assay with a radiolabeled high affinity AR ligand, 3H-mibolerone, and also measured their abilities to stimulate AR-mediated transcriptional activation in a cotransfection assay. These studies demonstrated that (1) nonsteroidal ligands can be structurally modified from known nonsteroidal antiandrogens to generate ligands capable of activating AR-mediated transcriptional activation. (2) R-isomer analogs exhibit higher AR binding affinity and more potent functional activity than their corresponding S-isomers in all cases. (3) All sulphide analogs show higher AR binding affinity and more potent functional activity than their corresponding sulphone analogs, with the exception of ligand R-8. Those ligands which exhibit high AR binding affinity and potent functional activity for human AR may provide effective clinical uses for male fertility, male contraception, and hormone replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee-Memphis, 847 Monroe Avenue, Faculty Building, Room 327, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Mukherjee A, Kirkovsky LI, Kimura Y, Marvel MM, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Affinity labeling of the androgen receptor with nonsteroidal chemoaffinity ligands. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:1259-67. [PMID: 10487527 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a series of potential chemoaffinity ligands for the androgen receptor (AR) by means of structural modifications of bicalutamide, a known nonsteroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of hormone-dependent prostate cancer. We determined AR binding affinities of these ligands, identified chemoaffinity ligands by exchange assays, and confirmed irreversible binding to the AR by Scatchard analyses. AR binding affinity was determined in a competitive binding assay with a radiolabeled high-affinity AR ligand, [3H]mibolerone ([3H]MIB). For exchange assays, AR were incubated with an excess of each ligand, and then adsorbed onto hydroxyapatite (HAP). HAP-bound AR then were incubated with [3H]MIB to determine the remaining exchangeable specific binding sites. To determine the concentration of binding sites (Bmax), using Scatchard analysis, AR were incubated with a fixed concentration of ligand and increasing [3H]MIB concentrations. The ligands showed a wide range of AR binding affinities. In the exchange assays, three isothiocyanate derivatives of R-bicalutamide, the p-isothiocyanate (R-4), the p-thio-isothiocyanate (R-6), and the m-isothiocyanate (R-3), reduced exchangeable specific binding of [3H]MIB by 85, 84, and 50%, respectively. The S-isomer of p-thio-isothiocyanate (S-6), which showed 700-fold lower AR binding affinity than R-6, did not reduce exchangeable specific binding of [3H]MIB. In Scatchard analyses, the isothiocyanate derivatives R-3, R-4, and R-6 showed significant and progressive reduction in Bmax at increasing concentrations. The results indicate that initial specific reversible AR binding was required for subsequent covalent labeling, and that R-3, R-4, and R-6 bound the AR specifically and irreversibly. These isothiocyanate derivatives of R-bicalutamide are the first specific chemoaffinity ligands for the AR, and will provide valuable tools for the molecular characterization of the ligand binding domain of the AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dalton JT, Mukherjee A, Zhu Z, Kirkovsky L, Miller DD. Discovery of nonsteroidal androgens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:1-4. [PMID: 9514878 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal androgens have not been reported. During studies to identify affinity ligands for the androgen receptor in our laboratory, we synthesized several electrophilic nonsteroidal ligands for the androgen receptor and examined their receptor binding affinity and ability to stimulate receptor-mediated transcriptional activation. We found that three of these ligands (1) bound the androgen receptor with affinity similar to that of dihydrotestosterone (the endogenous ligand) and (2) mimicked the effects of dihydrotestosterone on receptor-mediated transcriptional activation (i.e., they were receptor agonists). These studies demonstrate that nonsteroidal ligands can be structurally modified to produce agonist activity. These ligands thus represent the first members of a novel class of androgens with potential therapeutic applications in male fertility and hormone replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Dalton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|