1
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Rej RK, Allu SR, Roy J, Acharyya RK, Kiran INC, Addepalli Y, Dhamodharan V. Orally Bioavailable Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras: An Innovative Approach in the Golden Era of Discovering Small-Molecule Cancer Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:494. [PMID: 38675453 PMCID: PMC11054475 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are an emerging therapeutic modality that show promise to open a target space not accessible to conventional small molecules via a degradation-based mechanism. PROTAC degraders, due to their bifunctional nature, which is categorized as 'beyond the Rule of Five', have gained attention as a distinctive therapeutic approach for oral administration in clinical settings. However, the development of PROTACs with adequate oral bioavailability remains a significant hurdle, largely due to their large size and less than ideal physical and chemical properties. This review encapsulates the latest advancements in orally delivered PROTACs that have entered clinical evaluation as well as developments highlighted in recent scholarly articles. The insights and methodologies elaborated upon in this review could be instrumental in supporting the discovery and refinement of novel PROTAC degraders aimed at the treatment of various human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kalyan Rej
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.R.A.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.R.A.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Joyeeta Roy
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Ranjan Kumar Acharyya
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.R.A.); (R.K.A.)
| | - I. N. Chaithanya Kiran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Yesu Addepalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - V. Dhamodharan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
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2
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Shah RR, De Vita E, Sathyamurthi PS, Conole D, Zhang X, Fellows E, Dickinson ER, Fleites CM, Queisser MA, Harling JD, Tate EW. Structure-Guided Design and Optimization of Covalent VHL-Targeted Sulfonyl Fluoride PROTACs. J Med Chem 2024; 67:4641-4654. [PMID: 38478885 PMCID: PMC10982999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules that have emerged as a therapeutic modality to induce targeted protein degradation (TPD) by harnessing cellular proteolytic degradation machinery. PROTACs which ligand the E3 ligase in a covalent manner have attracted intense interest; however, covalent PROTACs with a broad protein of interest (POI) scope have proven challenging to discover by design. Here, we report the structure-guided design and optimization of Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein-targeted sulfonyl fluorides which covalently bind Ser110 in the HIF1α binding site. We demonstrate that their incorporation in bifunctional degraders induces targeted protein degradation of BRD4 or the androgen receptor without further linker optimization. Our study discloses the first covalent VHL ligands which can be implemented directly in bifunctional degrader design, expanding the substrate scope of covalent E3 ligase PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R. Shah
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Elena De Vita
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | | | - Daniel Conole
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Elliot Fellows
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | | | - Carlos M. Fleites
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | | | - John D. Harling
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
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3
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Chen QH, Munoz E, Ashong D. Insight into Recent Advances in Degrading Androgen Receptor for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:663. [PMID: 38339414 PMCID: PMC10854644 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Induced protein degradation has emerged as an innovative drug discovery approach, complementary to the classical method of suppressing protein function. The androgen receptor signaling pathway has been identified as the primary driving force in the development and progression of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer. Since androgen receptor degraders function differently from androgen receptor antagonists, they hold the promise to overcome the drug resistance challenges faced by current therapeutics. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), monomeric degraders, hydrophobic tagging, molecular glues, and autophagic degradation have demonstrated their capability in downregulating intracellular androgen receptor concentrations. The potential of these androgen receptor degraders to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer is substantiated by the advancement of six PROTACs and two monomeric androgen receptor degraders into phase I or II clinical trials. Although the chemical structures, in vitro and in vivo data, and degradation mechanisms of androgen receptor degraders have been reviewed, it is crucial to stay updated on recent advances in this field as novel androgen receptor degraders and new strategies continue to emerge. This review thus provides insight into recent advancements in this paradigm, offering an overview of the progress made since 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA; (E.M.); (D.A.)
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4
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Li Q, Zhou L, Qin S, Huang Z, Li B, Liu R, Yang M, Nice EC, Zhu H, Huang C. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras in biotherapeutics: Current trends and future applications. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115447. [PMID: 37229829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The success of inhibitor-based therapeutics is largely constrained by the acquisition of therapeutic resistance, which is partially driven by the undruggable proteome. The emergence of proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, designed for degrading proteins involved in specific biological processes, might provide a novel framework for solving the above constraint. A heterobifunctional PROTAC molecule could structurally connect an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand with a protein of interest (POI)-binding ligand by chemical linkers. Such technology would result in the degradation of the targeted protein via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), opening up a novel way of selectively inhibiting undruggable proteins. Herein, we will highlight the advantages of PROTAC technology and summarize the current understanding of the potential mechanisms involved in biotherapeutics, with a particular focus on its application and development where therapeutic benefits over classical small-molecule inhibitors have been achieved. Finally, we discuss how this technology can contribute to developing biotherapeutic drugs, such as antivirals against infectious diseases, for use in clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhao Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Bowen Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ruolan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Huili Zhu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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5
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Jia X, Han X. Targeting androgen receptor degradation with PROTACs from bench to bedside. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114112. [PMID: 36508999 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) has been extensively investigated to treat prostate cancer. Resistance mechanisms such as increased levels of androgen production, increased AR gene, enhancer expression and AR point mutations always reduce the clinical efficacy. Design and discovery of small-molecule PROTAC AR degraders have been pursued as a new therapeutic strategy to overcome common resistance mechanisms developed during prostate cancer treatment. In the last two decades, potent and efficacious PROTAC AR degraders have been gotten rapid development and several such compounds have been advanced into preclinical phase and phase I/II trials for the treatment of human prostate cancers. Especially, the first PROTAC to enter the clinic, ARV-110, has shown good clinical effects in patients with mCRPC. This fully demonstrates the high clinical value of PROTAC strategy in treatment of human diseases. Here, we summarized the recent advances in the development of these potential clinical-stage PROTAC AR degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Jia
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin Han
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China..
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6
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Diehl CJ, Ciulli A. Discovery of small molecule ligands for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ligase and their use as inhibitors and PROTAC degraders. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8216-8257. [PMID: 35983982 PMCID: PMC9528729 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00387b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Cullin RING E3 ligase is an essential enzyme in the ubiquitin-proteasome system that recruits substrates such as the hypoxia inducible factor for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway can be hijacked toward non-native neo-substrate proteins using proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), bifunctional molecules designed to simultaneously bind to an E3 ligase and a target protein to induce target ubiquitination and degradation. The availability of high-quality small-molecule ligands with good binding affinity for E3 ligases is fundamental for PROTAC development. Lack of good E3 ligase ligands as starting points to develop PROTAC degraders was initially a stumbling block to the development of the field. Herein, the journey towards the design of small-molecule ligands binding to VHL is presented. We cover the structure-based design of VHL ligands, their application as inhibitors in their own right, and their implementation into rationally designed, potent PROTAC degraders of various target proteins. We highlight the key findings and learnings that have provided strong foundations for the remarkable development of targeted protein degradation, and that offer a blueprint for designing new ligands for E3 ligases beyond VHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Diehl
- Centre for Targeted Protein Degradation, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Centre for Targeted Protein Degradation, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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7
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Ma L, Zhou Y, Yang D, Wang MW, Lu W, Jin J. Synthesis of Hydantoin Androgen Receptor Antagonists and Study on Their Antagonistic Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185867. [PMID: 36144603 PMCID: PMC9505067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxymethylthiohydantoin, hydroxymethylthiohydantoin, and hydantoin, containing a pyridine group, were synthesized to study their androgen receptor antagonistic activities. Among them, compounds 6a/6c/7g/19a/19b exhibited excellent androgen receptor antagonistic activity, which was consistent with or even superior to enzalutamide. In addition, compounds 19a and 19b exhibited better antiproliferative activity than enzalutamide in prostate cancer cells. The results show that compound 19a has great potential as a new AR antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjun Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- The National Center for Drug Screening, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (M.-W.W.); (W.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- Correspondence: (M.-W.W.); (W.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Jiyu Jin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- Correspondence: (M.-W.W.); (W.L.); (J.J.)
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8
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the maintenance of muscle and bone and the support of male sexual-related functions, as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. Accordingly, AR-targeted therapies have been developed for the treatment of related human diseases and conditions. AR agonists are an important class of drugs in the treatment of bone loss and muscle atrophy. AR antagonists have also been developed for the treatment of prostate cancer, including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Additionally, selective AR degraders (SARDs) have been reported. More recently, heterobifunctional degrader molecules of AR have been developed, and four such compounds are now in clinical development for the treatment of human prostate cancer. This review attempts to summarize the different types of compounds designed to target AR and the current frontiers of research on this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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9
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Guo L, Zhou Y, Nie X, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Li C, Wang T, Tang W. A platform for the rapid synthesis of proteolysis targeting chimeras (Rapid-TAC) under miniaturized conditions. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114317. [PMID: 35397401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) is one of the most frequently used technologies for targeted protein degradation. PROTACs are composed of target protein ligand, E3 ligase ligand and a linker between them. Traditional methods for the development of PROTACs involve step-by-step synthesis and are time consuming. Herein, we report a platform for the rapid synthesis of PROTACs (Rapid-TAC) via a traceless coupling reaction between ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) motif on the ligand of targeting protein and an amine fucntional group on the commercially available partial PROTAC library that is composed of different E3 ligase ligands and various types and lengths of linkers. Under our optimized miniaturized conditions, the full PROTACs can be synthesized in a high throughput manner and the products can be directly used for screening without any further manipulations including purification. We demonstrated the utility of this platform by quickly identifying active degraders for androgen receptor (AR) and BRD4 with DC50 of 41.9 nM and 8.9 nM, respectively. It is expected that this Rapid-TAC platform can be easily extended to many other targets, thus lowering the barrier to access this novel modelity for small molecule drug discovery and faciliate structure activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Guo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Yaxian Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xueqing Nie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Zhongrui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Chunrong Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Taobo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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10
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Burke MR, Smith AR, Zheng G. Overcoming Cancer Drug Resistance Utilizing PROTAC Technology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:872729. [PMID: 35547806 PMCID: PMC9083012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.872729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer drug resistance presents a major barrier to continued successful treatment of malignancies. Current therapies inhibiting proteins indicated in cancer progression are consistently found to lose efficacy as a result of acquired drug resistance, often caused by mutated or overexpressed protein targets. By hijacking the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation machinery, proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) offer an alternative therapeutic modality to cancer treatments with various potential advantages. PROTACs specific for a number of known cancer targets have been developed in the last 5 years, which present new options for remission in patients with previously untreatable malignancies and provide a foundation for future-generation compounds. One notable advantage of PROTACs, supported by evidence from a number of recent studies, is that they can overcome some of the resistance mechanisms to traditional targeted therapies. More recently, some groups have begun researching the use of PROTACs to successfully degrade mutated targets conferring cancer resistance against first-line treatments. In this review, we focus on analyzing the developments in PROTACs geared towards cancer resistance and targets that confer it in the search for new and successful therapies.
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11
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Xiang W, Zhao L, Han X, Qin C, Miao B, McEachern D, Wang Y, Metwally H, Kirchhoff PD, Wang L, Matvekas A, He M, Wen B, Sun D, Wang S. Discovery of ARD-2585 as an Exceptionally Potent and Orally Active PROTAC Degrader of Androgen Receptor for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13487-13509. [PMID: 34473519 PMCID: PMC8855934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the discovery of exceptionally potent and orally bioavailable PROTAC AR degraders with ARD-2585 being the most promising compound. ARD-2585 achieves DC50 values of ≤0.1 nM in the VCaP cell line with AR gene amplification and in the LNCaP cell line carrying an AR mutation. It potently inhibits cell growth with IC50 values of 1.5 and 16.2 nM in the VCaP and LNCaP cell lines, respectively, and achieves excellent pharmacokinetics and 51% of oral bioavailability in mice. It is more efficacious than enzalutamide in inhibition of VCaP tumor growth and does not cause any sign of toxicity in mice. ARD-2585 is a promising AR degrader for extensive investigations for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lijie Zhao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xin Han
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chong Qin
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bukeyan Miao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Donna McEachern
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hoda Metwally
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul D Kirchhoff
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Aleksas Matvekas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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12
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Han X, Zhao L, Xiang W, Qin C, Miao B, McEachern D, Wang Y, Metwally H, Wang L, Matvekas A, Wen B, Sun D, Wang S. Strategies toward Discovery of Potent and Orally Bioavailable Proteolysis Targeting Chimera Degraders of Androgen Receptor for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12831-12854. [PMID: 34431670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) small-molecule degraders have emerged as a promising new type of therapeutic agents, but the design of PROTAC degraders with excellent oral pharmacokinetics is a major challenge. In this study, we present our strategies toward the discovery of highly potent PROTAC degraders of androgen receptor (AR) with excellent oral pharmacokinetics. Employing thalidomide to recruit cereblon/cullin 4A E3 ligase and through the rigidification of the linker, we discovered highly potent AR degraders with good oral pharmacokinetic properties in mice with ARD-2128 being the best compound. ARD-2128 achieves 67% oral bioavailability in mice, effectively reduces AR protein and suppresses AR-regulated genes in tumor tissues with oral administration, leading to the effective inhibition of tumor growth in mice without signs of toxicity. This study supports the development of an orally active PROTAC AR degrader for the treatment of prostate cancer and provides insights and guidance into the design of orally active PROTAC degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Han
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lijie Zhao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Weiguo Xiang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chong Qin
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bukeyan Miao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Donna McEachern
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hoda Metwally
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Aleksas Matvekas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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13
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Qin Z, Ou S, Xu L, Sorensen K, Zhang Y, Hu DP, Yang Z, Hu WY, Chen F, Prins GS. Design and synthesis of isothiocyanate-containing hybrid androgen receptor (AR) antagonist to downregulate AR and induce ferroptosis in GSH-Deficient prostate cancer cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 97:1059-1078. [PMID: 33470049 PMCID: PMC8168342 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sustained androgen receptor (AR) signaling and apoptosis evasion are among the main hurdles of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment. We designed and synthesized isothiocyanate (ITC)-containing hybrid AR antagonist (ITC-ARi) and rationally combined ITC-ARi with GSH synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to efficiently downregulate AR/AR splice variant and induce ferroptosis in CRPC cells. The representative ITC-ARi 13 is an AR ligand that contains an N-acetyl cysteine-masked ITC moiety and gradually releases parental unconjugated ITC 12b in aqueous solution. The in vitro anti-PCa activities of 13, such as growth inhibition and AR downregulation, are significantly enhanced when combined with BSO. The drug combination caused notable lipid peroxidation and the cell viability was effectively rescued by iron chelator, antioxidants or the inhibitor of heme oxygenase-1, supporting the induction of ferroptosis. 13 and BSO cooperatively downregulate AR and induce ferroptosis likely through increasing the accessibility of 13/12b to cellular targets, escalating free intracellular ferrous iron and attenuating GSH-centered cellular defense and adaptation. Further studies on the combination of ITC-ARi and GSH synthesis inhibitor could result in a new modality against CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Siyu Ou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen Sorensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dan-Ping Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Chen L, Han L, Mao S, Xu P, Xu X, Zhao R, Wu Z, Zhong K, Yu G, Wang X. Discovery of A031 as effective proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) androgen receptor (AR) degrader for the treatment of prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113307. [PMID: 33652354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer. We report herein the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of highly effective proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) androgen receptor (AR) degraders, such as compound A031. It could induce the degradation of AR protein in VCaP cell lines in a time-dependent manner, achieving the IC 50 value of less than 0.25 μM. The A031 is 5 times less toxic than EZLA and works with an appropriate half-life (t 1/2) or clearance rate (Cl). Also, it has a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth in zebrafish transplanted with human prostate cancer (VCaP). Therefore, A031 provides a further idea of developing novel drugs for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 S. Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Liuquan Han
- Suzhou Degen Bio-medical Co., Ltd, No.1 Huayun Road, SIP, Suzhou, 215000, PR China
| | - Shujun Mao
- Suzhou Degen Bio-medical Co., Ltd, No.1 Huayun Road, SIP, Suzhou, 215000, PR China
| | - Ping Xu
- Suzhou Degen Bio-medical Co., Ltd, No.1 Huayun Road, SIP, Suzhou, 215000, PR China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Suzhou Degen Bio-medical Co., Ltd, No.1 Huayun Road, SIP, Suzhou, 215000, PR China
| | - Ruibo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 S. Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 S. Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Kai Zhong
- Suzhou Degen Bio-medical Co., Ltd, No.1 Huayun Road, SIP, Suzhou, 215000, PR China.
| | - Guangliang Yu
- Suzhou Degen Bio-medical Co., Ltd, No.1 Huayun Road, SIP, Suzhou, 215000, PR China.
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 S. Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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15
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An Overview of Next-Generation Androgen Receptor-Targeted Therapeutics in Development for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042124. [PMID: 33672769 PMCID: PMC7924596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional endocrine therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) has been directed at suppression of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis since Huggins et al. discovered that diethylstilbestrol (DES; an estrogen) produced chemical castration and PCa tumor regression. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) still remains the first-line PCa therapy. Insufficiency of ADT over time leads to castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) in which the AR axis is still active, despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. Despite the approval and use of multiple generations of competitive AR antagonists (antiandrogens), antiandrogen resistance emerges rapidly in CRPC due to several mechanisms, mostly converging in the AR axis. Recent evidence from multiple groups have defined noncompetitive or noncanonical direct binding sites on AR that can be targeted to inhibit the AR axis. This review discusses new developments in the PCa treatment paradigm that includes the next-generation molecules to noncanonical sites, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), or noncanonical N-terminal domain (NTD)-binding of selective AR degraders (SARDs). A few lead compounds targeting each of these novel noncanonical sites or with SARD activity are discussed. Many of these ligands are still in preclinical development, and a few early clinical leads have emerged, but successful late-stage clinical data are still lacking. The breadth and diversity of targets provide hope that optimized noncanonical inhibitors and/or SARDs will be able to overcome antiandrogen-resistant CRPC.
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION PROTACs represent a novel class of heterobifunctional molecules that simultaneously bind to a target protein and to an E3 ligase complex, resulting in the transfer of ubiquitin and initiating a process ultimately causing the proteasomal degradation of the target protein. This mechanism of action imbues PROTACs with the ability to modulate target biology in unique ways compared to inhibitors, and the development of PROTACs as therapeutic agents is expected to result in new medicines to treat multiple diseases. AREAS COVERED This review includes published PCT (WO) patent applications covering January 2013 through June 2020. Only English-language patent applications with exemplified PROTACs reported to degrade a target protein(s) were deemed in scope, and the definition of 'PROTAC' was restricted to a bifunctional molecule which contains a discrete binding element for a specific degradation target(s), as well as a separate discrete E3 ligase-binding moiety. EXPERT OPINION Delivering on the enormous potential of PROTACs will require the development of PROTAC medicines that are differentiated from traditional small-molecule inhibitors. The modular composition of PROTACs affords both opportunities and challenges in securing robust intellectual property, and we envision that requirements for novelty are likely to evolve as this area matures.
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17
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Takwale AD, Jo SH, Jeon YU, Kim HS, Shin CH, Lee HK, Ahn S, Lee CO, Du Ha J, Kim JH, Hwang JY. Design and characterization of cereblon-mediated androgen receptor proteolysis-targeting chimeras. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112769. [PMID: 32961381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC)-mediated protein degradation is a rapidly emerging therapeutic intervention that induces the degradation of targeted proteins. Herein, we report the design and biological evaluation of a series of androgen receptor (AR) PROTAC degraders for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Predominantly, instead of thalidomide, we utilized the TD-106 scaffold, a novel cereblon (CRBN) binder that was identified in our previous study. Our results suggest that the linker position in the TD-106 CRBN binder is critical for the efficiency of AR degradation. The compounds attached to the 6-position of TD-106 promoted better degradation of AR than those at the 5- and 7-positions. Among the synthesized AR PROTACs, the representative degrader 33c (TD-802) effectively induced AR protein degradation, with a degradation concentration 50% of 12.5 nM and a maximum degradation of 93% in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Additionally, most AR PROTAC degraders, including TD-802, displayed good liver microsomal stability and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Finally, we showed that TD-802 effectively inhibited tumor growth in an in vivo xenograft study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay D Takwale
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-606, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jo
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Uk Jeon
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-606, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Univeristy, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Hoon Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang Univeristy, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyoung Lee
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-606, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-606, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Ock Lee
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-606, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Du Ha
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-606, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Yeon Hwang
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-606, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Virtual Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs against LasR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for Antibiofilm Potential. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163723. [PMID: 32824118 PMCID: PMC7466078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that is present commonly in soil and water and is responsible for causing septic shock, pneumonia, urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections, etc. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenomenon has increased dramatically in past years and is now considered a major threat globally, so there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to overcome drug resistance by P. aeruginosa. In P. aeruginosa, a major factor of drug resistance is associated to the formation of biofilms by the LasR enzyme, which regulates quorum sensing and has been reported as a new therapeutic target for designing novel antibacterial molecules. In this study, virtual screening and molecular docking were performed against the ligand binding domain (LBD) of LasR by employing a pharmacophore hypothesis for the screening of 2373 FDA-approved compounds to filter top-scoring hit compounds. Six inhibitors out of 2373 compounds were found to have binding affinities close to that of known LasR inhibitors. The binding modes of these compounds to the binding site in LasR-LBD were analyzed to identify the key interactions that contribute to the inhibition of LasR activity. Then, 50 ns simulations of top hit compounds were performed to elucidate the stability of their binding conformations with the LasR-LBD. This study, thus concluded that sulfamerazine showed the highest binding affinity for the LasR-LBD binding pocket exhibiting strong inhibitory binding interactions during molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.
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19
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Kregel S, Wang C, Han X, Xiao L, Fernandez-Salas E, Bawa P, McCollum BL, Wilder-Romans K, Apel IJ, Cao X, Speers C, Wang S, Chinnaiyan AM. Androgen receptor degraders overcome common resistance mechanisms developed during prostate cancer treatment. Neoplasia 2020; 22:111-119. [PMID: 31931431 PMCID: PMC6957805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, such as enzalutamide, have had a major impact on the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, even with the advent of AR antagonist therapies, patients continue to develop resistance, and new strategies to combat continued AR signalling are needed. Here, we develop AR degraders using PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeric (PROTAC) technology in order to determine whether depletion of AR protein can overcome mechanisms of resistance commonly associated with current AR-targeting therapies. ARD-61 is the most potent of the AR degraders and effectively induces on-target AR degradation with a mechanism consistent with the PROTAC design. Compared to clinically-approved AR antagonists, administration of ARD-61 in vitro and in vivo results in more potent anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic effects and attenuation of downstream AR target gene expression in prostate cancer cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that ARD-61 functions in enzalutamide-resistant model systems, characterized by diverse proposed mechanisms of resistance that include AR amplification/overexpression, AR mutation, and expression of AR splice variants, such as AR-V7. While AR degraders are unable to bind and degrade AR-V7, they continue to inhibit tumor cell growth in models overexpressing AR-V7. To further explore this, we developed several isogenic prostate cell line models in which AR-V7 is highly expressed, which also failed to influence the cell inhibitory effects of AR degraders, suggesting that AR-V7 is not a functional resistance mechanism for AR antagonism. These data provide compelling evidence that full-length AR remains a prominent oncogenic driver of prostate cancers which have developed resistance to AR antagonists and highlight the clinical potential of AR degraders for treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kregel
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xin Han
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ester Fernandez-Salas
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brooke L McCollum
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kari Wilder-Romans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid J Apel
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Corey Speers
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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20
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Han X, Zhao L, Xiang W, Qin C, Miao B, Xu T, Wang M, Yang CY, Chinnaswamy K, Stuckey J, Wang S. Discovery of Highly Potent and Efficient PROTAC Degraders of Androgen Receptor (AR) by Employing Weak Binding Affinity VHL E3 Ligase Ligands. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11218-11231. [PMID: 31804827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a validated therapeutic target for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We report herein our design, synthesis, and biological characterization of highly potent small-molecule proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) AR degraders using a potent AR antagonist and E3 ligase ligands with weak binding affinities to VHL protein. Our study resulted in the discovery of 11 (ARD-266), which effectively induces degradation of AR protein in AR-positive (AR+) LNCaP, VCaP, and 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell lines with DC50 values of 0.2-1 nM. ARD-266 is capable of reducing the AR protein level by >95% in these AR+ prostate cancer cell lines and effectively reduces AR-regulated gene expression suppression. For the first time, we demonstrated that an E3 ligand with micromolar binding affinity to its E3 ligase complex can be successfully employed for the design of highly potent and efficient PROTAC degraders and this finding may have a significant implication for the field of PROTAC research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijie Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
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21
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Synthesis of Aryl Propionamide Scaffold Containing a Pentafluorosulfanyl Moiety as SARMs. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234227. [PMID: 31757115 PMCID: PMC6930600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentafluorosulfane (SF5) group, as a more electronegative bioisostere than the trifluoromethyl (CF3) group, has been gaining greater attention and increasingly reported usage in medicinal chemistry. Ostarine is the selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) containing a CF3 group in clinical trial III. In this study, 21 ostarine derivatives for replacing the CF3 group with SF5 substituents were synthesized. Some SF5-derivatives showed androgen receptor (AR) agonistic activities in vitro. The results pointed to the potential of using this scaffold to develop new AR agonists.
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22
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Feng Q, He B. Androgen Receptor Signaling in the Development of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:858. [PMID: 31552182 PMCID: PMC6738163 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most prostate cancers are androgen-sensitive malignancies whose growths depend on the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR). In the 1940s, Charles Huggins demonstrated that the surgical removal of testes in men can result in a dramatic improvement in symptoms and can induce prostate cancer regression. Since then, androgen deprivation therapies have been the standard first-line treatment for advanced prostate cancer, including: surgical castration, medical castration, antiandrogens, and androgen biosynthesis inhibitors. These therapies relieve symptoms, reduce tumor burden, and prolong patient survival, while having relatively modest side effects. Unfortunately, hormone deprivation therapy rarely cures the cancer itself. Prostate cancer almost always recurs, resulting in deadly castration-resistant prostate cancer. The underlying escape mechanisms include androgen receptor gene/enhancer amplification, androgen receptor mutations, androgen receptor variants, coactivator overexpression, intratumoral de novo androgen synthesis, etc. Whereas, the majority of the castration-resistant prostate cancers continuously rely on the androgen axis, a subset of recurrent cancers have completely lost androgen receptor expression, undergone divergent clonal evolution or de-differentiation, and become truly androgen receptor-independent small-cell prostate cancers. There is an urgent need for the development of novel targeted and immune therapies for this subtype of prostate cancer, when more deadly small-cell prostate cancers are induced by thorough androgen deprivation and androgen receptor ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bin He
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine-Cancer Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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23
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Hu WY, Xu L, Chen B, Ou S, Muzzarelli KM, Hu DP, Li Y, Yang Z, Vander Griend DJ, Prins GS, Qin Z. Targeting prostate cancer cells with enzalutamide-HDAC inhibitor hybrid drug 2-75. Prostate 2019; 79:1166-1179. [PMID: 31135075 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) still relies on the function of androgen receptor (AR), achieved by evolving mechanisms to reactivate AR signaling under hormonal therapy. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) disrupt cytoplasmic AR chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) via HDAC6 inhibition, leading to AR degradation and growth suppression of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. However, current HDACis are not effective in clinical trials treating CRPC. METHODS We designed hybrid molecules containing partial chemical scaffolds of AR antagonist enzalutamide (Enz) and HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) as new anti-PCa agents. We previously demonstrated that Enz-HDACi hybrid drug 2-75 targets both AR and Hsp90, which inhibits the growth of Enz-resistant C4-2 cells. In the current study, we further investigate the molecular and cellular actions of 2-75 and test its anti-PCa effects in vivo. RESULTS Compared with Enz, 2-75 had greater AR antagonistic effects by decreasing the stability, transcriptional activity, and nuclear translocation of intracellular AR. In addition to inhibition of full-length AR (FL AR), 2-75 downregulated the AR-V7 variant in multiple PCa cell lines. Mechanistic studies indicated that the AR affinity of 2-75 retains the drug in the cytoplasm of AR + PCa cells and further directs 2-75 to the AR-associated protein complex, which permits localized effects on AR-associated Hsp90. Further, unlike pan-HDACi SAHA, the cytoplasm-retaining property allows 2-75 to significantly inhibit cytoplasmic HDAC6 with limited impact on nuclear HDACs. These selective cytoplasmic actions of 2-75 overcome the unfavorable resistance and toxicity properties associated with classical AR antagonists, HDACis, and Hsp90 inhibitors. Finally, 2-75 showed greater antitumor activities than Enz in vivo on SQ xenografts derived from LNCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS Novel therapeutic strategy using newly designed 2-75 and related AR antagonist-HDACi hybrid drugs has great potential for effective treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bailing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Siyu Ou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Kendall M Muzzarelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Dan-Ping Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhihui Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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24
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Han X, Wang C, Qin C, Xiang W, Fernandez-Salas E, Yang CY, Wang M, Zhao L, Xu T, Chinnaswamy K, Delproposto J, Stuckey J, Wang S. Discovery of ARD-69 as a Highly Potent Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) Degrader of Androgen Receptor (AR) for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2019; 62:941-964. [PMID: 30629437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the discovery of highly potent PROTAC degraders of androgen receptor (AR), as exemplified by compound 34 (ARD-69). ARD-69 induces degradation of AR protein in AR-positive prostate cancer cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ARD-69 achieves DC50 values of 0.86, 0.76, and 10.4 nM in LNCaP, VCaP, and 22Rv1 AR+ prostate cancer cell lines, respectively. ARD-69 is capable of reducing the AR protein level by >95% in these prostate cancer cell lines and effectively suppressing AR-regulated gene expression. ARD-69 potently inhibits cell growth in these AR-positive prostate cancer cell lines and is >100 times more potent than AR antagonists. A single dose of ARD-69 effectively reduces the level of AR protein in xenograft tumor tissue in mice. Further optimization of ARD-69 may ultimately lead to a new therapy for AR+, castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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25
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Qin X, Fang L, Zhao J, Gou S. Theranostic Pt(IV) Conjugate with Target Selectivity for Androgen Receptor. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5019-5029. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Tufail F, Singh S, Saquib M, Tiwari J, Singh J, Singh J. Catalyst-Free, Glycerol-Assisted Facile Approach to Imidazole-Fused Nitrogen-Bridgehead Heterocycles. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Tufail
- Environmentally Benign Synthesis Lab, Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad; Allahabad- 211002 India
| | - Swastika Singh
- Environmentally Benign Synthesis Lab, Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad; Allahabad- 211002 India
| | - Mohammad Saquib
- Environmentally Benign Synthesis Lab, Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad; Allahabad- 211002 India
| | - Jyoti Tiwari
- Environmentally Benign Synthesis Lab, Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad; Allahabad- 211002 India
| | - Jaya Singh
- Department of Chemistry; LRPG College; Sahibabad, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Jagdamba Singh
- Environmentally Benign Synthesis Lab, Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad; Allahabad- 211002 India
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27
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Discovery of Potent ALK Inhibitors Using Pharmacophore-Informatics Strategy. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 76:111-124. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-017-0800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Heterogeneous patterns of DNA methylation-based field effects in histologically normal prostate tissue from cancer patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40636. [PMID: 28084441 PMCID: PMC5233981 DOI: 10.1038/srep40636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis is based on histological evaluation of prostate needle biopsies, which have high false negative rates. Here, we investigated if cancer-associated epigenetic field effects in histologically normal prostate tissue may be used to increase sensitivity for PC. We focused on nine genes (AOX1, CCDC181 (C1orf114), GABRE, GAS6, HAPLN3, KLF8, MOB3B, SLC18A2, and GSTP1) known to be hypermethylated in PC. Using quantitative methylation-specific PCR, we analysed 66 malignant and 134 non-malignant tissue samples from 107 patients, who underwent ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (67 patients had at least one cancer-positive biopsy, 40 had exclusively cancer-negative biopsies). Hypermethylation was detectable for all genes in malignant needle biopsy samples (AUC: 0.80 to 0.98), confirming previous findings in prostatectomy specimens. Furthermore, we identified a four-gene methylation signature (AOX1xGSTP1xHAPLN3xSLC18A2) that distinguished histologically non-malignant biopsies from patients with vs. without PC in other biopsies (AUC = 0.65; sensitivity = 30.8%; specificity = 100%). This signature was validated in an independent patient set (59 PC, 36 adjacent non-malignant, and 9 normal prostate tissue samples) analysed on Illumina 450 K methylation arrays (AUC = 0.70; sensitivity = 40.6%; specificity = 100%). Our results suggest that a novel four-gene signature may be used to increase sensitivity for PC diagnosis through detection of epigenetic field effects in histologically non-malignant prostate tissue samples.
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29
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Zuo M, Xu X, Xie Z, Ge R, Zhang Z, Li Z, Bian J. Design and synthesis of indoline thiohydantoin derivatives based on enzalutamide as antiproliferative agents against prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:1002-1022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Progress in the mechanism and drug development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:765-88. [PMID: 27149562 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.16.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prostate cancer can initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy, it will inevitably relapse and switch to a castration-resistant state. The progress in understanding the mechanism of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has led to the evolution of novel agents, including sipuleucel-T as an immunomodulant agent, enzalutamide as an androgen receptor antagonist, docetaxel as a chemotherapeutic agent and radium-223 as a radiopharmaceutical agent. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms of CRPC and the development of promising agents along with the novel therapies in the clinic. New therapeutic challenges remain, such as the identification of predictive biomarkers and the optimal combinations of agents. Future investigation is still needed for a better understanding of CRPC.
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31
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Zhao C, Choi YH, Khadka DB, Jin Y, Lee KY, Cho WJ. Design and synthesis of novel androgen receptor antagonists via molecular modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:789-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Ran F, Xing H, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li P, Zhao G. Recent Developments in Androgen Receptor Antagonists. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:757-775. [PMID: 26462013 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates the expression of a series of downstream target genes after the binding of androgens, has been a target for the discovery of drugs used to treat prostate cancer. Prostate cancer always progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer after a period of androgen deprivation therapy. Thus, developing potent androgen receptor antagonists for the therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer possesses great significance. This review summarizes the preclinical development of androgen receptor antagonists, conventional androgen receptor antagonists that competitively bind to the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor and coactivator antagonists of the androgen receptor, including both activation function-2 antagonists and binding function-3 antagonists. We hope that this review can help other researchers find new scaffolds and sites for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Ran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Hualu Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Daoguang Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Pengzhan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Guisen Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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33
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Goel R, Luxami V, Paul K. Synthetic approaches and functionalizations of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines: an overview of the decade. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives an overview to the synthesis of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines on the basis of multicomponent reactions, condensation reactions, intramolecular cyclizations etc. along with its reactivity at 3-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Goel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala-147004
- India
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34
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Karanika S, Karantanos T, Yin J, Li L, Thompson TC. WITHDRAWN: Novel anti-androgen receptor signaling agents: Understanding the mechanisms of resistance. Asian J Urol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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35
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Butler AJE, Thompson MJ, Maydom PJ, Newby JA, Guo K, Adams H, Chen B. Regioselective synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]-pyrimidines under continuous flow conditions. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10196-202. [PMID: 25310719 DOI: 10.1021/jo501861g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines usually affords a product mixture containing varying amounts of the corresponding 2-amino regioisomer. Modified methods, particularly microwave heating, have been employed to suppress formation of this side-product, but none of the revised protocols are readily amenable to scale. A continuous flow adaptation was found to offer improved regioselectivity toward the targeted 3-amino regioisomer with significantly shorter reaction times and also widened the scope of the reaction to permit the use of aliphatic aldehyde building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie J E Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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36
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Novel anti-androgen receptor signaling agents: Understanding the mechanisms of resistance. Asian J Urol 2014; 1:30-39. [PMID: 29511635 PMCID: PMC5832885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains an intractable threat to the lives of men worldwide. Although deaths from prostate cancer (PCa) in the United States have declined in recent years, in other parts of the world Pca mortality is increasing. The introduction of 2nd generation anti-androgen receptor agents into the therapeutic armamentarium for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has resulted in modestly increased survival advantages as demonstrated by initial clinical trials. However, analysis of the molecular pathways affected by these agents may lead to new insight into mechanisms of resistance that drive mCRPC, including proliferation and survival signaling pathways that are derepressed by maximum repression of androgen signaling. Combination therapies that involve anti-AR signaling agents together with agents that target these pathways establish a paradigm for the development of more effective treatment of mCRPC. In this review, we briefly summarize the current clinical trial literature with regard to novel anti-AR signaling agents such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide. We discuss observational data that point to mechanisms of resistance that emerged from these studies. We further present and discuss recent experimental studies that address the mechanisms of resistance to these treatments. Finally, we discuss novel and rational therapeutic approaches, including combination therapy, for patients with mCRPC.
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37
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Guo C, Hou X, Dong L, Marakovits J, Greasley S, Dagostino E, Ferre R, Johnson MC, Humphries PS, Li H, Paderes GD, Piraino J, Kraynov E, Murray BW. Structure-based design of novel human Pin1 inhibitors (III): optimizing affinity beyond the phosphate recognition pocket. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4187-91. [PMID: 25091930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The design of potent Pin1 inhibitors has been challenging because its active site specifically recognizes a phospho-protein epitope. The de novo design of phosphate-based Pin1 inhibitors focusing on the phosphate recognition pocket and the successful replacement of the phosphate group with a carboxylate have been previously reported. The potency of the carboxylate series is now further improved through structure-based optimization of ligand-protein interactions in the proline binding site which exploits the H-bond interactions necessary for Pin1 catalytic function. Further optimization using a focused library approach led to the discovery of low nanomolar non-phosphate small molecular Pin1 inhibitors. Structural modifications designed to improve cell permeability resulted in Pin1 inhibitors with low micromolar anti-proliferative activities against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangxing Guo
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Xinjun Hou
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Liming Dong
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joseph Marakovits
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Samantha Greasley
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Eleanor Dagostino
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - RoseAnn Ferre
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - M Catherine Johnson
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Paul S Humphries
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Haitao Li
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Genevieve D Paderes
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joseph Piraino
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Eugenia Kraynov
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brion W Murray
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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38
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Application of fluorine-containing non-steroidal anti-androgen compounds in treating prostate cancer. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Rządkowska M, Szacoń E, Kaczor AA, Fidecka S, Kędzierska E, Matosiuk D. Synthesis, central nervous system activity, and structure-activity relationship of 1-aryl-6-benzyl-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-5(1 H)-ones. Med Chem Res 2014; 23:4221-4237. [PMID: 25132789 PMCID: PMC4127001 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 24 1-aryl-6-benzyl-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-5(1H)-ones was designed as antinociceptive compounds acting through opioid receptors with additional serotoninergic activity. The compounds, similarly as previously published series, lack the protonable nitrogen atom which is a part of classical opioid receptor pharmacophore and is necessary to interact with the conserved Asp(3.32) in the opioid receptor binding pocket. The compounds were obtained in one-step cyclocondensation of 1-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amines diethyl 2-benzylmalonate or diethyl 2-(2-chlorobenzyl)malonate under basic conditions. Almost all the tested compounds exerted strong antinociceptive activity, but surprisingly, it was not reversed by naloxone; thus, it is not mediated through opioid receptors. It makes it possible to conclude that addition of one more aromatic moiety to the non-classical opioid receptor pharmacophore results in the compounds which are not opioid receptor ligands. The lack of activity of one of the tested compounds may be attributed to low blood–brain barrier permeation or unfavorable distribution of electrostatic potential and HOMO and LUMO orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Rządkowska
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szacoń
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St, 20093 Lublin, Poland ; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sylwia Fidecka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kędzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St, 20093 Lublin, Poland
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40
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Kaczor AA, Kijkowska-Murak U, Pihlaja K, Sinkkonen J, Wysocki W, Karczmarzyk Z, Matosiuk D. The pseudo-Michael reaction of 1-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amines with ethyl ethoxymethylenecyanoacetate. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013; 144:1171-1182. [PMID: 26166883 PMCID: PMC4495018 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-0982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The pseudo-Michael reaction of 1-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amines with ethyl 2-cyano-3-methoxyprop-2-enoate (ethyl ethoxymethylenecyanoacetate) is investigated. At −10 °C reaction takes place on the exocyclic nitrogen atom, giving exclusively ethyl esters of 2-cyano-3-[(1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)amino]prop-2-enoic acid. The formation of isomeric enamines which may be a theoretical product of the reaction on N3 ring nitrogen atom is not observed. The N6 enamines, heated in boiling acetic acid, yield cyclic 1-aryl-5-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles. Heating of the enamines to the temperature of 120–140 °C without a solvent makes it possible to obtain a mixture of 1-aryl-5-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles and ethyl 1-aryl-5-imino-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylates. The reaction of the respective hydrobromides of 1-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amines with ethyl ethoxymethylenecyanoacetate in the presence of triethylamine gives selectively 1-aryl-5-oxo-1,2,3,5-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A. Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Kijkowska-Murak
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kalevi Pihlaja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Waldemar Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Podlasie, 3 Maja 54 St, 08110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Karczmarzyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Podlasie, 3 Maja 54 St, 08110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St, 20093 Lublin, Poland
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41
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Guo C, Linton A, Jalaie M, Kephart S, Ornelas M, Pairish M, Greasley S, Richardson P, Maegley K, Hickey M, Li J, Wu X, Ji X, Xie Z. Discovery of 2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones as novel PKM2 activators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3358-63. [PMID: 23622982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase is an emerging target for antitumor therapy. In this letter, we describe the discovery of 2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones as potent and selective PKM2 activators which were found to have a novel binding mode. The original lead identified from high throughput screening was optimized into an efficient series via computer-aided structure-based drug design. Both a representative compound from this series and an activator described in the literature were used as molecular tools to probe the biological effects of PKM2 activation on cancer cells. Our results suggested that PKM2 activation alone is not sufficient to alter cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangxing Guo
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Urol 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e3283605159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Kuruma H, Matsumoto H, Shiota M, Bishop J, Lamoureux F, Thomas C, Briere D, Los G, Gleave M, Fanjul A, Zoubeidi A. A novel antiandrogen, Compound 30, suppresses castration-resistant and MDV3100-resistant prostate cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:567-76. [PMID: 23493310 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antiandrogen drugs, like MDV3100, occurs in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Thus, preventing or treating antiandrogen resistance is a major clinical challenge. We identified a novel antiandrogen, Compound 30, and compared its efficacy with MDV3100. We found that Compound 30 inhibits androgen receptor (AR) activity in LNCaP cells, C4-2 cells, as well as MDV3100-resistant cell lines. Compared with MDV3100, Compound 30 treatment induces greater reduction in AR, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and AR transcriptional activity, and prevents AR nuclear translocation in AR-sensitive LNCaP cells. Compound 30 has antiproliferative effects in LNCaP cells, in castrate-resistant C4-2 cells, and those resistant to MDV3100. Compound 30 was equally as effective as MDV3100 in reducing tumor volume and PSA in vivo. More importantly, Compound 30 is effective at inhibiting AR activity in MDV3100-resistant cell lines and significantly prevented tumor growth and PSA increases in mice bearing MDV3100-resistant xenografts. Together, our data show that Compound 30 strongly inhibited AR activity and suppressed castration-resistant LNCaP growth as well as MDV3100-resistant cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These data provide a preclinical proof-of-principle that Compound 30 could be a promising next generation anti-AR agent, especially in the context of antiandrogen-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Kuruma
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Yamamoto S, Kobayashi H, Kaku T, Aikawa K, Hara T, Yamaoka M, Kanzaki N, Hasuoka A, Baba A, Ito M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-aryl-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpyrrolidine derivatives as novel androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Palmer C, Pairish M, Kephart S, Bouzida D, Cui J, Deal J, Dong L, Gu D, Linton A, McAlpine I, Yamazaki S, Smith E, John-Baptiste A, Bagrodia S, Kania R, Guo C. Structural modifications of a 3-methoxy-2-aminopyridine compound to reduce potential for mutagenicity and time-dependent drug–drug interaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7605-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhu Z, Shi M, Hu W, Estrella H, Engebretsen J, Nichols T, Briere D, Hosea N, Los G, Rejto PA, Fanjul A. Dose-dependent effects of small-molecule antagonists on the genomic landscape of androgen receptor binding. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:355. [PMID: 22849360 PMCID: PMC3507642 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The androgen receptor plays a critical role throughout the progression of prostate cancer and is an important drug target for this disease. While chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is becoming an essential tool for studying transcription and chromatin modification factors, it has rarely been employed in the context of drug discovery. Results Here we report changes in the genome-wide AR binding landscape due to dose-dependent inhibition by drug-like small molecules using ChIP-Seq. Integration of sequence analysis, transcriptome profiling, cell viability assays and xenograft tumor growth inhibition studies enabled us to establish a direct cistrome-activity relationship for two novel potent AR antagonists. By selectively occupying the strongest binding sites, AR signaling remains active even when androgen levels are low, as is characteristic of first-line androgen ablation therapy. Coupled cistrome and transcriptome profiling upon small molecule antagonism led to the identification of a core set of AR direct effector genes that are most likely to mediate the activities of targeted agents: unbiased pathway mapping revealed that AR is a key modulator of steroid metabolism by forming a tightly controlled feedback loop with other nuclear receptor family members and this oncogenic effect can be relieved by antagonist treatment. Furthermore, we found that AR also has an extensive role in negative gene regulation, with estrogen (related) receptor likely mediating its function as a transcriptional repressor. Conclusions Our study provides a global and dynamic view of AR’s regulatory program upon antagonism, which may serve as a molecular basis for deciphering and developing AR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhu
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, La Jolla Laboratories, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:233-47. [PMID: 22531108 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283542fb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guo C, Pairish M, Linton A, Kephart S, Ornelas M, Nagata A, Burke B, Dong L, Engebretsen J, Fanjul AN. Design of oxobenzimidazoles and oxindoles as novel androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2572-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yamamoto S, Tomita N, Suzuki Y, Suzaki T, Kaku T, Hara T, Yamaoka M, Kanzaki N, Hasuoka A, Baba A, Ito M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 4-arylmethyl-1-phenylpyrazole and 4-aryloxy-1-phenylpyrazole derivatives as novel androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2338-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Guo C, Kephart S, Ornelas M, Gonzalez J, Linton A, Pairish M, Nagata A, Greasley S, Elleraas J, Hosea N, Engebretsen J, Fanjul AN. Discovery of 3-aryloxy-lactam analogs as potent androgen receptor full antagonists for treating castration resistant prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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