1
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Wong AR, Yang AWH, Gill H, Lenon GB, Hung A. Mechanisms of Nelumbinis folium targeting PPARγ for weight management: A molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations study. Comput Biol Med 2023; 166:107495. [PMID: 37742414 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The lotus leaf, Nelumbinis folium (NF), has frequently appeared in obesity clinical trials as an intervention to promote weight loss and improve metabolic profiles. However, the molecular mechanisms by which it interacts with important obesity targets and pathways, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) within the PPAR signalling pathway, were not well understood. This study aims to screen for candidate compounds from NF with desirable pharmacokinetic properties and examine their binding feasibility at the PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD). Ligand- and structure-based screening of NF compounds were performed, and a consensus approach has been applied to identify druggable candidates. By examining the pharmacokinetic profiles, a large proportion of NF compounds exhibited favourable drug-likeness and oral bioavailability properties. Furthermore, the binding affinity scores and poses provided new insights on the distinctive binding behaviours of NF compounds at the LBD of PPARγ in its inactive form. Several NF compounds could bind strongly to PPARγ at sub-pockets where partial agonists and antagonists were found to bind and may induce conformational changes that influence co-repressor binding, trans-repression, and gene expression inhibition. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations of a candidate compound (NF129 narcissin) bound to PPARγ revealed conformational stability, residue fluctuation, and binding behaviours comparable to that of the known inhibitor, SR1664. Therefore, it can be proposed that narcissin exhibits characteristics of a PPARγ antagonist. Further experimental validation to support the development of NF129 as a future anti-obesity agent is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Rann Wong
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Wei Hong Yang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harsharn Gill
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Binh Lenon
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Capelli D, Cazzaniga G, Mori M, Laghezza A, Loiodice F, Quaglia M, Negro E, Meneghetti F, Villa S, Montanari R. Biological Screening and Crystallographic Studies of Hydroxy γ-Lactone Derivatives to Investigate PPARγ Phosphorylation Inhibition. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040694. [PMID: 37189440 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARγ represents a key target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. To avoid serious adverse effects related to the PPARγ agonism profile of traditional antidiabetic drugs, a new opportunity is represented by the development of molecules acting as inhibitors of PPARγ phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). Their mechanism of action is mediated by the stabilization of the PPARγ β-sheet containing Ser273 (Ser245 in PPARγ isoform 1 nomenclature). In this paper, we report the identification of new γ-hydroxy-lactone-based PPARγ binders from the screening of an in-house library. These compounds exhibit a non-agonist profile towards PPARγ, and one of them prevents Ser245 PPARγ phosphorylation by acting mainly on PPARγ stabilization and exerting a weak CDK5 inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Capelli
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Strada Provinciale 35d, n. 9-00010, Montelibretti, 34149 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cazzaniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Martina Quaglia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Negro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Strada Provinciale 35d, n. 9-00010, Montelibretti, 34149 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Villa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Montanari
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Strada Provinciale 35d, n. 9-00010, Montelibretti, 34149 Rome, Italy
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3
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Kumar AP, P P, Mandal S, Kumar BRP, Raju RM, Dhanabal S, Rajagopal K, G R, X PN, Justin A. Computational studies, synthesis, in-vitro binding and transcription analysis of novel imidazolidine-2,4-dione and 2-thioxo thiazolidine-4-one based glitazones for central PPAR-γ agonism. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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4
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Laghezza A, Cerchia C, Genovese M, Leuci R, Pranzini E, Santi A, Brunetti L, Piemontese L, Tortorella P, Biswas A, Singh RP, Tambe S, Ca S, Pattnaik AK, Jayaprakash V, Paoli P, Lavecchia A, Loiodice F. A New Antidiabetic Agent Showing Short- and Long-Term Effects Due to Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha/Gamma Dual Agonism and Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Inhibition. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3566-3587. [PMID: 36790935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A new series of analogues or derivatives of the previously reported PPARα/γ dual agonist LT175 allowed the identification of ligand 10, which was able to potently activate both PPARα and -γ subtypes as full and partial agonists, respectively. Docking studies were performed to provide a molecular explanation for this different behavior on the two different targets. In vivo experiments showed that this compound induced a significant reduction in blood glucose and lipid levels in an STZ-induced diabetic mouse model displaying no toxic effects on bone, kidney, and liver. By examining in depth the antihyperglycemic activity of 10, we found out that it produced a slight but significant inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, acting also through insulin-independent mechanisms. This is the first example of a PPARα/γ dual agonist reported to show this inhibitory effect representing, therefore, the potential lead of a new class of drugs for treatment of dyslipidemic type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Genovese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Sezione di Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Rosalba Leuci
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Erica Pranzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Sezione di Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alice Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Sezione di Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brunetti
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Abanish Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Ravi Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Suhas Tambe
- Adgyl Lifesciences Private Ltd., Bengaluru 560058, India
| | - Sudeep Ca
- Bioanalytical Section, Eurofins Advinus Biopharma Services India Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru 560058, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Pattnaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Venkatesan Jayaprakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Sezione di Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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5
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Identification of Selective PPAR-γ Modulators by Combining Pharmacophore Modeling, Molecular Docking, and Adipogenesis Assay. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1014-1041. [PMID: 36264481 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The clinically used glitazones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) for type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy have been linked to serious side effects such as fluid retention, congestive heart failure, weight gain, bone loss, and an increased risk of bladder cancer. The complete activation of PPAR-γ receptors in target tissues is linked to these effects. Many studies have demonstrated that partial PPAR-γ activators (GW0072, PAT5A, GQ16) give equivalent therapeutic benefits to full PPAR-γ agonists without the associated side effects. These breakthroughs cleared the path for the development of partial agonists or selective PPAR-γ modulators (SPPARγMs). This study combined pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, and an adipogenesis experiment to identify thiazolidine analogs as SPPARMs/partial agonists. A custom library of 220 molecules was created and virtual screened to discover 90 compounds as SPPARγMs/ partial agonists. The chosen eight compounds were synthesized and tested for adipogenesis using 3T3L1 cell lines. These compounds' partial agonistic activity was evaluated in 3T3L1 cell lines by comparing their capacity to stimulate PPAR-γ mediated adipogenesis to that of a full agonist, rosiglitazone. The findings of the adipogenesis experiment demonstrate that all eight compounds examined had a partial potential to stimulate adipogenesis when compared to the full agonist, rosiglitazone. The current investigation identified eight possible PPAR-γ partial agonists or SPPARγMs that may be effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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6
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Tassopoulou VP, Tzara A, Kourounakis AP. Design of Improved Antidiabetic Drugs: A Journey from Single to Multitarget Agents. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200320. [PMID: 36184571 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Multifactorial diseases exhibit a complex pathophysiology with several factors contributing to their pathogenesis and development. Examples of such disorders are neurodegenerative (e. g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's) and cardiovascular diseases (e. g. atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, diabetes II). Traditional therapeutic approaches with single-target drugs have been proven, in many cases, unsatisfactory for the treatment of multifactorial diseases such as diabetes II. The well-established by now strategy of multitarget drugs is constantly gaining interest and momentum, as a more effective approach. The development of pharmacomolecules able to simultaneously modulate multiple relevant-to-the-disease targets has already several successful examples in various fields and has, as such, inspired the design of multitarget antidiabetic agents; this review highlights the design aspect and efficacy of this approach for improved antidiabetics by presenting several examples of successful pharmacophore combinations in (multitarget) agents that modulate two or more molecular targets involved in diabetes II, resulting in a superior antihyperglycemic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki-Panagiota Tassopoulou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadni Tzara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
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7
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Li X, Zheng L, Zhang B, Deng ZY, Luo T. The Structure Basis of Phytochemicals as Metabolic Signals for Combating Obesity. Front Nutr 2022; 9:913883. [PMID: 35769384 PMCID: PMC9234462 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.913883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of phytochemicals, bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables, has been demonstrated to ameliorate obesity and related metabolic symptoms by regulating specific metabolic pathways. This review summarizes the progress made in our understanding of the potential of phytochemicals as metabolic signals: we discuss herein selected molecular mechanisms which are involved in the occurrence of obesity that may be regulated by phytochemicals. The focus of our review highlights the regulation of transcription factors toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and regulation of microRNAs (miRNA). In this review, the effect of phytochemicals on signaling pathways involved in obesity were discussed on the basis of their chemical structure, suggesting molecular mechanisms for how phytochemicals may impact these signaling pathways. For example, compounds with an isothiocyanate group or an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group may interact with the TLR4 signaling pathway. Regarding Nrf2, we examine compounds possessing an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group which binds covalently with the cysteine thiols of Keap1. Additionally, phytochemical activation of PPARs, FTO and miRNAs were summarized. This information may be of value to better understand how specific phytochemicals interact with specific signaling pathways and help guide the development of new drugs to combat obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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8
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Yadav M, Abdalla M, Madhavi M, Chopra I, Bhrdwaj A, Soni L, Shaheen U, Prajapati L, Sharma M, Sikarwar MS, Albogami S, Hussain T, Nayarisseri A, Singh SK. Structure-Based Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Pharmacokinetic modelling of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor for the clinical treatment of Colorectal Cancer. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2068799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Yadav
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR People’s Republic of China
| | - Maddala Madhavi
- Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Ishita Chopra
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, LeGene Biosciences Pvt Ltd, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anushka Bhrdwaj
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lovely Soni
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Uzma Shaheen
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Leena Prajapati
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Sharma
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tajamul Hussain
- Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, LeGene Biosciences Pvt Ltd, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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A New Fungal Triterpene from the Fungus Aspergillus flavus Stimulates Glucose Uptake without Fat Accumulation. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030203. [PMID: 35323502 PMCID: PMC8953101 DOI: 10.3390/md20030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Through activity-guided fractionation, a new triterpene (asperflagin, 1) was isolated as a PPAR-γ agonist from the jellyfish-derived fungus Aspergillus flavus. Asperflagin displayed selective and moderate transactivation effects on PPAR-γ in Ac2F rat liver cells. Based on further biological evaluation and molecular docking analysis, we postulated that asperflagin might function as a PPAR-γ partial agonist. This compound was calculated to display a typical PPAR-γ ligand–receptor interaction that is distinct from that of full agonistic antidiabetics such as rosiglitazone, and may retain the antidiabetic effect without accompanying weight gain. Weight gain and obesity are typical side effects of the PPAR-γ full agonist rosiglitazone, and lead to suboptimal outcomes in diabetic patients. Compared to rosiglitazone, asperflagin showed higher glucose uptake in HepG2 human liver cells at concentrations of 20 and 40 μM but induced markedly lower adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results suggest that asperflagin may be utilized for further study on advanced antidiabetic leads.
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10
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Leuci R, Brunetti L, Laghezza A, Piemontese L, Carrieri A, Pisani L, Tortorella P, Catto M, Loiodice F. A New Series of Aryloxyacetic Acids Endowed with Multi-Target Activity towards Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs), Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH), and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030958. [PMID: 35164223 PMCID: PMC8839882 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of aryloxyacetic acids was prepared and tested as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) agonists and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. Some compounds exhibited an interesting dual activity that has been recently proposed as a new potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a multifactorial pathology, hence multi-target agents are currently one of the main lines of research for the therapy and prevention of this disease. Given that cholinesterases represent one of the most common targets of recent research, we decided to also evaluate the effects of our compounds on the inhibition of these specific enzymes. Interestingly, two of these compounds, (S)-5 and 6, showed moderate activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and even some activity, although at high concentration, against Aβ peptide aggregation, thus demonstrating, in agreement with the preliminary dockings carried out on the different targets, the feasibility of a simultaneous multi-target activity towards PPARs, FAAH, and AChE. As far as we know, these are the first examples of molecules endowed with this pharmacological profile that might represent a promising line of research for the identification of novel candidates for the treatment of AD.
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Egawa D, Ogiso T, Nishikata K, Yamamoto K, Itoh T. Structural Insights into the Loss-of-Function R288H Mutant of Human PPARγ. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1196-1201. [PMID: 34471047 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor and the molecular target of thiazolidinedione-class antidiabetic drugs. It has been reported that the loss of function R288H mutation in the human PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) may be associated with the onset of colon cancer. A previous in vitro study showed that this mutation dampens 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2, a natural PPARγ agonist)-dependent transcriptional activation; however, it is poorly understood why the function of the R288H mutant is impaired and what role this arginine (Arg) residue plays. In this study, we found that the apo-form of R288H PPARγ mutant displays several altered conformational arrangements of the amino acid side chains in LBD: 1) the loss of a salt bridge between Arg288 and Glu295 leads to increased helix 3 movement; 2) closer proximity of Gln286 and His449 via a hydrogen bond, and closer proximity of Cys285 and Phe363 via hydrophobic interaction, stabilize the helix 3-helix 11 interaction; and 3) there is steric hindrance between Cys285/Gln286/Ser289/His449 and the flexible ligands 15d-PGJ2, 6-oxotetracosahexaenoic acid (6-oxoTHA), and 17-oxodocosahexaenoic acid (17-oxoDHA). These results suggest why Arg288 plays an important role in ligand binding and why the R288H mutation is disadvantageous for flexible ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Egawa
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Taku Ogiso
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kimina Nishikata
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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12
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Yoshikawa C, Ishida H, Ohashi N, Itoh T. Synthesis of a Coumarin-Based PPARγ Fluorescence Probe for Competitive Binding Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4034. [PMID: 33919837 PMCID: PMC8070791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a molecular target of metabolic syndrome and inflammatory disease. PPARγ is an important nuclear receptor and numerous PPARγ ligands were developed to date; thus, efficient assay methods are important. Here, we investigated the incorporation of 7-diethylamino coumarin into the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and used the compound in a binding assay for PPARγ. PPARγ-ligand-incorporated 7-methoxycoumarin, 1, showed weak fluorescence intensity in a previous report. We synthesized PPARγ-ligand-incorporating coumarin, 2, in this report, and it enhanced the fluorescence intensity. The PPARγ ligand 2 maintained the rosiglitazone activity. The obtained partial agonist 6 appeared to act through a novel mechanism. The fluorescence intensity of 2 and 6 increased by binding to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPARγ and the affinity of reported PPARγ ligands were evaluated using the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan; (C.Y.); (H.I.); (N.O.)
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13
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Yang Z, Zhao Y, Hao D, Wang H, Li S, Jia L, Yuan X, Zhang L, Meng L, Zhang S. Computational identification of potential chemoprophylactic agents according to dynamic behavior of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. RSC Adv 2020; 11:147-159. [PMID: 35423024 PMCID: PMC8690233 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is an attractive target for chemoprevention of lung carcinoma, however its highly dynamic nature has plagued drug development for decades, with difficulties in receptor modeling for structure-based design. In this work, an integrated receptor-based virtual screening (VS) strategy was applied to identify PPARγ agonists as chemoprophylactic agents by using extensive docking and conformational sampling methods. Our results showed that the conformational plasticity of PPARγ, especially the H2 & S245 loop, H2' & Ω loop and AF-2 surface, is markedly affected by binding of full/partial agonists. To fully take the dynamic behavior of PPARγ into account, the VS approach effectively sorts out five commercial agents with reported antineoplastic properties. Among them, ZINC03775146 (gusperimus) and ZINC14087743 (miltefosine) might be novel PPARγ agonists with the potential for chemoprophylaxis, that simultaneously take part in a flexible switch of the AF-2 surface and state change of the Ω loop. Furthermore, the dynamic structural coupling between the H2 & S245 and H2' & Ω loops offers enticing hope for PPARγ-targeted therapeutics, by blocking kinase accessibility to PPARγ. These results might aid the development of chemopreventive drugs, and the integrated VS strategy could be conducive to drug design for highly flexible biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Yizhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
| | - Dongxiao Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
| | - He Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
| | - Shengqing Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200041 China
| | - Lintao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
| | - Lingjie Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
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14
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Thangavel N, Al Bratty M, Javed SA, Ahsan W, Alhazmi HA. Critical Insight into the Design of PPAR-γ Agonists by Virtual Screening Techniques. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 16:82-90. [PMID: 29493458 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180227164028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Design of novel PPAR-γ modulators with better binding efficiency and fewer side effects to treat type 2 diabetes is still a challenge for medicinal chemists. Cost and time efficient computational methods have presently become an integral part of research in nuclear receptors and their ligands, enabling hit to lead identification and lead optimization. This review will focus on cutting-edge technologies used in most recent studies on the design of PPAR- γ agonists and will discuss the chemistry of few molecules which emerged successful. METHODS Literature review was carried out in google scholar using customized search from 2011- 2017. Computer-aided design methods presented in this article were used as search terms to retrieve corresponding literature. RESULTS Virtual screening of natural product libraries is an effective strategy to harness nature as the source of ligands for PPARs. Rigid and induced fit docking and core hopping approach in docking are rapid screening methods to predict the PPAR- γ and PPAR-α/ γ dual agonistic activity. Onedimensional drug profile matching is one of the recent virtual screening methods by which an antiprotozoal drug, Nitazoxanide was identified as a PPAR- γ agonist. CONCLUSION It is concluded that to achieve a convincing and reliable design of PPAR-γ agonist by virtual screening techniques, customized workflow comprising of appropriate models is essential in which methods may be applied either sequentially or simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelaveni Thangavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45 142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45 142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadique Akhtar Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45 142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45 142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45 142, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Montanari R, Capelli D, Yamamoto K, Awaishima H, Nishikata K, Barendregt A, Heck AJR, Loiodice F, Altieri F, Paiardini A, Grottesi A, Pirone L, Pedone E, Peiretti F, Brunel JM, Itoh T, Pochetti G. Insights into PPARγ Phosphorylation and Its Inhibition Mechanism. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4811-4823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Montanari
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Capelli
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen,
Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hirono Awaishima
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen,
Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kimina Nishikata
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen,
Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Arjan Barendregt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science4Life, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science4Life, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Pirone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Pedone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Franck Peiretti
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen,
Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Giorgio Pochetti
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
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16
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Ahn S, Basavana Gowda M, Lee M, Masagalli JN, Mailar K, Choi WJ, Noh M. Novel linked butanolide dimer compounds increase adiponectin production during adipogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ modulation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Laghezza A, Piemontese L, Tortorella P, Loiodice F. An update about the crucial role of stereochemistry on the effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:326-342. [PMID: 31112893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that govern lipid and glucose homeostasis playing a central role in cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. These receptors show a high degree of stereoselectivity towards several classes of drugs. This review covers the most relevant findings that have been made in the last decade and takes into consideration only those compounds in which stereochemistry led to unexpected results or peculiar interactions with the receptors. These cases are reviewed and discussed with the aim to show how enantiomeric recognition originates at the molecular level. The structural characterization by crystallographic methods and docking experiments of complexes formed by PPARs with their ligands turns out to be an essential tool to explain receptor stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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18
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Yang Z, Zhao Y, Hao D, Ren S, Yuan X, Meng L, Zhang S. Bindings of PPARγ ligand-binding domain with 5-cholesten-3β, 25-diol, 3-sulfate: accurate prediction by molecular simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1918-1926. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1620129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yizhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dongxiao Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingjie Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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19
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2-Phenyl-8-(1-phenylallyl)-chromenone compounds have a pan-PPAR modulator pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2948-2958. [PMID: 31128991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocytokine with insulin-sensitizing, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Adiponectin secretion-inducing compounds have therapeutic potential in a variety of metabolic diseases. Phenotypic screening led to the discovery that 5,7-dihydroxy-8-(1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)allyl)-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (compound 1) had adiponectin secretion-inducing activity during adipogenesis in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). Compound 1 was originally reported to be an anti-cancer chemical isolated from natural honeybee propolis, and its adiponectin secretion-inducing activity was found in non-cytotoxic concentrations. In a target identification study, compound 1 and its potent synthetic derivative compound 5 were shown to be novel pan-peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor (PPAR) modulators. Molecular docking models with PPARs have indicated that the binding modes of chromenone compounds preferentially interacted with the hydrophobic ligand binding pocket of PPARs. In addition, chromenone compounds have been shown to result in different phenotypic outcomes in the transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolic enzymes than those of selective PPAR mono-agonists for PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ. In line with the pharmacology of adiponectin and PPAR pan-modulators, compounds 1 and 5 may have diverse therapeutic potentials to treat cancer and metabolic diseases.
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20
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Sabatino L, Ziccardi P, Cerchia C, Muccillo L, Piemontese L, Loiodice F, Colantuoni V, Lupo A, Lavecchia A. Chiral phenoxyacetic acid analogues inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation acting as PPARγ partial agonists. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5434. [PMID: 30931956 PMCID: PMC6443668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) is an important sensor at the crossroad of diabetes, obesity, immunity and cancer as it regulates adipogenesis, metabolism, inflammation and proliferation. PPARγ exerts its pleiotropic functions upon binding of natural or synthetic ligands. The molecular mechanisms through which PPARγ controls cancer initiation/progression depend on the different mode of binding of distinctive ligands. Here, we analyzed a series of chiral phenoxyacetic acid analogues for their ability to inhibit colorectal cancer (CRC) cells growth by binding PPARγ as partial agonists as assessed in transactivation assays of a PPARG-reporter gene. We further investigated compounds (R,S)-3, (S)-3 and (R,S)-7 because they combine the best antiproliferative activity and a limited transactivation potential and found that they induce cell cycle arrest mainly via upregulation of p21waf1/cip1. Interestingly, they also counteract the β-catenin/TCF pathway by repressing c-Myc and cyclin D1, supporting their antiproliferative effect. Docking experiments provided insight into the binding mode of the most active compound (S)-3, suggesting that its partial agonism could be related to a better stabilization of H3 rather than H11 and H12. In conclusion, we identified a series of PPARγ partial agonists affecting distinct pathways all leading to strong antiproliferative effects. These findings may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Pamela Ziccardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Livio Muccillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Colantuoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Angelo Lupo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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21
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Ahn S, Ma CT, Choi JM, An S, Lee M, Le THV, Pyo JJ, Lee J, Choi MS, Kwon SW, Park JH, Noh M. Adiponectin-Secretion-Promoting Phenylethylchromones from the Agarwood of Aquilaria malaccensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:259-264. [PMID: 30672698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of adiponectin regulation has received interest because of its association with diverse human disease conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Phenylethylchromone derivatives from Aquilaria malaccensis-derived agarwood promoted adiponectin secretion during adipogenesis in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and 5,6-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (1) was identified as a new chromone derivative. A target identification study with the most potent adiponectin-secretion-promoting phenylethylchromones, 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (3) and 7-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (4), showed that they are PPARγ partial agonists. Therefore, the diverse therapeutic effects of agarwood are associated with a PPARγ-mediated adiponectin-secretion-promoting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Ahn
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Thanh Ma
- Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City , Ho Chi Minh City , 700000 , Vietnam
| | - Jung Min Choi
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchan An
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Moonyoung Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City , Ho Chi Minh City , 700000 , Vietnam
| | - Jeong Joo Pyo
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joochang Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sik Choi
- College of Pharmacy , Dongduk Women's University , Seoul 02748 , Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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22
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Brust R, Shang J, Fuhrmann J, Mosure SA, Bass J, Cano A, Heidari Z, Chrisman IM, Nemetchek MD, Blayo AL, Griffin PR, Kamenecka TM, Hughes TS, Kojetin DJ. A structural mechanism for directing corepressor-selective inverse agonism of PPARγ. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4687. [PMID: 30409975 PMCID: PMC6224492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Small chemical modifications can have significant effects on ligand efficacy and receptor activity, but the underlying structural mechanisms can be difficult to predict from static crystal structures alone. Here we show how a simple phenyl-to-pyridyl substitution between two common covalent orthosteric ligands targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma converts a transcriptionally neutral antagonist (GW9662) into a repressive inverse agonist (T0070907) relative to basal cellular activity. X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, and mutagenesis coupled to activity assays reveal a water-mediated hydrogen bond network linking the T0070907 pyridyl group to Arg288 that is essential for corepressor-selective inverse agonism. NMR spectroscopy reveals that PPARγ exchanges between two long-lived conformations when bound to T0070907 but not GW9662, including a conformation that prepopulates a corepressor-bound state, priming PPARγ for high affinity corepressor binding. Our findings demonstrate that ligand engagement of Arg288 may provide routes for developing corepressor-selective repressive PPARγ ligands. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a target for insulin sensitizing drugs. Here the authors combine NMR, X-ray crystallography and MD simulations and report a structural mechanism for eliciting PPARγ inverse agonism, where coactivator binding is inhibited and corepressor binding promoted, which causes PPARγ repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brust
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jinsai Shang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jakob Fuhrmann
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Sarah A Mosure
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jared Bass
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Andrew Cano
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,High School Student Summer Internship Program, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MO, 59812, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Ian M Chrisman
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Michelle D Nemetchek
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Blayo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Travis S Hughes
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MO, 59812, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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23
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Massafra V, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A, van Mil SW. Progress and challenges of selective Farnesoid X Receptor modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:162-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Laghezza A, Piemontese L, Cerchia C, Montanari R, Capelli D, Giudici M, Crestani M, Tortorella P, Peiretti F, Pochetti G, Lavecchia A, Loiodice F. Identification of the First PPARα/γ Dual Agonist Able To Bind to Canonical and Alternative Sites of PPARγ and To Inhibit Its Cdk5-Mediated Phosphorylation. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8282-8298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, “Drug Discovery” Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Montanari
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Montelibretti, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Roma, Italy
| | - Davide Capelli
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Montelibretti, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Giudici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Franck Peiretti
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, C2VN, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Giorgio Pochetti
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Montelibretti, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, “Drug Discovery” Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Dipartimento Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Ju Z, Su M, Hong J, Ullah S, La Kim E, Zhao CH, Moon HR, Kim S, Jung JH. Design of PPAR-γ agonist based on algal metabolites and the endogenous ligand 15-deoxy-Δ 12, 14-prostaglandin J 2. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1192-1201. [PMID: 30193217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we synthesized endocyclic enone jasmonate derivatives that function as anti-inflammatory and PPAR-γ-activating entities by using key functional moieties of anti-inflammatory algal metabolites. Herein, we designed additional derivatives containing an exocyclic enone moiety that resembles the key structure of the natural PPAR-γ ligand, 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15 d-PGJ2). The exocyclic enone moiety of 15 d-PGJ2 is essential for covalent bonding with the Cys285 residue in the PPAR-γ ligand-binding domain (LBD). In silico analysis of the designed compounds indicated that they may form hydrogen bonds with key amino acid residues in the PPAR-γ LBD, and thus, secure a position in the bioactive cavity in a similar fashion as does rosiglitazone and 15 d-PGJ2. By a luciferase reporter assay on rat liver Ac2F cells, the synthesized compounds were evaluated for PPAR-γ transcriptional activity. The differential PPAR-γ transcriptional activities of the geometric and enantiomeric isomers of the selected analog were also evaluated; based on our results, the enantiopure compound (+)-(R,E)-6a1 was suggested as a potential PPAR-γ ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiran Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingzhi Su
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyunghee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun La Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hao Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Center for Proteome Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee H Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Temporini C, Brusotti G, Pochetti G, Massolini G, Calleri E. Affinity-based separation methods for the study of biological interactions: The case of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in drug discovery. Methods 2018; 146:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Selective PPARγ modulators for Type 2 diabetes treatment: how far have we come and what does the future hold? Future Med Chem 2018; 10:703-705. [PMID: 29671628 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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28
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2-Formyl-komarovicine promotes adiponectin production in human mesenchymal stem cells through PPARγ partial agonism. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1069-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Xia J, Yang L, Dong L, Niu M, Zhang S, Yang Z, Wumaier G, Li Y, Wei X, Gong Y, Zhu N, Li S. Cefminox, a Dual Agonist of Prostacyclin Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Identified by Virtual Screening, Has Therapeutic Efficacy against Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29527168 PMCID: PMC5829529 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin receptor (IP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) are both potential targets for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Expression of IP and PPARγ decreases in PAH, suggesting that screening of dual agonists of IP and PPARγ might be an efficient method for drug discovery. Virtual screening (VS) of potential IP-PPARγ dual-targeting agonists was performed in the ZINC database. Ten of the identified compounds were further screened, and cefminox was found to dramatically inhibit growth of PASMCs with no obvious cytotoxicity. Growth inhibition by cefminox was partially reversed by both the IP antagonist RO113842 and the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms of action demonstrated that cefminox inhibits the protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway through up-regulation of the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN, which is inhibited by GW9662), and enhances cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in PASMCs (which is inhibited by RO113842). In a rat model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, cefminox displayed therapeutic efficacy not inferior to that of the prostacyclin analog iloprost or the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. Our results identified cefminox as a dual agonist of IP and PPARγ that significantly inhibits PASMC proliferation by up-regulation of PTEN and cAMP, suggesting that it has potential for treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Xia
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjie Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology Medicine, Xi'an Third Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gulinuer Wumaier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Second People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaomin Wei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kojima H, Itoh T, Yamamoto K. On-site reaction for PPARγ modification using a specific bifunctional ligand. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6492-6500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Chow YL, Iwata Y, Sato F. Dihydrosanguinarine Enhances Glucose Uptake in Mouse 3T3-L1 Cells. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6916-6925. [PMID: 29202114 PMCID: PMC5705173 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, more studies have aimed at identifying selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) modulators that transactivate the expression of PPARγ-dependent genes as partial agonists to improve diabetic symptoms with fewer side effects compared to classic PPARγ agonists such as thiazolidinediones. We found that dihydrosanguinarine (DHS) treatment induced preadipocyte differentiation and lipid droplet accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, but this effect is weaker than that elicited by the full PPARγ agonist troglitazone. Furthermore, this effect was reduced by the addition of a PPARγ antagonist, indicating the involvement of PPARγ signaling. Our results suggest that the stimulatory effects of DHS on adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity are mediated by suppressing adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha, upregulating the expression of PPARγ and its target genes (particularly Glut-4 and adiponectin) and reducing PPARγ phosphorylation. DHS significantly enhanced the glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without observable cytotoxicity at the effective concentration (5 μM) applied.
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Pirat C, Dacquet C, Leclerc V, Hennuyer N, Beucher-Gaudin M, Zanirato G, Géant A, Staels B, Ktorza A, Farce A, Caignard DH, Berthelot P, Lebegue N. Anti-diabetic activity of fused PPARγ-SIRT1 ligands with limited body-weight gain by mimicking calorie restriction and decreasing SGK1 expression. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 137:310-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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33
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Brusotti G, Montanari R, Capelli D, Cattaneo G, Laghezza A, Tortorella P, Loiodice F, Peiretti F, Bonardo B, Paiardini A, Calleri E, Pochetti G. Betulinic acid is a PPARγ antagonist that improves glucose uptake, promotes osteogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5777. [PMID: 28720829 PMCID: PMC5516003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PPAR antagonists are ligands that bind their receptor with high affinity without transactivation activity. Recently, they have been demonstrated to maintain insulin-sensitizing and antidiabetic properties, and they serve as an alternative treatment for metabolic diseases. In this work, an affinity-based bioassay was found to be effective for selecting PPAR ligands from the dried extract of an African plant (Diospyros bipindensis). Among the ligands, we identified betulinic acid (BA), a compound already known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour and antidiabetic properties, as a PPARγ and PPARα antagonist. Cell differentiation assays showed that BA inhibits adipogenesis and promotes osteogenesis; either down-regulates or does not affect the expression of a series of adipogenic markers; and up-regulates the expression of osteogenic markers. Moreover, BA increases basal glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The crystal structure of the complex of BA with PPARγ sheds light, at the molecular level, on the mechanism by which BA antagonizes PPARγ, and indicates a unique binding mode of this antagonist type. The results of this study show that the natural compound BA could be an interesting and safe candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Brusotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Montanari
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria Km. 29, 300, 00015, Monterotondo Stazione, Roma, Italy
| | - Davide Capelli
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria Km. 29, 300, 00015, Monterotondo Stazione, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E.Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E.Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E.Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Franck Peiretti
- Inserm UMR 1062, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Bernadette Bonardo
- Inserm UMR 1062, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Università "La Sapienza" di Roma, via dei Sardi 70, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Pochetti
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria Km. 29, 300, 00015, Monterotondo Stazione, Roma, Italy.
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34
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Kaupang Å, Laitinen T, Poso A, Hansen TV. Structural review of PPARγ in complex with ligands: Cartesian- and dihedral angle principal component analyses of X-ray crystallographic data. Proteins 2017; 85:1684-1698. [PMID: 28543443 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two decades of research into the ligand-dependent modulation of the activity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) have demonstrated the heterogeneous modes of action of PPARγ ligands, in terms of their interaction surfaces in the ligand-binding pocket, binding stoichiometry and ability to interact with functionally important parts of the receptor, through both direct and allosteric mechanisms. These findings signal the complex mechanistic bases of the distinct biological effects of different classes of PPARγ ligands. Today, the development of PPARγ ligands focuses on partial- and non-agonists as opposed to classical agonists, due to the severe side effects observed with PPARγ classical agonists as therapeutic agents. To aid this development, we performed principal component analyses of the atomic (Cartesian) coordinates (cPCA) and dihedral angles (dPCA) of the structures of human PPARγ from X-ray crystallography, available in the public domain, seeking to reveal ligand-induced trends. In the cPCA, projections of the structures along the principal components (PCs) demonstrated a moderate correlation between cPC1 and structural parameters related to the stabilization of helix 12, which is central to the transcriptional activation by PPARγ classical agonists. Consequently, the presented cPCA mapping of the PPARγ-ligand complexes may guide in silico drug discovery programs seeking to avoid stabilization of helix 12 in their development of partial- and non-agonistic PPARγ ligands. Notably, while the dPCA could identify key regions of dihedral fluctuation in the structural ensemble, the distributions along dPC1 - 2 could not be classified according to the same parameters as the distribution along cPC1. Proteins 2017; 85:1684-1698. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund Kaupang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
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35
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Alemán-González-Duhart D, Tamay-Cach F, Correa-Basurto J, Padilla-Martínez II, Álvarez-Almazán S, Mendieta-Wejebe JE. In silico design, chemical synthesis and toxicological evaluation of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as PPARγ agonists. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Structure-activity relationships of rosiglitazone for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transrepression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2776-2780. [PMID: 28465099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPRAγ) ligands are thought to be largely due to PPARγ-mediated transrepression. Thus, transrepression-selective PPARγ ligands without agonistic activity or with only partial agonistic activity should exhibit anti-inflammatory properties with reduced side effects. Here, we investigated the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone, focusing on transrepression activity. Alkenic analogs showed slightly more potent transrepression with reduced efficacy of transactivating agonistic activity. Removal of the alkyl group on the nitrogen atom improved selectivity for transrepression over transactivation. Among the synthesized compounds, 3l exhibited stronger transrepressional activity (IC50: 14μM) and weaker agonistic efficacy (11%) than rosiglitazone or pioglitazone.
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Yang H, Xiao L, Wang N. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α ligands and modulators from dietary compounds: Types, screening methods and functions. J Diabetes 2017; 9:341-352. [PMID: 27863018 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) plays a key role in lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis and a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. Natural dietary compounds, including nutrients and phytochemicals, are PPARα ligands or modulators. High-throughput screening assays have been developed to screen for PPARα ligands and modulators in our diet. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of PPARα, including its structure, function, and ligand and modulator screening assays, and summarize the different types of dietary PPARα ligands and modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nanping Wang
- The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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38
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A compound-based proteomic approach discloses 15-ketoatractyligenin methyl ester as a new PPARγ partial agonist with anti-proliferative ability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41273. [PMID: 28117438 PMCID: PMC5259791 DOI: 10.1038/srep41273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics based approaches are emerging as useful tools to identify the targets of bioactive compounds and elucidate their molecular mechanisms of action. Here, we applied a chemical proteomic strategy to identify the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) as a molecular target of the pro-apoptotic agent 15-ketoatractyligenin methyl ester (compound 1). We demonstrated that compound 1 interacts with PPARγ, forms a covalent bond with the thiol group of C285 and occupies the sub-pocket between helix H3 and the β-sheet of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the receptor by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), mass spectrometry-based studies and docking experiments. 1 displayed partial agonism of PPARγ in cell-based transactivation assays and was found to inhibit the AKT pathway, as well as its downstream targets. Consistently, a selective PPARγ antagonist (GW9662) greatly reduced the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of 1, providing the molecular basis of its action. Collectively, we identified 1 as a novel PPARγ partial agonist and elucidated its mode of action, paving the way for therapeutic strategies aimed at tailoring novel PPARγ ligands with reduced undesired harmful side effects.
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Amber-Vitos O, Chaturvedi N, Nachliel E, Gutman M, Tsfadia Y. The effect of regulating molecules on the structure of the PPAR-RXR complex. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1852-1863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Structural basis for PPAR partial or full activation revealed by a novel ligand binding mode. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34792. [PMID: 27708429 PMCID: PMC5052532 DOI: 10.1038/srep34792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of the metabolic homeostasis and therefore represent valuable therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases. The development of more balanced drugs interacting with PPARs, devoid of the side-effects showed by the currently marketed PPARγ full agonists, is considered the major challenge for the pharmaceutical companies. Here we present a structure-based virtual screening approach that let us identify a novel PPAR pan-agonist with a very attractive activity profile and its crystal structure in the complex with PPARα and PPARγ, respectively. In PPARα this ligand occupies a new pocket whose filling is allowed by the ligand-induced switching of the F273 side chain from a closed to an open conformation. The comparison between this pocket and the corresponding cavity in PPARγ provides a rationale for the different activation of the ligand towards PPARα and PPARγ, suggesting a novel basis for ligand design.
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41
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Screening of saponins and sapogenins from Medicago species as potential PPARγ agonists and X-ray structure of the complex PPARγ/caulophyllogenin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27658. [PMID: 27283034 PMCID: PMC4901321 DOI: 10.1038/srep27658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of saponins and sapogenins from Medicago species were tested for their ability to bind and activate the nuclear receptor PPARγ by SPR experiments and transactivation assay, respectively. The SPR analysis proved to be a very powerful and fast technique for screening a large number of compounds for their affinity to PPARγ and selecting the better candidates for further studies. Based on the obtained results, the sapogenin caulophyllogenin was proved to be a partial agonist towards PPARγ and the X-ray structure of its complex with PPARγ was also solved, in order to investigate the binding mode in the ligand binding domain of the nuclear receptor. This is the first known crystal structure of a sapogenin directly interacting with PPARγ. Another compound of the series, the echinocistic acid, showed antagonist activity towards PPARγ, a property that could be useful to inhibit the adipocyte differentiation which is a typical adverse effect of PPARγ agonists. This study confirms the interest on saponins and sapogenins as a valuable natural resource exploitable in the medical and food industry for ameliorating the metabolic syndrome.
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The antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of cladosporols A and B are related to their different binding mode as PPARγ ligands. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 108:22-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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van Marrewijk LM, Polyak SW, Hijnen M, Kuruvilla D, Chang MR, Shin Y, Kamenecka TM, Griffin PR, Bruning JB. SR2067 Reveals a Unique Kinetic and Structural Signature for PPARγ Partial Agonism. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:273-83. [PMID: 26579553 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic full agonists of PPARγ have been prescribed for the treatment of diabetes due to their ability to regulate glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitization. While the use of full agonists of PPARγ has been hampered due to severe side effects, partial agonists have shown promise due to their decreased incidence of such side effects in preclinical models. No kinetic information has been forthcoming in regard to the mechanism of full versus partial agonism of PPARγ to date. Here, we describe the discovery of a partial agonist, SR2067. A co-crystal structure obtained at 2.2 Å resolution demonstrates that interactions with the β-sheet are driven exclusively via hydrophobic interactions mediated through a naphthalene group, an observation that is unique from other partial agonists. Surface plasmon resonance revealed that SR2067 binds to the receptor with higher affinity (KD = 513 nM) as compared to that of full agonist rosiglitazone, yet it has a much slower off rate compared to that of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. van Marrewijk
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Steven W. Polyak
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Marcel Hijnen
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences ANZ, Melbourne, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - Dana Kuruvilla
- Department
of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Mi Ra Chang
- Department
of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Youseung Shin
- Department
of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department
of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department
of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - John B. Bruning
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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44
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Batista MRB, Martínez L. Conformational Diversity of the Helix 12 of the Ligand Binding Domain of PPARγ and Functional Implications. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:15418-29. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b09824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R. B. Batista
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CP 6154-13083-970, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Leandro Martínez
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CP 6154-13083-970, Campinas, SP Brazil
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45
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Review of the Structural and Dynamic Mechanisms of PPARγ Partial Agonism. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:816856. [PMID: 26435709 PMCID: PMC4578752 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ) is a ligand activated transcription factor of the nuclear receptor superfamily that controls the expression of a variety of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, adipogenesis, and insulin sensitivity. While endogenous ligands of PPARγ include fatty acids and eicosanoids, synthetic full agonists of the receptor, including members of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class, have been widely prescribed for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Unfortunately, the use of full agonists has been hampered by harsh side effects with some removed from the market in many countries. In contrast, partial agonists of PPARγ have been shown to retain favourable insulin sensitizing effects while exhibiting little to no side effects and thus represent a new potential class of therapeutics for the treatment of T2DM. Partial agonists have been found to not only display differences in transcriptional and cellular outcomes, but also act through distinct structural and dynamic mechanisms within the ligand binding cavity compared to full agonists.
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46
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Mottin M, Souza PCT, Skaf MS. Molecular Recognition of PPARγ by Kinase Cdk5/p25: Insights from a Combination of Protein–Protein Docking and Adaptive Biasing Force Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:8330-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mottin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13082-864, Brazil
| | - Paulo C. T. Souza
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13082-864, Brazil
| | - Munir S. Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13082-864, Brazil
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47
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Lewis SN, Garcia Z, Hontecillas R, Bassaganya-Riera J, Bevan DR. Pharmacophore modeling improves virtual screening for novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2015; 29:421-39. [PMID: 25616366 PMCID: PMC4395532 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-015-9831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear hormone receptor involved in regulating various metabolic and immune processes. The PPAR family of receptors possesses a large binding cavity that imparts promiscuity of ligand binding not common to other nuclear receptors. This feature increases the challenge of using computational methods to identify PPAR ligands that will dock favorably into a structural model. Utilizing both ligand- and structure-based pharmacophore methods, we sought to improve agonist prediction by grouping ligands according to pharmacophore features, and pairing models derived from these features with receptor structures for docking. For 22 of the 33 receptor structures evaluated we observed an increase in true positive rate (TPR) when screening was restricted to compounds sharing molecular features found in rosiglitazone. A combination of structure models used for docking resulted in a higher TPR (40 %) when compared to docking with a single structure model (<20 %). Prediction was also improved when specific protein-ligand interactions between the docked ligands and structure models were given greater weight than the calculated free energy of binding. A large-scale screen of compounds using a marketed drug database verified the predictive ability of the selected structure models. This study highlights the steps necessary to improve screening for PPARγ ligands using multiple structure models, ligand-based pharmacophore data, evaluation of protein-ligand interactions, and comparison of docking datasets. The unique combination of methods presented here holds potential for more efficient screening of compounds with unknown affinity for PPARγ that could serve as candidates for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Lewis
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
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48
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Egawa D, Itoh T, Yamamoto K. Characterization of covalent bond formation between PPARγ and oxo-fatty acids. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:690-8. [PMID: 25785518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of proteins is important for normal cellular regulation. Here, we report on the covalent modification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), an important drug target, by oxo-fatty acids. In this study, ESI mass spectroscopy showed that the reactivities of oxo-fatty acids with PPARγ are different from one another and that these behaviors are related to the structure of the fatty acids. X-ray crystallography showed that three oxo-fatty acids all bound to the same residue of PPARγ (Cys285), but displayed different hydrogen bonding modes. Moreover, fatty acids formed covalent bonds with both PPARγ moieties in the homodimer, one in an active conformation and the other in an alternative conformation. These two conformations may explain why covalently bound fatty acids show partial rather than full agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Egawa
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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49
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a class of bioisosteric oximes of the novel dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ ligand LT175. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:583-94. [PMID: 25497132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects resulting from the introduction of an oxime group in place of the distal aromatic ring of the diphenyl moiety of LT175, previously reported as a PPARα/γ dual agonist, have been investigated. This modification allowed the identification of new bioisosteric ligands with fairly good activity on PPARα and fine-tuned moderate activity on PPARγ. For the most interesting compound (S)-3, docking studies in PPARα and PPARγ provided a molecular explanation for its different behavior as full and partial agonist of the two receptor isotypes, respectively. A further investigation of this compound was carried out performing gene expression studies on HepaRG cells. The results obtained allowed to hypothesize a possible mechanism through which this ligand could be useful in the treatment of metabolic disorders. The higher induction of the expression of some genes, compared to selective agonists, seems to confirm the importance of a dual PPARα/γ activity which probably involves a synergistic effect on both receptor subtypes.
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50
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Zhuang S, Zhang C, Liu W. Atomic insights into distinct hormonal activities of Bisphenol A analogues toward PPARγ and ERα receptors. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1769-79. [PMID: 25233466 DOI: 10.1021/tx500232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A analogues (BPAs) belong to a wide variety of large volume chemicals with diverse applications yet emerging environmental concerns. Limited experimental data have demonstrated that BPAs with different halogenation patterns distinctly affect the agonistic activities toward proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and estrogen receptors (ER)α. Understanding the modes of action of BPAs toward different receptors is essential, however, the underlying molecular mechanism is still poorly understood. Here we probed the molecular recognition process of halogenated BPAs including TBBPA, TCBPA, BPAF, BPC, triBBPA, diBBPA, and monoBBPA toward PPARγ and ERα by molecular modeling, especially the impact of different halogen patterns. Increasing bromination at phenolic rings of BPAs was found highly correlated with electrostatic interactions (R(2) = 0.978 and 0.865 toward PPARγ and ERα, respectively) and van der Waals interactions (R(2) = 0.995 and 0.994 toward PPARγ and ERα, respectively). More halogenated phenolic rings at 3,5-positions of BPAs increase the shielding of the hormonally active phenolic OH and markedly decrease electrostatic interactions favorable for agonistic activities toward PPARγ, but unfavorable for agonistic activities toward ERα. The halogenation at the phenolic rings of BPAs exerts more impact on molecular electrostatic potential distribution than halogenation at the bridging alkyl moiety. Different halogenations further alter hydrogen bond interactions of BPAs and induce conformational changes of PPARγ ligand binding domain (LBD) and ERα LBD, specifically affecting the stabilization of helix H12 attributable to the different agonistic activities. Our results indicate that structural variations in halogenation patterns result in different interactions of BPAs with PPARγ LBD and ERα LBD, potentially causing distinct agonistic/antagonistic toxic effects. The various halogenation patterns should be fully considered for the design of future environmentally benign chemicals with reduced toxicities and desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Zhuang
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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