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Huttunen KM. Improving drug delivery to the brain: the prodrug approach. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024. [PMID: 38738934 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2355180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prodrug approach has been thought to be a simple solution to improve brain drug delivery for decades. Nevertheless, it still comes as a surprise that there is relatively little success in the field. The best example anti-parkinsonian drug levodopa has been serendipitously discovered to be a transporter-utilizing brain-delivered prodrug rather than a rationally developed one. AREAS COVERED The lack of success can mainly be explained by the insufficient understanding of the role of membrane proteins that can facilitate drug delivery at dynamic barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but also by the sparse knowledge of prodrug bioconverting enzymes in the brain. This review summarizes the current status of the prodrug attempts that have been developed in the past to improve brain drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION With the expandingly improved analytical and computational technologies, it is anticipated that enhanced brain drug delivery will be eventually achieved for most of the central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs. However, this requires that carrier-mediated (pro)drug delivery methods are implemented in the very early phases of the drug development processes and not as a last step to survive a problematic investigational drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Wang M, He J, Li S, Cai Q, Zhang K, She J. Structural basis of vitamin C recognition and transport by mammalian SVCT1 transporter. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1361. [PMID: 36914666 PMCID: PMC10011568 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is an essential nutrient for human health, and its deficiency has long been known to cause scurvy. Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCTs) are responsible for vitamin C uptake and tissue distribution in mammals. Here, we present cryogenic electron microscopy structures of mouse SVCT1 in both the apo and substrate-bound states. Mouse SVCT1 forms a homodimer with each protomer containing a core domain and a gate domain. The tightly packed extracellular interfaces between the core domain and gate domain stabilize the protein in an inward-open conformation for both the apo and substrate-bound structures. Vitamin C binds at the core domain of each subunit, and two potential sodium ions are identified near the binding site. The coordination of sodium ions by vitamin C explains their coupling transport. SVCTs probably deliver substrate through an elevator mechanism in combination with local structural arrangements. Altogether, our results reveal the molecular mechanism by which SVCTs recognize vitamin C and lay a foundation for further mechanistic studies on SVCT substrate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jin He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qianwen Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Ji She
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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3
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031151. [PMID: 36770817 PMCID: PMC9919865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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Parfenov AA, Vyshtakalyuk AB, Galyametdinova IV, Semenov VE, Zobov VV. Antiapoptotic Effect of Pyrimidine-Derived Drug Xymedon and Its Conjugate with L-Ascorbic Acid on Chang Liver Cells Under Apoptosis Induced by d-Galactosamine. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-01010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Synthesis of Indole-Coupled KYNA Derivatives via C–N Bond Cleavage of Mannich Bases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137152. [PMID: 35806158 PMCID: PMC9266300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KYNAs, a compound with endogenous neuroprotective functions and an indole that is a building block of many biologically active compounds, such as a variety of neurotransmitters, are reacted in a transformation building upon Mannich bases. The reaction yields triarylmethane derivatives containing two biologically potent skeletons, and it may contribute to the synthesis of new, specialised neuroprotective compounds. The synthesis has been investigated via two procedures and the results were compared to those of previous studies. A possible alternative reaction route through acid catalysis has been established.
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6
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Lőrinczi B, Szatmári I. KYNA Derivatives with Modified Skeleton; Hydroxyquinolines with Potential Neuroprotective Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11935. [PMID: 34769362 PMCID: PMC8584415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous neuroprotective agent of increasing importance. Several derivatives have already been synthesized, bearing an abundance of functional groups attached to the main skeleton in different positions. Several of these compounds have already been tested in biological evaluations, with several of them targeting the same receptors and biological effects as KYNA. However, these modified compounds build upon the unmodified KYNA skeleton leaving a possible route for the synthesis of new, potentially neuroprotective derivatives with heteroatom-containing ring systems. The aim of this review is to summarize the syntheses of KYNA derivatives with altered skeletons and to pinpoint an appealing transformation for future medicinal lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Lőrinczi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Targeting Systems to the Brain Obtained by Merging Prodrugs, Nanoparticles, and Nasal Administration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081144. [PMID: 34452105 PMCID: PMC8399330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
About 40 years ago the lipidization of hydrophilic drugs was proposed to induce their brain targeting by transforming them into lipophilic prodrugs. Unfortunately, lipidization often transforms a hydrophilic neuroactive agent into an active efflux transporter (AET) substrate, with consequent rejection from the brain after permeation across the blood brain barrier (BBB). Currently, the prodrug approach has greatly evolved in comparison to lipidization. This review describes the evolution of the prodrug approach for brain targeting considering the design of prodrugs as active influx substrates or molecules able to inhibit or elude AETs. Moreover, the prodrug approach appears strategic in optimization of the encapsulation of neuroactive drugs in nanoparticulate systems that can be designed to induce their receptor-mediated transport (RMT) across the BBB by appropriate decorations on their surface. Nasal administration is described as a valuable alternative to obtain the brain targeting of drugs, evidencing that the prodrug approach can allow the optimization of micro or nanoparticulate nasal formulations of neuroactive agents in order to obtain this goal. Furthermore, nasal administration is also proposed for prodrugs characterized by peripheral instability but potentially able to induce their targeting inside cells of the brain.
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Jacobowski AC, Parisotto EB, Aydos LR, Souza RSD, Viveros S, Colín-Gonzalez AL, Silva IS, Sanjinez-Argandoña EJ, Wilhelm Filho D, Santamaria ADA, Macedo MLR. Neuroprotective Effects of Acrocomia aculeata Pulp Oil Microcapsules on Rats Subjected to Chronic Stress. J Med Food 2021; 24:1068-1075. [PMID: 33872073 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrocomia aculeata fruits are rich in monounsaturated fatty acid, β-carotene, tocopherol, and other antioxidant compounds. The aim of our study was to investigate and compare the protective effects of A. aculeata pulp oil and microencapsulated pulp oil on brain oxidative damage induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS) in rats (cortex, hippocampus, and striatum). Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into six treatment groups: C, P, and M groups received 1 μL/g of body weight of distilled water, pulp oil, and pulp oil microcapsules by daily gavage, respectively. The SC, SP, and SM groups received 1 μL/g of body weight of distilled water, pulp oil, and pulp oil microcapsules by daily gavage, respectively, and were then subjected to uninterrupted 6 h of CRS. After 21 days of testing, the rats were euthanized and the brain tissue of the groups was removed for evaluation for oxidative damage markers and antioxidant enzymes. Endpoints of oxidative stress (OS) markers (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and reduced glutathione [GSH]) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were evaluated. By imposing chronic stress on rats, pulp oil and microcapsules of pulp oil induced positive antioxidant responses, mainly by increasing the GSH content, increasing the ability of neural tissues to deal with inherent OS, thus protecting against neurodegenerative diseases. The administration of A. aculeata pulp oil and microencapsulated pulp oil made the reversal of the oxidant parameters, which may protect the brain tissue of rats altered by CRS. The Clinical Trial Registration number: n° 1.008/2018 CEUA/UFMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Jacobowski
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Benedetti Parisotto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Recena Aydos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Roberta Serafim de Souza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Sandra Viveros
- Laboratory of Excitatory Amino Acids, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Colín-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Excitatory Amino Acids, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iandara Schettert Silva
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Danilo Wilhelm Filho
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Biology Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Abel Del Angel Santamaria
- Laboratory of Excitatory Amino Acids, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Jiaranaikulwanitch J, Pandith H, Tadtong S, Thammarat P, Jiranusornkul S, Chauthong N, Nilkosol S, Vajragupta O. Novel Multifunctional Ascorbic Triazole Derivatives for Amyloidogenic Pathway Inhibition, Anti-Inflammation, and Neuroprotection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061562. [PMID: 33809092 PMCID: PMC7999550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. The number of patients with AD is projected to reach 152 million by 2050. Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine are the only four drugs currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for AD treatment. However, these drugs can only alleviate AD symptoms. Thus, this research focuses on the discovery of novel lead compounds that possess multitarget regulation of AD etiopathology relating to amyloid cascade. The ascorbic acid structure has been designated as a core functional domain due to several characteristics, including antioxidant activities, amyloid aggregation inhibition, and the ability to be transported to the brain and neurons. Multifunctional ascorbic derivatives were synthesized by copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (click chemistry). The in vitro and cell-based assays showed that compounds 2c and 5c exhibited prominent multifunctional activities as beta-secretase 1 inhibitors, amyloid aggregation inhibitors, and antioxidant, neuroprotectant, and anti-inflammatory agents. Significant changes in activities promoting neuroprotection and anti-inflammation were observed at a considerably low concentration at a nanomolar level. Moreover, an in silico study showed that compounds 2c and 5c were capable of being permeated across the blood-brain barrier by sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Jiaranaikulwanitch
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.J.); (N.C.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-5394-4382
| | - Hataichanok Pandith
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Sarin Tadtong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhonnayok 26120, Thailand;
| | - Phanit Thammarat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.J.); (N.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Supat Jiranusornkul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.J.); (N.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Nattapong Chauthong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.J.); (N.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Supitcha Nilkosol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.J.); (N.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Opa Vajragupta
- Office of Research Affairs, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
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Lőrinczi B, Csámpai A, Fülöp F, Szatmári I. Synthetic- and DFT modelling studies on regioselective modified Mannich reactions of hydroxy-KYNA derivatives. RSC Adv 2020; 11:543-554. [PMID: 35423050 PMCID: PMC8691111 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The syntheses of hydroxy-substituted kynurenic acid (KYNA) derivatives have been achieved by an optimised Conrad–Limpach procedure. The derivatives were then reacted with morpholine and paraformaldehyde, as a representative amine and aldehyde, in a modified Mannich reaction. The newly introduced substituents altered the preferred reaction centre of the KYNA skeleton. A systematic investigation of substitutions was carried out, using different reaction conditions, resulting in mono- or disubstituted derivatives. Product selectivity and regioselectivity were rationalised by DFT calculations disclosing HOMO distribution and NBO charges on the potential nucleophilic centres in the anion of the appropriate KYNA ester assumed to be active components towards the iminium ion intermediate. New side of KYNA in modified Mannich reaction – systematic investigation of the reactivity of hydroxylated derivatives rationalised with comparative DFT calculations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Lőrinczi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary +36-62-341-966.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Antal Csámpai
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) Pázmány P. sétány 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary +36-62-341-966.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary +36-62-341-966.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
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Singh RB, Das N, Singh GK, Singh SK, Zaman K. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 3-[5-(aryl-[1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-yl]-piperidine derivatives as anticonvulsant and antidepressant agents. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Synthesis of New C-3 Substituted Kynurenic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040937. [PMID: 32093108 PMCID: PMC7071119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of kynurenic acid (KYNA) as an electron-rich aromatic system in the modified Mannich reaction has been examined. The extension possibility of the reaction was tested by using amines occurring in a number of bioactive products, such as morpholine, piperidine, or N-methylpiperazine and aldehydes of markedly different reactivities, like formaldehyde and benzaldehyde. The influence of substituents attached to position 3 on the aminoalkylation was also investigated. Thus, reactions of 3-carbamoyl-substituted precursors with tertiary amine containing side-chains were also tested to afford new KYNA derivatives with two potential cationic centers. By means of NMR spectroscopic measurements, supported by DFT calculations, the dominant tautomer form of KYNA derivatives was also determined.
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Szűcs E, Stefanucci A, Dimmito MP, Zádor F, Pieretti S, Zengin G, Vécsei L, Benyhe S, Nalli M, Mollica A. Discovery of Kynurenines Containing Oligopeptides as Potent Opioid Receptor Agonists. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020284. [PMID: 32059524 PMCID: PMC7072329 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine (kyn) and kynurenic acid (kyna) are well-defined metabolites of tryptophan catabolism collectively known as "kynurenines", which exert regulatory functions in host-microbiome signaling, immune cell response, and neuronal excitability. Kynurenine containing peptides endowed with opioid receptor activity have been isolated from natural organisms; thus, in this work, novel opioid peptide analogs incorporating L-kynurenine (L-kyn) and kynurenic acid (kyna) in place of native amino acids have been designed and synthesized with the aim to investigate the biological effect of these modifications. The kyna-containing peptide (KA1) binds selectively the m-opioid receptor with a Ki = 1.08 ± 0.26 (selectivity ratio m/d/k = 1:514:10000), while the L-kyn-containing peptide (K6) shows a mixed binding affinity for m, d, and k-opioid receptors, with efficacy and potency (Emax = 209.7 + 3.4%; LogEC50 = -5.984 + 0.054) higher than those of the reference compound DAMGO. This novel oligopeptide exhibits a strong antinociceptive effect after i.c.v. and s.c. administrations in in vivo tests, according to good stability in human plasma (t1/2 = 47 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (F.Z.); (S.B.)
- Doctoral School of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dómtér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.P.D.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.P.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Ferenc Zádor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (F.Z.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42250 Konya, Turkey;
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (F.Z.); (S.B.)
| | - Marianna Nalli
- Laboratory affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.P.D.); (A.M.)
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14
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Fan J, Zhang W, Gao W, Wang T, Duan WL, Liang Y, Zhang Z. Syntheses of Benzofuranoquinolines and Analogues via Photoinduced Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Annulation of o-Phenylfuranylpyridines. Org Lett 2019; 21:9183-9187. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangxi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zunting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
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Dalpiaz A, Fogagnolo M, Ferraro L, Beggiato S, Hanuskova M, Maretti E, Sacchetti F, Leo E, Pavan B. Bile salt-coating modulates the macrophage uptake of nanocores constituted by a zidovudine prodrug and enhances its nose-to-brain delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:91-100. [PMID: 31521715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the ester conjugation of zidovudine (AZT) with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) allows to obtain a prodrug (U-AZT) which eludes the active efflux transporters (AET). This allows the prodrug to more efficiently permeates and remains in murine macrophages than the parent compound. Here we demonstrate that U-AZT can be formulated, by a nanoprecipitation method, as nanoparticle cores coated by bile acid salt (taurocholate or ursodeoxycholate) corona, without any other excipients. The U-AZT nanoparticles appeared spherical with a mean diameter of ∼200 nm and a zeta potential of ∼-55 mV. During the incubation (5 h) in fetal bovine serum, the ursodeoxycholate-coated nanoparticle size did not change. Differently, taurocholate-coated particle size was firstly reduced and then increased up to 800 µm, thus suggesting the high aptitude of these nanoparticles to interact with serum proteins. The in vitro uptake of taurocholate coated particles by murine macrophages was strongly higher than that of ursodeoxycholate-coated particles or free U-AZT (∼500% and ∼7000%, respectively). AZT was also detected in macrophages following the prodrug uptake, with the greatest amounts observed after the taurocholate-coated nanoparticle incubation. As macrophages in the subarachnoid spaces of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constitute one of the most unreachable HIV sanctuaries in the body, we also tested the ability of taurocholate-coated nanoparticles (i.e., nanoparticles highly internalized by macrophages) to reach them after their nasal administration in the presence or absence of chitosan. The results indicate that chitosan allowed to obtain a relatively high uptake (up to 4 µg/ml) of U-AZT in CSF. Taking into account that chitosan may promote the direct brain nanoparticle uptake, these findings can be considered an initial step toward the in vivo targeting of the subarachnoid macrophages by U-AZT prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Marco Fogagnolo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Miriam Hanuskova
- "Enzo Ferrari" Engineering Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Maretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sacchetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Eliana Leo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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16
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Shergalis A, Bankhead A, Luesakul U, Muangsin N, Neamati N. Current Challenges and Opportunities in Treating Glioblastoma. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:412-445. [PMID: 29669750 PMCID: PMC5907910 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, has a high mortality rate despite extensive efforts to develop new treatments. GBM exhibits both intra- and intertumor heterogeneity, lending to resistance and eventual tumor recurrence. Large-scale genomic and proteomic analysis of GBM tumors has uncovered potential drug targets. Effective and “druggable” targets must be validated to embark on a robust medicinal chemistry campaign culminating in the discovery of clinical candidates. Here, we review recent developments in GBM drug discovery and delivery. To identify GBM drug targets, we performed extensive bioinformatics analysis using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We discovered 20 genes, BOC, CLEC4GP1, ELOVL6, EREG, ESR2, FDCSP, FURIN, FUT8-AS1, GZMB, IRX3, LITAF, NDEL1, NKX3-1, PODNL1, PTPRN, QSOX1, SEMA4F, TH, VEGFC, and C20orf166AS1 that are overexpressed in a subpopulation of GBM patients and correlate with poor survival outcomes. Importantly, nine of these genes exhibit higher expression in GBM versus low-grade glioma and may be involved in disease progression. In this review, we discuss these proteins in the context of GBM disease progression. We also conducted computational multi-parameter optimization to assess the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of small molecules in clinical trials for GBM treatment. Drug delivery in the context of GBM is particularly challenging because the BBB hinders small molecule transport. Therefore, we discuss novel drug delivery methods, including nanoparticles and prodrugs. Given the aggressive nature of GBM and the complexity of targeting the central nervous system, effective treatment options are a major unmet medical need. Identification and validation of biomarkers and drug targets associated with GBM disease progression present an exciting opportunity to improve treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Shergalis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Armand Bankhead
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Urarika Luesakul
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Nongnuj Muangsin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
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17
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Subudhi BB, Sahu PK, Singh VK, Prusty S. Conjugation to Ascorbic Acid Enhances Brain Availability of Losartan Carboxylic Acid and Protects Against Parkinsonism in Rats. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:110. [PMID: 30350232 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of renin-angiotensin system in the interplay of hypertension and neurodegeneration has paved the way for the repurposing of antihypertensive drugs against Parkinsonism. Losartan carboxylic acid (LCA), the potent AT1 blocker metabolite of losartan, suffers from poor bioavailability and brain access. Since ascorbate transporters have earlier shown enough flexibility as carriers, we have conjugated losartan carboxylic acid to ascorbic acid with the aim of achieving higher oral/brain availability. Ester of LCA and ascorbic acid (FED) was developed keeping in view the substrate specificity of ascorbate transporters. Oral/brain bioavailability was assessed using in vivo pharmacokinetic model. Effect on central nervous system (CNS) and protection against Parkinsonism was evaluated using in vivo models. FED enhanced bioavailability of LCA. The higher brain availability of LCA enabled CNS protection as evident from the increase in locomotor activity, improved motor coordination, and protection against drug-induced catatonia. In conclusion, FED offers an approach to repurpose LCA against Parkinsonism. This can encourage further investigation to simultaneously address hypertension and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- Drug Development and Analysis Lab., School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Ghatikia, Kalinganagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751029, India.
| | - Pratap Kumar Sahu
- Drug Development and Analysis Lab., School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Ghatikia, Kalinganagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751029, India
| | | | - Shaktiketan Prusty
- Drug Development and Analysis Lab., School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Ghatikia, Kalinganagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751029, India.
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18
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Pavan B, Dalpiaz A. Retinal pigment epithelial cells as a therapeutic tool and target against retinopathies. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1672-1679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Dalpiaz A, Pavan B. Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Antiviral Drugs: A Way to Overcome Their Active Efflux? Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10020039. [PMID: 29587409 PMCID: PMC6027266 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several viruses can easily infect the central nervous system (CNS), antiviral drugs often show dramatic difficulties in penetrating the brain from the bloodstream since they are substrates of active efflux transporters (AETs). These transporters, located in the physiological barriers between blood and the CNS and in macrophage membranes, are able to recognize their substrates and actively efflux them into the bloodstream. The active transporters currently known to efflux antiviral drugs are P-glycoprotein (ABCB1 or P-gp or MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (ABCC1 or MRP1, ABCC4 or MRP4, ABCC5 or MRP5), and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2 or BCRP). Inhibitors of AETs may be considered, but their co-administration causes serious unwanted effects. Nasal administration of antiviral drugs is therefore proposed in order to overcome the aforementioned problems, but innovative devices, formulations (thermoreversible gels, polymeric micro- and nano-particles, solid lipid microparticles, nanoemulsions), absorption enhancers (chitosan, papaverine), and mucoadhesive agents (chitosan, polyvinilpyrrolidone) are required in order to selectively target the antiviral drugs and, possibly, the AET inhibitors in the CNS. Moreover, several prodrugs of antiretroviral agents can inhibit or elude the AET systems, appearing as interesting substrates for innovative nasal formulations able to target anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) agents into macrophages of the CNS, which are one of the most important HIV Sanctuaries of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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20
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Jia X, Li P, Shao Y, Yuan Y, Hou W, Liu X, Zhang X, Ji H. Facile Construction of Quinoline-2-carboxylate Esters through Aerobic Oxidation of Alkyl 4-Anilinocrotonates Induced by a Radical Cation Salt. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1719-1723. [PMID: 28485117 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A facile construction of quinoline-2-carboxylate esters through an aerobic oxidation of alkyl 4-anilinocrotonates is described. In the presence of dioxygen, sp3 C-H bonds in 4-anilinocrotonates can easily be oxidized by using a catalytic amount of a radical cation salt, providing a radical intermediate. After further oxidation and domino cyclization, the desired quinoline derivatives were afforded in high yields. This reaction provides a new way to construct the pharmaceutically relevant quinoline skeleton, avoiding harsh reaction conditions and tedious starting material synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Yu Shao
- School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Wentao Hou
- College of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- College of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- School of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Honghe Ji
- College of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
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21
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Synthesis of L-Ascorbyl Flurbiprofenate by Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification and Transesterification Reactions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5751262. [PMID: 28421196 PMCID: PMC5379130 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5751262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of L-ascorbyl flurbiprofenate was achieved by esterification and transesterification in nonaqueous organic medium with Novozym 435 lipase as biocatalyst. The conversion was greatly influenced by the kinds of organic solvents, speed of agitation, catalyst loading amount, reaction time, and molar ratio of acyl donor to L-ascorbic acid. A series of solvents were investigated, and tert-butanol was found to be the most suitable from the standpoint of the substrate solubility and the conversion for both the esterification and transesterification. When flurbiprofen was used as acyl donor, 61.0% of L-ascorbic acid was converted against 46.4% in the presence of flurbiprofen methyl ester. The optimal conversion of L-ascorbic acid was obtained when the initial molar ratio of acyl donor to ascorbic acid was 5 : 1. kinetics parameters were solved by Lineweaver-Burk equation under nonsubstrate inhibition condition. Since transesterification has lower conversion, from the standpoint of productivity and the amount of steps required, esterification is a better method compared to transesterification.
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22
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Wang N, Sun P, Lv M, Tong G, Jin X, Zhu X. Mustard-inspired delivery shuttle for enhanced blood–brain barrier penetration and effective drug delivery in glioma therapy. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:1041-1050. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A mustard-inspired delivery shuttle was constructed for enhanced blood–brain barrier penetration and effective drug delivery in glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Pei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Mingming Lv
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology
- Ninth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Shanghai 200011
| | - Gangsheng Tong
- Instrumental Analysis Center
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
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23
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Wang N, Jin X, Zhu X. Construction of biomimetic long-circulation delivery platform encapsulated by zwitterionic polymers for enhanced penetration of blood–brain barrier. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A core–shell protein-based long circulation delivery platform has been constructed for enhanced penetration of the blood–brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
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24
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Juhász Á, Csapó E, Ungor D, Tóth GK, Vécsei L, Dékány I. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Kynurenic Acid Binding to GluR1270–300 Polypeptide by Surface Plasmon Resonance Experiments. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:7844-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Juhász
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group and ‡Department of
Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE
Neuroscience Research Group and ∥Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Edit Csapó
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group and ‡Department of
Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE
Neuroscience Research Group and ∥Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Ditta Ungor
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group and ‡Department of
Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE
Neuroscience Research Group and ∥Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Gábor K. Tóth
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group and ‡Department of
Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE
Neuroscience Research Group and ∥Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group and ‡Department of
Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE
Neuroscience Research Group and ∥Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Imre Dékány
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group and ‡Department of
Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8., Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE
Neuroscience Research Group and ∥Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
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25
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Song Y, Xie Y, Yang J, Li R, Jin X, Yang J. A poly(ascorbyl acrylate)-containing nanoplatform with anticancer activity and the sequential combination therapy with its loaded paclitaxel. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:6588-6596. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex nanocarriers combined with the loaded therapeutic agents to achieve synergistic tumor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Yanqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Junjiao Yang
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Ruiqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Xu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
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26
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Sekula B, Bujacz A. Structural Insights into the Competitive Binding of Diclofenac and Naproxen by Equine Serum Albumin. J Med Chem 2015; 59:82-9. [PMID: 26652101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The binding modes to equine serum albumin (ESA) of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), diclofenac (Dic) and naproxen (Nps), were studied by X-ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry. On the basis of the crystal structure of ESA/Dic determined to a resolution of 1.92 Å and the structure of the previously described ESA/Nps complex (2.42 Å), it was found that both NSAIDs bind within drug site 2 (DS2) of ESA and both occupy secondary binding sites in separate cavities of domain II (Nps) and domain III (Dic). The two structures of the ternary complex ESA/Dic/Nps, obtained by competitive cocrystallization (2.19 Å) and through a displacement experiment (2.35 Å), were determined to investigate possible competition of these widely used pharmaceutical drugs in binding to ESA. In these complexes Nps occupies the DS2 pocket common for both drugs, whereas the other distinct binding sites of Dic and Nps remain unaffected. These results suggest that combined application of both drugs may result in increased concentration of free diclofenac in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Sekula
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Bujacz
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Wang X, Li J, Xu C, Li Y, Gong T, Sun X, Fu Y, He Q, Zhang Z. Scopine as a novel brain-targeting moiety enhances the brain uptake of chlorambucil. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2046-54. [PMID: 25350514 DOI: 10.1021/bc5004108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) represents the biggest challenge for therapeutic drugs to enter the brain. In our study, we selected chlorambucil (CHL), an alkylating agent, as the model therapeutic agent, and used scopine as a novel brain-targeting moiety. Here, we synthesized Chlorambucil-Scopine (CHLS) prodrug and evaluated its brain-targeting efficacy. The tissue distribution study after i.v. injection revealed that the AUC0-t and Cmax of CHLS in the brain were 14.25- and 12.20-fold of CHL, respectively. Specifically, CHLS accumulated in bEnd.3 and C6 cells in an energy-dependent manner. In C6 cells, superior anti-glioma activity with a significantly decreased IC50 of 65.42 nM/mL was observed for CHLS compared to CHL (IC50 > 400 nM/mL). The safety evaluation, including acute toxicity, pathology, and hematology study, showed minimal toxicity toward nontargeting tissues, and also reached a lower systemic toxicity at 5 mg/kg (i.v.). Our results suggested that scopine is a potential brain-targeting moiety for enhancing the brain uptake efficiency of CHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
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28
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Khurana V, Kwatra D, Pal D, Mitra AK. Molecular expression and functional activity of vitamin C specific transport system (SVCT2) in human breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2014; 474:14-24. [PMID: 25102111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this study is to investigate the expression of sodium dependent vitamin C transport system (SVCT2). Moreover, this investigation has been carried out to define uptake mechanism and intracellular regulation of ascorbic acid (AA) in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1). Uptake of [(14)C] AA was studied in MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1 cells. Functional parameters of [(14)C] AA uptake were delineated in the presence of different concentrations of unlabeled AA, pH, temperature, metabolic inhibitors, substrates and structural analogs. Molecular identification of SVCT2 was carried out with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Uptake of [(14)C] AA was studied and found to be sodium, chloride, temperature, pH and energy dependent in all breast cancer cell lines. [(14)C] AA uptake was found to be saturable, with Km values of 53.85 ± 6.24, 49.69 ± 2.83 and 45.44 ± 3.16 μM and Vmax values of 18.45 ± 0.50, 32.50 ± 0.43 and 33.25 ± 0.53 pmol/min/mg protein, across MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1, respectively. The process is inhibited by structural analogs (l-AA and d-iso AA) but not by structurally unrelated substrates (glucose and PAHA). Ca(++)/calmodulin and protein kinase pathways appeared to play a crucial role in modulating AA uptake. A 626 bp band corresponding to a vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) based on the primer design was detected by RT-PCR analysis in all breast cancer cell lines. This research article describes AA uptake mechanism, kinetics, and regulation by sodium dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) in MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1 cells. Also, MDA-MB231, T47D and ZR-75-1 cell lines can be utilized as a valuable in vitro model to investigate absorption and permeability of AA-conjugated chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Khurana
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA; INSYS Therapeutics Inc., 444 South Ellis Road, Chandler, AZ 85224, USA
| | - Deep Kwatra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA.
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Khurana V, Vadlapudi AD, Vadlapatla RK, Pal D, Mitra AK. Functional characterization and molecular identification of vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) in human corneal epithelial (HCEC) and retinal pigment epithelial (D407) cells. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:457-69. [PMID: 25014399 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.935443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main goal of this study is to investigate the existence of sodium-dependent vitamin C transport system (SVCT2) and to define time-dependent uptake mechanism and intracellular regulation of ascorbic acid (AA) in human corneal epithelial (HCEC) and human retinal pigment epithelial (D407) cells. METHODS Uptake of [(14)C] AA was studied in HCEC and D407 cells. Functional aspects of [(14)C] AA uptake were studied in the presence of different concentrations of unlabeled AA, pH, temperature, metabolic inhibitors, substrates and structural analogs. Molecular identification of SVCT2 was examined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Uptake of [(14)C] AA was observed to be sodium, chloride, temperature, pH and energy-dependent in both cell lines. [(14)C] AA uptake was found to be saturable, with Km values of 46.14 ± 6.03 and 47.26 ± 3.24 μM and Vmax values of 17.34 ± 0.58 and 31.86 ± 0.56 pmol/min/mg protein, across HCEC and D407 cells, respectively. The process is inhibited by structural analogs (L-AA and D-Iso AA) but not by structurally unrelated substrates (glucose and PAHA). Ca(++)/calmodulin and protein kinase pathways play an important role in modulating uptake of AA. A 626 bp band corresponding to a vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) has been identified by RT-PCR analysis in both the cell lines. CONCLUSION This research article reports regarding the ascorbic acid uptake mechanism, kinetics and regulation by sodium dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) in HCEC and D407 cells. Also, SVCT2 can be utilized for targeted delivery in enhancing ocular permeation and bioavailability of highly potent ophthalmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Khurana
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO , USA
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Zhao Y, Qu B, Wu X, Li X, Liu Q, Jin X, Guo L, Hai L, Wu Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of brain targeting l-ascorbic acid prodrugs of ibuprofen with "lock-in" function. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:314-23. [PMID: 24927052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel brain targeting l-ascorbic acid derivatives with "lock-in" function were designed and synthesized as prodrugs to achieve the effective delivery of ibuprofen to brain by glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and the Na(+)-dependent vitamin C transporter SVCT2. Ibuprofen-loaded four prodrugs were tested in the animals. Results from the in vivo distribution study after i.v. administration of these four prodrugs and naked ibuprofen indicated that four prodrugs exhibited excellent transport ability across the BBB and significantly increased the level of ibuprofen in brain. Among them, prodrugs 4 showed higher brain concentration. Both biodistribution data and pharmacokinetic parameters suggested that l-ascorbic acid thiamine disulfide delivery system was a promising carrier to enhance CNS drug's delivery ability into brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting of Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Boyi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting of Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xueying Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaocen Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting of Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting of Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiuxiu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting of Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting of Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Li Hai
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting of Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting of Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Parisotto EB, Garlet TR, Cavalli VLDLO, Zamoner A, da Rosa JS, Bastos J, Micke GA, Fröde TS, Pedrosa RC, Wilhelm Filho D. Antioxidant intervention attenuates oxidative stress in children and teenagers with Down syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1228-1236. [PMID: 24685938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that systemic oxidative stress is present in Down syndrome (DS) patients. In the present study we investigated the antioxidant status in the peripheral blood of DS children and teenagers comparing such status before and after an antioxidant supplementation. Oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated in the blood of DS patients (n=21) before and after a daily antioxidant intervention (vitamin E 400mg, C 500 mg) during 6 months. Healthy children (n=18) without DS were recruited as control group. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), as well as the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), uric acid, vitamin E, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyls (PC) were measured. Before the antioxidant therapy, DS patients presented decreased GST activity and GSH depletion; elevated SOD, CAT, GR, GGT and MPO activities; increased uric acid levels; while GPx and G6PD activities as well as vitamin E and TBARS levels were unaltered. After the antioxidant supplementation, SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GGT and MPO activities were downregulated, while TBARS contents were strongly decreased in DS. Also, the antioxidant therapy did not change G6PD and GST activities as well as uric acid and PC levels, while it significantly increased GSH and vitamin E levels in DS patients. Our results clearly demonstrate that the antioxidant intervention with vitamins E and C attenuated the systemic oxidative damage present in DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thais Regina Garlet
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Ariane Zamoner
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Julia Salvan da Rosa
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bastos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Amadeu Micke
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tania Silvia Fröde
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Danilo Wilhelm Filho
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Shao LD, Wu YN, Xu J, He J, Zhao Y, Peng LY, Li Y, Yang YR, Xia CF, Zhao QS. Synthesis of l-Ascorbic Acid Lactone Derivatives. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:181-188. [PMID: 24955300 PMCID: PMC4050306 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A small focused library which comprised of l-AA lactone derivatives was built with a facile method. This reported method was optimized by modifying the acidity of the solvent. As a result, 12 l-AA lactones were synthesized. Among these lactones, lactones 8-12 were new compounds. The cytotoxicity of these synthetic compounds were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Dong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ya-Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Juan He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Li-Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Cheng-Feng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Qin-Shi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
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Li L, Tuo J, Xie Y, Huang M, Huang M, Pi R, Hu H. Preparation, transportation mechanisms and brain-targeting evaluation in vivo of a chemical delivery system exploiting the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. J Drug Target 2014; 22:724-31. [PMID: 24815906 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.915551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, specific transportation mechanisms on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are extensively employed for brain-targeted drug delivery via colloidal nanocarriers. However, in this study, we purposed to exploit the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2)-mediated transportation on the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier to enhance central nervous system penetration of the highly hydrophilic ibuprofen (IBU) by synthesizing a SVCT2-targeted chemical delivery system (CDS), ibuprofen-C6-O-ascorbic acid (IAA). The physicochemical parameters of IAA were determined, and the transporter-mediated transportation mechanism of IAA was explored on a BBB monolayer mode. The overall brain targeting effect of IAA was assayed on mice by measuring the biodistribution of IBU after i.v. administration and calculating the pharmacokinetic parameters and targeting indexes. Results showed that lipophilicity and solubility of IAA was conspicuously improved compared with IBU. At the physiological pH, IAA was stable while in brain homogenates it was easily degraded. Transport studies on the BBB monolayer mode revealed that IAA displayed higher transepithelial permeability than IBU via SVCT2. The biodistribution study in vivo demonstrated that the overall targeting efficiency of IAA was 1.77-fold greater than that of the IBU. In conclusion, the synthetic IAA might be a promising brain-targeted CDS for smuggling small-molecule hydrophilic pharmaceuticals into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China and
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Ferretti V, Fogagnolo M, Marchi A, Marvelli L, Sforza F, Bergamini P. Acetylcholine-like and Trimethylglycine-like PTA (1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) Derivatives for the Development of Innovative Ru- and Pt-Based Therapeutic Agents. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4881-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402953s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Fogagnolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenza Marvelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Sforza
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione
di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 74, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Bergamini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Sawicka-Glazer E, Czuczwar SJ. Vitamin C: a new auxiliary treatment of epilepsy? Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:529-33. [PMID: 24948051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although many approaches to the therapy of epilepsy exist, most of antiepileptic drugs, beside certain and unquestioned benefits, have convinced disadvantages. That is the reason for looking for new methods of treatment. Ascorbic acid, as an antioxidant and electron donor accumulated in central nervous system, seems to take part in diminishing reactions of oxidative stress in brain and cooperate with other antioxidants like alpha-tocoferol. Vitamin C, easily transported through the blood-brain barrier, is proved to reduce injury in the hippocampus during seizures. Depending on type of seizures, it has mostly inhibitory activity and even decreases mortality. Moreover, vitamin C acts as a neuroprotective factor by consolidating cell membranes and decreasing lipid peroxidation. A possible adjunctive role of vitamin C in epileptic patients needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland; Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.
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Abstract
The eye is a highly protected organ, and designing an effective therapy is often considered a challenging task. The anatomical and physiological barriers result in low ocular bioavailability of drugs. Due to these constraints, less than 5% of the administered dose is absorbed from the conventional ophthalmic dosage forms. Further, physicochemical properties such as lipophilicity, molecular weight and charge modulate the permeability of drug molecules. Vision-threatening diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic macular edema, cataract, wet and dry age-related macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, uveitis, and cytomegalovirus retinitis alter the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms may result in the development of novel treatment modalities. Recently, transporter/receptor targeted prodrug approach has generated significant interest in ocular drug delivery. These transporters and receptors are involved in the transport of essential nutrients, vitamins, and xenobiotics across biological membranes. Several influx transporters (peptides, amino acids, glucose, lactate and nucleosides/nucleobases) and receptors (folate and biotin) have been identified on conjunctiva, cornea, and retina. Structural and functional delineation of these transporters will enable more drugs targeting the posterior segment to be successfully delivered topically. Prodrug derivatization targeting transporters and receptors expressed on ocular tissues has been the subject of intense research. Several prodrugs have been designed to target these transporters and enhance the absorption of poorly permeating parent drug. Moreover, this approach might be used in gene delivery to modify cellular function and membrane receptors. This review provides comprehensive information on ocular drug delivery, with special emphasis on the use of transporters and receptors to improve drug bioavailability.
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Wu XY, Li XC, Mi J, You J, Hai L. Design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of brain targeting l-ascorbic acid prodrugs of ibuprofen. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Design, Synthesis and Brain Uptake of LAT1-Targeted Amino Acid Prodrugs of Dopamine. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2523-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Barot M, Bagui M, Gokulgandhi MR, Mitra AK. Prodrug strategies in ocular drug delivery. Med Chem 2012; 8:753-68. [PMID: 22530907 DOI: 10.2174/157340612801216283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor bioavailability of topically instilled drug is the major concern in the field of ocular drug delivery. Efflux transporters, static and dynamic ocular barriers often possess rate limiting factors for ocular drug therapy. Different formulation strategies like suspension, ointment, gels, nanoparticles, implants, dendrimers and liposomes have been employed in order to improve drug permeation and retention by evading rate limiting factors at the site of absorption. Chemical modification such as prodrug targeting various nutrient transporters (amino acids, peptide and vitamin) has evolved a great deal of interest to improve ocular drug delivery. In this review, we have discussed various prodrug strategies which have been widely applied for enhancing therapeutic efficacy of ophthalmic drugs. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the utilization of prodrug concept in ocular drug delivery. In addition, this review will highlight ongoing academic and industrial research and development in terms of ocular prodrug design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Barot
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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40
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Shintani R. γ-Methylidene-δ-valerolactones: New Reagents for Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Cyclization Reactions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20120171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shintani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
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Fulzele S, Chothe P, Sangani R, Chutkan N, Hamrick M, Bhattacharyya M, Prasad PD, Zakhary I, Bowser M, Isales C, Ganapathy V. Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter SVCT2: expression and function in bone marrow stromal cells and in osteogenesis. Stem Cell Res 2012; 10:36-47. [PMID: 23089627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) has a critical role in bone formation and osteoblast differentiation, but very little is known about the molecular mechanisms of ascorbic acid entry into bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). To address this gap in knowledge, we investigated the identity of the transport system that is responsible for the uptake of ascorbic acid into bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). First, we examined the expression of the two known isoforms of the sodium-coupled ascorbic acid transporter, namely SVCT1 and SVCT2, in BMSCs (Lin-ve Sca1+ve) and bone at the mRNA level. Only SVCT2 mRNA was detected in BMSCs and bone. Uptake of ascorbic acid in BMSCs was Na(+)-dependent and saturable. In order to define the role of SVCT2 in BMSC differentiation into osteoblasts, BMSCs were stimulated with osteogenic media for different time intervals, and the activity of SVCT2 was monitored by ascorbic acid uptake. SVCT2 expression was up-regulated during the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs; the expression was maximal at the earliest phase of differentiation. Subsequently, osteogenesis was inhibited in BMSCs upon knock-down of SVCT2 by lentivirus shRNA. We also found that the expression of the SVCT2 could be negatively or positively modulated by the presence of oxidant (Sin-1) or antioxidant (Ascorbic acid) compounds, respectively, in BMSCs. Furthermore, we found that this transporter is also regulated with age in mouse bone. These data show that SVCT2 plays a vital role in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and that its expression is altered under conditions associated with redox reaction. Our findings could be relevant to bone tissue engineering and bone related diseases such as osteoporosis in which oxidative stress and aging plays important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia health Science University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Bionanoparticles of amphiphilic copolymers polyacrylate bearing cholesterol and ascorbate for drug delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 377:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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May JM. The SLC23 family of ascorbate transporters: ensuring that you get and keep your daily dose of vitamin C. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1793-801. [PMID: 21418192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ascorbate transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2 are crucial for maintaining intracellular ascorbate concentrations in most cell types. Although the two transporter isoforms are highly homologous, they have different physiologic functions. The SVCT1 is located primarily in epithelial cells and has its greatest effect in reabsorbing ascorbate in the renal tubules. The SVCT2 is located in most non-epithelial tissues, with the highest expression in brain and neuroendocrine tissues. These transporters are hydrophobic membrane proteins that have a high affinity and are highly selective for ascorbate. Their ability to concentrate ascorbate inside cells is driven by the sodium gradient across the plasma membrane as generated by Na+/K+ ATPase. They can concentrate ascorbate 20 to 60-fold over plasma ascorbate concentrations. Ascorbate transport on these proteins is regulated at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Available studies show that transporter function is acutely regulated by protein kinases A and C, whereas transporter expression is increased by low intracellular ascorbate and associated oxidative stress. The knockout of the SVCT2 in mice is lethal on day 1 of life, and almost half of SVCT1 knockout mice do not survive to weaning. These findings confirm the importance both of cellular ascorbate and of the two transport proteins as key to maintaining intracellular ascorbate. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Transporters. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M May
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0475, USA.
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Dalpiaz A, Paganetto G, Pavan B, Fogagnolo M, Medici A, Beggiato S, Perrone D. Zidovudine and Ursodeoxycholic Acid Conjugation: Design of a New Prodrug Potentially Able To Bypass the Active Efflux Transport Systems of the Central Nervous System. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:957-68. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Paganetto
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Fogagnolo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Medici
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Sakai N, Tamura K, Shimamura K, Ikeda R, Konakahara T. Copper-Catalyzed [5 + 1] Annulation of 2-Ethynylanilines with an N,O-Acetal Leading to Construction of Quinoline Derivatives. Org Lett 2012; 14:836-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol203360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Sakai
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tamura
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyori Shimamura
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Reiko Ikeda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takeo Konakahara
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Characterization of Novel Neuroprotective Lipid Analogues for the Treatment of Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wang Y, Yang J, Yang J. Synthesis and self-assembly of novel amphiphilic copolymers poly(lactic acid)-block
-poly(ascorbyl acrylate). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Malakoutikhah M, Teixidó M, Giralt E. Schleuservermittelter Transport von Wirkstoffen ins Gehirn. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Malakoutikhah M, Teixidó M, Giralt E. Shuttle-Mediated Drug Delivery to the Brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7998-8014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Targeting SVCT for enhanced drug absorption: synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel vitamin C conjugated prodrug of saquinavir. Int J Pharm 2011; 414:77-85. [PMID: 21571053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve oral absorption, a novel prodrug of saquinavir (Saq), ascorbyl-succinic-saquinavir (AA-Su-Saq) targeting sodium dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT) was synthesized and evaluated. Aqueous solubility, stability and cytotoxicity were determined. Affinity of AA-Su-Saq towards efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and recognition of AA-Su-Saq by SVCT were studied. Transepithelial permeability across polarized MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells were determined. Metabolic stability of AA-Su-Saq in rat liver microsomes was investigated. AA-Su-Saq appears to be fairly stable in both DPBS and Caco-2 cells with half lives of 9.65 and 5.73 h, respectively. Uptake of [(3)H]Saquinavir accelerated by 2.7 and 1.9 fold in the presence of 50 μM Saq and AA-Su-Saq in MDCK-MDR1 cells. Cellular accumulation of [(14)C]AA diminished by about 50-70% relative to control in the presence of 200 μM AA-Su-Saq in MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells. Uptake of AA-Su-Saq was lowered by 27% and 34% in the presence of 5mM AA in MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells, respectively. Absorptive permeability of AA-Su-Saq was elevated about 4-5 fold and efflux index reduced by about 13-15 fold across the polarized MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells. Absorptive permeability of AA-Su-Saq decreased 44% in the presence of 5mM AA across MDCK-MDR1 cells. AA-Su-Saq was devoid of cytotoxicity over the concentration range studied. AA-Su-Saq significantly enhanced the metabolic stability but lowered the affinity towards CYP3A4. In conclusion, prodrug modification of Saq through conjugation to AA via a linker significantly raised the absorptive permeability and metabolic stability. Such modification also caused significant evading of P-gp mediated efflux and CYP3A4 mediated metabolism. SVCT targeted prodrug approach can be an attractive strategy to enhance the oral absorption and systemic bioavailability of anti-HIV protease inhibitors.
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