1
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Chen Y, Zhao T, Miao Z, Huang T, Chen M, Zhao Y, Hai A, Qi Q, Feng P, Li M, Ke B. Identification of the first selective bioluminescent probe for real-time monitoring of carboxylesterase 2 in vitro and in vivo. Analyst 2024; 149:418-425. [PMID: 38078792 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES), a main hydrolysis enzyme family in the human body, plays a crucial role in drug metabolism. Among them, CES1 and CES2 are the primary subtypes, and each exhibits distinct distribution and functions. However, convenient and non-invasive methods for distinguishing them and the real-time monitoring of CES2 are relatively rare, hindering the further understanding of physiological functions and underlying mechanisms. In this study, we have designed, synthesized, and evaluated the first selective bioluminescent probe (CBP 1) for CES2 with high sensitivity, high specificity and rapid reactivity. This probe offers a promising approach for the real-time detection of CES2 and its dynamic fluctuations both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Zhuang Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Meiyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Ao Hai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Qingrong Qi
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Institute of Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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2
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Peng Y, Shi Z, Liang Y, Ding K, Wang Y. Targeting the tumor microenvironment by an enzyme-responsive prodrug of tubulin destabilizer for triple-negative breast cancer therapy with high safety. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114344. [PMID: 35405397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In response to the long-term potential toxicity concerns of tubulin destabilizer, an enzyme-responsive prodrug therapy for triple-negative breast cancer was developed based on the different β-glucuronidase levels between tumor and normal tissues in this study. All the prodrugs synthesized herein showed remarkable stability in phosphate buffer and bovine serum solution, among which 17a was found to be more susceptible to enzymatic cleavage. 17a exhibited excellent selectivity between the in vitro antiproliferative activities against β-glucuronidase-pretreated and -untreated cancer cells (IC50 (+Enz) = 8.9-15.7 nM, IC50 (-Enz) > 50 μM), along with favorable liver microsomal metabolic stability and improved aqueous solubility. Furthermore, as a candidate prodrug 17a showed potent antitumor efficacy in MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse model without causing perceptible injury to organs. Importantly, 17a exhibited superior safety profiles with higher LD50 value and no perceivable cardiotoxicity, which was a major dose-limiting adverse effect for the parent compound 1. These salient toxicity-reduced effects of 17a would merit further in-depth assessment of this compound for preclinical therapeutic usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyuan Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhixian Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuru Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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3
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Elkhanoufi S, Stefania R, Alberti D, Baroni S, Aime S, Geninatti Crich S. Highly Sensitive “Off/On” EPR Probes to Monitor Enzymatic Activity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104563. [PMID: 35175676 PMCID: PMC9314618 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of unregulated level of enzyme activity is a crucial parameter for early diagnoses in a wide range of pathologies. In this study, we propose the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) as an easy method to probe carboxylesterase (CE) enzymatic activity in vitro. For this application, were synthesized two amphiphilic, nitroxide containing esters, namely Tempo‐C12 (T‐C12) and Tempo‐2‐C12 (T‐2‐C12). They exhibit low solubility in water and form stable micelles in which the radicals are EPR almost silent, but the hydrolysis of the ester bond yields narrows and intense EPR signals. The intensity of the EPR signals is proportional to the enzymatic activity. CEs1, CEs2 and esterase from porcine liver (PLE) were investigated. The obtained results show that T‐C12 and T‐2‐C12‐containing systems display a much higher selectivity toward the CEs2, with a Limit of Detection of the same order of those ones obtained with optical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Elkhanoufi
- University of Torino Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Rachele Stefania
- University of Torino Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Diego Alberti
- University of Torino Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Simona Baroni
- University of Torino Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- University of Torino Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
| | - Simonetta Geninatti Crich
- University of Torino Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences via Nizza 52 10126 Torino Italy
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4
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Liu H, Yang F, Chen W, Gong T, Zhou Y, Dai X, Leung W, Xu C. Enzyme-Responsive Materials as Carriers for Improving Photodynamic Therapy. Front Chem 2021; 9:763057. [PMID: 34796163 PMCID: PMC8593389 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.763057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a mini-invasive therapy on malignancies via reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by photosenitizer (PS) upon light irradiation. However, poor target of PS to tumor limits the clinical application of PDT. Compared with normal tissues, tumor tissues have a unique enzymatic environment. The unique enzymatic environment in tumor tissues has been widely used as a target for developing smart materials to improve the targetability of drugs to tumor. Enzyme-responsive materials (ERM) as a smart material can respond to the enzymes in tumor tissues to specifically deliver drugs. In PDT, ERM was designed to react with the enzymes highly expressed in tumor tissues to deliver PS in the target site to prevent therapeutic effects and avoid its side-effects. In the present paper, we will review the application of ERM in PDT and discuss the challenges of ERM as carriers to deliver PS for further boosting the development of PDT in the management of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanwen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wingnang Leung
- School of Nursing, Tung Wah College, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Zhang XY, Liu TT, Liang JH, Tian XG, Zhang BJ, Huang HL, Ma XC, Feng L, Sun CP. A highly selective near infrared fluorescent probe for carboxylesterase 2 and its biological applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2457-2461. [PMID: 33630990 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase 2 (CES 2) is a key enzyme in the activation of the prodrug irinotecan (CPT-11) in the treatment against colorectal cancer and also has some relationship with the side effect of CPT-11 in clinical applications. Herein, a near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (DSAB) has been designed for CES 2 which possesses the advantages of prominent selectivity and high sensitivity, and DSAB has been successfully applied for the imaging of endogenous CES 2 in living cells. Moreover, a high-throughput screening method for CES 2 inhibitors has been established using DSAB and discovered four novel CES 2 inhibitors from various herbal medicines. These results fully demonstrated that DSAB is a promising molecular tool for the investigation of the biological functions of CES 2 in living systems and the discovery of novel CES 2 inhibitors for the treatment of CES 2 related physiological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Zhang
- Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China. and Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Jia-Hao Liang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiang-Ge Tian
- Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China. and Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Bao-Jing Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Hui-Lian Huang
- Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Feng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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6
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Kailass K, Sadovski O, Capello M, Kang Y, Fleming JB, Hanash SM, Beharry AA. Measuring human carboxylesterase 2 activity in pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenografts using a ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8428-8437. [PMID: 31803422 PMCID: PMC6844279 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor that selectively measures human carboxylesterase 2 (hCES2) activity with application in pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenografts.
Irinotecan-based therapy is a common treatment for pancreatic cancer. To elicit its anticancer activity, the drug requires first the hydrolysis action of the enzyme human carboxylesterase 2 (hCES2). It has been established that pancreatic cancer patients have various levels of hCES2, whereby patients having low levels respond poorer to Irinotecan than patients with higher levels, suggesting that hCES2 can be used to predict response. However, current methods that measure hCES2 activity are inaccurate, complex or lengthy, thus being incompatible for use in a clinical setting. Here, we developed a small molecule ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor that accurately measures hCES2 activity in a single-step within complex mixtures. Our chemosensor is highly selective for hCES2 over hCES1, cell permeable and can measure hCES2 activity in pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenografts. Given the simplicity, accuracy and tissue compatibility of our assay, we anticipate our chemosensor can be used to predict patient response to Irinotecan-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kailass
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga , ON L5L 1C6 , Canada .
| | - Oleg Sadovski
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga , ON L5L 1C6 , Canada .
| | - Michela Capello
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology , H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Andrew A Beharry
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga , ON L5L 1C6 , Canada .
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7
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Ganesh AN, Aman A, Logie J, Barthel BL, Cogan P, Al-awar R, Koch TH, Shoichet BK, Shoichet MS. Colloidal Drug Aggregate Stability in High Serum Conditions and Pharmacokinetic Consequence. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:751-757. [PMID: 30840432 PMCID: PMC6474797 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal drug aggregates have been a nuisance in drug screening, yet, because they inherently comprise drug-rich particles, they may be useful in vivo if issues of stability can be addressed. As the first step toward answering this question, we optimized colloidal drug aggregate formulations using a fluorescence-based assay to study fulvestrant colloidal formation and stability in high (90%) serum conditions in vitro. We show, for the first time, that the critical aggregation concentration of fulvestrant depends on media composition and increases with serum concentration. Excipients, such as polysorbate 80, stabilize fulvestrant colloids in 90% serum in vitro for over 48 h. Using fulvestrant and an investigational pro-drug, pentyloxycarbonyl-( p-aminobenzyl) doxazolidinylcarbamate (PPD), as proof-of-concept colloidal formulations, we demonstrate that the in vivo plasma half-life for stabilized colloids is greater than their respective monomeric forms. These studies demonstrate the potential of turning the nuisance of colloidal drug aggregation into an opportunity for drug-rich formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahil N. Ganesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Ahmed Aman
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Logie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Ben L. Barthel
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Peter Cogan
- School of Pharmacy, Regis University, 3333 Regis Boulevard, Denver, Colorado 80221-1099, United States
| | - Rima Al-awar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Tad H. Koch
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quantitative Biology Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, Mail Box 2550, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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8
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Tamura R, Balabanova A, Frakes SA, Bargmann A, Grimm J, Koch TH, Yin H. Photoactivatable Prodrug of Doxazolidine Targeting Exosomes. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1959-1970. [PMID: 30703330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural lipid nanocarriers, exosomes, carry cell-signaling materials such as DNA and RNA for intercellular communications. Exosomes derived from cancer cells contribute to the progression and metastasis of cancer cells by transferring oncogenic signaling molecules to neighboring and remote premetastatic sites. Therefore, applying the unique properties of exosomes for cancer therapy has been expected in science, medicine, and drug discovery fields. Herein, we report that an exosome-targeting prodrug system, designated MARCKS-ED-photodoxaz, could spatiotemporally control the activation of an exquisitely cytotoxic agent, doxazolidine (doxaz), with UV light. The MARCKS-ED peptide enters a cell by forming a complex with the exosomes in situ at its plasma membrane and in the media. MARCKS-ED-photodoxaz releases doxaz under near-UV irradiation to inhibit cell growth with low nanomolar IC50 values. The MARCKS-ED-photodoxaz system targeting exosomes and utilizing photochemistry will potentially provide a new approach for the treatment of cancer, especially for highly progressive and invasive metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tamura
- Molecular Pharmacology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | | | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100082 , China
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9
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Zhang S, Kohira Y, Orita H, Ishimine M, Kobayashi T, Mae Buendia Chua S, Nakaoka H, Inoue I, Hino O, Yokomizo T, Fukunaga T, Lee-Okada HC. Sensitization of Gastric Cancer Cells to Irinotecan by p53 Activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1248/bpbreports.2.6_130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Juntendo University Hospital
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital (East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University)
| | - Yoshinori Kohira
- Department of Gastroenterology and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Juntendo University Hospital
| | - Hajime Orita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Juntendo University Hospital
| | - Momoko Ishimine
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toshiyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Ituro Inoue
- Human Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsu Fukunaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Juntendo University Hospital
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10
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The Relationship between TP53 Gene Status and Carboxylesterase 2 Expression in Human Colorectal Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:5280736. [PMID: 29651325 PMCID: PMC5831679 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5280736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Irinotecan (CPT-11) is an anticancer prodrug that is activated by the carboxylesterase CES2 and has been approved for the treatment of many types of solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. Recent studies with cell lines show that CES2 expression is regulated by the tumor suppressor protein p53. However, clinical evidence for this regulatory mechanism in cancer is lacking. In this study, we examined the relationship between TP53 gene status and CES2 expression in human colorectal cancer. Most colorectal cancer specimens (70%; 26 of 37) showed lower CES2 mRNA levels (≥1.5-fold lower) than the adjacent normal tissue, and only 30% (12 of 37) showed similar (<1.5-fold lower) or higher CES2 mRNA levels. However, TP53 gene sequencing revealed no relationship between CES2 downregulation and TP53 mutational status. Moreover, while colorectal cancer cells expressing wild-type p53 exhibited p53-dependent upregulation of CES2, PRIMA-1MET, a drug that restores the transcriptional activity of mutant p53, failed to upregulate CES2 expression in cells with TP53 missense mutations. These results, taken together, suggest that CES2 mRNA expression is decreased in human colorectal cancer independently of p53.
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11
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Ganesh AN, Logie J, McLaughlin CK, Barthel BL, Koch TH, Shoichet BK, Shoichet MS. Leveraging Colloidal Aggregation for Drug-Rich Nanoparticle Formulations. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1852-1860. [PMID: 28502177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While limited drug loading continues to be problematic for chemotherapeutics formulated in nanoparticles, we found that we could take advantage of colloidal drug aggregation to achieve high loading when combined with polymeric excipients. We demonstrate this approach with two drugs, fulvestrant and pentyl-PABC doxazolidine (PPD; a prodrug of doxazolidine, which is a DNA cross-linking anthracycline), and two polymers, polysorbate 80 (UP80) and poly(d,l-lactide-co-2-methyl-2-carboxytrimethylene carbonate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLAC-PEG; a custom-synthesized, self-assembling amphiphilic polymer). In both systems, drug-loaded nanoparticles had diameters < 200 nm and were stable for up to two days in buffered saline solution and for up to 24 h in serum-containing media at 37 °C. While colloidal drug aggregates alone are typically unstable in saline and serum-containing media, we attribute the colloid stability observed herein to the polymeric excipients and consequent decreased protein adsorption. We expect this strategy of polymer-stabilized colloidal drug aggregates to be broadly applicable in delivery formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahil N Ganesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Jennifer Logie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Christopher K McLaughlin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Benjamin L Barthel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Tad H Koch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quantitative Biology Institute, University of California, San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, Mail Box 2550, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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12
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Barthel BL, Mooz EL, Wiener LE, Koch GG, Koch TH. Correlation of in Situ Oxazolidine Formation with Highly Synergistic Cytotoxicity and DNA Cross-Linking in Cancer Cells from Combinations of Doxorubicin and Formaldehyde. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2205-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Barthel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Erin L. Mooz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Laura Elizabeth Wiener
- Department
of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gary G. Koch
- Department
of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Tad H. Koch
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Ning R, Wang XP, Zhan YR, Qi Q, Huang XF, Hu G, Guo QL, Liu W, Yang J. Gambogic acid potentiates clopidogrel-induced apoptosis and attenuates irinotecan-induced apoptosis through down-regulating human carboxylesterase 1 and -2. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:816-24. [PMID: 26750665 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1125560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. In this study, we report that gambogic acid (GA), a promising anticancer agent, potentiates clopidogrel-induced apoptosis and attenuates CPT-11-induced apoptosis by down-regulating human carboxylesterase (CES) 1 and -2 via ERK and p38 MAPK pathway activation, which provides a molecular explanation linking the effect of drug combination directly to the decreased capacity of hydrolytic biotransformation. 2. The expression levels of CES1 and CES2 decreased significantly in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in response to GA in Huh7 and HepG2 cells; hydrolytic activity was also reduced. 3. The results showed that pretreatment with GA potentiated clopidogrel-induced apoptosis by down-regulating CES1. Moreover, the GA-mediated repression of CES2 attenuated CPT-11-induced apoptosis. 4. Furthermore, the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways were involved in the GA-mediated down-regulation of CES1 and CES2. 5. Taken together, our data suggest that GA is a potent repressor of CES1 and CES2 and that combination with GA will affect the metabolism of drugs containing ester bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ning
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- b Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yun-Ran Zhan
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Qi Qi
- c Department of Pharmacology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA , and
| | - Xue-Feng Huang
- d Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Gang Hu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Qing-Long Guo
- b Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
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14
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Xiao D, Yang D, Guo L, Lu W, Charpentier M, Yan B. Regulation of carboxylesterase-2 expression by p53 family proteins and enhanced anti-cancer activities among 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan and doxazolidine prodrug. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 168:1989-99. [PMID: 23373735 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE For four decades, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been a major anti-cancer medicine. This drug is increasingly used with other anti-cancer agents such as irinotecan. Irinotecan and many others such as PPD (pentyl carbamate of p-aminobenzyl carbamate of doxazolidine) require activation by carboxylesterase-2 (CES2). 5-FU, on the other hand, reportedly induces CES2 in colorectal tumour lines. The aims of this study were to determine the molecular basis for the induction and to ascertain interactive cell-killing activity between 5-FU and ester prodrugs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Colorectal and non-colorectal lines and xenografts were treated with 5-FU and the expression of CES2 was determined. Cell-killing activity of irinotecan and PPD were determined in the presence or absence of CES2 inhibitor. Several molecular experiments were used to determine the molecular basis for the induction. KEY RESULTS Without exceptions, robust induction was detected in cell lines expressing functional p53. High-level induction was also detected in xenografts. 5-FU pretreatment significantly increased cell-killing activity of irinotecan and PPD. Molecular experiments established that the induction was achieved by both transactivation and increased mRNA stability through p53. Either p63 or p73, functionally related to p53, did not support the transactivation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results in this study suggest that FOLFIRI, a common regimen combining irinotecan and 5-FU, should switch the dosing sequence, namely from 5-FU to irinotecan, to enhance hydrolytic activation of irinotecan. This modified order likely reduces the dose of anti-cancer agents, thus minimizing overall toxicity. The results also conclude that p53 family members act differently in regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xiao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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15
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Merali Z, Ross S, Paré G. The pharmacogenetics of carboxylesterases: CES1 and CES2 genetic variants and their clinical effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 29:143-51. [PMID: 24988246 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2014-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) are serine esterases responsible for the hydrolysis of ester and amide bonds present in a number of pharmaceutical products. Several common genetic variants of the CES1 and CES2 genes have been shown to influence drug metabolism and clinical outcomes. Polymorphisms of the CES1 gene have been reported to affect the metabolism of dabigatran etexilate, methylphenidate, oseltamivir, imidapril, and clopidogrel, whereas variants of the CES2 gene have been found to affect aspirin and irinotecan. Although the findings of these studies may be preliminary, they demonstrate the potential clinical utility of CES polymorphisms; however, more research is required, especially with respect to CES2. In this review, we outline the functional, molecular, and genetic properties of CES1 and CES2, and highlight recent studies that have shown relations between CES1 and CES2 variants and contemporary pharmacotherapy.
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16
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Ding S, Pickard AJ, Kucera GL, Bierbach U. Design of enzymatically cleavable prodrugs of a potent platinum-containing anticancer agent. Chemistry 2014; 20:16164-73. [PMID: 25303639 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Using a versatile synthetic approach, a new class of potential ester prodrugs of highly potent, but systemically too toxic, platinum-acridine anticancer agents was generated. The new hybrids contain a hydroxyl group, which has been masked with a cleavable lipophilic acyl moiety. Both butanoic (butyric) and bulkier 2-propanepentanoic (valproic) esters were introduced. The goals of this design were to improve the drug-like properties (e.g., logD) and to reduce the systemic toxicity of the pharmacophore. Two distinct pathways by which the target compounds undergo effective ester hydrolysis, the proposed activating step, have been confirmed: platinum-assisted, self-immolative ester cleavage in a low-chloride environment (LC-ESMS, NMR spectroscopy) and enzymatic cleavage by human carboxylesterase-2 (hCES-2) (LC-ESMS). The valproic acid ester derivatives are the first example of a metal-containing agent cleavable by the prodrug-converting enzyme. They show excellent chemical stability and reduced systemic toxicity. Preliminary results from screening in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (A549, NCI-H1435) suggest that the mechanism of the valproic esters may involve intracellular deesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109 (USA)
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17
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Chirapu SR, Bauman JN, Eng H, Goosen TC, Strelevitz TJ, Sinha SC, Dow RL, Finn MG. Undesired versus designed enzymatic cleavage of linkers for liver targeting. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1144-7. [PMID: 24461291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A design for the selective release of drug molecules in the liver was tested, involving the attachment of a representative active agent by an ester linkage to various 2-substituted 5-aminovaleric acid carbamates. The anticipated pathway of carboxylesterase-1-mediated carbamate cleavage followed by lactamization and drug release was frustrated by unexpectedly high sensitivity of the ester linkage toward hydrolysis by carboxylesterase-2 and other microsomal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas R Chirapu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan N Bauman
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Heather Eng
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Theunis C Goosen
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Subhash C Sinha
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert L Dow
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - M G Finn
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Xiao D, Shi D, Yang D, Barthel B, Koch TH, Yan B. Carboxylesterase-2 is a highly sensitive target of the antiobesity agent orlistat with profound implications in the activation of anticancer prodrugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:439-47. [PMID: 23228697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Orlistat has been the most used anti-obesity drug and the mechanism of its action is to reduce lipid absorption by inhibiting gastrointestinal lipases. These enzymes, like carboxylesterases (CESs), structurally belong to the α/β hydrolase fold superfamily. Lipases and CESs are functionally related as well. Some CESs (e.g., human CES1) have been shown to hydrolyze lipids. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that orlistat inhibits CESs with higher potency toward CES1 than CES2, a carboxylesterase with little lipase activity. Liver microsomes and recombinant CESs were tested for the inhibition of the hydrolysis of standard substrates and the anticancer prodrugs pentyl carbamate of p-aminobenzyl carbamate of doxazolidine (PPD) and irinotecan. Contrary to the hypothesis, orlistat at 1 nM inhibited CES2 activity by 75% but no inhibition on CES1, placing CES2 one of the most sensitive targets of orlistat. The inhibition varied among some CES2 polymorphic variants. Pretreatment with orlistat reduced the cell killing activity of PPD. Certain mouse but not rat CESs were also highly sensitive. CES2 is responsible for the hydrolysis of many common drugs and abundantly expressed in the gastrointestinal track and liver. Inhibition of this carboxylesterase probably presents a major source for altered therapeutic activity of these medicines if co-administered with orlistat. In addition, orlistat has been linked to various types of organ toxicities, and this study provides an alternative target potentially involved in these toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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19
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Zhang Q, Lu Y, Ding Y, Zhai J, Ji Q, Ma W, Yang M, Fan H, Long J, Tong Z, Shi Y, Jia Y, Han B, Zhang W, Qiu C, Ma X, Li Q, Shi Q, Zhang H, Li D, Zhang J, Lin J, Li LY, Gao Y, Chen Y. Guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones, a source to discover agents that selectively inhibit acute myelogenous leukemia stem and progenitor cells. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8757-69. [PMID: 22985027 DOI: 10.1021/jm301064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that can selectively target cancer stem cells (CSCs) remain rare currently and exhibit no common structural features. Here we report a series of guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones (GSLs) and their derivatives that can selectively eradicate acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) stem or progenitor cells. Natural GSL compounds arglabin, an anticancer clinical drug, and micheliolide (MCL), are able to reduce the proportion of AML stem cells (CD34⁺CD38⁻) in primary AML cells. Targeting of AML stem cells is further confirmed by a sharp reduction of colony-forming units of primary AML cells upon MCL treatment. Moreover, DMAMCL, the dimethylamino Michael adduct of MCL, slowly releases MCL in plasma and in vivo and demonstrates remarkable therapeutic efficacy in the nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency AML models. These findings indicate that GSL is an ample source for chemical agents against AML stem or progenitor cells and that GSL is potentially highly useful to explore anti-CSC approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, and State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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20
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Barthel BL, Rudnicki DL, Kirby TP, Colvin SM, Burkhart DJ, Koch TH. Synthesis and biological characterization of protease-activated prodrugs of doxazolidine. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6595-607. [PMID: 22742660 DOI: 10.1021/jm300714p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Doxazolidine (doxaz) is a new anthracycline anticancer agent. While structurally similar to doxorubicin (dox), doxaz acts via a distinct mechanism to selectively enhance anticancer activity over cardiotoxicity, the most significant clinical impediment to successful anthracycline treatment. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a prodrug platform designed for doxaz release mediated by secreted proteolytic activity, a common association with invasiveness and poor prognosis in cancer patients. GaFK-Doxaz is hydrolyzable by the proteases plasmin and cathepsin B, both strongly linked with cancer progression, as well as trypsin. We demonstrate that activation of GaFK-Doxaz releases highly potent doxaz that powerfully inhibits the growth of a wide variety of cancer cells (average IC(50) of 8 nM). GaFK-Doxaz is stable in human plasma and is poorly membrane permeable, thereby limiting activation to locally secreted proteolytic activity and reducing the likelihood of severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Barthel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA
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21
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Forrest RA, Swift LP, Rephaeli A, Nudelman A, Kimura KI, Phillips DR, Cutts SM. Activation of DNA damage response pathways as a consequence of anthracycline-DNA adduct formation. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1602-12. [PMID: 22414726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin, a clinically used anti-neoplastic drug, can be enhanced by formaldehyde (either endogenous or exogenous) to promote the formation of doxorubicin-DNA adducts. Formaldehyde supplies the carbon required for the covalent linkage of doxorubicin to one strand of DNA, with hydrogen bonds stabilising the doxorubicin mono-adduct to the other strand of DNA, to act much like an interstrand crosslink. Interstrand crosslinks present a major challenge for cellular repair processes, requiring the activation of numerous DNA damage response proteins for resolution of the resulting DNA intermediates and damage. This work investigates DNA damage response proteins activated by doxorubicin-DNA adducts. Although p53 was phosphorylated at Serine 15 in response to adducts, long term growth inhibition of mammalian cells was not affected by p53 status. Using siRNA technology and kinase inhibitors we observed enhanced cellular sensitivity to doxorubicin-DNA adducts when the activity of the signalling protein kinases ATM and ATR were lost. Cells synchronised using a double thymidine block were sensitised to adduct-initiated cell death upon ATR knockdown, but relatively unaffected by ATM knockdown. Loss of ATR was associated with abrogation of a drug-induced G(2)/M block and induction of mitotic catastrophe, while loss of ATM was associated with drug-induced apoptosis in non-synchronised cells. These proteins may therefore be potential drug targets to achieve synergistic cytotoxic responses to doxorubicin-DNA adduct forming therapies. The analysis of these protein kinases with respect to cell cycle progression indicates that ATR is required for G(2)/M checkpoint responses while ATM appears to function in G(1) mediated responses to anthracycline adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Forrest
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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22
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Bilardi RA, Kimura KI, Phillips DR, Cutts SM. Processing of anthracycline-DNA adducts via DNA replication and interstrand crosslink repair pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1241-50. [PMID: 22326903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anthracycline chemotherapeutics are well characterised as poisons of topoisomerase II, however many anthracyclines, including doxorubicin, are also capable of forming drug-DNA adducts. Anthracycline-DNA adducts present an unusual obstacle for cells as they are covalently attached to one DNA strand and stabilised by hydrogen bonding to the other strand. We now show that in cycling cells processing of anthracycline adducts through DNA replication appears dominant compared to processing via transcription-coupled pathways, and that the processing of these adducts into DNA breaks is independent of topoisomerase II. It has previously been shown that cells deficient in homologous recombination (HR) are hypersensitive to adduct forming treatments. Given that anthracycline-DNA adducts, whilst not true crosslinks, are associated with both DNA strands, the role of ICL repair pathways was investigated. Mus81 is a structure specific nuclease implicated in Holliday junction resolution and the resolution of branched DNA formed by stalled replication forks. We now show that ICL repair deficient cells (Mus81(-/-)) are hypersensitive to anthracycline-DNA adducts and ET-743, a compound which causes a chemically similar type of DNA damage. Further analysis of this mechanism showed that Mus81 does not appear to cause DNA breaks resulting from either anthracycline- or ET743-DNA adducts. This suggests Mus81 processes these novel forms of DNA damage in a fundamentally different way compared to the processing of classical covalent crosslinks. Improved understanding of the role of DNA repair in response to such adducts may lead to more effective chemotherapy for patients with BRCA1/2 mutations and other HR deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bilardi
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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23
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Seo GM, Rachakatla RS, Balivada S, Pyle M, Shrestha TB, Basel MT, Myers C, Wang H, Tamura M, Bossmann SH, Troyer DL. A self-contained enzyme activating prodrug cytotherapy for preclinical melanoma. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:157-65. [PMID: 21567204 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) has been investigated as a means of cancer treatment without affecting normal tissues. This system is based on the delivery of a suicide gene, a gene encoding an enzyme which is able to convert its substrate from non-toxic prodrug to cytotoxin. In this experiment, we have developed a targeted suicide gene therapeutic system that is completely contained within tumor-tropic cells and have tested this system for melanoma therapy in a preclinical model. First, we established double stable RAW264.7 monocyte/macrophage-like cells (Mo/Ma) containing a Tet-On® Advanced system for intracellular carboxylesterase (InCE) expression. Second, we loaded a prodrug into the delivery cells, double stable Mo/Ma. Third, we activated the enzyme system to convert the prodrug, irinotecan, to the cytotoxin, SN-38. Our double stable Mo/Ma homed to the lung melanomas after 1 day and successfully delivered the prodrug-activating enzyme/prodrug package to the tumors. We observed that our system significantly reduced tumor weights and numbers as targeted tumor therapy after activation of the InCE. Therefore, we propose that this system may be a useful targeted melanoma therapy system for pulmonary metastatic tumors with minimal side effects, particularly if it is combined with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwi-Moon Seo
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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