1
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Le Dang N, Hughes TB, Miller GP, Swamidass SJ. Computationally Assessing the Bioactivation of Drugs by N-Dealkylation. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:68-80. [PMID: 29355304 PMCID: PMC5871345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) oxidize alkylated amines commonly found in drugs and other biologically active molecules, cleaving them into an amine and an aldehyde. Metabolic studies usually neglect to report or investigate aldehydes, even though they can be toxic. It is assumed that they are efficiently detoxified into carboxylic acids and alcohols. Nevertheless, some aldehydes are reactive and escape detoxification pathways to cause adverse events by forming DNA and protein adducts. Herein, we modeled N-dealkylations that produce both amine and aldehyde metabolites and then predicted the reactivity of the aldehyde. This model used a deep learning approach previously developed by our group to predict other types of drug metabolism. In this study, we trained the model to predict N-dealkylation by human liver microsomes (HLM), finding that including isozyme-specific metabolism data alongside HLM data significantly improved results. The final HLM model accurately predicted the site of N-dealkylation within metabolized substrates (97% top-two and 94% area under the ROC curve). Next, we combined the metabolism, metabolite structure prediction, and previously published reactivity models into a bioactivation model. This combined model predicted the structure of the most likely reactive metabolite of a small validation set of drug-like molecules known to be bioactivated by N-dealkylation. Applying this model to approved and withdrawn medicines, we found that aldehyde metabolites produced from N-dealkylation may explain the hepatotoxicity of several drugs: indinavir, piperacillin, verapamil, and ziprasidone. Our results suggest that N-dealkylation may be an under-appreciated bioactivation pathway, especially in clinical contexts where aldehyde detoxification pathways are inhibited. Moreover, this is the first report of a bioactivation model constructed by combining a metabolism and reactivity model. These results raise hope that more comprehensive models of bioactivation are possible. The model developed in this study is available at http://swami.wustl.edu/xenosite/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Le Dang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tyler B. Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Grover P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - S. Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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2
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Gutteridge CE, Major JW, Nin DA, Curtis SM, Bhattacharjee AK, Gerena L, Nichols DA. In vitro efficacy of 2,N-bisarylated 2-ethoxyacetamides against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:1048-1051. [PMID: 26750257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of a series of 2,N-bisarylated 2-ethoxyacetamides resulted in the identification of four inhibitors 5, 20, 24, 29 with single-digit micromolar in vitro efficacy against two drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. These compounds are analogs of structurally-related 1,3-bisaryl-2-propen-1-ones (chalcones), the latter showing efficacy in vitro but not in a malaria-infected mouse. The 2,N-bisarylated 2-ethoxyacetamides (e.g., 2, 5, 20) were shown to possess significantly greater stability in the presence of metabolizing enzymes than the corresponding 1,3-bisaryl-2-propen-1-ones (e.g., 1, 3, 18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Gutteridge
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA.
| | - Joshua W Major
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA
| | - Daniel A Nin
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA
| | - Sean M Curtis
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA
| | - Apurba K Bhattacharjee
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Lucia Gerena
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Daniel A Nichols
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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3
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Lochner M, Thompson AJ. The antimalarial drug proguanil is an antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:674-84. [PMID: 25277140 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proguanil is an antimalarial prodrug that is metabolized to 4-chlorophenyl-1-biguanide (CPB) and the active metabolite cycloguanil (CG). These compounds are structurally related to meta-chlorophenyl biguanide (mCPBG), a 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptor agonist. Here we examine the effects of proguanil and its metabolites on the electrophysiology and ligand-binding properties of human 5-HT3A receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes and human embryonic kidney 293 cells, respectively. 5-HT3 receptor responses were reversibly inhibited by proguanil, with an IC50 of 1.81 μM. Competitive antagonism was shown by a lack of voltage-dependence, Schild plot (Kb = 1.70 μM), and radioligand competition (Ki = 2.61 μM) with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist [(3)H]granisetron. Kinetic measurements (kon = 4.0 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) ; koff = 0.23 s(-1)) were consistent with a simple bimolecular reaction scheme with a Kb of 4.35 μM. The metabolites CG and CPB similarly inhibited 5-HT3 receptors as assessed by IC50 (1.48 and 4.36 μM, respectively), Schild plot (Kb = 2.97 and 11.4 μM), and radioligand competition (Ki = 4.89 and 0.41 μM). At higher concentrations, CPB was a partial agonist (EC50 = 14.1 μM; I/Imax = 0.013). These results demonstrate that proguanil competitively inhibits 5-HT3 receptors, with an IC50 that exceeds whole-blood concentrations following its oral administration. They may therefore be responsible for the occasional gastrointestinal side effects, nausea, and vomiting reported following its use. Clinical development of related compounds should therefore consider effects at 5-HT3 receptors as an early indication of possible unwanted gastrointestinal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lochner
- Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.J.T.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (M.L.)
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.J.T.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (M.L.)
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4
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Arfeen M, Patel DS, Abbat S, Taxak N, Bharatam PV. Importance of cytochromes in cyclization reactions: Quantum chemical study on a model reaction of proguanil to cycloguanil. J Comput Chem 2014; 35:2047-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhajul Arfeen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali) 160 062 Punjab India
| | - Dhilon S. Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali) 160 062 Punjab India
| | - Sheenu Abbat
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali) 160 062 Punjab India
| | - Nikhil Taxak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali) 160 062 Punjab India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali) 160 062 Punjab India
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5
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Auliff AM, Balu B, Chen N, O’Neil MT, Cheng Q, Adams JH. Functional analysis of Plasmodium vivax dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase genes through stable transformation of Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40416. [PMID: 22792308 PMCID: PMC3392216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax have been difficult to study partially because of the difficulties in culturing the parasite in vitro. This hampers monitoring drug resistance and research to develop or evaluate new drugs. There is an urgent need for a novel method to study mechanisms of P. vivax drug resistance. In this paper we report the development and application of the first Plasmodium falciparum expression system to stably express P. vivax dhfr-ts alleles. We used the piggyBac transposition system for the rapid integration of wild-type, single mutant (117N) and quadruple mutant (57L/58R/61M/117T) pvdhfr-ts alleles into the P. falciparum genome. The majority (81%) of the integrations occurred in non-coding regions of the genome; however, the levels of pvdhfr transcription driven by the P. falciparum dhfr promoter were not different between integrants of non-coding and coding regions. The integrated quadruple pvdhfr mutant allele was much less susceptible to antifolates than the wild-type and single mutant pvdhfr alleles. The resistance phenotype was stable without drug pressure. All the integrated clones were susceptible to the novel antifolate JPC-2067. Therefore, the piggyBac expression system provides a novel and important tool to investigate drug resistance mechanisms and gene functions in P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson M. Auliff
- Drug Resistance and Diagnostics Department, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bharath Balu
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nanhua Chen
- Drug Resistance and Diagnostics Department, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael T. O’Neil
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qin Cheng
- Drug Resistance and Diagnostics Department, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (JHA); (QC)
| | - John H. Adams
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JHA); (QC)
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6
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Dihydrofolate reductase as a therapeutic target for infectious diseases: opportunities and challenges. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1335-65. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by parasites continue to take a massive toll on human health in the poor regions of the world. Filling the anti-infective drug-discovery pipeline has never been as challenging as it is now. The organisms responsible for these diseases have interesting biology with many potential biochemical targets. Inhibition of metabolic enzymes has been established as an attractive strategy for anti-infectious drug development. In this field, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an important enzyme in nucleic and amino acid synthesis and an extensively studied drug target over the past 50 years. The challenges for novel DHFR inhibition-based chemotherapeutics for the treatment of infectious diseases are now focused on overcoming the resistance problem as well as cost–effectiveness. Each year, the large number of literature citations attest the continued popularity of DHFR. It becomes truly the ‘enzyme of choice for all seasons and almost all reasons’. Herein, we summarize the opportunities and challenges in developing novel lead based on this target.
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7
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CytochromeP450 isoenzyme specificity in the metabolism of anti-malarial biguanides: molecular docking and molecular dynamics analyses. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Gutteridge CE, Thota DS, Curtis SM, Kozar MP, Li Q, Xie L, Zhang J, Melendez V, Asher CO, Luong TT, Gerena L, Nichols DA, Montip G. In vitro Biotransformation, in vivo Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Antimalarial Chalcones. Pharmacology 2011; 87:96-104. [DOI: 10.1159/000322532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Mui EJ, Schiehser GA, Milhous WK, Hsu H, Roberts CW, Kirisits M, Muench S, Rice D, Dubey JP, Fowble JW, Rathod PK, Queener SF, Liu SR, Jacobus DP, McLeod R. Novel triazine JPC-2067-B inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e190. [PMID: 18320016 PMCID: PMC2254147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY Toxoplasma gondii causes substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs for healthcare in the developed and developing world. Current medicines are not well tolerated and cause hypersensitivity reactions. The dihydrotriazine JPC-2067-B (4, 6-diamino-1, 2-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-1-(3'(2-chloro-, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxy)propyloxy)-1, 3, 5-triazine), which inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), is highly effective against Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and apicomplexans related to T. gondii. JPC-2067-B is the primary metabolite of the orally active biguanide JPC-2056 1-(3'-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethoxyphenyloxy)propyl oxy)- 5-isopropylbiguanide, which is being advanced to clinical trials for malaria. Efficacy of the prodrug JPC-2056 and the active metabolite JPC-2067-B against T. gondii and T. gondii DHFR as well as toxicity toward mammalian cells were tested. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Herein, we found that JPC-2067-B is highly effective against T. gondii. We demonstrate that JPC-2067-B inhibits T. gondii growth in culture (IC50 20 nM), inhibits the purified enzyme (IC50 6.5 nM), is more efficacious than pyrimethamine, and is cidal in vitro. JPC-2067-B administered parenterally and the orally administered pro-drug (JPC-2056) are also effective against T. gondii tachyzoites in vivo. A molecular model of T. gondii DHFR-TS complexed with JPC-2067-B was developed. We found that the three main parasite clonal types and isolates from South and Central America, the United States, Canada, China, and Sri Lanka have the same amino acid sequences preserving key binding sites for the triazine. SIGNIFICANCE JPC-2056/JPC-2067-B have potential to be more effective and possibly less toxic treatments for toxoplasmosis than currently available medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest J. Mui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guy A. Schiehser
- Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Wilbur K. Milhous
- Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Honghue Hsu
- Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Craig W. Roberts
- Department of Immunology, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kirisits
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stephen Muench
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, United Kingdom
| | - David Rice
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, United Kingdom
| | - J. P. Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph W. Fowble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pradipsinh K. Rathod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sherry F. Queener
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David P. Jacobus
- Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Committee on Molecular Medicines, Genetics, and Immunology and The College, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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10
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Diaz DS, Kozar MP, Smith KS, Asher CO, Sousa JC, Schiehser GA, Jacobus DP, Milhous WK, Skillman DR, Shearer TW. Role of Specific Cytochrome P450 Isoforms in the Conversion of Phenoxypropoxybiguanide Analogs in Human Liver Microsomes to Potent Antimalarial Dihydrotriazines. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:380-5. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.013920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Schlitzer M. Malaria Chemotherapeutics Part I: History of Antimalarial Drug Development, Currently Used Therapeutics, and Drugs in Clinical Development. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:944-86. [PMID: 17530725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, humankind has had to struggle against the persistent onslaught of pathogenic microorganisms. Nowadays, malaria is still the most important infectious disease worldwide. Considerable success in gaining control over malaria was achieved in the 1950s and 60s through landscaping measures, vector control with the insecticide DDT, and the widespread administration of chloroquine, the most important antimalarial agent ever. In the late 1960s, the final victory over malaria was believed to be within reach. However, the parasites could not be eradicated because they developed resistance against the most widely used and affordable drugs of that time. Today, cases of malaria infections are on the rise and have reached record numbers. This review gives a short description of the malaria disease, briefly addresses the history of antimalarial drug development, and focuses on drugs currently available for malaria therapy. The present knowledge regarding their mode of action and the mechanisms of resistance are explained, as are the attempts made by numerous research groups to overcome the resistance problem within classes of existing drugs and in some novel classes. Finally, this review covers all classes of antimalarials for which at least one drug candidate is in clinical development. Antimalarial agents that are solely in early development stages will be addressed in a separate review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlitzer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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12
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Chung MC, Ferreira EI, Santos JL, Giarolla J, Rando DG, Almeida AE, Bosquesi PL, Menegon RF, Blau L. Prodrugs for the treatment of neglected diseases. Molecules 2007; 13:616-77. [PMID: 18463559 PMCID: PMC6245083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) and Medicins San Frontieres (MSF) proposed a classification of diseases as global, neglected and extremely neglected. Global diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and mental (CNS) diseases represent the targets of the majority of the R&D efforts of pharmaceutical companies. Neglected diseases affect millions of people in the world yet existing drug therapy is limited and often inappropriate. Furthermore, extremely neglected diseases affect people living under miserable conditions who barely have access to the bare necessities for survival. Most of these diseases are excluded from the goals of the R&D programs in the pharmaceutical industry and therefore fall outside the pharmaceutical market. About 14 million people,mainly in developing countries, die each year from infectious diseases. From 1975 to 1999,1393 new drugs were approved yet only 1% were for the treatment of neglected diseases[3]. These numbers have not changed until now, so in those countries there is an urgent need for the design and synthesis of new drugs and in this area the prodrug approach is a very interesting field. It provides, among other effects, activity improvements and toxicity decreases for current and new drugs, improving market availability. It is worth noting that it is essential in drug design to save time and money, and prodrug approaches can be considered of high interest in this respect. The present review covers 20 years of research on the design of prodrugs for the treatment of neglected and extremely neglected diseases such as Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis), sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis), malaria, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chin Chung
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Jean Leandro Santos
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Daniela Gonçales Rando
- LAPEN – Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Endemias Tropicais, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – USP/SP, R. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-13S, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; E-mail:
| | - Adélia Emília Almeida
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Priscila Longhin Bosquesi
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Renato Farina Menegon
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Lorena Blau
- Lapdesf - Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Brazil
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13
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Abstract
Synthesis de novo, acquisition by salvage and interconversion of purines and pyrimidines represent the fundamental requirements for their eventual assembly into nucleic acids as nucleotides and the deployment of their derivatives in other biochemical pathways. A small number of drugs targeted to nucleotide metabolism, by virtue of their effect on folate biosynthesis and recycling, have been successfully used against apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma for many years, although resistance is now a major problem in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Many targets not involving folate metabolism have also been explored at the experimental level. However, the unravelling of the genome sequences of these eukaryotic unicellular organisms, together with increasingly sophisticated molecular analyses, opens up possibilities of introducing new drugs that could interfere with these processes. This review examines the status of established drugs of this type and the potential for further exploiting the vulnerability of apicomplexan human pathogens to inhibition of this key area of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hyde
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7ND, UK.
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14
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Gutteridge CE, Nichols DA, Curtis SM, Thota DS, Vo JV, Gerena L, Montip G, Asher CO, Diaz DS, Ditusa CA, Smith KS, Bhattacharjee AK. In vitro and in vivo efficacy and in vitro metabolism of 1-phenyl-3-aryl-2-propen-1-ones against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5682-6. [PMID: 16908136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of a series of 1-phenyl-3-aryl-2-propen-1-ones resulted in the identification of nine inhibitors with submicromolar efficacy against at least one Plasmodium falciparum strain in vitro. These inhibitors were inactive when given orally in a Plasmodium berghei infected mouse model. Significant compound degradation occurred upon their exposure to a liver microsome preparation, suggesting metabolic instability may be responsible for the lack of activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Gutteridge
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA.
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