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Rahman MF, Raj R, Govindarajan R. Identification of Structural and Molecular Features Involved in the Transport of 3'-Deoxy-Nucleoside Analogs by Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 3. Drug Metab Dispos 2018. [PMID: 29530865 PMCID: PMC5896370 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral drug treatments depend on 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs such as 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2′3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI). Despite being effective in inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus replication, these drugs produce a range of toxicities, including myopathy, pancreatitis, neuropathy, and lactic acidosis, that are generally considered as sequelae to mitochondrial damage. Although cell surface–localized nucleoside transporters, such as human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hENT2) and human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1), are known to increase the carrier-mediated uptake of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs into cells, another ubiquitously expressed intracellular nucleoside transporter (namely, hENT3) has been implicated in the mitochondrial transport of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs. Using site-directed mutagenesis, generation of chimeric hENTs, and 3H-permeant flux measurements in mutant/chimeric RNA–injected Xenopus oocytes, here we identified the molecular determinants of hENT3 that dictate membrane translocation of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs. Our findings demonstrated that whereas hENT1 had no significant transport activity toward 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs, hENT3 was capable of transporting 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs similar to hENT2. Transport analyses of hENT3-hENT1 chimeric constructs demonstrated that the N-terminal half of hENT3 is primarily responsible for the hENT3–3′-deoxy-nucleoside analog interaction. In addition, mutagenic studies identified that 225D and 231L in the N-terminal half of hENT3 partially contribute to the ability of hENT3 to transport AZT and DDI. The identification of the transporter segment and amino acid residues that are important in hENT3 transport of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs may present a possible mechanism for overcoming the adverse toxicities associated with 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analog treatment and may guide rational development of novel nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fazlur Rahman
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Radhika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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2
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Chhikara BS, Rao MS, Rao VK, Kumar A, Buckheit KW, Buckheit Jr. RW, Parang K. Carbocyclodipeptides as modified nucleosides: synthesis and anti-HIV activities. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new class of nucleoside analogues were synthesized using cyclic dipeptides and modified 2′-deoxyfuranoribose sugars to introduce flexibility by peptides in place of common nucleoside bases and to determine their biological properties. The synthesis was carried out by coupling of a protected ribose sugar with synthesized dipeptides in the presence of hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylsilyltriflate. The final products were characterized by NMR and high-resolution MS-TOF spectroscopy. The compounds were evaluated for anti-HIV activities. 1-(4-Azido-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-3,6-diisopropylpiperazine-2,5-dione (compound 14) containing 3- and 6-isopropyl groups in the base and 3′-azide (EC50 = 1.96 μmol/L) was the most potent compound among all of the synthesized analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender S. Chhikara
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - M. Sudershan Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031 Rajasthan, India
| | - V. Kameshwara Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Karen W. Buckheit
- ImQuest BioSciences Inc., 7340 Executive Way, Suite R, Frederick, MD 21704, USA
| | | | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031 Rajasthan, India
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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3
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Abstract
The compound class of 3-carboranyl thymidine analogues (3CTAs) are boron delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a binary treatment modality for cancer. Presumably, these compounds accumulate selectively in tumor cells via intracellular trapping, which is mediated by hTK1. Favorable in vivo biodistribution profiles of 3CTAs led to promising results in preclinical BNCT of rats with intracerebral brain tumors. This review presents an overview on the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of first- and second-generation 3CTAs. Boronated nucleosides developed prior to 3CTAs for BNCT and non-boronated N3-substituted thymidine conjugates for other areas of cancer therapy and imaging are also described. In addition, basic features of carborane clusters, which are used as boron moieties in the design and synthesis of 3CTAs, and the biological and structural features of TK1-like enzymes, which are the molecular targets of 3CTAs, are discussed.
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4
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Dang TP, Sobczak AJ, Mebel AM, Chatgilialoglu C, Wnuk SF. Investigation of reactions postulated to occur during inhibition of ribonucleotide reductases by 2'-azido-2'-deoxynucleotides. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:5655-5667. [PMID: 22711937 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Model 3'-azido-3'-deoxynucleosides with thiol or vicinal dithiol substituents at C2' or C5' were synthesized to study reactions postulated to occur during inhibition of ribonucleotide reductases by 2'-azido-2'-deoxynucleotides. Esterification of 5'-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-3'-azido-3'-deoxyadenosine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) with 2,3-S-isopropylidene-2,3-dimercaptopropanoic acid or N-Boc-S-trityl-L-cysteine and deprotection gave 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-2'-O-(2,3-dimercaptopropanoyl or cysteinyl)adenosine and the 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-(2,3-dimercaptopropanoyl or cysteinyl)thymidine analogs. Density functional calculations predicted that intramolecular reactions between generated thiyl radicals and an azido group on such model compounds would be exothermic by 33.6-41.2 kcal/mol and have low energy barriers of 10.4-13.5 kcal/mol. Reduction of the azido group occurred to give 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine, which was postulated to occur with thiyl radicals generated by treatment of 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-(2,3-dimercaptopropanoyl)thymidine with 2,2'-azobis-(2-methyl-2-propionamidine) dihydrochloride. Gamma radiolysis of N(2)O-saturated aqueous solutions of AZT and cysteine produced 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine and thymine most likely by both radical and ionic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
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5
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Expeditious preparation of isoxazoles from Δ2-isoxazolines as advanced intermediates for functional materials. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Radatus BK. Serendipitous Discovery of a Zidovudine Guanidine Complex: A Superior Process for the Production of Zidovudine. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op2000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno K Radatus
- Apotex Pharmachem, Inc., 34 Spalding Drive, Brantford, Ontario, N3T 6B8, Canada
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7
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Li GR, Liu J, Pan Q, Song ZB, Luo FL, Wang SR, Zhang XL, Zhou X. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of [ddN]-[ddN] dimers and benzimidazole nucleoside dimers. Chem Biodivers 2010; 6:2200-8. [PMID: 20020452 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to combine the HIV-inhibitory capacity of different 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside (ddN) analogs, we have designed and synthesized several dimers of [AZT]-[AZT] and [AZT]-[d4T]. In addition, we also synthesized the dimers of 1-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-1-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose. The in vitro anti-HIV activity of these compounds on a pseudotype virus, pNL4-3.Luc.R-E-, in the 293T cells has been determined. Among these compounds, 2,2'-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis[1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-benzimidazole] showed the highest anti-HIV activity with similar effect as AZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rui Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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8
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Algay V, Singh I, Heaney F. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues by catalyst free Huisgen nitrile oxide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:391-7. [PMID: 20066275 DOI: 10.1039/b917450h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, catalyst free, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition strategy to conjugate nucleosides and nucleotides with isoxazoles under atmospheric conditions and in an aqueous environment is reported. The protocol involves chloramine-T as a practical reagent to induce in situ nitrile oxide formation and the alkyne partner is attached to the sugar residue or the nucleobase. The reactions are regiospecific, fast and high yielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Algay
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
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9
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Cao J, Huang X. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Heterocyclic Nucleoside Analogues: Substituted Uracils Tethered to Isoxazoles, Isoxazolines, and Triazoles from a Selenopolystyrene Resin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:526-33. [DOI: 10.1021/cc800034v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University (Xixi Campus), Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University (Xixi Campus), Hangzhou 310028, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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10
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Essa AH, Jalbout AF. Analysis of the structural and electronic properties of 1-(5-Hydroxymethyl - 4 -[ 5 - (5-oxo-5-piperidin-1-yl-penta-1,3dienyl)-benzo[1,3]dioxol-2-yl] -tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4dione molecule. ECLÉTICA QUÍMICA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-46702008000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Essa AH. Novel application of quantum chemical investigation in terms of substituent parameters: Statistical comparison of dual and single substituent parameter treatments. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Lazrek HB, Engels JW, Pfleiderer W. Synthesis of Novel Branched Nucleoside Dimers Containing a 1,2,3-Triazolyl Linkage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan. B. Lazrek
- a Chemistry Departement, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia , Marrakech Morocco , D-60439 , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joaachim. W. Engels
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main, D-60439 , Germany
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13
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Schmid M, Neumaier B, Vogg ATJ, Wczasek K, Friesen C, Mottaghy FM, Buck AK, Reske SN. Synthesis and evaluation of a radiometal-labeled macrocyclic chelator-derivatised thymidine analog. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:359-66. [PMID: 16631084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several radiolabeled thymidine analogs as metabolic probes of cell proliferation were developed specifically addressing DNA synthesis. Thymidine analogs containing carboranylalkyl groups for neutron capture therapy at the N-3 position were found to be good substrates for cytosolic thymidine kinase 1 (TK1). According to this approach, a DO3A macrocycle in N-3 position was attached to thymidine. The 3-DO3A thymidine analog was labeled with 68Ga and 111In. Different lipophilicities of the corresponding radiometal-thymidines were detected via RP-HPLC. [111In]DO3A-thymidine ([111In]D3T) was evaluated for cellular uptake in different cell lines (HL60 and DoHH2). Cellular uptake was low in both cell lines. Phosphorylation of the radioconjugates by TK1 was negligible. Although stable complexation of radiometals to thymidine was obtained, introduction of the macrocycle DO3A reduced the affinity to cytosolic TK1 drastically. Low cellular uptake can be ascribed to missing substrate specificity of [111In]DO3A-thymidine for TK1. The absence of substrate specificity may be due to the bulky macrocyclic chelator and partial charges remaining on the coordination sphere due to a more complex solution structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Schmid
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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14
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Al-Madhoun AS, Johnsamuel J, Barth RF, Tjarks W, Eriksson S. Evaluation of Human Thymidine Kinase 1 Substrates as New Candidates for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6280-6. [PMID: 15342416 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine analogs containing o-carboranylalkyl groups at the 3-position were screened as potential substrates for human thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), an enzyme that is selectively expressed in a variety of rapidly proliferating cells, including tumor cells. On the basis of previous studies, 12 of these were identified as potential delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy, a therapeutic method used for the treatment of high-grade brain tumors. Compound 4 with a pentylene spacer between the o-carborane cage and the thymidine scaffold and compound 10, which has an additional dihydroxypropyl substituent at the o-carborane cage, were the best substrates for TK1 with kcat/Km values of 27% and 36% relative to that of thymidine, respectively. These compounds showed partial competitive inhibition for thymidine phosphorylation by TK1. Neither compound was a substrate of recombinant human thymidine phosphorylase nor were their respective 5'-monophosphates substrates of 5'-deoxynucleotidase 1, thereby indicating potential in vivo stability. The octanol/water partition coefficient for compound 10 was 2.09, suggesting that it has excellent physiochemical properties for crossing the blood brain barrier and penetrating brain tissue. The in vitro cytotoxic effect of the 12 analogs was moderate to low in mammalian cell cultures with IC50 values between 10 and 160 micromol/L. Compounds 4 and 10 were taken up selectively and retained by the murine fibroblast L929 cell line, in contrast to its TK1-deficient variant. These findings suggest that compound 10 is a promising candidate for selective delivery of boron-10 to malignant cells, and additional in vivo studies are planned to evaluate it for boron neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S Al-Madhoun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Medical Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Gavriliu D, Fossey C, Ciurea A, Delbederi Z, Sugeac E, Ladurée D, Schmidt S, Laumond G, Aubertin AM. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of [d4U]-[trovirdine analogue] and [d4T]-[trovirdine analogue] heterodimers as inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 21:505-33. [PMID: 12484448 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120015066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A series of eleven heterodimers containing both a nucleoside analogue (d4U, d4T) and a non-nucleoside type inhibitor (Trovirdine analogue) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit HIV replication. Unfortunately, the (N-3)d4U-Trovirdine conjugates (9a-e) and (N-3)d4T-Trovirdine conjugates (10a-f) were found to be inactive suggesting that the two individual inhibitor compounds do not bind simultaneously in their respective sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gavriliu
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 5 Rue Vaubénard, 14032 Caen, France
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16
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Estrada E, Vilar S, Uriarte E, Gutierrez Y. In silico studies toward the discovery of new anti-HIV nucleoside compounds with the use of TOPS-MODE and 2D/3D connectivity indices. 1. Pyrimidyl derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2002; 42:1194-203. [PMID: 12377009 DOI: 10.1021/ci0255331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational approaches are developed to design or rationally select, from structural databases, pyrimidyl nucleosides with anti-HIV activity. A data set of 141 nucleoside derivatives was selected from literature, and a discriminant function was derived with the use of TOPS-MODE descriptors. The model is able to classify correctly 83% of the compounds in a training set and 88.5% in a cross-validation set. The use of an external prediction set selected from the most recent literature proved that the model has good predictive ability, with a good classification of 85% of the compounds in this set. This model permitted the structural interpretation of the anti-HIV activity of these nucleoside analogues. This interpretation is formulated as several rules concerning the influence of several structural features on the activity/inactivity of such compounds. A QSAR model for the most active compounds was developed with the combined use of 2D and 3D connectivity indices. This model explains 88% of the variance in the activity of these compounds in MT4 assay. The combination of both models will permit the selection of pyrimidyl nucleoside leads and their optimization to improve the potency of the selected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Estrada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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17
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Pontikis R, Dollé V, Guillaumel J, Dechaux E, Note R, Nguyen CH, Legraverend M, Bisagni E, Aubertin AM, Grierson DS, Monneret C. Synthesis and evaluation of "AZT-HEPT", "AZT-pyridinone", and "ddC-HEPT" conjugates as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1927-39. [PMID: 10821705 DOI: 10.1021/jm991125l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To test the concept that HIV reverse transcriptase could be effectively inhibited by "mixed site inhibitors", a series of seven conjugates containing both a nucleoside analogue component (AZT 1, ddC 2) and a nonnucleoside type inhibitor (HEPT analogue 12, pyridinone 27) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to block HIV replication. The (N-3 and C-5)AZT-HEPT conjugates 15, 22, and 23 displayed 2-5 microM anti-HIV activity, but they had no effect on the replication of HIV-2 or the HIV-1 strain with the Y181C mutation. The (C-5)AZT-pyridinone conjugates 34-37 were found to be inactive. In marked contrast, the ddC-HEPT molecule 26 displayed the same potency (EC(50) = 0.45 microM) against HIV-1 (wild type and the Y181C nevirapine-resistant strain) and HIV-2 in cell culture. No synergistic effect was observed for these bis-substrate inhibitors, suggesting that the two individual inhibitor components in these molecules do not bind simultaneously in their respective sites. Interestingly, however, the results indicate that the AZT-HEPT conjugates and the ddC-HEPT derivative 26 inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) in an opposite manner. One explanation for this difference is that the former compounds interact preferentially with the hydrophobic pocket in RT, whereas 26 (after supposed triphosphorylation) inhibits RT through binding in the catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pontikis
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Section de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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18
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Inguaggiato G, Hughes D, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Simons C. Novel 6-azapyrimidine-2'-deoxy-4'-thionucleosides: synthesis, biological evaluation and conformational analysis. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:241-9. [PMID: 10574179 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of novel 1-(2'-deoxy-4'-thio-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-(6-azapyrimidine) nucleosides and the subsequent preparation of a series of N3-substituted analogues. All the novel compounds were evaluated against a range of viruses, however they lacked any measurable activity. The lack of anti-herpetic activity may be a result of the parent nucleoside having poor affinity for herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase. Conformational analysis of the parent nucleoside showed a twist (3T2) sugar conformation commonly displayed by 2'-deoxy-4'-thionucleosides and the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 agents zidovudine and 3'-fluoro-ddT.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Inguaggiato
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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19
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Palacios F, Ochoa de Retana AM, Oyarzabal J. A new and efficient strategy for the preparation of 1,5,2-diazaphosphorines from primary β-enaminophosphonates. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Kohda K, Noda Y, Aoyama S, Umeda M, Sumino T, Kaiya T, Maruyama W, Naoi M. Cytotoxicity of 1-amino-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 1-amino-4-phenylpyridinium ion, 1-amino analogues of MPTP and MPP+, to clonal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Chem Res Toxicol 1998; 11:1249-53. [PMID: 9815183 DOI: 10.1021/tx980032o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces parkinsonism in humans after its oxidation into 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) by type B monoamine oxidase. The 1-amino analogues of MPTP and MPP+, 1-amino-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (APTP) and 1-amino-4-phenylpyridinium ion (APP+), were synthesized, and their cytotoxicity to clonal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells was examined using a tetrazolium formazan assay. After incubation for 48 and 72 h, both APP+ and APTP were found to be cytotoxic to PC12 cells, whereas with the N-methyl analogues, only MPP+, but not MPTP, was cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of APTP increased with incubation time and equaled that of MPP+ after 72 h. It was found that APTP was oxidized to APP+ by type A monoamine oxidase in PC12 cells, suggesting that APP+ itself may damage the cells. In addition to APTP and APP+, N-amino analogues of N-methylisoquinolines and related derivatives were also synthesized and examined for their cytotoxicity to PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kohda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabedori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467, Japan.
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21
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Adams DR, Boyd AS, Ferguson R, Grierson DS, Monneret C. Heterocyclic nucleoside analogues by cycloaddition reactions of 1-vinylthymine with 1,3-dipoles. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1998; 17:1053-75. [PMID: 9708322 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of 1-vinylthymine to azides, nitrile oxides, nitrones and nitronates has been investigated as a route to heterocyclic nucleoside analogues in which the nucleoside ribose moiety has been replaced by an alternative heterocycle. Reaction of 1-vinylthymine with highly reactive nitrile oxides affords 1-(isoxazolin-5-yl)thymine products in excellent yield at room temperature. The less reactive nitrone dipoles undergo cycloaddition to 1-vinylthymine at elevated temperature to afford 1-(isoxazolidin-5-yl)thymine cycloadducts in good-to-moderate yields, but show a tendency to eliminate thymine from the cycloaddition products over long reaction times. Azide cycloadditions to 1-vinylthymine proceed only under forcing conditions to which the fragile triazoline products are unstable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Adams
- Chemistry Department, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
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