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Wang Y, Balvers MGJ, Esser D, Schutte S, Vincken JP, Afman LA, Witkamp RF, Meijerink J. Nutrient composition of different energy-restricted diets determines plasma endocannabinoid profiles and adipose tissue DAGL-α expression; a 12-week randomized controlled trial in subjects with abdominal obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 128:109605. [PMID: 38401691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is dysregulated during obesity and metabolic disorders. Weight loss favours the re-establishment of ECS homeostatic conditions, but also the fatty acid composition of the diet can modulate endocannabinoid profiles. However, the combined impact of nutrient quality and energy restriction on the ECS remains unclear. In this 12 weeks randomized controlled trial, men and women (40-70 years) with obesity (BMI: 31.3 ± 3.5 kg/ m2) followed either a low nutrient quality 25% energy-restricted (ER) diet (n=39) high in saturated fats and fructose, or a high nutrient quality ER diet (n=34) amongst others enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or kept their habitual diet (controls). Profiles of plasma- and adipose N-acylethanolamines and mono-acyl glycerol esters were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Gene expression of ECS-related enzymes and receptors was determined in adipose tissue. Measurements were performed under fasting conditions before and after 12 weeks. Our results showed that plasma level of the DHA-derived compound docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA) was decreased in the low nutrient quality ER diet (P<0.001) compared with the high nutrient quality ER diet, whereas anandamide (AEA) and arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels were unaltered. However, adipose tissue gene expression of the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL-α) was increased following the low nutrient quality ER diet (P<.009) and differed upon intervention with both other diets. Concluding, nutrient quality of the diet affects N-acylethanolamine profiles and gene expression of ECS-related enzymes and receptors even under conditions of high energy restriction in abdominally obese humans. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02194504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; The Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel G J Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik Esser
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Schutte
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- The Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia A Afman
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Shahen-Zoabi S, Smoum R, Bingor A, Grad E, Nemirovski A, Shekh-Ahmad T, Mechoulam R, Yaka R. N-oleoyl glycine and N-oleoyl alanine attenuate alcohol self-administration and preference in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:273. [PMID: 37524707 PMCID: PMC10390512 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a key modulatory role during synaptic plasticity and homeostatic processes in the brain and has an important role in the neurobiological processes underlying drug addiction. We have previously shown that an elevated ECS response to psychostimulant (cocaine) is involved in regulating the development and expression of cocaine-conditioned reward and sensitization. We therefore hypothesized that drug-induced elevation in endocannabinoids (eCBs) and/or eCB-like molecules (eCB-Ls) may represent a protective mechanism against drug insult, and boosting their levels exogenously may strengthen their neuroprotective effects. Here, we determine the involvement of ECS in alcohol addiction. We first measured the eCBs and eCB-Ls levels in different brain reward system regions following chronic alcohol self-administration using LC-MS. We have found that following chronic intermittent alcohol consumption, N-oleoyl glycine (OlGly) levels were significantly elevated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and N-oleoyl alanine (OlAla) was significantly elevated in the PFC, nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in a region-specific manner. We next tested whether exogenous administration of OlGly or OlAla would attenuate alcohol consumption and preference. We found that systemic administration of OlGly or OlAla (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) during intermittent alcohol consumption significantly reduced alcohol intake and preference without affecting the hedonic state. These findings suggest that the ECS negatively regulates alcohol consumption and boosting selective eCBs exogenously has beneficial effects against alcohol consumption and potentially in preventing relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Shahen-Zoabi
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Alexey Bingor
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Etty Grad
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Rami Yaka
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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3
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Simard M, Tremblay A, Morin S, Rioux G, Flamand N, Pouliot R. N-eicosapentaenoyl-ethanolamine decreases the proliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes in a reconstructed psoriatic skin model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12113. [PMID: 37495686 PMCID: PMC10371979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, abnormal epidermal differentiation and dysregulated lipid metabolism. Some lipid mediators of the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and monoacylglycerols (MAGs) can bind to cannabinoid (CB) receptors and are referred to as part of the endocannabinoidome. Their implication in psoriasis remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to characterize the endocannabinoid system and evaluate the effects of n-3-derived NAEs, namely N-eicosapentaenoyl-ethanolamine (EPEA), in psoriatic keratinocytes using a psoriatic skin model produced by tissue engineering, following the self-assembly method. Psoriatic skin substitutes had lower FAAH2 expression and higher MAGL, ABHD6 and ABHD12 expression compared with healthy skin substitutes. Treatments with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) increased the levels of EPEA and 1/2-docosapentaenoyl-glycerol, showing that levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate related NAE and MAG levels. Treatments of the psoriatic substitutes with 10 μM of EPEA for 7 days resulted in decreased epidermal thickness and number of Ki67 positive keratinocytes, both indicating decreased proliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes. EPEA effects on keratinocyte proliferation were inhibited by the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant. Exogenous EPEA also diminished some inflammatory features of psoriasis. In summary, n-3-derived NAEs can reduce the psoriatic phenotype of a reconstructed psoriatic skin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Andréa Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Rioux
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair On the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada.
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Afshar S, Abbasinazari M, Amin G, Farrokhian A, Sistanizad M, Afshar F, Khalili S. Endocannabinoids and related compounds as modulators of angiogenesis: Concepts and clinical significance. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:826-837. [PMID: 36317321 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vasculogenesis (the process of differentiation of angioblasts toward endothelial cells and de novo formation of crude vascular networks) and angiogenesis (the process of harmonized sprouting and dispersal of new capillaries from previously existing ones) are two fundamentally complementary processes, obligatory for maintaining physiological functioning of vascular system. In clinical practice, however, the later one is of more importance as it guarantees correct embryonic nourishment, accelerates wound healing processes, prevents uncontrolled cell growth and tumorigenesis, contributes in supplying nutritional demand following occlusion of coronary vessels and is in direct relation with development of diabetic retinopathy. Hence, discovery of novel molecules capable of modulating angiogenic events are of great clinical importance. Recent studies have demonstrated multiple angio-regulatory activities for endocannabinoid system modulators and endocannabinoid-like molecules, as well as their metabolizing enzymes. Hence, in present article, we reviewed the regulatory roles of these molecules on angiogenesis and described molecular mechanisms underlying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afshar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasinazari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Amin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Farrokhian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sistanizad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Afshar
- Department of internal medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayesteh Khalili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Xu C, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Xu C, Nath B, Mistry T, Jiang W, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Mukhopadhyay S, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Inhibitory Neurotransmission Is Sex-Dependently Affected by Tat Expression in Transgenic Mice and Suppressed by the Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Enzyme Inhibitor PF3845 via Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor Mechanisms. Cells 2022; 11:857. [PMID: 35269478 PMCID: PMC8909692 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, which regulates physiological and cognitive processes, presents a promising therapeutic target for treating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Here we examine whether upregulating eCB tone has potential protective effects against HIV-1 Tat (a key HIV transactivator of transcription) protein-induced alterations in synaptic activity. (2) Methods. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to assess inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission in prefrontal cortex slices of Tat transgenic male and female mice, in the presence and absence of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor PF3845. Western blot and mass spectrometry analyses assessed alterations of cannabinoid receptor and enzyme protein expression as well as endogenous ligands, respectively, to determine the impact of Tat exposure on the eCB system. (3) Results. GABAergic activity was significantly altered upon Tat exposure based on sex, whereas the effectiveness of PF3845 to suppress GABAergic activity in Tat transgenic mice was not altered by Tat or sex and involved CB1R-related mechanisms that depended on calcium signaling. Additionally, our data indicated sex-dependent changes for AEA and related non-eCB lipids based on Tat induction. (4) Conclusion. Results highlight sex- and/or Tat-dependent alterations of GABAergic activity and eCB signaling in the prefrontal cortex of Tat transgenic mice and further increase our understanding about the role of FAAH inhibition in neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Barkha J. Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Callie Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Bhupendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Twisha Mistry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Micah J. Niphakis
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
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Sihag J, Di Marzo V. (Wh)olistic (E)ndocannabinoidome-Microbiome-Axis Modulation through (N)utrition (WHEN) to Curb Obesity and Related Disorders. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:9. [PMID: 35027074 PMCID: PMC8759188 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) is evolving gradually with yet to be elucidated functional lipid mediators and receptors. The diet modulates these bioactive lipids and the gut microbiome, both working in an entwined alliance. Mounting evidence suggests that, in different ways and with a certain specialisation, lipid signalling mediators such as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs), and N-acyl-amino acids (NAAs), along with endocannabinoids (eCBs), can modulate physiological mechanisms underpinning appetite, food intake, macronutrient metabolism, pain sensation, blood pressure, mood, cognition, and immunity. This knowledge has been primarily utilised in pharmacology and medicine to develop many drugs targeting the fine and specific molecular pathways orchestrating eCB and eCBome activity. Conversely, the contribution of dietary NAEs, 2-MAGs and eCBs to the biological functions of these molecules has been little studied. In this review, we discuss the importance of (Wh) olistic (E)ndocannabinoidome-Microbiome-Axis Modulation through (N) utrition (WHEN), in the management of obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sihag
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- University Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology, Quebec, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- University Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology, Quebec, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of the National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Naples, Italy.
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy.
- Joint International Research Unit between the Italian National Research Council (CNR) and University of Laval, for Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and its impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Quebec, Canada.
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7
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Almeida CF, Teixeira N, Correia-da-Silva G, Amaral C. Cannabinoids in Breast Cancer: Differential Susceptibility According to Subtype. Molecules 2021; 27:156. [PMID: 35011388 PMCID: PMC8746990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cannabinoids have been used for centuries for diverse pathological conditions, recently, their clinical interest and application have emerged due to their diverse pharmacological properties. Indeed, it is well established that cannabinoids exert important actions on multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and pain relief. Regarding cancer, cannabinoids were first introduced to manage chemotherapy-related side effects, though several studies demonstrated that they could modulate the proliferation and death of different cancer cells, as well as angiogenesis, making them attractive agents for cancer treatment. In relation to breast cancer, it has been suggested that estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cells are more sensitive to cannabinoids than estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cells. In fact, most of the studies regarding their effects on breast tumors have been conducted on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Nonetheless, the number of studies on human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) and ER+ breast tumors has been rising in recent years. However, besides the optimistic results obtained thus far, there is still a long way to go to fully understand the role of these molecules. This review intends to help clarify the clinical potential of cannabinoids for each breast cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferreira Almeida
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.A.); (N.T.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia Teixeira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.A.); (N.T.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Georgina Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.A.); (N.T.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Amaral
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.A.); (N.T.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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8
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Shirazi RS, Vyssotski M, Lagutin K, Thompson D, MacDonald C, Luscombe V, Glass M, Parker K, Gowing EK, Williams DBG, Clarkson AN. Neuroprotective activity of new Δ3-N-acylethanolamines in a focal ischemia stroke model. Lipids 2021; 57:17-31. [PMID: 34751447 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAE, also called ethanolamides) are significant lipid signaling molecules with anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, cell-protective, and anticancer properties. Here, we present the use of a hitherto unreported group of Δ3-NAE and also some Δ4- and Δ5-NAE, in in vitro and in vivo assays to gain a better understanding of their structure-bioactivity relationships. We have developed an efficient synthetic method to rapidly produce novel unlabeled and 13 C-labeled Δ3-NAE (NAE-18:5n-3, NAE-18:4n-6) and Δ4-NAE (NAE-22:5n-6). The new NAE with shorter carbon backbone structures confers greater neuroprotection than their longer carbon backbone counterparts, including anandamide (Δ5-NAE-20:4n-6) in a focal ischemia mouse model of stroke. This study highlights structure-dependent protective effects of new NAE following focal ischemia, in which some of the new NAE, administered intranasally, lead to significantly reduced infarct volume and improved recovery of limb use. The relative affinity of the new NAE toward cannabinoid receptors was assessed against anandamide, NAE-22:6n-3 and NAE-20:5n-3, which are known cannabinoid receptor ligands with high-binding constants. Among the newly synthesized NAE, Δ4-NAE-22:5n-6 shows the greatest relative affinity to cannabinoid receptors hCB1 and hCB2 , and inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate activity through hCB2 compared to anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christa MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vincent Luscombe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kim Parker
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D Bradley G Williams
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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9
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Biringer RG. Endocannabinoid signaling pathways: beyond CB1R and CB2R. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:335-360. [PMID: 33978927 PMCID: PMC8222499 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for cannabinoid receptors other than CB1R and CB2R has been ongoing for over a decade. A number of orphan receptors have been proposed as potential cannabinoid receptors primarily based on phylogenic arguments and reactivity towards known endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids. Seven putative cannabinoid receptors are described and discussed, and evidence for and against their inclusion in this category are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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10
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Function and therapeutic potential of N-acyl amino acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 239:105114. [PMID: 34217720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-acyl amino acids (NAAs) are amphiphilic molecules, with different potential fatty acid and head group moieties. NAAs are the largest family of anandamide congener lipids discovered to date. In recent years, several NAAs have been identified as potential ligands, engaging novel binding sites and mechanisms for modulation of membrane proteins such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs), nuclear receptors, ion channels, and transporters. NAAs play a key role in a variety of physiological functions as lipid signaling molecules. Understanding the structure, function roles, and pharmacological potential of these NAAs is still in its infancy, and the biochemical roles are also mostly unknown. This review will provide a summary of the literature on NAAs and emphasize their therapeutic potential.
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Piscitelli F, Di Marzo V. Cannabinoids: a class of unique natural products with unique pharmacology. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-020-00966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rochefort G, Provencher V, Castonguay-Paradis S, Perron J, Lacroix S, Martin C, Flamand N, Di Marzo V, Veilleux A. Intuitive eating is associated with elevated levels of circulating omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived endocannabinoidome mediators. Appetite 2020; 156:104973. [PMID: 32971226 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of food intake and eating behaviours involves interactions between different systems. The endocannabinoidome, comprising several fatty acid-derived mediators, plays a central role in the regulation of food intake. Alterations of this system have been suggested to intervene in the aetiology of eating disorders. This study aimed to examine the associations between non-pathological eating behaviours and circulating endocannabinoidome mediators in a heterogeneous human population. Plasma 2-monoacyl-glycerol and N-acyl-ethanolamine congeners were measured by LC-MS/MS in a sample of 190 men and women. Eating behaviours were assessed using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2). Following adjustment for body mass index and age, plasma levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived 2-monoacyl-glycerols, 2-eicosapentaenoyl-glycerol (2-EPG) and 2-docosapentaenoyl-glycerol (2-DPG), were associated with higher intuitive eating scores (0.15 ≤ rho ≤ 0.20; p < 0.05). These associations were independent of the dietary intake of the fatty acid precursors of these 2-monoacyl-glycerols. However, almost no association was found between plasma levels of N-acyl-ethanolamine congeners and the TFEQ or the IES-2 scores. The results of the present study suggest the association of 2-monoacyl-glycerols, especially 2-EPG and 2-DPG, in the regulation of intuitive eating and the potential implication therein of bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Rochefort
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur La Nutrition et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L'agriculture et de L'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Mediators Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Canada
| | - Véronique Provencher
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur La Nutrition et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L'agriculture et de L'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Castonguay-Paradis
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur La Nutrition et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L'agriculture et de L'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Mediators Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Canada
| | - Julie Perron
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur La Nutrition et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Mediators Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Canada
| | - Sébastien Lacroix
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur La Nutrition et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Mediators Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1V 4G5, QC, Canada; Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Mediators Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1V 4G5, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Mediators Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur La Nutrition et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1V 4G5, QC, Canada; École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L'agriculture et de L'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Joint International Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy; Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Mediators Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Canada
| | - Alain Veilleux
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur La Nutrition et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L'agriculture et de L'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Mediators Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Canada.
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Paton KF, Shirazi R, Vyssotski M, Kivell BM. N-docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine (synaptamide) has antinociceptive effects in male mice. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1990-1998. [PMID: 32852071 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine (DHEA; also known as synaptamide) binds to both the cannabinoid-1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) cannabinoid receptors and has anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. However, the in vivo effects of DHEA remain unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to understand the effects of DHEA in models of pain and inflammation in mice. METHODS The intraplantar formaldehyde assay, hot water tail withdrawal assay and hotplate model were used to assess the antinociceptive properties of DHEA in mice. The mechanism of action was studied by antagonising the cannabinoid receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and G-protein receptor 55 (GPR55). RESULTS N-docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine (2-10 mg/kg) reduced the levels of nociceptive and inflammatory pain-related behaviour over 60 min in the intraplantar formaldehyde assay via both intraperitoneal and local intraplantar administration. The area under the curve analysis showed the overall antinociceptive effects of DHEA (10 mg/kg) were not modulated by pre-treatment with antagonists for the cannabinoid receptors, TRPV1ion channel, PPARα, PPARγ or GPR55. However, the time-course analysis showed that within the early inflammatory phase, antagonism of the CB2 receptor, PPARα and PPARγ led to a partial reversal of the antinociceptive effects of DHEA. In the hot water tail withdrawal and hotplate models of thermal nociception, DHEA (2-10 mg/kg) did not have any antinociceptive effects. CONCLUSIONS N-docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine reduced the level of formaldehyde-induced nociceptive and inflammatory pain-related behaviour; however, was not active in thermal nociceptive models. This study highlights the potential of DHEA for the treatment of acute inflammatory pain. SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that both intraperitoneal and intraplantar administration of DHEA reduces the level of formaldehyde-induced nociceptive and inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Paton
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Asaro A, Carlo-Spiewok AS, Malik AR, Rothe M, Schipke CG, Peters O, Heeren J, Willnow TE. Apolipoprotein E4 disrupts the neuroprotective action of sortilin in neuronal lipid metabolism and endocannabinoid signaling. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1248-1258. [PMID: 32588544 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a carrier for brain lipids and the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE binds the receptor sortilin, which mediates uptake of apoE-bound cargo into neurons. The significance of this uptake route for brain lipid homeostasis and AD risk seen with apoE4, but not apoE3, remains unresolved. METHODS Combining neurolipidomics in patient specimens with functional studies in mouse models, we interrogated apoE isoform-specific functions for sortilin in brain lipid metabolism and AD. RESULTS Sortilin directs the uptake and conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids into endocannabinoids, lipid-based neurotransmitters that act through nuclear receptors to sustain neuroprotective gene expression in the brain. This sortilin function requires apoE3, but is disrupted by binding of apoE4, compromising neuronal endocannabinoid metabolism and action. DISCUSSION We uncovered the significance of neuronal apoE receptor sortilin in facilitating neuroprotective actions of brain lipids, and its relevance for AD risk seen with apoE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Asaro
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anna R Malik
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carola G Schipke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Ye L, Cao Z, Wang W, Zhou N. New Insights in Cannabinoid Receptor Structure and Signaling. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 12:239-248. [PMID: 30767756 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666190215112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid has long been used for medicinal purposes. Cannabinoid signaling has been considered the therapeutic target for treating pain, addiction, obesity, inflammation, and other diseases. Recent studies have suggested that in addition to CB1 and CB2, there are non-CB1 and non-CB2 cannabinoid-related orphan GPCRs including GPR18, GPR55, and GPR119. In addition, CB1 and CB2 display allosteric binding and biased signaling, revealing correlations between biased signaling and functional outcomes. Interestingly, new investigations have indicated that CB1 is functionally present within the mitochondria of striated and heart muscles directly regulating intramitochondrial signaling and respiration. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize the recent progress in cannabinoid-related orphan GPCRs, CB1/CB2 structure, Gi/Gs coupling, allosteric ligands and biased signaling, and mitochondria-localized CB1, and discuss the future promise of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Ye
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Naiming Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Inhibition of store-operated calcium channels by N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly): no evidence for the involvement of lipid-sensing G protein coupled receptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2649. [PMID: 32060392 PMCID: PMC7021695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) is an endogenous lipid deriving from the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA). Identified as a ligand of several G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), it can however exert biological responses independently of GPCRs. NAGly was recently shown to depress store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) but its mechanism of action remains elusive. The major aim of this study was to gain a better knowledge on the NAGly-dependent impairment of SOCE in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) from mice. First, we examined the expression of genes encoding for putative lipid sensing GPCRs using transcriptomic data publicly available. This analysis showed that the most abundant GPCRs transcripts present in the cerebral cortices of embryonic brains were coding for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) receptors. Next, the presence of functional receptors was assessed with live-cell calcium imaging experiments. In primary cortical cells S1P and LPA mobilize Ca2+ from internal stores via a mechanism sensitive to the S1P and LPA receptor antagonists Ex26, H2L5186303, or Ki16425. However, none of these compounds prevented or attenuated the NAGly-dependent impairment of SOCE. We found no evidence for the requirement of lipid sensing GPCRs in this inhibitory process, indicating that NAGly is an endogenous modulator interfering with the core machinery of SOCE. Moreover, these data also raise the intriguing possibility that the depression of SOCE could play a role in the central effects of NAGly.
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Comparative Evaluation of Combinatory Interaction between Endocannabinoid System Compounds and Poly-L-lysine against Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7258380. [PMID: 32076613 PMCID: PMC7013284 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7258380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid/endocannabinoid-like (EC/EC-like) are natural endogenous compounds which have been found to affect MRSA pathogenicity. Our previous studies showed that EC/EC-like was able to impair staphylococcal biofilm formation and maintenance as well as to alter biofilm-associated virulence factors. In the present study, we investigated the combinatory effect of the selected EC/EC-like with a natural antimicrobial agent, poly-L-lysine, on cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans growth and biofilm formation. Among four tested EC/EC-like, only two, anandamide (AEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), exhibited synergistic combinatory effect with poly-L-lysine against S. mutans. We attribute this distinct effect to differences in the fatty acid chain structure of the selected EC/EC-like compounds. Moreover, AEA exerted a specific antibiofilm mode of action against S. mutans by effecting total inhibition of biofilm formation while still allowing bacteria viability. Finally, we postulate that the presence of EC/EC-like and poly-L-lysine could enhance the permeability and efficacy of each other via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with the S. mutans membrane. In conclusion, we assume that a combination of endogenous natural compounds such as EC/EC-like and poly-L-lysine may benefit oral hygiene by preventing dental plaque.
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Battista N, Bari M, Bisogno T. N-Acyl Amino Acids: Metabolism, Molecular Targets, and Role in Biological Processes. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120822. [PMID: 31817019 PMCID: PMC6995544 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid signal is becoming increasingly crowded as increasingly fatty acid amide derivatives are being identified and considered relevant therapeutic targets. The identification of N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine as endogenous ligand of cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors as well as the development of different–omics technologies have the merit to have led to the discovery of a huge number of naturally occurring N-acyl-amines. Among those mediators, N-acyl amino acids, chemically related to the endocannabinoids and belonging to the complex lipid signaling system now known as endocannabinoidome, have been rapidly growing for their therapeutic potential. Here, we review the current knowledge of the mechanisms for the biosynthesis and inactivation of the N-acyl amino acids, as well as the various molecular targets for some of the N-acyl amino acids described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Monica Bari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.B.)
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Foster JR, Ueno S, Chen MX, Harvey J, Dowell SJ, Irving AJ, Brown AJ. N-Palmitoylglycine and other N-acylamides activate the lipid receptor G2A/GPR132. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00542. [PMID: 31768260 PMCID: PMC6868653 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR132, also known as G2A, is activated by 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) and other oxidized fatty acids. Other suggested GPR132 agonists including lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) have not been readily reproduced. Here, we identify N-acylamides in particular N-acylglycines, as lipid activators of GPR132 with comparable activity to 9-HODE. The order-of-potency is N-palmitoylglycine > 9-HODE ≈ N-linoleoylglycine > linoleamide > N-oleoylglycine ≈ N-stereoylglycine > N-arachidonoylglycine > N-docosehexanoylglycine. Physiological concentrations of N-acylglycines in tissue are sufficient to activate GPR132. N-linoleoylglycine and 9-HODE also activate rat and mouse GPR132, despite limited sequence conservation to human. We describe pharmacological tools for GPR132, identified through drug screening. SKF-95667 is a novel GPR132 agonist. SB-583831 and SB-583355 are peptidomimetic molecules containing core amino acids (glycine and phenylalanine, respectively), and structurally related to previously described ligands. A telmisartan analog, GSK1820795A, antagonizes the actions of N-acylamides at GPR132. The synthetic cannabinoid CP-55 940 also activates GPR132. Molecular docking to a homology model suggested a site for lipid binding, predicting the acyl side-chain to extend into the membrane bilayer between TM4 and TM5 of GPR132. Small-molecule ligands are envisaged to occupy a "classical" site encapsulated in the 7TM bundle. Structure-directed mutagenesis indicates a critical role for arginine at position 203 in transmembrane domain 5 to mediate GPR132 activation by N-acylamides. Our data suggest distinct modes of binding for small-molecule and lipid agonists to the GPR132 receptor. Antagonists, such as those described here, will be vital to understand the physiological role of this long-studied target.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Foster
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
- School of MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical SchoolDundee UniversityDundeeUK
| | - Shohta Ueno
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
- Present address:
RegeneronUxbridgeUK
| | - Mao Xiang Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
| | - Jenni Harvey
- School of MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical SchoolDundee UniversityDundeeUK
| | - Simon J. Dowell
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
| | - Andrew J. Irving
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceThe Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Andrew J. Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
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Friedman L, Smoum R, Feldman M, Mechoulam R, Steinberg D. Does the Endocannabinoid Anandamide Affect Bacterial Quorum Sensing, Vitality, and Motility? Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liat Friedman
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Bio-medicine Graduate Program, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reem Smoum
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark Feldman
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Bio-medicine Graduate Program, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Bio-medicine Graduate Program, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Watson JE, Kim JS, Das A. Emerging class of omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids & their derivatives. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 143:106337. [PMID: 31085370 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor activation is involved in homeostatic regulation of the body. These receptors are activated by cannabinoids, that include the active constituents of Cannabis sativa, as well as endocannabinoids (eCBs). The eCBs are endogenously synthesized from the omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The consumption of omega-3 fatty acids shifts the balance towards a higher proportion of omega-3 eCBs, whose physiological functions warrants further investigation. Herein, we review the discovery of omega-3 fatty acid derived eCBs that are generated from long chain omega-3 PUFAs - docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHA-EA or synaptamide), docosahexanoyl-glycerol (DHG), eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPA-EA) and eicosapentanoylglycerol (EPG). Furthermore, we outline the lesser known omega-3 eCB-like molecules that arise from the conjugation of omega-3 fatty acids with neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine - DHA-serotonin (DHA-5HT), DHA-dopamine (DHA-DA), EPA-serotonin (EPA-5HT) and EPA-dopamine (EPA-DA). Additionally, we describe the role of omega-3 eCBs and their derivatives in different disease states, such as pain, inflammation and cancer. Moreover, we detail the formation and potential physiological roles of the oxidative metabolites that arise from the metabolism of omega-3 eCBs by eicosanoid synthesizing enzymes - cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP450). In summary, we outline the novel findings regarding a growing class of signaling molecules that can control the physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin S Kim
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science, Neuroscience Program, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Grabiec U, Hohmann T, Ghadban C, Rothgänger C, Wong D, Antonietti A, Groth T, Mackie K, Dehghani F. Protective Effect of N-Arachidonoyl Glycine-GPR18 Signaling after Excitotoxical Lesion in Murine Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061266. [PMID: 30871175 PMCID: PMC6470786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) is an endocannabinoid involved in the regulation of different immune cells. It was shown to activate the GPR18 receptor, which was postulated to switch macrophages from cytotoxic to reparative. To study GPR18 expression and neuroprotection after NAGly treatment we used excitotoxically lesioned organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC). The effect of NAGly was also tested in isolated microglia and astrocytes as these cells play a crucial role during neuronal injury. In the present study, the GPR18 receptor was found in OHSC at mRNA level and was downregulated after N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) treatment at a single time point. Furthermore, treatment with NAGly reduced neuronal damage and this effect was abolished by GPR18 and cannabinoid receptor (CB)2 receptor antagonists. The activation but not motility of primary microglia and astrocytes was influenced when incubated with NAGly. However, NAGly alone reduced the phosphorylation of Akt but no changes in activation of the p44/42 and p38 MAPK and CREB pathways in BV2 cells could be observed. Given NAGly mediated actions we speculate that GPR18 and its ligand NAGly are modulators of glial and neuronal cells during neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Grabiec
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Candy Rothgänger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Daniel Wong
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Alexandra Antonietti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Thomas Groth
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Materials Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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23
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Eldeeb K, Ganjiwale AD, Chandrashekaran IR, Padgett LW, Burgess J, Howlett AC, Cowsik SM. CB1 cannabinoid receptor-phosphorylated fourth intracellular loop structure-function relationships. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018; 111. [PMID: 32411924 DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A peptide comprising the juxtamembrane C-terminal intracellular loop 4 (IL4) of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor possesses three Serine residues (Ser402, Ser411 and Ser415). Here we report the effect of Ser phosphorylation on the CB1 IL4 peptide conformation and cellular signaling functions using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, circular dichroism, G protein activation and cAMP production. Circular dichroism studies indicated that phosphorylation at various Ser residues induced helical structure in different environments. NMR data indicates that helical content varies in the order of IL4pSer411 > IL4pSer415 > IL4 > IL4pSer402. The efficacy of phosphorylated IL4 peptides in activating Go and Gi3 ([35S]GTPγS binding) and inhibiting cAMP accumulation in N18TG2 cells were correlated with helicity changes. Treatment of cells with bradykinin, which activates PKC, augmented CB1-mediated inhibition of cAMP accumulation, and this was reversed by a PKC inhibitor, suggesting that phosphorylation of serine might be a physiologically relevant modification in vivo. We conclude that phosphorylation-dependent alterations of helicity of CB1 IL4 peptides can increase efficacy of G protein signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Eldeeb
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Al Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Anjali D Ganjiwale
- Department of Life Sciences, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Lea W Padgett
- J.L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Allyn C Howlett
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,J.L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
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24
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Alharthi N, Christensen P, Hourani W, Ortori C, Barrett DA, Bennett AJ, Chapman V, Alexander SPH. n-3 polyunsaturated N-acylethanolamines are CB 2 cannabinoid receptor-preferring endocannabinoids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1433-1440. [PMID: 30591150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anandamide, the first identified endogenous cannabinoid and TRPV1 agonist, is one of a series of endogenous N-acylethanolamines, NAEs. We have generated novel assays to quantify the levels of multiple NAEs in biological tissues and their rates of hydrolysis through fatty acid amide hydrolase. This range of NAEs was also tested in rapid response assays of CB1, CB2 cannabinoid and TRPV1 receptors. The data indicate that PEA, SEA and OEA are not endocannabinoids or endovanilloids, and that the higher endogenous levels of these metabolites compared to polyunsaturated analogues are a correlate of their slow rates of hydrolysis. The n-6 NAEs (AEA, docosatetraenoyl and docosapentaenoyl derivatives) activated both CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as TRPV1 channels, suggesting them to be 'genuine' endocannabinoids and 'endovanilloids'. The n-3 NAEs (eicosapentaenoyl, docosapentaenoyl and docosahexaenoyl derivatives) activated CB2 receptors and some n-3 NAEs (docosapentaenoyl and docosahexaenoyl derivatives) also activated TRPV1 channels, but failed to activate the CB1 receptor. We hypothesise that the preferential activation of CB2 receptors by n-3 PUFA NAEs contributes, at least in some part, to their broad anti-inflammatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Alharthi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Peter Christensen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Wafa Hourani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Catherine Ortori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David A Barrett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew J Bennett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria Chapman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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25
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Abstract
Bioactive lipids control a wide variety of physiologic processes. We have recently identified a branch of bioactive lipid signaling mediated by N-acyl amino acids (NAAs) and the circulating enzyme peptidase M20 domain-containing 1 (PM20D1). Here we generate and characterize mice globally deficient in PM20D1. These PM20D1-KO mice have bidirectional changes in NAA levels in blood and tissues and exhibit a variety of metabolic and nociceptive phenotypes. Our findings elucidate the endogenous physiologic functions for NAA signaling in vivo and suggest PM20D1 inhibitors might be useful for the treatment of pain. N-acyl amino acids (NAAs) are a structurally diverse class of bioactive signaling lipids whose endogenous functions have largely remained uncharacterized. To clarify the physiologic roles of NAAs, we generated mice deficient in the circulating enzyme peptidase M20 domain-containing 1 (PM20D1). Global PM20D1-KO mice have dramatically reduced NAA hydrolase/synthase activities in tissues and blood with concomitant bidirectional dysregulation of endogenous NAAs. Compared with control animals, PM20D1-KO mice exhibit a variety of metabolic and pain phenotypes, including insulin resistance, altered body temperature in cold, and antinociceptive behaviors. Guided by these phenotypes, we identify N-oleoyl-glutamine (C18:1-Gln) as a key PM20D1-regulated NAA. In addition to its mitochondrial uncoupling bioactivity, C18:1-Gln also antagonizes certain members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) calcium channels including TRPV1. Direct administration of C18:1-Gln to mice is sufficient to recapitulate a subset of phenotypes observed in PM20D1-KO animals. These data demonstrate that PM20D1 is a dominant enzymatic regulator of NAA levels in vivo and elucidate physiologic functions for NAA signaling in metabolism and nociception.
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26
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Roy J, Watson JE, Hong IS, Fan TM, Das A. Antitumorigenic Properties of Omega-3 Endocannabinoid Epoxides. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5569-5579. [PMID: 29856219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating studies have linked inflammation to tumor progression. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to suppress tumor growth through their conversion to epoxide metabolites. Alternatively, DHA is converted enzymatically into docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA), an endocannabinoid with antiproliferative activity. Recently, we reported a novel class of anti-inflammatory DHEA-epoxide derivative called epoxydocospentaenoic-ethanolamide (EDP-EA) that contain both ethanolamide and epoxide moieties. Herein, we study the antitumorigenic properties of EDP-EAs in an osteosarcoma (OS) model. First, we show ∼80% increase in EDP-EAs in metastatic versus normal lungs of mice. We found significant differences in the apoptotic and antimigratory potencies of the different EDP-EA regioisomers, which were partially mediated through cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). Next, we synthesized derivatives of the most pro-apoptotic regioisomer. These derivatives had reduced hydrolytic susceptibility to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and increased CB1-selective binding. Collectively, we report a novel class of EDP-EAs that exhibit antiangiogenic, antitumorigenic, and antimigratory properties in OS.
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27
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Chiurchiù V, Leuti A, Smoum R, Mechoulam R, Maccarrone M. Bioactive lipids ALIAmides differentially modulate inflammatory responses of distinct subsets of primary human T lymphocytes. FASEB J 2018; 32:5716-5723. [PMID: 29879374 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800107r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autacoid local injury antagonist amides (ALIAmides) are a family of endogenous bioactive acyl ethanolamides that include the renowned palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA), and stearoyl ethanolamide (SEA), and that are involved in several biologic processes such as nociception, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. The role of ALIAmides in the control of inflammatory processes has recently gained much attention and prompted the use of these molecules or their analogs, and the pharmacologic manipulation of their endogenous levels, as plausible therapeutic strategies in the treatment of several chronic inflammatory conditions. Since chronic inflammation is mainly driven by cells of adaptive immunity, particularly T lymphocytes, we aimed at investigating whether such bioactive lipids could directly modulate T-cell responses. We found that OEA, PEA, and eicosatrienoyl ethanolamide (ETEA) could directly inhibit both T-cell responses by reducing their production of TNF-α and IFN-γ from CD8 T cells and TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 from CD4 T cells. Furthermore, neither SEA nor docosatrienoyl ethanolamide (DTEA) could affect cytokine production from both T cell subsets. Interestingly, unlike OEA and ETEA, PEA was also able to enhance de novo generation of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)-expressing regulatory T cells from CD4-naive T cells. Our findings show for the first time that specific ALIAmides can directly affect different T-cell subsets, and provide proof of their anti-inflammatory role in chronic inflammation, ultimately suggesting that these bioactive lipids could offer novel tools for the management of T-cell dependent chronic inflammatory diseases.-Chiurchiù, V., Leuti, A., Smoum, R., Mechoulam, R., Maccarrone, M. Bioactive lipids ALIAmides differentially modulate inflammatory responses of distinct subsets of primary human T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Chiurchiù
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Neurochemistry of Lipids, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; and
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Neurochemistry of Lipids, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; and
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Cannabinoid Research, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Cannabinoid Research, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Neurochemistry of Lipids, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; and
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28
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Bouron A. Phyto and endocannabinoids exert complex actions on calcium and zinc signaling in mouse cortical neurons. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 152:244-251. [PMID: 29630867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging experiments were performed with the fluorescent Ca2+ and Zn2+ probes Fluo-4 and FluoZin-3 on cultured cortical neurons dissociated from embryonic mice to investigate the effects of the cannabinoids anandamide (AEA), cannabidiol (CBD), and N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) on neuronal store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). When tested individually AEA, CBD or NAGly inhibited SOCE. CBD and NAGly also released Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, NAGly mobilized Zn2+ from a store distinct from the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and up-regulated the thapsigargin-evoked Ca2+ release. All these effects developed in a cannabinoid receptor CB1/2 independent manner via an intracellular pathway sensitive to the GPR55 antagonist ML193. Evidence is presented that cannabinoids influence Ca2+ and Zn2+ signaling in central nervous system neurons. The lipid sensing receptor GPR55 seems to be a central actor governing these responses. In addition, the alteration of the cytosolic Zn2+ levels produced by NAGly provides support for the existence of a connection between endocannabinoids and Zn2+ signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bouron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, BIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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29
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Kim HY, Spector AA. N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine: A neurotrophic and neuroprotective metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:34-44. [PMID: 29572109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide) is an endocannabinoid-like metabolite endogenously synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), the major omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the brain. Although its biosynthetic mechanism has yet to be established, there is a closely linked relationship between the levels of synaptamide and its precursor DHA in the brain. Synaptamide at nanomolar concentrations promotes neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in developing neurons. Synaptamide also attenuates the lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory response and reduces the deleterious effects of ethanol on neurogenic differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). These actions are mediated by a specific target receptor of synaptamide GPR110 (ADGRF1), a G-protein coupled receptor that is highly expressed in NSCs and the brain during development. Synaptamide binding to GPR110 induces cAMP production and phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). This signaling pathway leads to the expression of neurogenic and synaptogenic genes and suppresses the expression of proinflammatory genes. The GPR110-dependent cellular effects of synaptamide are recapitulated in animal models, suggesting that synaptamide-derived mechanisms may have translational implications. The synaptamide bioactivity transmitted by newly deorphanized GPR110 provides a novel target for neurodevelopmental and neuroprotective control as well as new insight into mechanisms for DHA's beneficial effects on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States.
| | - Arthur A Spector
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States
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30
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Schwarz R, Ramer R, Hinz B. Targeting the endocannabinoid system as a potential anticancer approach. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:26-53. [PMID: 29390896 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1428344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is currently under intense investigation due to the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid-based drugs as treatment options for a broad variety of diseases including cancer. Besides the canonical endocannabinoid system that includes the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and the endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, recent investigations suggest that other fatty acid derivatives, receptors, enzymes, and lipid transporters likewise orchestrate this system as components of the endocannabinoid system when defined as an extended signaling network. As such, fatty acids acting at cannabinoid receptors (e.g. 2-arachidonoyl glyceryl ether [noladin ether], N-arachidonoyldopamine) as well as endocannabinoid-like substances that do not elicit cannabinoid receptor activation (e.g. N-palmitoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine) have raised interest as anticancerogenic substances. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase, lipid transport proteins of the fatty acid binding protein family, additional cannabinoid-activated G protein-coupled receptors, members of the transient receptor potential family as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors have been considered as targets of antitumoral cannabinoid activity. Therefore, this review focused on the antitumorigenic effects induced upon modulation of this extended endocannabinoid network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Schwarz
- a Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
| | - Robert Ramer
- a Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
| | - Burkhard Hinz
- a Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
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31
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Burstein SH. N-Acyl Amino Acids (Elmiric Acids): Endogenous Signaling Molecules with Therapeutic Potential. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 93:228-238. [PMID: 29138268 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The subject of N-acyl amino acid conjugates has been rapidly growing in recent years, especially with regard to their analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions. The field comprises a large family of lipid signaling molecules whose importance is only now being fully realized. The most widely studied member is N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly), which differs structurally from the endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide) by a single oxygen atom even as the two are metabolically related. Topics that are covered in this minireview are: biosynthetic pathways for N-acyl amino acids, receptors for N-acyl amino acids, physiologic actions of N-acyl amino acids, pharmacological effects of N-acyl amino acids, and molecular mechanisms believed to be responsible for their effects. On the subject of mechanisms, we propose several possibilities whose basis is the currently available information. Four putative pathways can be suggested: 1) inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase-induced increases in anandamide or 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) levels, resulting in analgesic activity; 2) binding to GPR18, initiating the production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (specifically, the data suggest roles for 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin-J2 and lipoxin A4, both of which are potent inflammation-resolving molecules); 3) inactivation of T-type Cav3 channels; and 4) inhibition of the GLYT2 glycine transporter. Each pathway would produce analgesic effects. Also, the N-acyl amino acids do not bind to either cannabinoid or opioid receptors, thus reducing adverse actions and making them good templates for novel drug candidate molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumner H Burstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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32
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Sonti S, Duclos RI, Tolia M, Gatley SJ. N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide): Carbon-14 radiolabeling and metabolic studies. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 210:90-97. [PMID: 29126855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide) is structurally similar to the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), but incorporates the omega-3 22:6 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in place of the omega-6 20:4 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA). Some brain membrane lipid effects may be mediated via synaptamide. In competition experiments with mouse brain homogenate in vitro, we found that synaptamide was an order-of-magnitude poorer inhibitor of radioactive anandamide hydrolysis than was anandamide itself. Also, enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of synaptamide was observed to occur at a slower rate than for anandamide. We have synthesized synaptamide radiolabeled with carbon-14 in both the ethanolamine ([α,β-14C2]synaptamide) and in the DHA ([1-14C]synaptamide) moieties. The brain penetration, distribution, and metabolism of radiolabeled synaptamide were studied in mice in vivo relative to anandamide, DHA, and AA. Brain uptake of labeled synaptamide was greater than for labeled DHA, consistent with previous studies of labeled anandamide and AA in our laboratory. After administering either isotopomer of radiolabeled synaptamide, radiolabeled phospholipids were found in mouse brain. Pretreatment of mice with PF3845, a potent, specific inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), eliminated formation of labeled phospholipids measured after 15min, suggesting that synaptamide is hydrolyzed nearly exclusively by FAAH, though it is a poorer substrate for FAAH than anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Richard I Duclos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mansi Tolia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Samuel J Gatley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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33
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Pesce M, D'Alessandro A, Borrelli O, Gigli S, Seguella L, Cuomo R, Esposito G, Sarnelli G. Endocannabinoid-related compounds in gastrointestinal diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:706-715. [PMID: 28990365 PMCID: PMC5783846 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signalling pathway involved in the control of several gastrointestinal (GI) functions at both peripheral and central levels. In recent years, it has become apparent that the ECS is pivotal in the regulation of GI motility, secretion and sensitivity, but endocannabinoids (ECs) are also involved in the regulation of intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier permeability, suggesting their role in the pathophysiology of both functional and organic GI disorders. Genetic studies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease have indeed shown significant associations with polymorphisms or mutation in genes encoding for cannabinoid receptor or enzyme responsible for their catabolism, respectively. Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials are testing EC agonists/antagonists in the achievement of symptomatic relief from a number of GI symptoms. Despite this evidence, there is a lack of supportive RCTs and relevant data in human beings, and hence, the possible therapeutic application of these compounds is raising ethical, political and economic concerns. More recently, the identification of several EC-like compounds able to modulate ECS function without the typical central side effects of cannabino-mimetics has paved the way for emerging peripherally acting drugs. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms linking the ECS to GI disorders and describes the most recent advances in the manipulation of the ECS in the treatment of GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Division of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital and University of College (UCL), London, UK
| | - Alessandra D'Alessandro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Division of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital and University of College (UCL), London, UK
| | - Stefano Gigli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Cuomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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34
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Mostyn SN, Carland JE, Shimmon S, Ryan RM, Rawling T, Vandenberg RJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Acyl-Glycine Inhibitors of GlyT2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1949-1959. [PMID: 28574249 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated previously that the endogenous compound N-arachidonyl-glycine inhibits the glycine transporter GlyT2, stimulates glycinergic neurotransmission, and provides analgesia in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, it is a relatively weak inhibitor with an IC50 of 9 μM and is subject to oxidation via cyclooxygenase, limiting its therapeutic value. In this paper we describe the synthesis and testing of a novel series of monounsaturated C18 and C16 acyl-glycine molecules as inhibitors of the glycine transporter GlyT2. We demonstrate that they are up to 28 fold more potent that N-arachidonyl-glycine with no activity at the closely related GlyT1 transporter at concentrations up to 30 μM. This novel class of compounds show considerable promise as a first generation of GlyT2 transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N. Mostyn
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jane E. Carland
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Susan Shimmon
- School
of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Renae M. Ryan
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School
of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Robert J. Vandenberg
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abstract
Classifications and characterizations of specific proteins, such as enzymes, not only allow us to understand biosynthetic and metabolic pathways but they also help to drive our understanding of protein structure and function. How those characterizations are evaluated, however, may change our interpretations and lead us into broader and novel directions in research. Here, we will make the argument that using lipidomics as a tool for characterizing enzymatic function over more traditional toolkit options allows for these types of revelations. Using lipidomics techniques on specific brain regions with a series of enzyme knockout and disease models, we have generated a novel set of analyses from which to view protein function. Through these data, we have demonstrated that NAPE-PLD, MAG lipase, and FAAH all have broader roles throughout the brain than previously thought. Much like the data on how the extinction of specific species within an ecosystem has unpredicted outcomes, so too does the elimination of these enzymes affect the brain lipidome. From a purely biochemical standpoint, it is a fascinating story of how one change in a system can have exponential effects; however, from a drug-target standpoint, it may prove to be a cautionary tale.
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Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that diets rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) provide beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, in part through their conversion to bioactive metabolites. Here we report on the endogenous production of a previously unknown class of ω-3 PUFA-derived lipid metabolites that originate from the crosstalk between endocannabinoid and cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase metabolic pathways. The ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides are derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to form epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid-ethanolamide (EEQ-EA) and epoxydocosapentaenoic acid-ethanolamide (EDP-EA), respectively. Both EEQ-EAs and EDP-EAs are endogenously present in rat brain and peripheral organs as determined via targeted lipidomics methods. These metabolites were directly produced by direct epoxygenation of the ω-3 endocannabinoids, docosahexanoyl ethanolamide (DHEA) and eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) by activated BV-2 microglial cells, and by human CYP2J2. Neuroinflammation studies revealed that the terminal epoxides 17,18-EEQ-EA and 19,20-EDP-EA dose-dependently abated proinflammatory IL-6 cytokines while increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines, in part through cannabinoid receptor-2 activation. Furthermore the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides 17,18-EEQ-EA and 19,20-EDP-EA exerted antiangiogenic effects in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) and vasodilatory actions on bovine coronary arteries and reciprocally regulated platelet aggregation in washed human platelets. Taken together, the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides' physiological effects are mediated through both endocannabinoid and epoxyeicosanoid signaling pathways. In summary, the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides are found at concentrations comparable to those of other endocannabinoids and are expected to play critical roles during inflammation in vivo; thus their identification may aid in the development of therapeutics for neuroinflammatory and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Irving A, Abdulrazzaq G, Chan SLF, Penman J, Harvey J, Alexander SPH. Cannabinoid Receptor-Related Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:223-247. [PMID: 28826536 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Of the druggable group of G protein-coupled receptors in the human genome, a number remain which have yet to be paired with an endogenous ligand-orphan GPCRs. Among these 100 or so entities, 3 have been linked to the cannabinoid system. GPR18, GPR55, and GPR119 exhibit limited sequence homology with the established CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. However, the pharmacology of these orphan receptors displays overlap with CB1 and CB2 receptors, particularly for GPR18 and GPR55. The linking of GPR119 to the cannabinoid receptors is less convincing and emanates from structural similarities of endogenous ligands active at these GPCRs, but which do not cross-react. This review describes the evidence for describing these orphan GPCRs as cannabinoid receptor-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Irving
- The Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ghayth Abdulrazzaq
- Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sue L F Chan
- Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - June Penman
- Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jenni Harvey
- Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Poland M, Ten Klooster JP, Wang Z, Pieters R, Boekschoten M, Witkamp R, Meijerink J. Docosahexaenoyl serotonin, an endogenously formed n-3 fatty acid-serotonin conjugate has anti-inflammatory properties by attenuating IL-23-IL-17 signaling in macrophages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1861:2020-2028. [PMID: 27663185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates of fatty acids and amines, including endocannabinoids, are known to play important roles as endogenous signaling molecules. Among these, the ethanolamine conjugate of the n-3 poly unsaturated long chain fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (DHA) was shown to possess strong anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, we identified the serotonin conjugate of DHA, docosahexaenoyl serotonin (DHA-5-HT), in intestinal tissues and showed that its levels are markedly influenced by intake of n-3 PUFAs. However, its biological roles remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that DHA-5-HT possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties by attenuating the IL-23-IL-17 signaling cascade in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Transcriptome analysis revealed that DHA-5-HT down-regulates LPS-induced genes, particularly those involved in generating a CD4+ Th17 response. Hence, levels of PGE2, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23, all pivotal macrophage-produced mediators driving the activation of pathogenic Th17 cells in a concerted way, were found to be significantly suppressed by concentrations as low as 100-500nM DHA-5-HT. Furthermore, DHA-5-HT inhibited the ability of RAW264.7 cells to migrate and downregulated chemokines like MCP-1, CCL-20, and gene-expression of CCL-22 and of several metalloproteinases. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) suggested negative overlap with gene sets linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and positive overlap with gene sets related to the Nrf2 pathway. The specific formation of DHA-5-HT in the gut, combined with increasing data underlining the importance of the IL-23-IL-17 signaling pathway in the etiology of many chronic inflammatory diseases merits further investigation into its potential as therapeutic compound in e.g. IBD or intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Poland
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jean Paul Ten Klooster
- Institute for Life Sciences & Chemistry, Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Institute for Life Sciences & Chemistry, Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark Boekschoten
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Characterization of non-olfactory GPCRs in human sperm with a focus on GPR18. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32255. [PMID: 27572937 PMCID: PMC5004183 DOI: 10.1038/srep32255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce external chemical cues into intracellular signals and are involved in a plethora of physiological processes, but knowledge regarding the function of these receptors in spermatozoa is limited. In the present study, we performed RNA-Seq and analyzed the expression of the all GPCRs except olfactory receptors in human spermatozoa. We revealed the expression of up to 223 different GPCR transcripts in human spermatozoa (FPKM > 0.1) and identified GPR18, a newly described cannabinoid receptor, together with GPR137 and GPR135, as one of the three most highly expressed GPCRs. To date, the expression of GPR18 was completely unknown in human spermatozoa. We confirmed GPR18 expression using RT-PCR and immuncytochemistry experiments and localized the GPR18 protein in the midpiece of human spermatozoa. Stimulation of human spermatozoa with the GPR18 ligand N-arachidonoylglycine induced the phosphorylation of 12 protein kinases, some of them are for example known to be involved in the acrosome reaction. In line with this, N-arachidonoylglycine affected the cytoskeleton by changing levels of F-actin and inducing the acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results indicate that GPR18 might be involved in physiological processes of human spermatozoa, suggesting GPR18 to be a potential player in sperm physiology.
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Finlay DB, Joseph WR, Grimsey NL, Glass M. GPR18 undergoes a high degree of constitutive trafficking but is unresponsive to N-Arachidonoyl Glycine. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1835. [PMID: 27018161 PMCID: PMC4806671 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan receptor GPR18 has become a research target following the discovery of a putative endogenous agonist, N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly). Chemical similarity between NAGly and the endocannabinoid anandamide suggested the hypothesis that GPR18 is a third cannabinoid receptor. GPR18-mediated cellular signalling through inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), in addition to physiological consequences such as regulation of cellular migration and proliferation/apoptosis have been described in response to both NAGly and anandamide. However, discordant findings have also been reported. Here we sought to describe the functional consequences of GPR18 activation in heterologously-expressing HEK cells. GPR18 expression was predominantly intracellular in stably transfected cell lines, but moderate cell surface expression could be achieved in transiently transfected cells which also had higher overall expression. Assays were employed to characterise the ability of NAGly or anandamide to inhibit cAMP or induce ERK phosphorylation through GPR18, or induce receptor trafficking. Positive control experiments, which utilised cells expressing hCB1 receptors (hCB1R), were performed to validate assay design and performance. While these functional pathways in GPR18-expressing cells were not modified on treatment with a panel of putative GPR18 ligands, a constitutive phenotype was discovered for this receptor. Our data reveal that GPR18 undergoes rapid constitutive receptor membrane trafficking-several-fold faster than hCB1R, a highly constitutively active receptor. To enhance the likelihood of detecting agonist-mediated receptor signalling responses, we increased GPR18 protein expression (by tagging with a preprolactin signal sequence) and generated a putative constitutively inactive receptor by mutating the hGPR18 gene at amino acid site 108 (alanine to asparagine). This A108N mutant did cause an increase in surface receptor expression (which may argue for reduced constitutive activity), but no ligand-mediated effects were detected. Two glioblastoma multiforme cell lines (which endogenously express GPR18) were assayed for NAGly-induced pERK phosphorylation, with negative results. Despite a lack of ligand-mediated responses in all assays, the constitutive trafficking of GPR18 remains an interesting facet of receptor function and will have consequences for understanding the role of GPR18 in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Finlay
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne R Joseph
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Quintana PG, García Liñares G, Chanquia SN, Gorojod RM, Kotler ML, Baldessari A. Improved Enzymatic Procedure for the Synthesis of Anandamide andN-Fatty Acylalkanolamine Analogues: A Combination Strategy to Antitumor Activity. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Onyango MG, Beebe NW, Gopurenko D, Bellis G, Nicholas A, Ogugo M, Djikeng A, Kemp S, Walker PJ, Duchemin JB. Assessment of population genetic structure in the arbovirus vector midge, Culicoides brevitarsis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), using multi-locus DNA microsatellites. Vet Res 2015; 231:39-58. [PMID: 26408175 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a major pathogen of ruminants that is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Australian BTV serotypes have origins in Asia and are distributed across the continent into two distinct episystems, one in the north and another in the east. Culicoides brevitarsis is the major vector of BTV in Australia and is distributed across the entire geographic range of the virus. Here, we describe the isolation and use of DNA microsatellites and gauge their ability to determine population genetic connectivity of C. brevitarsis within Australia and with countries to the north. Eleven DNA microsatellite markers were isolated using a novel genomic enrichment method and identified as useful for genetic analyses of sampled populations in Australia, northern Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Timor-Leste. Significant (P < 0.05) population genetic subdivision was observed between all paired regions, though the highest levels of genetic sub-division involved pair-wise tests with PNG (PNG vs. Australia (FST = 0.120) and PNG vs. Timor-Leste (FST = 0.095)). Analysis of multi-locus allelic distributions using STRUCTURE identified a most probable two-cluster population model, which separated PNG specimens from a cluster containing specimens from Timor-Leste and Australia. The source of incursions of this species in Australia is more likely to be Timor-Leste than PNG. Future incursions of BTV positive C. brevitarsis into Australia may be genetically identified to their source populations using these microsatellite loci. The vector's panmictic genetic structure within Australia cannot explain the differential geographic distribution of BTV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Onyango
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portalington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pidgons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| | - Nigel W Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Ecosciences Precinct, 41, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - David Gopurenko
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, PMB, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia. .,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.
| | - Glenn Bellis
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 1 Pederson Road, Marrara, Northern Territory, 0812, Australia.
| | - Adrian Nicholas
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.
| | - Moses Ogugo
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Biosciences eastern and central Africa - ILRI Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub), ILRI, PO Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Steve Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portalington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portalington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
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Rajaraman G, Simcocks A, Hryciw DH, Hutchinson DS, McAinch AJ. G protein coupled receptor 18: A potential role for endocannabinoid signaling in metabolic dysfunction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:92-102. [PMID: 26337420 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are products of dietary fatty acids that are modulated by an alteration in food intake levels. Overweight and obese individuals have substantially higher circulating levels of the arachidonic acid derived endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, and show an altered pattern of cannabinoid receptor expression. These cannabinoid receptors are part of a large family of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs are major therapeutic targets for various diseases within the cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems, as well as metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is considered a state of chronic low-grade inflammation elicited by an immunological response. Interestingly, the newly deorphanized GPCR (GPR18), which is considered to be a putative cannabinoid receptor, is proposed to have an immunological function. In this review, the current scientific knowledge on GPR18 is explored including its localization, signaling pathways, and pharmacology. Importantly, the involvement of nutritional factors and potential dietary regulation of GPR18 and its (patho)physiological roles are described. Further research on this receptor and its regulation will enable a better understanding of the complex mechanisms of GPR18 and its potential as a novel therapeutic target for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Rajaraman
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Simcocks
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Department of Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Dietary DHA reduces downstream endocannabinoid and inflammatory gene expression and epididymal fat mass while improving aspects of glucose use in muscle in C57BL/6J mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26219414 PMCID: PMC4722239 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Endocannabinoid system (ECS) overactivation is associated with increased adiposity and likely contributes to type 2 diabetes risk. Elevated tissue cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and circulating endocannabinoids (ECs) derived from the n-6 polyunsaturated acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA) occur in obese and diabetic patients. Here we investigate whether the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet can reduce ECS overactivation (that is, action of ligands, receptors and enzymes of EC synthesis and degradation) to influence glycemic control. This study targets the ECS tonal regulation of circulating glucose uptake by skeletal muscle as its primary end point. Design: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a semipurified diet containing DHA or the control lipid. Serum, skeletal muscle, epididymal fat pads and liver were collected after 62 and 118 days of feeding. Metabolites, genes and gene products associated with the ECS, glucose uptake and metabolism and inflammatory status were measured. Results: Dietary DHA enrichment reduced epididymal fat pad mass and increased ECS-related genes, whereas it reduced downstream ECS activation markers, indicating that ECS activation was diminished. The mRNA of glucose-related genes and proteins elevated in mice fed the DHA diet with increases in DHA-derived and reductions in AA-derived EC and EC-like compounds. In addition, DHA feeding reduced plasma levels of various inflammatory cytokines, 5-lipoxygenase-dependent inflammatory mediators and the vasoconstrictive 20-HETE. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that DHA feeding altered ECS gene expression to reduce CB1 activation and reduce fat accretion. Furthermore, the DHA diet led to higher expression of genes associated with glucose use by muscle in mice, and reduced those associated with systemic inflammatory status.
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Mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 15:1294-1304. [PMID: 25261342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to examine opioid and endocannabinoid mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). Fifty-eight men and women (mean age = 21 years) completed 3 sessions. During the first session, participants were familiarized with the temporal summation of heat pain and pressure pain protocols. In the exercise sessions, following double-blind administration of either an opioid antagonist (50 mg naltrexone) or placebo, participants rated the intensity of heat pulses and indicated their pressure pain thresholds and pressure pain ratings before and after 3 minutes of submaximal isometric exercise. Blood was drawn before and after exercise. Results indicated that circulating concentrations of 2 endocannabinoids, N-arachidonylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, as well as related lipids oleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide, N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine, and 2-oleoylglycerol, increased significantly (P < .05) following exercise. Pressure pain thresholds increased significantly (P < .05), whereas pressure pain ratings decreased significantly (P < .05) following exercise. Also, temporal summation ratings were significantly lower (P < .05) following exercise. These changes in pain responses did not differ between the placebo and naltrexone conditions (P > .05). A significant association was found between EIH and docosahexaenoylethanolamine. These results suggest involvement of a nonopioid mechanism in EIH following isometric exercise. PERSPECTIVE Currently, the mechanisms responsible for EIH are unknown. This study provides support for a potential endocannabinoid mechanism of EIH following isometric exercise.
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Bondarenko AI, Drachuk K, Panasiuk O, Sagach V, Deak AT, Malli R, Graier WF. N-Arachidonoyl glycine suppresses Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger-mediated Ca²⁺ entry into endothelial cells and activates BK(Ca) channels independently of GPCRs. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:933-48. [PMID: 23517055 PMCID: PMC3687672 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) is a lipoamino acid with vasorelaxant properties. We aimed to explore the mechanisms of NAGly's action on unstimulated and agonist-stimulated endothelial cells. Experimental Approach The effects of NAGly on endothelial electrical signalling were studied in combination with vascular reactivity. Key Results In EA.hy926 cells, the sustained hyperpolarization to histamine was inhibited by the non-selective Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) inhibitor bepridil and by an inhibitor of reversed mode NCX, KB-R7943. In cells dialysed with Cs+-based Na+-containing solution, the outwardly rectifying current with typical characteristics of NCX was augmented following histamine exposure, further increased upon external Na+ withdrawal and inhibited by bepridil. NAGly (0.3–30 μM) suppressed NCX currents in a URB597- and guanosine 5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDPβS)-insensitive manner, [Ca2+]i elevation evoked by Na+ removal and the hyperpolarization to histamine. In rat aorta, NAGly opposed the endothelial hyperpolarization and relaxation response to ACh. In unstimulated EA.hy926 cells, NAGly potentiated the whole-cell current attributable to large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels in a GDPβS-insensitive, paxilline-sensitive manner and produced a sustained hyperpolarization. In cell-free inside-out patches, NAGly stimulated single BKCa channel activity. Conclusion and Implications Our data showed that NCX is a Ca2+ entry pathway in endothelial cells and that NAGly is a potent G-protein-independent modulator of endothelial electrical signalling and has a dual effect on endothelial electrical responses. In agonist pre-stimulated cells, NAGly opposes hyperpolarization and relaxation via inhibition of NCX-mediated Ca2+ entry, while in unstimulated cells, it promotes hyperpolarization via receptor-independent activation of BKCa channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Bondarenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Meijerink J, Balvers M, Witkamp R. N-Acyl amines of docosahexaenoic acid and other n-3 polyunsatured fatty acids - from fishy endocannabinoids to potential leads. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:772-83. [PMID: 23088259 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs), in particular α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) are receiving much attention because of their presumed beneficial health effects. To explain these, a variety of mechanisms have been proposed, but their interactions with the endocannabinoid system have received relatively little attention so far. However, it has already been shown some time ago that consumption of n-3 LC-PUFAs not only affects the synthesis of prototypic endocannabinoids like anandamide but also stimulates the formation of specific n-3 LC-PUFA-derived conjugates with ethanolamine, dopamine, serotonin or other amines. Some of these fatty amides show overlapping biological activities with those of typical endocannabinoids, whereas others possess distinct and sometimes largely unknown receptor affinities and other properties. The ethanolamine and dopamine conjugates of DHA have been the most investigated thus far. These mediators may provide promising new leads to the field of inflammatory and neurological disorders and for other pharmacological applications, including their use as carrier molecules for neurotransmitters to target the brain. Furthermore, combinations of n-3 LC-PUFA-derived fatty acid amides, their precursors and FAAH inhibitors offer possibilities to optimise their effects in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Meijerink J, Poland M, Balvers MGJ, Plastina P, Lute C, Dwarkasing J, van Norren K, Witkamp RF. Inhibition of COX-2-mediated eicosanoid production plays a major role in the anti-inflammatory effects of the endocannabinoid N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA) in macrophages. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:24-37. [PMID: 24780080 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA) is the ethanolamine conjugate of the long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22: 6n-3). Its concentration in animal tissues and human plasma increases when diets rich in fish or krill oil are consumed. DHEA displays anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and was found to be released during an inflammatory response in mice. Here, we further examine possible targets involved in the immune-modulating effects of DHEA. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Antagonists for cannabinoid (CB)1 and CB2 receptors and PPARγ were used to explore effects of DHEA on NO release by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The possible involvement of CB2 receptors was studied by comparing effects in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages obtained from CB2 (-/-) and CB2 (+/+) mice. Effects on NF-κB activation were determined using a reporter cell line. To study DHEA effects on COX-2 and lipoxygenase activity, 21 different eicosanoids produced by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were quantified by LC-MS/MS. Finally, effects on mRNA expression profiles were analysed using gene arrays followed by Ingenuity(®) Pathways Analysis. KEY RESULTS CB1 and CB2 receptors or PPARs were not involved in the effects of DHEA on NO release. NF-κB and IFN-β, key elements of the myeloid differentiation primary response protein D88 (MyD88)-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways were not decreased. By contrast, DHEA significantly reduced levels of several COX-2-derived eicosanoids. Gene expression analysis provided support for an effect on COX-2-mediated pathways. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of DHEA in macrophages predominantly take place via inhibition of eicosanoids produced through COX-2. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids 2013 published in volume 171 issue 6. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kim J, Watkins BA. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists and fatty acids alter endocannabinoid system gene expression and COX activity. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:815-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vandenberg RJ, Ryan RM, Carland JE, Imlach WL, Christie MJ. Glycine transport inhibitors for the treatment of pain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:423-30. [PMID: 24962068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Opioids, local anesthetics, anticonvulsant drugs, antidepressants, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to provide pain relief but they do not provide adequate pain relief in a large proportion of chronic pain patients and are often associated with unacceptable side effects. Inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission is impaired in chronic pain states, and this provides a novel target for drug development. Inhibitors of the glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) enhance inhibitory neurotransmission and show particular promise for the treatment of neuropathic pain. N-arachidonyl-glycine (NAGly) is an endogenous lipid that inhibits glycine transport by GlyT2 and also shows potential as an analgesic, which may be further exploited in drug development. In this review we discuss the role of glycine neurotransmission in chronic pain and future prospects for the use of glycine transport inhibitors in the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Vandenberg
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Renae M Ryan
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jane E Carland
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wendy L Imlach
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Macdonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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