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Liu Y, Li Q, Shao H, Mao Y, Liu L, Yi D, Duan Z, Lv H, Cen S. CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate: A potential non-nucleoside inhibitor targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of norovirus. Virology 2024; 595:110088. [PMID: 38643657 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV), a primary cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis, currently lacks approved treatment. RdRp is vital for virus replication, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. By application of structure-based virtual screening procedure, we present CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate as a potent RdRp non-nucleoside inhibitor, effectively inhibiting HuNoV RdRp activity with an IC50 of 3.61 μM. Importantly, this compound inhibits viral replication in cell culture, with an EC50 of 0.88 μM. In vitro binding assay validate that CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate binds to RdRp through interaction with the "B-site" binding pocket. Interestingly, CX-6258-contacting residues such as R392, Q439, and Q414 are highly conserved among major norovirus GI and GII variants, suggesting that it may be a general inhibitor of norovirus RdRp. Given that CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate is already utilized as an orally efficacious pan-Pim kinase inhibitor, it may serve as a potential lead compound in the effort to control HuNoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Huihan Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yang Mao
- Ningbo Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Lufei Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dongrong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huiqing Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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2
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Malik AA, Ara T. An efficient, catalyst and solvent free Staudinger phosphite reaction for the synthesis of phosphoramidates under mild conditions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2056851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asif A. Malik
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Srinagar, India
| | - Tabassum Ara
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Srinagar, India
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3
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Meshram RJ, Kathwate GH, Gacche RN. Progress, evolving therapeutic/diagnostic approaches, and challenges in the management of hepatitis C virus infections. Arch Virol 2022; 167:717-736. [PMID: 35089390 PMCID: PMC8795940 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are emerging as one of the foremost challenges in healthcare owing to its chronicity and the virus’s quasispecies nature. Worldwide, over 170 million people are chronically infected with HCV, with an annual mortality of over 500,000 people across the world. The emerging pathophysiological evidence links HCV infections to a risk of developing liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the great strides that have been made towards understanding the pathophysiology of disease progression, the tailored treatments of HCV infection remain to be established. The present review provides an update of the literature pertaining to evolving therapeutic approaches and prophylactic measures for the effective management of HCV infections. An extensive discussion of established and experimental immune prophylactic measures also sheds light on current developments in the design of vaccination strategies against HCV infection. We have also attempted to address the application of nanotechnology in formulating effective therapeutic interventions against HCV. Pointing out the limitations of the existing diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches against HCV might inspire the design and development of novel, efficient, reliable, and cost-effective diagnostic technologies as well as novel therapeutic and immune prophylactic interventions for the effective management of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh Nivarti Gacche
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, MS, 411007, India.
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4
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Shimoike T, Hayashi T, Oka T, Muramatsu M. The predicted stem-loop structure in the 3'-end of the human norovirus antigenomic sequence is required for its genomic RNA synthesis by its RdRp. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101225. [PMID: 34562449 PMCID: PMC8526979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The norovirus genome consists of a single positive-stranded RNA. The mechanism by which this single-stranded RNA genome is replicated is not well understood. To reveal the mechanism underlying the initiation of the norovirus genomic RNA synthesis by its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), we used an in vitro assay to detect the complementary RNA synthesis activity. Results showed that the purified recombinant RdRp was able to synthesize the complementary positive-sense RNA from a 100-nt template corresponding to the 3′-end of the viral antisense genome sequence, but that the RdRp could not synthesize the antisense genomic RNA from the template corresponding to the 5′-end of the positive-sense genome sequence. We also predicted that the 31 nt region at the 3′-end of the RNA antisense template forms a stem-loop structure. Deletion of this sequence resulted in the loss of complementary RNA synthesis by the RdRp, and connection of the 31 nt to the 3′-end of the inactive positive-sense RNA template resulted in the gain of complementary RNA synthesis by the RdRp. Similarly, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay further revealed that the RdRp bound to the antisense RNA specifically, but was dependent on the 31 nt at the 3′-end. Therefore, based on this observation and further deletion and mutation analyses, we concluded that the predicted stem-loop structure in the 31 nt end and the region close to the antisense viral genomic stem sequences are both important for initiating the positive-sense human norovirus genomic RNA synthesis by its RdRp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimoike
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Current and Future Antiviral Strategies to Tackle Gastrointestinal Viral Infections. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081599. [PMID: 34442677 PMCID: PMC8399003 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by virus has a major impact on public health worldwide in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The main culprits are rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses, and enteric adenoviruses. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs available for the prevention or treatment of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we describe the antivirals that were identified as having in vitro and/or in vivo activity against these viruses, originating from in silico design or library screening, natural sources or being repurposed drugs. We also highlight recent advances in model systems available for this (hard to cultivate) group of viruses, such as organoid technologies, and that will facilitate antiviral studies as well as fill some of current knowledge gaps that hamper the development of highly efficient therapies against gastroenteric viruses.
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6
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Bhatia S, Narayanan N, Nagpal S, Nair DT. Antiviral therapeutics directed against RNA dependent RNA polymerases from positive-sense viruses. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:101005. [PMID: 34311994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Viruses with positive-sense single stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genomes are responsible for different diseases and represent a global health problem. In addition to developing new vaccines that protect against severe illness on infection, it is imperative to identify new antiviral molecules to treat infected patients. The genome of these RNA viruses generally codes for an enzyme with RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity. This molecule is centrally involved in the duplication of the RNA genome. Inhibition of this enzyme by small molecules will prevent duplication of the RNA genome and thus reduce the viral titer. An overview of the different therapeutic strategies used to inhibit RdRPs from +ssRNA viruses is provided, along with an analysis of these enzymes to highlight new binding sites for inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Bhatia
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Naveen Narayanan
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Shilpi Nagpal
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Deepak T Nair
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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7
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Lentini NA, Hsiao CHC, Crull GB, Wiemer AJ, Wiemer DF. Synthesis and Bioactivity of the Alanyl Phosphonamidate Stereoisomers Derived from a Butyrophilin Ligand. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1284-1289. [PMID: 31531198 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryloxy phosphonamidate derivatives of a butyrophilin 3A1 ligand are stimulants of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells. However, when bonded to an aryl ester and an amine, the phosphorus is stereogenic, and past compounds were studied as racemates. To determine the impact of stereochemistry on the activity, we now have prepared phosphonate derivatives of l- and d-alanine ethyl ester, separated the diastereomers, and evaluated their biological activity as single stereoisomers. The results demonstrate that phosphonamidates substituted with l-alanine stimulate Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells at lower concentrations than the racemic glycine counterpart, while those derived from d-alanine require higher concentrations. All four diastereomers are more active than charged phosphoantigens such as HMBPP. Surprisingly, only a 2-fold difference was observed between the l-alanine phosphorus isomers, with the R P isomer more potent. This suggests that the small phosphoantigen scaffold reduces but does not eliminate dependence upon phosphorus stereochemistry for cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Lentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - George B. Crull
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, United States
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8
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Nucleoside Analogs with Antiviral Activity against Yellow Fever Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00889-19. [PMID: 31262759 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00889-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a human Flavivirus reemerging in parts of the world. While a vaccine is available, large outbreaks have recently occurred in Brazil and certain African countries. Development of an effective antiviral against YFV is crucial, as there is no available effective drug against YFV. We have identified several novel nucleoside analogs with potent antiviral activity against YFV with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values between 0.25 and 1 μM with selectivity indices over 100 in culture.
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9
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Dousson CB. Current and future use of nucleo(s)tide prodrugs in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Antivir Chem Chemother 2019; 26:2040206618756430. [PMID: 29463095 PMCID: PMC5890546 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618756430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the current state of discovery of past most important nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection as well as future potential drugs currently in discovery or clinical evaluation. I highlight first generation landmark prodrug compounds which have been the foundations of incremental improvements toward the discovery and approval milestone of Sofosbuvir. Sofosbuvir is the first nucleotide prodrug marketed for hepatitis C virus treatment and the backbone of current combination therapies. Since this approval, new nucleotide prodrugs using the same design of Sofosbuvir McGuigan prodrug have emerged, some of them progressing through advanced clinical trials and may become available as new incremental alternative hepatitis C virus treatments in the future. Although since Sofosbuvir success, only minimal design efforts have been invested in finding better liver targeted prodrugs, a few novel prodrugs are being studied and their different modes of activation may prove beneficial over the heart/liver targeting ratio to reduce potential drug–drug interaction in combination therapies and yield safer treatment to patients. Prodrugs have long been avoided as much as possible in the past by development teams due to their metabolism and kinetic characterization complexity, but with their current success in hepatitis C virus treatment, and the knowledge gained in this endeavor, should become a first choice in future tissue targeting drug discovery programs beyond the particular case of nucleos(t)ide analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril B Dousson
- Idenix, an MSD Company-Medicinal Chemistry Cap Gamma, Montpellier, France
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10
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Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, White PA. Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? Med Res Rev 2018; 39:860-886. [PMID: 30584800 PMCID: PMC7168425 DOI: 10.1002/med.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses inflict a significant health burden on society and are responsible for approximately 699 million infections and over 200 000 estimated deaths worldwide each year. Yet despite significant research efforts, approved vaccines or antivirals to combat this pathogen are still lacking. Safe and effective antivirals are not available, particularly for chronically infected immunocompromised individuals, and for prophylactic applications to protect high‐risk and vulnerable populations in outbreak settings. Since the discovery of human norovirus in 1972, the lack of a cell culture system has hindered biological research and antiviral studies for many years. Recent breakthroughs in culturing human norovirus have been encouraging, however, further development and optimization of these novel methodologies are required to facilitate more robust replication levels, that will enable reliable serological and replication studies, as well as advances in antiviral development. In the last few years, considerable progress has been made toward the development of norovirus antivirals, inviting an updated review. This review focuses on potential therapeutics that have been reported since 2010, which were examined across at least two model systems used for studying human norovirus or its enzymes. In addition, we have placed emphasis on antiviral compounds with a defined chemical structure. We include a comprehensive outline of direct‐acting antivirals and offer a discussion of host‐modulating compounds, a rapidly expanding and promising area of antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Okon A, Matos de Souza MR, Shah R, Amorim R, da Costa LJ, Wagner CR. Anchimerically Activatable Antiviral ProTides. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:958-962. [PMID: 28947944 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of an anchimerically activated proTide of 2'-C-β-methylguanosine as an inhibitor of dengue virus 2 (DENV-2). The proTide incorporates a chemically cleavable 2-(methylthio)ethyl moiety and a HINT1 hydrolyzable tryptamine phosphoramidate. Inhibition of DENV-2 replication by proTide 6 was 5-fold greater than the parent nucleoside while displaying no apparent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we demonstrate with a HINT1 inhibitor that the anti DENV-2 activity of the proTide correlates with the activity of HINT1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that a phosphoramidate based pronucleotide that undergoes an initial nonenzymatic activation step based on anchimeric assistance followed by P-N bond cleavage by HINT1 can be prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Romário Matos de Souza
- Departamento
de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Amorim
- Departamento
de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Departamento
de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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12
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Alexandre FR, Badaroux E, Bilello JP, Bot S, Bouisset T, Brandt G, Cappelle S, Chapron C, Chaves D, Convard T, Counor C, Da Costa D, Dukhan D, Gay M, Gosselin G, Griffon JF, Gupta K, Hernandez-Santiago B, La Colla M, Lioure MP, Milhau J, Paparin JL, Peyronnet J, Parsy C, Pierra Rouvière C, Rahali H, Rahali R, Salanson A, Seifer M, Serra I, Standring D, Surleraux D, Dousson CB. The discovery of IDX21437: Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2'-α-chloro-2'-β-C-methyl branched uridine pronucleotides as potent liver-targeted HCV polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4323-4330. [PMID: 28835346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the discovery of IDX21437 35b, a novel RPd-aminoacid-based phosphoramidate prodrug of 2'-α-chloro-2'-β-C-methyluridine monophosphate. Its corresponding triphosphate 6 is a potent inhibitor of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Despite showing very weak activity in the in vitro Huh-7 cell based HCV replicon assay, 35b demonstrated high levels of active triphosphate 6 in mouse liver and human hepatocytes. A biochemical study revealed that the metabolism of 35b was mainly attributed to carboxyesterase 1 (CES1), an enzyme which is underexpressed in HCV Huh-7-derived replicon cells. Furthermore, due to its metabolic activation, 35b was efficiently processed in liver cells compared to other cell types, including human cardiomyocytes. The selected RP diastereoisomeric configuration of 35b was assigned by X-ray structural determination. 35b is currently in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-René Alexandre
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France.
| | - Eric Badaroux
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - John P Bilello
- Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA; IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stéphanie Bot
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Tony Bouisset
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Guillaume Brandt
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Sylvie Cappelle
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Christopher Chapron
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominique Chaves
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Thierry Convard
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Clément Counor
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Daniel Da Costa
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - David Dukhan
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Marion Gay
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Gilles Gosselin
- UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, case courrier 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-François Griffon
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Kusum Gupta
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Marie-Pierre Lioure
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Julien Milhau
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Paparin
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Jérôme Peyronnet
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Christophe Parsy
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Claire Pierra Rouvière
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Houcine Rahali
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Rachid Rahali
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Aurélien Salanson
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Maria Seifer
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ilaria Serra
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Standring
- IDENIX Pharmaceuticals, 320 Bent Street - 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominique Surleraux
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Cyril B Dousson
- IDENIX an MSD Company, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
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13
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Zhen L, Dai L, Wen X, Yao L, Jin X, Yang XW, Zhao W, Yu SQ, Yuan H, Wang G, Sun H. Discovery of Novel Nucleotide Prodrugs with Improved Potency Against HCV Variants Carrying NS5B S282T Mutation. J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28650160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistant HCV variants carrying NS5B S282T mutation confer reduced sensitivity to sofosbuvir, the sole marketed NS5B polymerase inhibitor. On the basis of the finding that 2'-α-F-2'-β-C-methylcytidine 5'-triphosphate (8) was more potent than sofosbuvir's active metabolite on inhibition of both wild-type and S282T mutant polymerase, a dual-prodrug approach has been established. Twenty-nine phosphoramidates with N4-modified cytosine were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-HCV activity. The results showed that compounds 4c-4e and 4m (EC50 = 0.19-0.25 μM) exhibited comparable potency to that of sofosbuvir (EC50 = 0.15 μM) on inhibition of wild-type replicons. Notably, 4c (EC50 = 0.366 μM) was 1.5-fold more potent than sofosbuvir (EC50 = 0.589 μM) on inhibition of S282T mutant replicons. In vitro metabolic studies disclosed the possible metabolic pathways of 4c. The toxicity study results indicated a good safety profile of 4c. Together, 4c-4e and 4m hold promise for drug development for the treatment of HCV infection, especially the resistant variants with NS5B S282T mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng-Qi Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haoliang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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14
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Chen WZ, Fang H, Yi RZ, Hong Z, Zhao YF. Separation of antiviral nucleoside phosphoramidate diastereomers by analytical supercritical fluid chromatography. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1114946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Hua Fang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zao Yi
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Zhuan Hong
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
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15
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Yılmaz Ü, Küçükbay H. Synthesis and characterization of novel phosphoramidates containing benzimidazole moiety. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1067209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ülkü Yılmaz
- Battalgazi Vocational School, İnönü University, Battalgazi, Malatya 44210, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, İnönü University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Hasan Küçükbay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, İnönü University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
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16
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A neighboring group participation strategy: facile synthesis of 3,5-di-O-benzoyl-2-C-methyl-d-arabino-γ-lactone. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Recent advances in H-phosphonate chemistry. Part 1. H-phosphonate esters: synthesis and basic reactions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 361:137-77. [PMID: 25370520 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent progress in the preparation of H-phosphonate mono- and diesters, basic studies on mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of this class of phosphorus compounds, and their fundamental chemistry in terms of transformation of P-H bonds into P-heteroatom bonds. Selected recent applications of H-phosphonate derivatives in basic organic phosphorus chemistry and in the synthesis of biologically important phosphorus compounds are also discussed.
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18
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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19
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Maiti M, Maiti M, Rozenski J, De Jonghe S, Herdewijn P. Aspartic acid based nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs as potent inhibitors of hepatitis C virus replication. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5158-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00427f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel nucleoside phosphoramidate protides has been synthesized and shown as potent inhibitors of hepatitis C virus replication. The conjugates are having a diverse structural variation in the promoiety part and can be catalytically processed to deliver active nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Maiti
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Medicinal Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Mohitosh Maiti
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Medicinal Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Medicinal Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Medicinal Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Medicinal Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3000 Leuven
- Belgium
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20
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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21
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Dang Q, Zhang Z, Tang B, Song Y, Wu L, Chen T, Bogen S, Girijavallabhan V, Olsen DB, Meinke PT. Syntheses of nucleosides with 2′-spirolactam and 2′-spiropyrrolidine moieties as potential inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Mayes BA, Arumugasamy J, Baloglu E, Bauer D, Becker A, Chaudhuri N, Latham GM, Li J, Mathieu S, McGarry FP, Rosinovsky E, Stewart A, Trochet C, Wang J, Moussa A. Synthesis of a Nucleoside Phosphoramidate Prodrug Inhibitor of HCV NS5B Polymerase: Phenylboronate as a Transient Protecting Group. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500042u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Mayes
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | | | - Erkan Baloglu
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - David Bauer
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Alan Becker
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Narayan Chaudhuri
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - G. Mark Latham
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Steve Mathieu
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - F. Patrick McGarry
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Elodie Rosinovsky
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Alistair Stewart
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Christophe Trochet
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Jingyang Wang
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Adel Moussa
- Idenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc., 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
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23
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Kaufman SS, Green KY, Korba BE. Treatment of norovirus infections: moving antivirals from the bench to the bedside. Antiviral Res 2014; 105:80-91. [PMID: 24583027 PMCID: PMC4793406 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NV) are the most common cause of acute gastrointestinal illness in the United States and worldwide. The development of specific antiviral countermeasures has lagged behind that of other viral pathogens, primarily because norovirus disease has been perceived as brief and self-limiting and robust assays suitable for drug discovery have been lacking. The increasing recognition that NV illness can be life-threatening, especially in immunocompromised patients who often require prolonged hospitalization and intensive supportive care, has stimulated new research to develop an effective antiviral therapy. Here, we propose a path forward for evaluating drug therapy in norovirus-infected immunocompromised individuals, a population at high risk for serious and prolonged illness. The clinical and laboratory features of norovirus illness in immunocompromised patients are reviewed, and potential markers of drug efficacy are defined. We discuss the potential design of clinical trials in these patients and how an antiviral therapy that proves effective in immunocompromised patients might also be used in the setting of acute outbreaks, especially in confined settings such as nursing homes, to block the spread of infection and reduce the severity of illness. We conclude by reviewing the current status of approved and experimental compounds that might be evaluated in a hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart S Kaufman
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Kim Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Brent E Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, United States.
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24
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Oliveira FM, Barbosa LCA, Ismail FMD. The diverse pharmacology and medicinal chemistry of phosphoramidates – a review. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01454e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising examples of the phosphoramidates, which possess antiviral, antitumor, antibacterial, antimalarial and anti-protozoal as well as enzyme inhibitor activity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz C. A. Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa
- Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
| | - Fyaz M. D. Ismail
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group
- Institute for Health Research
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Liverpool, UK
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25
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In vitro phenotypic characterization of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease variants observed in clinical studies of telaprevir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:6236-45. [PMID: 24100495 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01578-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telaprevir is a linear, peptidomimetic small molecule that inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by specifically inhibiting the NS3·4A protease. In phase 3 clinical studies, telaprevir in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin (PR) significantly improved sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in genotype 1 chronic HCV-infected patients compared with PR alone. In patients who do not achieve SVR after treatment with telaprevir-based regimens, variants with mutations in the NS3·4A protease region have been observed. Such variants can contribute to drug resistance and limit the efficacy of treatment. To gain a better understanding of the viral resistance profile, we conducted phenotypic characterization of the variants using HCV replicons carrying site-directed mutations. The most frequently observed (significantly enriched) telaprevir-resistant variants, V36A/M, T54A/S, R155K/T, and A156S, conferred lower-level resistance (3- to 25-fold), whereas A156T and V36M+R155K conferred higher-level resistance (>25-fold) to telaprevir. Rarely observed (not significantly enriched) variants included V36I/L and I132V, which did not confer resistance to telaprevir; V36C/G, R155G/I/M/S, V36A+T54A, V36L+R155K, T54S+R155K, and R155T+D168N, which conferred lower-level resistance to telaprevir; and A156F/N/V, V36A+R155K/T, V36M+R155T, V36A/M+A156T, T54A+A156S, T54S+A156S/T, and V36M+T54S+R155K, which conferred higher-level resistance to telaprevir. All telaprevir-resistant variants remained fully sensitive to alpha interferon, ribavirin, and HCV NS5B nucleoside and nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitors. In general, the replication capacity of telaprevir-resistant variants was lower than that of the wild-type replicon.
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26
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Cho A, Zhang L, Xu J, Lee R, Butler T, Metobo S, Aktoudianakis V, Lew W, Ye H, Clarke M, Doerffler E, Byun D, Wang T, Babusis D, Carey AC, German P, Sauer D, Zhong W, Rossi S, Fenaux M, McHutchison JG, Perry J, Feng J, Ray AS, Kim CU. Discovery of the first C-nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitor (GS-6620) with demonstrated antiviral response in HCV infected patients. J Med Chem 2013; 57:1812-25. [PMID: 23547794 DOI: 10.1021/jm400201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection presents an unmet medical need requiring more effective treatment options. Nucleoside inhibitors (NI) of HCV polymerase (NS5B) have demonstrated pan-genotypic activity and durable antiviral response in the clinic, and they are likely to become a key component of future treatment regimens. NI candidates that have entered clinical development thus far have all been N-nucleoside derivatives. Herein, we report the discovery of a C-nucleoside class of NS5B inhibitors. Exploration of adenosine analogs in this class identified 1'-cyano-2'-C-methyl 4-aza-7,9-dideaza adenosine as a potent and selective inhibitor of NS5B. A monophosphate prodrug approach afforded a series of compounds showing submicromolar activity in HCV replicon assays. Further pharmacokinetic optimization for sufficient oral absorption and liver triphosphate loading led to identification of a clinical development candidate GS-6620. In a phase I clinical study, the potential for potent activity was demonstrated but with high intra- and interpatient pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94044, United States
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27
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Sofia MJ. Nucleotide prodrugs for the treatment of HCV infection. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:39-73. [PMID: 23885998 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an essential enzyme in HCV viral replication and has been a prominent target in the search for therapies to treat individuals infected with HCV. The development of both nucleoside and nucleotide HCV inhibitors has been pursued because of their potential for showing pangenotypic activity and because of their high barrier to resistance. Even though nucleoside inhibitors were shown to be effective in a clinical setting, their potency limited their effectiveness. The exploitation of prodrug strategies to deliver nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has resulted in the development of a number of very potent inhibitors of HCV replication. In addition, several of these nucleotide prodrugs have demonstrated liver-targeting characteristics when administered orally. Human clinical studies have shown that a number of nucleotide prodrugs are potent inhibitors of viral replication leading to significant reductions in viral load when given orally. Combinations of these nucleotide prodrugs with either pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin or another direct acting antiviral alone has lead to cure rates as high as 100% after only 12 weeks of therapy. The combination of a nucleotide prodrug and another direct-acting antiviral agent holds the promise of delivering an interferon-free therapy for HCV patients thus eliminating the undesirable side effects associated with taking interferon.
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28
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Progress in the development of anti-hepatitis C virus nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:625-50. [PMID: 22458682 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapeutics continues as the current treatment, consisting of PEGylated IFN-α and ribavirin, is of limited efficacy, nonspecific and can cause significant side effects. Modified nucleoside analogues with improved efficacy and selectivity, may become the backbone of the future standard of care for anti-HCV therapies. Several families of modified nucleoside are known to inhibit HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a vital enzyme for viral replication. Ongoing efforts are focused on improvement of potency, selectivity and delivery of antiviral nucleoside analogues, with several recent promising advances into clinical trials. This review summarizes the current progress in the development of new anti-HCV nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs.
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29
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Cho JH, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Efficient synthesis of exo-N-carbamoyl nucleosides: application to the synthesis of phosphoramidate prodrugs. Org Lett 2012; 14:2488-91. [PMID: 22554490 DOI: 10.1021/ol300777p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient protection protocol for the 6-exo-amino group of purine nucleosides with various chloroformates was developed utilizing N-methylimidazole (NMI). The reaction of an exo-N(6)-group of adenosine analogue 1 with alkyl/and aryl chloroformates under optimized conditions provided the N(6)-carbamoyl adenosines (2a-j) in good to excellent yields. The reaction of N(6)-Cbz-protected nucleosides (5a-c) with phenyl phosphoryl chloride (7) using t-BuMgCl followed by catalytic hydrogenation afforded the corresponding phosphoramidate pronucleotides (8a-c) in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States, and RFS Pharma, LLC , 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
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30
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Sofia MJ, Chang W, Furman PA, Mosley RT, Ross BS. Nucleoside, nucleotide, and non-nucleoside inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2481-531. [PMID: 22185586 DOI: 10.1021/jm201384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sofia
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States.
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31
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Hatton W, Hunault J, Egorov M, Len C, Pipelier M, Blot V, Silvestre V, Fargeas V, Ané A, McBrayer T, Detorio M, Cho JH, Bourgougnon N, Dubreuil D, Schinazi RF, Lebreton J. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 4'- C,3'- O-Propylene-Linked Bicyclic Nucleosides. European J Org Chem 2011; 2011:7390-7399. [PMID: 34566488 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A set of pyrimidine nucleosides fused with a 4'-C,3'-O-propylene bridge was successfully synthesised in 12 steps from 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose, an inexpensive starting material, based on a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction followed by Vorbrüggen-type nucleobase coupling. Antiviral and cytotoxicity activities of the targeted modified nucleosides, as well as their phosphoramidate prodrugs, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Hatton
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Julie Hunault
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Maxim Egorov
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Len
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique Minérale, EA 4297, Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, 1 allée du Réseau Jean-Marie Buckmaster, 60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Muriel Pipelier
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Virginie Blot
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Virginie Silvestre
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Valérie Fargeas
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Adjou Ané
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UFR SSMT, Université de Cocody 22, BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Tami McBrayer
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
| | - Mervi Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
| | - Jong-Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
| | - Nathalie Bourgougnon
- Université de Bretagne-Sud Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Campus de Tohannic, 56017 Vannes, France
| | - Didier Dubreuil
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
| | - Jacques Lebreton
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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32
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Cheng Z, Zhang Y, Zhou C. QSAR Models for Phosphoramidate Prodrugs of 2′-Methylcytidine as Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus Based on PSO Boosting. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:948-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Ross BS, Reddy PG, Zhang HR, Rachakonda S, Sofia MJ. Synthesis of diastereomerically pure nucleotide phosphoramidates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8311-9. [PMID: 21916475 DOI: 10.1021/jo201492m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs of therapeutic nucleoside monophosphates masked as phosphoramidate derivatives have become an increasingly important class of antiviral drugs in pharmaceutical research for delivering nucleotides in vitro and in vivo. Conventionally, phosphoramidate derivatives are prepared as a mixture of two diastereomers. We report a class of stable phosphoramidating reagents containing an amino acid ester and two phenolic groups, one unsubstituted and the other with electron-withdrawing substituents. The reagents can be isolated as single diastereomers and reacted with the 5'-hydroxyl group of nucleosides through selective nucleophilic displacement of the substituted phenol to prepare single diastereomer phosphoramidate products. This method has been used to prepare the HCV clinical candidate PSI-7977 in high yield and high diastereomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Ross
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States.
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Abstract
HCV infection is a significant worldwide health problem and is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current standard of care, interferon and ribavirin, is only effective against a proportion of the patient population infected with HCV. To address the shortcomings of existing therapy, the development of direct acting antiviral agents is under investigation. The HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase is an essential enzyme for viral replication and is therefore a logical target against which to develop novel anti-HCV agents. Nucleosides have been shown to be effective as antiviral agents for other viral diseases and therefore, have been investigated as inhibitors of HCV replication. The development of prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has been pursued to address limitations associated with poor nucleoside phosphorylation. This is required to produce the nucleoside 5'-triphosphate which is the anabolite that is the actual inhibitor of the polymerase enzyme. Prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates have been developed that enable their delivery into cells and in vivo into the liver. The implementation of these prodrug strategies has ultimately led to the identification of several prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates that are potent inhibitors of HCV replication in vitro. They have progressed into the clinic and the early data demonstrate greatly reduced viral load levels in HCV-infected patients. This review will survey the state of nucleotide prodrugs for the treatment of HCV.
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Ray AS, Hostetler KY. Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:277-91. [PMID: 21878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have served as the cornerstones of antiviral therapy for many viruses. However, the requirement for intracellular activation and side-effects caused by distribution to off-target sites of toxicity still limit the efficacy of the current generation of drugs. Kinase bypass strategies, where phosphorylated nucleosides are delivered directly into cells, thereby, removing the requirement for enzyme catalyzed phosphorylation steps, have already changed the face of antiviral therapy in the form of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, cidofovir, adefovir (given orally as its dipivoxil prodrug) and tenofovir (given orally as its disoproxil prodrug), currently used clinically. These strategies hold further promise to advance the field of antiviral therapy with at least 10 kinase bypass and tissue targeted prodrugs, representing seven distinct prodrug classes, currently in clinical trials. This article reviews the history of kinase bypass strategies applied to nucleoside antivirals and the evolution of different tissue targeted prodrug strategies, highlighting clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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Gao X, Chen W, Zhu G, Yi R, Wu Z, Xu P, Zhao Y. Fast separation of antiviral nucleoside phosphoramidate and H-phosphonate diastereoisomers by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1416-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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INX-08189, a phosphoramidate prodrug of 6-O-methyl-2'-C-methyl guanosine, is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication with excellent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:1843-51. [PMID: 21357300 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01335-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INX-08189 is an aryl-phosphoramidate of 6-O-methyl-2'-C-methyl guanosine. INX-08189 was highly potent in replicon assays, with a 50% effective concentration of 10±6 nM against hepatitis C genotype 1b at 72 h. The inhibitory effect on viral replication was rapid, with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 35±8 nM at 24 h. An intracellular 2'-C-methyl guanosine triphosphate (2'-C-MeGTP) concentration of 2.43±0.42 pmol/10(6) cells was sufficient to achieve 90% inhibition of viral replication. In vitro resistance studies confirmed that the S282T mutation in the NS5b gene conferred an approximately 10-fold reduction in sensitivity to INX-08189. However, the complete inhibition of S282T mutant replicons still could be achieved with an EC90 of 344±170 nM. Drug combination studies of INX-08189 and ribavirin indicated significant synergy in antiviral potency both in wild-type and S282T-expressing replicons. Genotype 1b replicons could be cleared after 14 days of culture when exposed to as little as 20 nM INX-08189. No evidence of mitochondrial toxicity was observed after 14 days of INX-08189 exposure in both HepG2 and CEM human cell lines. In vivo studies of rats and cynomolgus monkeys demonstrated that 2'-C-MeGTP concentrations in liver equivalent to the EC90 could be attained after a single oral dose of INX-08189. Rat liver 2'-C-MeGTP concentrations were proportional to dose, sustained for greater than 24 h, and correlated with plasma concentrations of the nucleoside metabolite 2'-C-methyl guanosine. The characteristics displayed by INX-08189 support its continued development as a clinical candidate for the treatment of chronic HCV infection.
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Bobeck DR, Schinazi RF, Coats SJ. Advances in nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs as anti-HCV agents. Antivir Ther 2011; 15:935-50. [PMID: 21041908 DOI: 10.3851/imp1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs that are eventually bioconverted to the active nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) offer the potential to deliver increased intracellular NTP levels and/or organ-specific NTP enhancement. There are several classes of monophosphate prodrugs that have been applied to HCV drug discovery, and some of these approaches are currently being evaluated in humans. This review discusses recent advances in monophosphate prodrug approaches to improve oral absorption, stability and pharmacokinetic profile, including their advantages and potential pitfalls.
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Lin YT, Huang KJ, Tseng CK, Chen KJ, Wang HM, Lee JC. Efficient in silico assay of inhibitors of hepatitis C Virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase by structure-based virtual screening and in vitro evaluation. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 9:290-8. [PMID: 21281131 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify a new protective or therapeutic intervention for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we performed efficient structure-based virtual screening to identify novel inhibitory agents for HCV. To this end, we selected NS5B, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), as the target for the treatment of HCV infection. To decipher the dockable nature of various RdRp X-ray crystals, we docked the crystal ligand (inhibitor) to the crystal receptor (enzyme). The accuracy of regeneration of the crystal pose indicates the amenability of the RdRp binding pocket for structure-based virtual screening. We also utilized a consensus scoring scheme to reduce false positives, thereby ensuring efficient virtual screening. In this study, each molecule that ranked in the top 1% among all screening molecules gained 1 consensus point in a scoring function. Thus, after virtual screening of 57,177 chemicals from the Maybridge Screening collection, 14 molecules gained 8 points across 11 scoring functions. One of them, an isoxazole, showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of HCV RdRp activity and replication. In this study, we have developed a structure-based virtual screening method using HCV RdRp for efficient identification of novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
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Roman CA, Balzarini J, Meier C. Diastereoselective synthesis of aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrugs of 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine monophosphate. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7675-81. [PMID: 20945915 DOI: 10.1021/jm100817f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first diastereoselective synthesis of aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrugs of 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine monophosphate (d4TMP) is reported. In our approach, (S)-4-isopropylthiazolidine-2-thione 1 was used as a chiral auxiliary to introduce the stereochemistry at the phosphorus atom. In the last step of the developed reaction sequence, the nucleoside analogue d4T was introduced to a stereochemically pure phosphordiamidate which led to the formation of the almost diastereomerically pure phosphoramidate prodrugs 8a-d (≥95% de). As expected, the individually prepared diastereomers of the phosphoramidate prodrugs showed significant differences in the antiviral activity. Moreover, the difference was strongly dependent on the aryl substituent attached to the phosphoramidate moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Arbelo Roman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Lee JC, Chen WC, Wu SF, Tseng CK, Chiou CY, Chang FR, Hsu SH, Wu YC. Anti-hepatitis C virus activity of Acacia confusa extract via suppressing cyclooxygenase-2. Antiviral Res 2010; 89:35-42. [PMID: 21075144 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality by chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) throughout the world. It is of tremendous importance to discover more effective and safer agents to improve the clinical treatment on HCV carriers. Here we report that the n-butanol-methanol extract obtained from Acacia confusa plant, referred as ACSB-M4, exhibited the inhibition of HCV RNA replication in the HCV replicon assay system, with an EC(50) value and CC(50)/EC(50) selective index (SI) of 5 ± 0.3 μg/ml and >100, respectively. Besides, ACSB-M4 showed antiviral synergy in combination with IFN-α and as HCV protease inhibitor (Telaprevir; VX-950) and polymerase inhibitor (2'-C-methylcytidine; NM-107) by a multiple linear logistic model and isobologram analysis. A complementary approach involving the overexpression of COX-2 protein in ACSB-M4-treated HCV replicon cells was used to evaluate the antiviral action at the molecular level. ACSB-M4 significantly suppressed COX-2 expression in HCV replicon cells. Viral replication was gradually restored if COX-2 was added simultaneously with ACSB-M4, suggesting that the anti-HCV activity of ACSB-M4 was associated with down-regulation of COX-2, which was correlated with the suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation. ACSB-M4 may serve as a potential protective agent for use in the management of patients with chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Sofia MJ, Bao D, Chang W, Du J, Nagarathnam D, Rachakonda S, Reddy PG, Ross BS, Wang P, Zhang HR, Bansal S, Espiritu C, Keilman M, Lam AM, Steuer HMM, Niu C, Otto MJ, Furman PA. Discovery of a β-d-2′-Deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-C-methyluridine Nucleotide Prodrug (PSI-7977) for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7202-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100863x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Sofia
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Donghui Bao
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Wonsuk Chang
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Jinfa Du
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | | | - Suguna Rachakonda
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - P. Ganapati Reddy
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Bruce S. Ross
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Hai-Ren Zhang
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Shalini Bansal
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | | | - Meg Keilman
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Angela M. Lam
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | | | - Congrong Niu
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Michael J. Otto
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Phillip A. Furman
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
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Leisvuori A, Aiba Y, Lönnberg T, Poijärvi-Virta P, Blatt L, Beigelman L, Lönnberg H. Chemical and enzymatic stability of amino acid derived phosphoramidates of antiviral nucleoside 5'-monophosphates bearing a biodegradable protecting group. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2131-41. [PMID: 20401390 DOI: 10.1039/b924321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin and 2'-O-methylcytidine 5'-phosphoramidates derived from L-alanine methyl ester bearing either an O-phenyl or a biodegradable O-[3-(acetyloxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl] or O-[3-(acetyloxymethoxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl] protecting group were prepared. The kinetics of the deprotection of these pro-drugs by porcine liver esterase and by a whole cell extract of human prostate carcinoma was studied by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The 3-(acetyloxymethoxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-(acetyloxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups were readily removed releasing the l-alanine methyl ester phosphoramidate nucleotide, the deprotection of the 3-(acetyloxymethoxy) derivative being approximately 20 times faster. The chemical stability of the 2'-O-methylcytidine pro-drugs was additionally determined over a pH range from 7.5 to 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leisvuori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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