1
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Cao DN, Li F, Wu N, Li J. Insights into the mechanisms underlying opioid use disorder and potential treatment strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:862-878. [PMID: 34128238 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder is a worldwide societal problem and public health burden. Strategies for treating opioid use disorder can be divided into those that target the opioid receptor system and those that target non-opioid receptor systems, including the dopamine and glutamate receptor systems. Currently, the clinical drugs used to treat opioid use disorder include the opioid receptor agonists methadone and buprenorphine, which are limited by their abuse liability, and the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, which is limited by poor compliance. Therefore, the development of effective medications with lower abuse liability and better potential for compliance is urgently needed. Based on recent advances in the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying opioid use disorder, potential treatment strategies and targets have emerged. This review focuses on the progress made in identifying potential targets and developing medications to treat opioid use disorder, including progress made by our laboratory, and provides insights for future medication development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ni Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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2
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Hydrogenated benzazepines: recent advances in the synthesis and study of biological activity. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-019-02540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptors have key roles in behavioral reward, addiction, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia, and there is interest in studying their role in these disorders using PET. However, current PET radiotracers for studying D3 receptors in humans all bind to both D2 and D3 due to similarities between the two receptors. Selective D2 and D3 radioligands would aid investigation of the differences between D2 and D3 circuitry in the central nervous system. While there are currently in vitro measures of ligand D3/D2 selectivity, there is a need for an in vivo PET measure of D3/D2 selectivity. This review discusses current PET imaging of dopamine D2/D3 receptors and proposes methodology for quantitating in vivo selectivity of probes for PET imaging of dopamine D3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Doot
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jacob G Dubroff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyle J Labban
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Chen XW, Sun YY, Fu L, Li JQ. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel N -( trans -4-(2-(4-(benzo[ d ]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)amides as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:332-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Maramai S, Gemma S, Brogi S, Campiani G, Butini S, Stark H, Brindisi M. Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:451. [PMID: 27761108 PMCID: PMC5050208 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
D3 receptors represent a major focus of current drug design and development of therapeutics for dopamine-related pathological states. Their close homology with the D2 receptor subtype makes the development of D3 selective antagonists a challenging task. In this review, we explore the relevance and therapeutic utility of D3 antagonists or partial agonists endowed with multireceptor affinity profile in the field of central nervous system disorders such as schizophrenia and drug abuse. In fact, the peculiar distribution and low brain abundance of D3 receptors make them a valuable target for the development of drugs devoid of motor side effects classically elicited by D2 antagonists. Recent research efforts were devoted to the conception of chemical templates possibly endowed with a multi-target profile, especially with regards to other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A comprehensive overview of the recent literature in the field is herein provided. In particular, the evolution of the chemical templates has been tracked, according to the growing advancements in both the structural information and the refinement of the key pharmacophoric elements. The receptor/multireceptor affinity and functional profiles for the examined compounds have been covered, together with their most significant pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Holger Stark
- Institut fuer Pharmazeutische and Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
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6
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Cortés A, Moreno E, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Canela EI, Casadó V. Targeting the dopamine D3 receptor: an overview of drug design strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:641-64. [PMID: 27135354 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1185413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dopamine is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in both the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). Its physiological effects are mediated by five closely related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are divided into two major subclasses: the D1-like (D1, D5) and the D2-like (D2, D3, D4) receptors. D3 receptors (D3Rs) have the highest density in the limbic areas of the brain, which are associated with cognitive and emotional functions. These receptors are therefore attractive targets for therapeutic management. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the functional and pharmacological characteristics of D3Rs, including the design and clinical relevance of full agonists, partial agonists and antagonists, as well as the capacity of these receptors to form active homodimers, heterodimers or higher order receptor complexes as pharmacological targets in several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. EXPERT OPINION The high sequence homology between D3R and the D2-type challenges the development of D3R-selective compounds. The design of new D3R-preferential ligands with improved physicochemical properties should provide a better pharmacokinetic/bioavailability profile and lesser toxicity than is found with existing D3R ligands. It is also essential to optimize D3R affinity and, especially, D3R vs. D2-type binding and functional selectivity ratios. Developing allosteric and bitopic ligands should help to improve the D3R selectivity of these drugs. As most evidence points to the ability of GPCRs to form homomers and heteromers, the most promising therapeutic strategy in the future is likely to involve the application of heteromer-selective drugs. These selective ligands would display different affinities for a given receptor depending on the receptor partners within the heteromer. Therefore, designing novel compounds that specifically target and modulate D1R-D3R heteromers would be an interesting approach for the treatment of levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Ruiz
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Enric I Canela
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Sun L, Song R, Chen Y, Yang RF, Wu N, Su RB, Li J. A selective D3 receptor antagonist YQA14 attenuates methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:157-65. [PMID: 26687935 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We have reported that a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist YQA14 attenuates cocaine reward and relapse to drug-seeking in mice. In the present study, we investigated whether YQA14 could inhibit methamphetamine (METH)-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. METHODS Locomotor activity was monitored in mice treated with METH (1 mg/kg, ip) daily on d 4-13, followed by a challenge with METH (0.5 mg/kg) on d 21. CPP was examined in mice that were administered METH (1 mg/kg) or saline alternately on each other day for 8 days (METH conditioning). YQA14 was injected intraperitoneally 20 min prior to METH or saline. RESULTS Both repetitive (daily on d 4-13) and a single injection (on the day of challenge) of YQA14 (6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited the acquisition and expression of METH-induced locomotor sensitization. However, repetitive injection of YQA14 (daily during the METH conditioning) did not alter the acquisition of METH-induced CPP, whereas a single injection of YQA14 (prior to CPP test) dose-dependently attenuated the expression of METH-induced CPP. In addition, the repetitive injection of YQA14 dose-dependently facilitated the extinction and decreased the reinstatement of METH-induced CPP. CONCLUSION Brain D3 receptors are critically involved in the reward and psychomotor-stimulating effects of METH. Thus, YQA14 deserves further study as a potential medication for METH addiction.
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8
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of bitopic arylpiperazinephenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as preferential dopamine D3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Ahmed HEA, Zayed MF, Ihmaid S. Molecular pharmacophore selectivity studies, virtual screening, and in silico ADMET analysis of GPCR antagonists. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Baikov SV, Krasovskaya GG, Kolobov AV, Kofanov ER. One-pot synthesis of (5-alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzoic acids. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Kang SG, Lee BH, Lee JS, Chai YG, Ko KP, Lee HJ, Han DMR, Ji H, Jang GH, Shin HE. DRD3 gene rs6280 polymorphism may be associated with alcohol dependence overall and with Lesch type I alcohol dependence in Koreans. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 69:140-6. [PMID: 24776816 DOI: 10.1159/000358062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several polymorphisms of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene are reported to be involved in the susceptibility to alcoholism. Although the DRD3 rs6280 (Ser9Gly) polymorphism plays an important role in various psychiatric disorders, findings regarding the association between this single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and alcohol dependence (AD) have been inconsistent. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between the DRD3 gene rs6280 polymorphism with AD and Lesch type I AD in Korean subjects. METHODS The DRD3 rs6280 SNP was genotyped in a case-control sample comprising 245 AD patients and 130 healthy controls (HCs). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores were also compared relative to genotype in all of the participants. RESULTS This SNP was significantly associated with both AD overall (χ(2) = 10.09 and p = 0.001, and χ(2) = 10.60 and p = 0.005, for the recessive and additive models, respectively) and with Lesch type I AD (χ(2) = 11.70 and p = 0.001, and χ(2) = 11.70 and p = 0.003, for the recessive and additive models, respectively). The allele frequency differed significantly (χ(2) = 8.45, p = 0.004) between Lesch type I AD and HC subjects. The AUDIT total (F = 6.56, p = 0.011), hazardous alcohol use (F = 7.12, p = 0.008), dependence symptoms (F = 5.10, p = 0.025), and harmful alcohol use (F = 4.83, p = 0.029) scores were significantly higher in those who did not possess the S allele (genotype GG) than in those who did (genotypes SS ± SG). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that the DRD3 rs6280 polymorphism is associated with the development of both AD overall and Lesch type I AD in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gul Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Chen Y, Song R, Yang RF, Wu N, Li J. A novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonist YQA14 inhibits methamphetamine self-administration and relapse to drug-seeking behaviour in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 743:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Oliva-Madrid MJ, García-López JA, Saura-Llamas I, Bautista D, Vicente J. Insertion Reactions on Carbopalladated Benzyne: From Eight- to Nine- and Ten-Membered Palladacycles. Applications to the Synthesis of N-Heterocycles. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500772p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María-José Oliva-Madrid
- Grupo
de Química Organometálica, Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E-301001 Murcia, Spain
| | - José-Antonio García-López
- Grupo
de Química Organometálica, Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E-301001 Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Saura-Llamas
- Grupo
de Química Organometálica, Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E-301001 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - José Vicente
- Grupo
de Química Organometálica, Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E-301001 Murcia, Spain
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14
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Soeta T, Ohgai T, Sakai T, Fujinami S, Ukaji Y. Ring enlargement reaction of C,N-cyclic-N'-acyl azomethine imines with sulfonium ylide: an efficient synthesis of 3-benzazepine derivatives. Org Lett 2014; 16:4854-7. [PMID: 25198375 DOI: 10.1021/ol502347n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient formation of 3-benzazepine derivatives has been achieved, based on the ring expansion reaction of C,N-cyclic-N'-acyl azomethine imines with sulfonium ylide generated in situ from the corresponding sulfonium salt. The reactions proceeded smoothly to afford the tricyclic 3-benzazepine derivatives in good to high yields. A wide range of C,N-cyclic N'-acyl azomethine imines were applicable to this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Soeta
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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15
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Chen J, Levant B, Jiang C, Keck TM, Newman AH, Wang S. Tranylcypromine substituted cis-hydroxycyclobutylnaphthamides as potent and selective dopamine D₃ receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4962-8. [PMID: 24848155 PMCID: PMC4216217 DOI: 10.1021/jm401798r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
report a class of potent and selective dopamine D3 receptor
antagonists based upon tranylcypromine. Although tranylcypromine
has a low affinity for the rat D3 receptor (Ki = 12.8 μM), our efforts have yielded (1R,2S)-11 (CJ-1882), which
has Ki values of 2.7 and 2.8 nM at the
rat and human dopamine D3 receptors, respectively, and
displays respective selectivities of >10000-fold and 223-fold over
the rat and human D2 receptors. Evaluation in a β-arrestin
functional assay showed that (1R,2S)-11 is a potent and competitive antagonist at the human
D3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Chen
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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16
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Hachimine P, Seepersad N, Ananthan S, Ranaldi R. The novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, SR 21502, reduces cocaine conditioned place preference in rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 569:137-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Galaj E, Ananthan S, Saliba M, Ranaldi R. The effects of the novel DA D3 receptor antagonist SR 21502 on cocaine reward, cocaine seeking and cocaine-induced locomotor activity in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:501-10. [PMID: 24037509 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is a focus on developing D3 receptor antagonists as cocaine addiction treatments. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of a novel selective D3 receptor antagonist, SR 21502, on cocaine reward, cocaine-seeking, food reward, spontaneous locomotor activity and cocaine-induced locomotor activity in rats. METHODS In Experiment 1, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement and tested with vehicle or one of three doses of SR 21502. In Experiment 2, animals were trained to self-administer cocaine under a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement followed by extinction of the response. Then, animals were tested with vehicle or one of the SR 21502 doses on cue-induced reinstatement of responding. In Experiment 3, animals were trained to lever press for food under a PR schedule and tested with vehicle or one dose of the compound. In Experiments 4 and 5, in separate groups of animals, the vehicle and three doses of SR 21502 were tested on spontaneous or cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP)-induced locomotor activity, respectively. RESULTS SR 21502 produced significant, dose-related (3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) reductions in breakpoint for cocaine self-administration, cue-induced reinstatement (3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) and cocaine-induced locomotor activity (3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) but failed to reduce food self-administration and spontaneous locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS SR 21502 decreases cocaine reward, cocaine-seeking and locomotor activity at doses that have no effect on food reward or spontaneous locomotor activity. These data suggest SR 21502 may selectively inhibit cocaine's rewarding, incentive motivational and stimulant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galaj
- Neuropsychology Doctoral Program, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Oliva-Madrid MJ, Garcı́a-López JA, Saura-Llamas I, Bautista D, Vicente J. Reactivity of Eight-Membered Palladacycles Arising from Monoinsertion of Alkynes into the Pd–C bond of Ortho-Palladated Phenethylamines toward Unsaturated Molecules. Synthesis of Dihydro-3-Benzazocinones, N7-amino Acids, N7-amino Esters, and 3-Benzazepines. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María-José Oliva-Madrid
- Grupo de Quı́mica
Organometálica,
Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Apartado 4021, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Garcı́a-López
- Grupo de Quı́mica
Organometálica,
Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Apartado 4021, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Saura-Llamas
- Grupo de Quı́mica
Organometálica,
Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Apartado 4021, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Delia Bautista
- SAI, Universidad de Murcia. Apartado 4021, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Vicente
- Grupo de Quı́mica
Organometálica,
Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Apartado 4021, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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Abdel-Fattah MAO, Lehmann J, Abadi AH. An Interactive SAR Approach to Discover Novel Hybrid Thieno Probes as Ligands for D2-Like Receptors with Affinities in the Subnanomolar Range. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:2247-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Song R, Bi GH, Zhang HY, Yang RF, Gardner EL, Li J, Xi ZX. Blockade of D3 receptors by YQA14 inhibits cocaine's rewarding effects and relapse to drug-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:398-405. [PMID: 24176392 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) antagonists are promising for the treatment of drug abuse and addiction. However, few D3R antagonists have potential to be tested in humans due to short half-life, toxicity or limited preclinical research into pharmacotherapeutic efficacy. Here, we report on a novel D3R antagonist YQA14, which has improved half-life and pharmacokinetic profile and which displays potent pharmacotherapeutic efficacy in attenuating cocaine reward and relapse to drug-seeking behavior. Electrical brain-stimulation reward (BSR) in laboratory animals is a highly sensitive experimental approach to evaluate a drug's rewarding effects. We found that cocaine (2 mg/kg) significantly enhanced electrical BSR in rats (i.e., decreased stimulation threshold for BSR), while YQA14 alone had no effect on BSR. Pretreatment with YQA14 significantly and dose-dependently attenuated cocaine-enhanced BSR. YQA14 also facilitated extinction from drug-seeking behavior in rats during early behavioral extinction, and attenuated cocaine- or contextual cue-induced relapse to drug-seeking behavior. YQA14 alone did not maintain self-administration in either naïve rats or in rats experienced at cocaine self-administration. YQA14 also inhibited expression of repeated cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. These findings suggest that YQA14 may have pharmacotherapeutic potential in attenuating cocaine-taking and cocaine-seeking behavior. Thus, YQA14 deserves further investigation as a promising agent for treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ri-Fang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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21
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Hu R, Song R, Yang R, Su R, Li J. The dopamine D 3 receptor antagonist YQA14 that inhibits the expression and drug-primed reactivation of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:S0014-2999(13)00782-6. [PMID: 24513519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the mesolimbic dopamine system plays a critical role in opioid addiction. However, there is currently no standard drug treatment for opioid addiction. Growing preclinical evidence indicates that the dopamine D3 receptor antagonists are the potential anti-addiction pharmacotherapeutic agents based on in animal models of multiple drug addiction. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of YQA14, a novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonist with a high affinity and selectivity for dopamine D3 receptor, using morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. The results suggested that YQA14 (6.25-25mg/kg; intraperitoneal, i.p.) decreased the expression of morphine (10mg/kg, s.c.)-induced CPP in a dose-related manner but did not influence the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP. At a 25mg/kg dose of YQA14, it also notably inhibited the reactivation of morphine-priming CPP. These findings suggest that YQA14 is a potential agent for anti-opioid addiction which warrants further study and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Hu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; Central south university, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Rui Song
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Rifang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruibin Su
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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22
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Ye N, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ, Zhen X, Zhang A. Update 1 of: Recent Progress in Development of Dopamine Receptor Subtype-Selective Agents: Potential Therapeutics for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Chem Rev 2013; 113:PR123-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory,
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | | | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China 215123
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
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23
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Micheli F, Heidbreder C. Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists: a patent review (2007 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:363-81. [PMID: 23282131 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.757593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The synthesis and characterization of new highly potent and selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor antagonists has permitted to characterize the role of the DA D3 receptor in the control of drug-seeking behavior and in the pathophysiology of impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED In the present review, the authors will first describe most recent classes of DA D3 receptor antagonists by reviewing about 43 patent applications during the 2007 - 2012 period; they will then outline the biological rationale in support of the use of selective DA D3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of drug addiction, impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION The strongest clinical application and potential for selective DA D3 receptor antagonists lies in the reduction of drug-induced incentive motivation, the attenuation of drug's rewarding efficacy and the reduction in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered either by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior or stress. The selectivity of these antagonists together with reduced lipophilicity (minimizing unspecific binding), increased brain penetration and improved physico-chemical profile are all key factors for clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Micheli
- Drug Design & Discovery, Aptuit Verona srl, Via A Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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24
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García-López JA, Saura-Llamas I, McGrady JE, Bautista D, Vicente J. Insertion of Allenes into the Pd–C Bond of Ortho-Palladated Primary Arylamines of Biological Relevance: Phenethylamine, Phentermine, (l)-Phenylalanine Methyl Ester, and (l)-Tryptophan Methyl Ester. Synthesis of Tetrahydro-3-benzazepines and Their Salts. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300928j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José-Antonio García-López
- Grupo de Química Organometálica,
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E−30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Saura-Llamas
- Grupo de Química Organometálica,
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E−30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, OX1 3QR, U.K
| | | | - José Vicente
- Grupo de Química Organometálica,
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E−30071 Murcia, Spain
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25
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Heidbreder C. Rationale in support of the use of selective dopamine D₃ receptor antagonists for the pharmacotherapeutic management of substance use disorders. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:167-76. [PMID: 23104235 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) D(3) receptors are involved in the control of drug-seeking behavior and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. First, DA D(3) receptors are distributed in strategic areas belonging to the mesolimbic DA system such as the ventral striatum, midbrain, and pallidum, which have been associated with behaviors controlled by the presentation of drug-associated cues. Second, repeated exposure to drugs of abuse has been shown to produce neuroadaptations in the DA D(3) system. Third, the synthesis and characterization of highly potent and selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists has permitted to further define the role of the DA D(3) receptor in drug addiction. Provided that the available preclinical and preliminary clinical evidence can be translated into clinical proof of concept in human, selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists show promise for the treatment of substance use disorders as reflected by their potential to (1) regulate the motivation to self-administered drugs under schedules of reinforcement that require an increase in work demand and (2) disrupt the responsiveness to drug-associated stimuli that play a key role in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior, or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heidbreder
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals-Global Research and Development, 10710 Midlothian Turnpike Suite 430, Richmond, VA 23235, USA.
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26
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Chen J, Levant B, Wang S. High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5612-7. [PMID: 22871578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized and evaluated a series of new compounds with the goal to identify potent and selective D(3) ligands. The two most potent and selective new D(3) ligands are compounds 38 and 52, which bind to the D(3) receptors with a K(i) value of <nM and display a selectivity of 450-494 times over the D(2) receptors and >10,000 times over the D(1) receptors. Both 38 and 52 are full agonists with high potency at the D(3) receptor in a D(3) functional assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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27
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Song R, Yang RF, Wu N, Su RB, Li J, Peng XQ, Li X, Gaál J, Xi ZX, Gardner EL. YQA14: a novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonist that inhibits cocaine self-administration in rats and mice, but not in D3 receptor-knockout mice. Addict Biol 2012; 17:259-73. [PMID: 21507153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) D3 receptor is posited to be importantly involved in drug reward and addiction, and D3 receptor antagonists have shown extraordinary promise as potential anti-addiction pharmacotherapeutic agents in animal models of drug addiction. SB-277011A is the best characterized D3 receptor antagonist in such models. However, the potential use of SB-277011A in humans is precluded by pharmacokinetic and toxicity problems. We here report a novel D3 receptor antagonist YQA14 that shows similar pharmacological properties as SB-277011A. In vitro receptor binding assays suggest that YQA14 has two binding sites on human cloned D3 receptors with K(i-High) (0.68 × 10(-4) nM) and K(i-Low) (2.11 nM), and displays > 150-fold selectivity for D3 over D2 receptors and > 1000-fold selectivity for D3 over other DA receptors. Systemic administration of YQA14 (6.25-25 mg/kg) or SB-277011A (12.5-25 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently reduced intravenous cocaine self-administration under both low fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio reinforcement conditions in rats, while failing to alter oral sucrose self-administration and locomotor activity, suggesting a selective inhibition of drug reward. However, when the drug dose was increased to 50 mg/kg, YQA14 and SB-277011A significantly inhibited basal and cocaine-enhanced locomotion in rats. Finally, both D3 antagonists dose-dependently inhibited intravenous cocaine self-administration in wild-type mice, but not in D3 receptor-knockout mice, suggesting that their action is mediated by D3 receptor blockade. These findings suggest that YQA14 has a similar anti-addiction profile as SB-277011A, and deserves further study and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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28
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Chen J, Collins GT, Levant B, Woods J, Deschamps JR, Wang S. CJ-1639: A Potent and Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Full Agonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:620-625. [PMID: 22125662 DOI: 10.1021/ml200100t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified several ligands with high binding affinities to the dopamine D3 receptor and excellent selectivity over the D2 and D1 receptors. CJ-1639 (17) binds to the D3 receptor with a K(i) value of 0.50 nM and displays a selectivity of >5,000 times over D2 and D1 receptors in binding assays using dopamine receptors expressed in the native rat brain tissues. CJ-1639 binds to human D3 receptor with a K(i) value of 3.61 nM and displays over >1000-fold selectivity over human D1 and D2 receptors. CJ-1639 is active at 0.01 mg/kg at the dopamine D3 receptor in the rat and only starts to show a modest D2 activity at doses as high as 10 mg/kg. CJ-1639 is the most potent and selective D3 full agonist reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beth Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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29
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Ortore G, Tuccinardi T, Orlandini E, Martinelli A. Different Binding Modes of Structurally Diverse Ligands for Human D3DAR. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:2162-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100290f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ortore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adriano Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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30
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Micheli F, Arista L, Bertani B, Braggio S, Capelli AM, Cremonesi S, Di-Fabio R, Gelardi G, Gentile G, Marchioro C, Pasquarello A, Provera S, Tedesco G, Tarsi L, Terreni S, Worby A, Heidbreder C. Exploration of the Amine Terminus in a Novel Series of 1,2,4-Triazolo-3-yl-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes as Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7129-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100832d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Micheli
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Arista
- Novartis Institute Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertani
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Braggio
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Capelli
- Molecular Discovery Research
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Susanna Cremonesi
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Romano Di-Fabio
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gelardi
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gentile
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Marchioro
- Molecular Discovery Research
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pasquarello
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Provera
- Molecular Discovery Research
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tedesco
- Molecular Discovery Research
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Tarsi
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Terreni
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
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31
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Micheli F, Hamprecht D, Bonanomi G, Di Fabio R, Donati D, Gentile G, Heidbreder C, Prandi A, Tarsi L, Terreni S. [3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-yl]phenyl-benzenesulfonamides as selective dopamine D3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5491-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Micheli F, Andreotti D, Braggio S, Checchia A. A specific and direct comparison of the trifluoromethyl and pentafluoro sulfanyl groups on the selective dopamine D3 antagonist 3-(3-{[4-methyl-5-(4-methyl-1,3-oxazol-5-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]thio}propyl)-1-phenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane template. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4566-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Kaur H, Kumar S, Vishwakarma P, Sharma M, Saxena K, Kumar A. Synthesis and antipsychotic and anticonvulsant activity of some new substituted oxa/thiadiazolylazetidinonyl/thiazolidinonylcarbazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2777-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Bonanomi G, Braggio S, Capelli AM, Checchia A, Di Fabio R, Marchioro C, Tarsi L, Tedesco G, Terreni S, Worby A, Heibreder C, Micheli F. Triazolyl Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes: a Class of Potent and Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:705-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Heidbreder CA, Newman AH. Current perspectives on selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists as pharmacotherapeutics for addictions and related disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:4-34. [PMID: 20201845 PMCID: PMC3148950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse produces long-term molecular and neurochemical changes that may explain the core features of addiction, such as the compulsive seeking and taking of the drug, as well as the risk of relapse. A growing number of new molecular and cellular targets of addictive drugs have been identified, and rapid advances are being made in relating those targets to specific behavioral phenotypes in animal models of addiction. In this context, the pattern of expression of the dopamine (DA) D(3) receptor in the rodent and human brain and changes in this pattern in response to drugs of abuse have contributed primarily to direct research efforts toward the development of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists. Growing preclinical evidence indicates that these compounds may actually regulate the motivation to self-administer drugs and disrupt drug-associated cue-induced craving. This report will be divided into three parts. First, preclinical evidence in support of the efficacy of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists in animal models of drug addiction will be reviewed. The effects of mixed DA D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonists will not be discussed here because most of these compounds have low selectivity at the D(3) versus D(2) receptor, and their efficacy profile is related primarily to functional antagonism at D(2) receptors and possibly interactions with other neurotransmitter systems. Second, major advances in medicinal chemistry for the identification and optimization of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists and partial agonists will be analyzed. Third, translational research from preclinical efficacy studies to so-called proof-of-concept studies for drug addiction indications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Heidbreder
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals, Global Research & Development, Richmond, Virginia 23235, USA.
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36
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Liang JT, Liu J, Shireman BT, Tran V, Deng X, Mani NS. A Practical Synthesis of Regioisomeric 6- and 7-Methoxytetrahydro-3-benzazepines. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op900292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy T. Liang
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Jing Liu
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Brock T. Shireman
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Vi Tran
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Xiaohu Deng
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
| | - Neelakandha S. Mani
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A
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37
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Hwang R, Zai C, Tiwari A, Müller DJ, Arranz MJ, Morris AG, McKenna PJ, Munro J, Potkin SG, Lieberman JA, Meltzer HY, Kennedy JL. Effect of dopamine D3 receptor gene polymorphisms and clozapine treatment response: exploratory analysis of nine polymorphisms and meta-analysis of the Ser9Gly variant. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2009; 10:200-18. [PMID: 20029384 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2009.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
D2 blockade has been implicated in having a central role in antipsychotic response. However, treatment refractoriness, in spite of complete D2 blockade, as well as the efficacy of clozapine (CLZ) in a portion of this patient population, indicates the involvement of other factors as well. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for D3. Furthermore, an earlier meta-analysis by Jönsson et al. (2003) (n=233) suggested a role for genetic variation in the D3 gene. Relevant to this study, Jönsson et al. found the Ser allele of the D3 serine-to-glycine substitution at amino acid position 9 (Ser9Gly) polymorphism to be associated with worse CLZ response compared with the Gly allele. In this study, we attempt to validate these findings by performing a meta-analysis in a much larger sample (n=758). Eight other variants were also tested in our own sample to explore the possible effect of other regions of the gene. We report a negative but consistent trend across individual studies in our meta-analysis for the DRD3 Ser allele and poor CLZ response. A possible minor role for this single-nucleotide polymorphism cannot be disregarded, as our sample size may have been insufficient. Other DRD3 variants and haplotypes of possible interest were also identified for replication in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hwang
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Holmes IP, Micheli F, Gaines S, Lorthioir O, Watson SP, Fabio RD, Gentile G, Heidbreder C, Savoia C, Worby A. Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists: The quest for a potentially selective PET ligand. Part one: Lead identification. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4799-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Newman AH, Grundt P, Cyriac G, Deschamps JR, Taylor M, Kumar R, Ho D, Luedtke RR. N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichloro- or 2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)heterobiarylcarboxamides with functionalized linking chains as high affinity and enantioselective D3 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2559-70. [PMID: 19331412 PMCID: PMC2760932 DOI: 10.1021/jm900095y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present report, the D3 receptor pharmacophore is modified in the 2,3-diCl- and 2-OCH(3)-phenylpiperazine class of compounds with the goal to improve D3 receptor affinity and selectivity. This extension of structure-activity relationships (SAR) has resulted in the identification of the first enantioselective D3 antagonists (R- and S-22) to be reported, wherein enantioselectivity is more pronounced at D3 than at D2, and that a binding region on the second extracellular loop (E2) may play a role in both enantioselectivity and D3 receptor selectivity. Moreover, we have discovered some of the most D3-selective compounds reported to date that show high affinity (K(i) = 1 nM) for D3 and approximately 400-fold selectivity over the D2 receptor subtype. Several of these analogues showed exquisite selectivity for D3 receptors over >60 other receptors, further underscoring their value as in vivo research tools. These lead compounds also have appropriate physical characteristics for in vivo exploration and therefore will be useful in determining how intrinsic activity at D3 receptors tested in vitro is related to behaviors in animal models of addiction and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug AbuseIntramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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40
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Fantauzzi S, Gallo E, Caselli A, Piangiolino C, Ragaini F, Re N, Cenini S. Rearrangement of N-Aryl-2-Vinylaziridines to Benzoazepines and Dihydropyrroles: A Synthetic and Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2008; 15:1241-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Micheli F, Heidbreder C. Selective dopamine D3receptor antagonists. A decade of progress: 1997 – 2007. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.8.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Vogt I, Ahmed HEA, Auer J, Bajorath J. Exploring structure-selectivity relationships of biogenic amine GPCR antagonists using similarity searching and dynamic compound mapping. Mol Divers 2008; 12:25-40. [PMID: 18317941 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-008-9071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We design and analyze compound selectivity sets of antagonists with differential selectivity against seven biogenic amine G-protein coupled receptors. The selectivity sets consist of a total of 267 antagonists and contain a spectrum of in part closely related molecular scaffolds. Each set represents a different selectivity profile. Using these com- pound sets, a systematic computational analysis of structure-selectivity relationships is carried out with different 2D similarity methods including fingerprints, recursive partitioning, clustering, and dynamic compound mapping. Screening calculations are performed in a background database containing nearly four million molecules. Fingerprint searching and compound mapping are found to enrich target-selective antagonists over family-selective ones. Dynamic compound mapping effectively discriminates database compounds from GPCR antagonists and consistently retains target-selective antagonists during the final dimension extension levels. Furthermore, the widely used MACCS key fingerprint displays a strong tendency to distinguish between target- and family-selective GPCR antagonists. Taken together, the results indicate that different types of 2D similarity methods are capable of distinguishing closely related molecules having different selectivity. The reported compound benchmark system is made freely available in order to enable selectivity-oriented analyses using other computational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Vogt
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Dahlmannstr. 2, 53113, Bonn, Germany
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43
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Micheli F, Bonanomi G, Braggio S, Capelli AM, Damiani F, Di Fabio R, Donati D, Gentile G, Hamprecht D, Perini O, Petrone M, Tedesco G, Terreni S, Worby A, Heidbreder C. New fused benzazepine as selective D3 receptor antagonists. Synthesis and biological evaluation. Part 2: [g]-Fused and hetero-fused systems. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:908-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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New fused benzazepine as selective D3 receptor antagonists. Synthesis and biological evaluation. Part one: [h]-fused tricyclic systems. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:901-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Monck NJT, Kennett GA. 5-HT2C ligands: recent progress. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 46:281-390. [PMID: 18381128 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(07)00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J T Monck
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., 613 Reading Road, Winnersh, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG41 5UA, UK
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46
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Millan MJ, Svenningsson P, Ashby CR, Hill M, Egeland M, Dekeyne A, Brocco M, Di Cara B, Lejeune F, Thomasson N, Muńoz C, Mocaër E, Crossman A, Cistarelli L, Girardon S, Iob L, Veiga S, Gobert A. S33138 [N-[4-[2-[(3aS,9bR)-8-Cyano-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro[1]-benzopyrano[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(3H)-yl)-ethyl]phenylacetamide], a Preferential Dopamine D3 versus D2 Receptor Antagonist and Potential Antipsychotic Agent. II. A Neurochemical, Electrophysiological and Behavioral Characterization in Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:600-11. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.132563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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47
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Micheli F, Bonanomi G, Blaney FE, Braggio S, Capelli AM, Checchia A, Curcuruto O, Damiani F, Fabio RD, Donati D, Gentile G, Gribble A, Hamprecht D, Tedesco G, Terreni S, Tarsi L, Lightfoot A, Stemp G, Macdonald G, Smith A, Pecoraro M, Petrone M, Perini O, Piner J, Rossi T, Worby A, Pilla M, Valerio E, Griffante C, Mugnaini M, Wood M, Scott C, Andreoli M, Lacroix L, Schwarz A, Gozzi A, Bifone A, Ashby CR, Hagan JJ, Heidbreder C. 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl-thiopropyl-tetrahydrobenzazepines: a series of potent and selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5076-89. [PMID: 17867665 DOI: 10.1021/jm0705612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new highly potent and selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists has recently permitted characterization of the role of the dopamine D3 receptor in a wide range of preclinical animal models. A novel series of 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl-thiopropyl-tetrahydrobenzazepines demonstrating a high level of D3 affinity and selectivity with an excellent pharmacokinetic profile is reported here. In particular, the pyrazolyl derivative 35 showed good oral bioavailability and brain penetration associated with high potency and selectivity in vitro. In vivo characterization of 35 confirmed that this compound blocks the expression of nicotine- and cocaine-conditioned place preference in the rat, prevents nicotine-triggered reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in the rat, reduces oral operant alcohol self-administration in the mouse, increases extracellular levels of acetylcholine in the rat medial prefrontal cortex, and potentiates the amplitude of the relative cerebral blood volume response to d-amphetamine in a regionally specific manner in the rat brain.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Administration, Oral
- Alcohol Drinking/prevention & control
- Animals
- Benzazepines/chemical synthesis
- Benzazepines/pharmacokinetics
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Brain/blood supply
- Brain/metabolism
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- ERG1 Potassium Channel
- Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Guinea Pigs
- Histamine H1 Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacokinetics
- Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control
- Triazoles/chemical synthesis
- Triazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Triazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Micheli
- Psychiatry Centre of Excellence, Molecular Discovery Research, and Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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48
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Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade. Addict Biol 2007; 12:227-462. [PMID: 17678505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1000] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to study the motivational effects of drugs and non-drug treatments in experimental animals. This is obvious from a steady year-to-year increase in the number of publications reporting the use this model. Since the compilation of the preceding review in 1998, more than 1000 new studies using place conditioning have been published, and the aim of the present review is to provide an overview of these recent publications. There are a number of trends and developments that are obvious in the literature of the last decade. First, as more and more knockout and transgenic animals become available, place conditioning is increasingly used to assess the motivational effects of drugs or non-drug rewards in genetically modified animals. Second, there is a still small but growing literature on the use of place conditioning to study the motivational aspects of pain, a field of pre-clinical research that has so far received little attention, because of the lack of appropriate animal models. Third, place conditioning continues to be widely used to study tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding effects of drugs induced by pre-treatment regimens. Fourth, extinction/reinstatement procedures in place conditioning are becoming increasingly popular. This interesting approach is thought to model certain aspects of relapse to addictive behavior and has previously almost exclusively been studied in drug self-administration paradigms. It has now also become established in the place conditioning literature and provides an additional and technically easy approach to this important phenomenon. The enormous number of studies to be covered in this review prevented in-depth discussion of many methodological, pharmacological or neurobiological aspects; to a large extent, the presentation of data had to be limited to a short and condensed summary of the most relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Tzschentke
- Grünenthal GmbH, Preclinical Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Aachen, Germany.
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49
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Grundt P, Prevatt KM, Cao J, Taylor M, Floresca CZ, Choi JK, Jenkins BG, Luedtke RR, Newman AH. Heterocyclic Analogues of N-(4-(4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)arylcarboxamides with Functionalized Linking Chains as Novel Dopamine D3 Receptor Ligands: Potential Substance Abuse Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4135-46. [PMID: 17672446 DOI: 10.1021/jm0704200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists and partial agonists have been shown to modulate drug-seeking effects induced by cocaine and other abused substances. Compound 6 [PG01037, (N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-trans-but-2-enyl)-4-pyridine-2-ylbenzamide)] and related analogues are currently being evaluated in animal models of drug addiction. In these studies, a discrepancy between in vitro binding affinity, in vivo occupancy, and behavioral potency has been observed. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) modifications of the 2-pyridylphenyl moiety of 6 and (2) hydroxyl, acetyl, and cyclopropyl substitutions on the butylamide linking chain systematically coupled with 2-fluorenylamide or 2-pyridylphenylamide and 2-methoxy- or 2,3-dichloro-substituted phenylpiperazines to measure the impact on binding affinity, D2/D3 selectivity, lipophilicity, and function. In general, these modifications were well tolerated at the human dopamine D3 (hD3) receptor (Ki = 1-5 nM) as measured in competition binding assays. Several analogues showed >100-fold selectivity for dopamine D3 over D2 and D4 receptors. In addition, while all the derivatives with an olefinic linker were antagonists, in quinpirole-stimulated mitogenesis at hD3 receptors, several of the hydroxybutyl-linked analogues (16, 17, 21) showed partial agonist activity. Finally, several structural modifications reduced lipophilicities while retaining the desired binding profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grundt
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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50
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Kramer JA, Sagartz JE, Morris DL. The application of discovery toxicology and pathology towards the design of safer pharmaceutical lead candidates. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:636-49. [PMID: 17643090 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity is a leading cause of attrition at all stages of the drug development process. The majority of safety-related attrition occurs preclinically, suggesting that approaches to identify 'predictable' preclinical safety liabilities earlier in the drug development process could lead to the design and/or selection of better drug candidates that have increased probabilities of becoming marketed drugs. In this Review, we discuss how the early application of preclinical safety assessment--both new molecular technologies as well as more established approaches such as standard repeat-dose rodent toxicology studies--can identify predictable safety issues earlier in the testing paradigm. The earlier identification of dose-limiting toxicities will provide chemists and toxicologists the opportunity to characterize the dose-limiting toxicities, determine structure-toxicity relationships and minimize or circumvent adverse safety liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Kramer
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, USA.
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