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Gazquez Casals A, Berkowitz AJ, Yu AJ, Waters HE, Schiavone DV, Kapkayeva DM, Morrison LA, Murelli RP. Antiviral activity of amide-appended α-hydroxytropolones against herpes simplex virus-1 and -2. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8743-8752. [PMID: 36936842 PMCID: PMC10016935 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06749h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Hydroxytropolones (αHTs) have potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) in cell culture, including against acyclovir-resistant mutants, and as a result have the potential to be developed as antiviral drugs targeting these viruses. We recently described a convenient final-step amidation strategy to their synthesis, and this was used to generate 57 amide-substituted αHTs that were tested against hepatitis B virus. The following manuscript describes the evaluation of this library against HSV-1, as well as a subset against HSV-2. The structure-function analysis obtained from these studies demonstrates the importance of lipophilicity and rigidity to αHT-based anti-HSV potency, consistent with our prior work on smaller libraries. We used this information to synthesize and test a targeted library of 4 additional amide-appended αHTs. The most potent of this new series had a 50% effective concentration (EC50) for viral inhibition of 72 nM, on par with the most potent αHT antivirals we have found to date. Given the ease of synthesis of amide-appended αHTs, this new class of antiviral compounds and the chemistry to make them should be highly valuable in future anti-HSV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Gazquez Casals
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Alex J Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York New York NY USA
| | - Alice J Yu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Hope E Waters
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Daniel V Schiavone
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York New York NY USA
| | - Diana M Kapkayeva
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA
| | - Lynda A Morrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York New York NY USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York New York NY USA
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2
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Schiavone DV, Kapkayeva DM, Li Q, Woodson ME, Casals AG, Morrison LA, Tavis JE, Murelli RP. Synthesis of Polyoxygenated Tropolones and their Antiviral Activity against Hepatitis B Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus-1. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104112. [PMID: 34984767 PMCID: PMC8858858 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polyoxygenated tropolones possess a broad range of biological activity, and as a result are promising lead structures or fragments for drug development. However, structure-function studies and subsequent optimization have been challenging, in part due to the limited number of readily available tropolones and the obstacles to their synthesis. Oxidopyrylium [5+2] cycloaddition can effectively generate a diverse array of seven-membered ring carbocycles, and as a result can provide a highly general strategy for tropolone synthesis. Here, we describe the use of 3-hydroxy-4-pyrone-based oxidopyrylium cycloaddition chemistry in the synthesis of functionalized 3,7-dimethoxytropolones, 3,7-dihydroxytropolones, and isomeric 3-hydroxy-7-methoxytropolones through complementary benzyl alcohol-incorporating procedures. The antiviral activity of these molecules against herpes simplex virus-1 and hepatitis B virus is also described, highlighting the value of this approach and providing new structure-function insights relevant to their antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V. Schiavone
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA,PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Diana M. Kapkayeva
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | - Qilan Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
| | - Molly E. Woodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
| | - Andreu Gazquez Casals
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
| | - Lynda A. Morrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
| | - John E. Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
| | - Ryan P. Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA,PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
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3
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Matuszewska M, Maciąg T, Rajewska M, Wierzbicka A, Jafra S. The carbon source-dependent pattern of antimicrobial activity and gene expression in Pseudomonas donghuensis P482. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10994. [PMID: 34040089 PMCID: PMC8154892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90488-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas donghuensis P482 is a tomato rhizosphere isolate with the ability to inhibit growth of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Herein, we analysed the impact of the carbon source on the antibacterial activity of P482 and expression of the selected genes of three genomic regions in the P482 genome. These regions are involved in the synthesis of pyoverdine, 7-hydroxytropolone (7-HT) and an unknown compound ("cluster 17") and are responsible for the antimicrobial activity of P482. We showed that the P482 mutants, defective in these regions, show variations and contrasting patterns of growth inhibition of the target pathogen under given nutritional conditions (with glucose or glycerol as a carbon source). We also selected and validated the reference genes for gene expression studies in P. donghuensis P482. Amongst ten candidate genes, we found gyrB, rpoD and mrdA the most stably expressed. Using selected reference genes in RT-qPCR, we assessed the expression of the genes of interest under minimal medium conditions with glucose or glycerol as carbon sources. Glycerol was shown to negatively affect the expression of genes necessary for 7-HT synthesis. The significance of this finding in the light of the role of nutrient (carbon) availability in biological plant protection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Matuszewska
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Maciąg
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rajewska
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aldona Wierzbicka
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jafra
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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4
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Bak E, Miller JT, Noronha A, Tavis J, Gallicchio E, Murelli RP, Le Grice SFJ. 3,7-Dihydroxytropolones Inhibit Initiation of Hepatitis B Virus Minus-Strand DNA Synthesis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194434. [PMID: 32992516 PMCID: PMC7583054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiation of protein-primed (-) strand DNA synthesis in hepatitis B virus (HBV) requires interaction of the viral reverse transcriptase with epsilon (ε), a cis-acting regulatory signal located at the 5' terminus of pre-genomic RNA (pgRNA), and several host-encoded chaperone proteins. Binding of the viral polymerase (P protein) to ε is necessary for pgRNA encapsidation and synthesis of a short primer covalently attached to its terminal domain. Although we identified small molecules that recognize HBV ε RNA, these failed to inhibit protein-primed DNA synthesis. However, since initiation of HBV (-) strand DNA synthesis occurs within a complex of viral and host components (e.g., Hsp90, DDX3 and APOBEC3G), we considered an alternative therapeutic strategy of allosteric inhibition by disrupting the initiation complex or modifying its topology. To this end, we show here that 3,7-dihydroxytropolones (3,7-dHTs) can inhibit HBV protein-primed DNA synthesis. Since DNA polymerase activity of a ribonuclease (RNase H)-deficient HBV reverse transcriptase that otherwise retains DNA polymerase function is also abrogated, this eliminates direct involvement of RNase (ribonuclease) H activity of HBV reverse transcriptase and supports the notion that the HBV initiation complex might be therapeutically targeted. Modeling studies also provide a rationale for preferential activity of 3,7-dHTs over structurally related α-hydroxytropolones (α-HTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Bak
- Basic Research Laboratory National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.B.); (J.T.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Jennifer T. Miller
- Basic Research Laboratory National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.B.); (J.T.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Andrea Noronha
- Basic Research Laboratory National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.B.); (J.T.M.); (A.N.)
| | - John Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Emilio Gallicchio
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; (E.G.); (R.P.M.)
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ryan P. Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; (E.G.); (R.P.M.)
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stuart F. J. Le Grice
- Basic Research Laboratory National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.B.); (J.T.M.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Agyemang NB, Kukla CR, Edwards TC, Li Q, Langen MK, Schaal A, Franson AD, Casals AG, Donald KA, Yu AJ, Donlin MJ, Morrison LA, Tavis JE, Murelli RP. Divergent synthesis of a thiolate-based α-hydroxytropolone library with a dynamic bioactivity profile. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34227-34234. [PMID: 33042521 PMCID: PMC7543996 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06383h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a rapid and divergent synthetic route toward structurally novel αHTs functionalized with either one or two thioether or sulfonyl appendages. Evaluation of this library against hepatitis B and herpes simplex virus, as well as the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, and a human hepatoblastoma (HepDES19) revealed complementary biological profiles and new lead compounds with sub-micromolar activity against each pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana B Agyemang
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Cassandra R Kukla
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Tiffany C Edwards
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Qilan Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Madison K Langen
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104, United States
| | - Alexandra Schaal
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104, United States
| | - Abaigeal D Franson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Andreu Gazquez Casals
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Katherine A Donald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Alice J Yu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Maureen J Donlin
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104, United States
| | - Lynda A Morrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - John E Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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6
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Song YJ, Zheng HB, Peng AH, Ma JH, Lu DD, Li X, Zhang HY, Xie WD. Strepantibins A-C: Hexokinase II Inhibitors from a Mud Dauber Wasp Associated Streptomyces sp. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:1114-1119. [PMID: 31013087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two new p-terphenyls, strepantibins A and B (1 and 2), along with the first representative of a naturally occurring bisphenyltropone, strepantibin C (3), were characterized from a Streptomyces sp. associated with the larvae of the mud dauber wasp Sceliphron madraspatanum. Their structures were determined by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, NMR, and X-ray crystallography data interpretation. Strepantibins A-C inhibited hexokinase II (HK2) activity and displayed antiproliferative activity against hepatoma carcinoma cells HepG-2, SMMC-7721 and plc-prf-5. In SMMC-7721 cells treated with strepantibin A, the morphological characteristics of apoptosis were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science , Shandong University , Jinan 250012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Hong Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hui Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550002 , People's Republic of China
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7
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Abstract
α-Hydroxytropolones (αHTs) are excellent metalloenzyme-inhibiting fragments that have been the basis for the development of potent inhibitors of various therapeutically important enzymes. The following manuscript describes a final-step amidation approach for αHT diversification. The method takes advantage of a scalable, chromatography-free synthesis of a carboxylic acid-appended αHT, and in the present manuscript we describe the synthesis of eight amide-containing αHTs, three of which we envision using as chemical probes. We expect that the general strategy will find widespread usage in both chemical biology and medicinal chemistry studies on αHTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Rudolf G. Abdelmessih
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, United States
| | - Ryan P. Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, United States
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8
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Abstract
This review focuses on the chemistry of benzo-annulated tropones and tropolones reported since the beginning of the 20th century, which are currently used as tools by the synthetic and biological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Dastan
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Haydar Kilic
- Oltu Vocational Training School, Atatürk University, 25400, Erzurum, Turkey.,East Anotolia High Technology Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nurullah Saracoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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9
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Hirsch DR, Schiavone DV, Berkowitz AJ, Morrison LA, Masaoka T, Wilson JA, Lomonosova E, Zhao H, Patel BS, Datla SH, Hoft SG, Majidi SJ, Pal RK, Gallicchio E, Tang L, Tavis JE, Le Grice SFJ, Beutler JA, Murelli RP. Synthesis and biological assessment of 3,7-dihydroxytropolones. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 16:62-69. [PMID: 29098212 PMCID: PMC5748270 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02453c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
3,7-Dihydroxytropolones (3,7-dHTs) are highly oxygenated troponoids that have been identified as lead compounds for several human diseases. To date, structure-function studies on these molecules have been limited due to a scarcity of synthetic methods for their preparation. New synthetic strategies towards structurally novel 3,7-dHTs would be valuable in further studying their therapeutic potential. Here we describe the successful adaptation of a [5 + 2] oxidopyrilium cycloaddition/ring-opening for 3,7-dHT synthesis, which we apply in the synthesis of a plausible biosynthetic intermediate to the natural products puberulic and puberulonic acid. We have also tested these new compounds in several biological assays related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in order to gain insight into structure-functional analysis related to antiviral troponoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.
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10
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Donlin MJ, Zunica A, Lipnicky A, Garimallaprabhakaran AK, Berkowitz AJ, Grigoryan A, Meyers MJ, Tavis JE, Murelli RP. Troponoids Can Inhibit Growth of the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e02574-16. [PMID: 28167553 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02574-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogen that is common in immunosuppressed patients. It can be treated with amphotericin B and fluconazole, but the mortality rate remains 15 to 30%. Thus, novel and more effective anticryptococcal therapies are needed. The troponoids are based on natural products isolated from western red cedar, and have a broad range of antimicrobial activities. Extracts of western red cedar inhibit the growth of several fungal species, but neither western red cedar extracts nor troponoid derivatives have been tested against C. neoformans We screened 56 troponoids for their ability to inhibit C. neoformans growth and to assess whether they may be attractive candidates for development into anticryptococcal drugs. We determined MICs at which the compounds inhibited 80% of cryptococcal growth relative to vehicle-treated controls and identified 12 compounds with MICs ranging from 0.2 to 15 μM. We screened compounds with MICs of ≤20 μM for cytotoxicity in liver hepatoma cells. Fifty percent cytotoxicity values (CC50s) ranged from 4 to >100 μM. The therapeutic indexes (TI, CC50/MIC) for most of the troponoids were fairly low, with most being <8. However, two compounds had TI values that were >8, including a tropone with a TI of >300. These tropones are fungicidal and are not antagonistic when used in combination with fluconazole or amphotericin B. Inhibition by these two tropones remains unchanged under conditions favoring cryptococcal capsule formation. These data support the hypothesis that troponoids may be a productive scaffold for the development of novel anticryptococcal therapies.
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11
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Haas D, Sustac-Roman D, Schwarz S, Knochel P. Directed Zincation with TMPZnCl·LiCl and Further Functionalization of the Tropolone Scaffold. Org Lett 2016; 18:6380-6383. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Haas
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Sustac-Roman
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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12
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Li J, Falcone ER, Holstein SA, Anderson AC, Wright DL, Wiemer AJ. Novel α-substituted tropolones promote potent and selective caspase-dependent leukemia cell apoptosis. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:438-448. [PMID: 27663262 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tropolones, such as β-thujaplicin, are small lead-like natural products that possess a variety of biological activities. While the β-substituted natural products and their synthetic analogs are potent inhibitors of human cancer cell growth, less is known about their α-substituted counterparts. Recently, we synthesized a series of α-substituted tropolones including 2-hydroxy-7-(naphthalen-2-yl)cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one (α-naphthyl tropolone). Here, we evaluate the antiproliferative mechanisms of α-naphthyl tropolone and the related α-benzodioxinyl analog. The α-substituted tropolones inhibit growth of lymphocytic leukemia cells, but not healthy blood cells, with nanomolar potency. Treatment of leukemia cell lines with the tropolone dose-dependently induces apoptosis as judged by staining with annexin V and propidium iodide and Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase 3 and 7. Moreover, pre-treatment of cells with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK inhibited the apoptotic effects of the tropolone in two lymphocytic lines. Caspase inhibition also blocked elevated histone acetylation caused by the tropolone, indicating that its effects on histone acetylation are potentiated by caspases. In contrast, α-naphthyl tropolone upregulated p53 expression and phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR in a manner that was not rescued by caspase inhibition. The effects of tropolone were blocked by co-incubation with high levels of free extracellular iron but not by pre-loading with iron. Additionally, dose and time dependent reduction in ex vivo viability of cells from leukemia patients was observed. Taken together, we demonstrate that α-substituted tropolones upregulate DNA damage repair pathways leading to caspase-dependent apoptosis in malignant lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Eric R Falcone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Amy C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Dennis L Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.
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13
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Zheng W, Brandish PE, Kolodin DG, Scolnick EM, Strulovici B. High-Throughput Cell-Based Screening Using Scintillation Proximity Assay for the Discovery of Inositol Phosphatase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:132-40. [PMID: 15006136 DOI: 10.1177/1087057103261039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inositol monophosphatase is a potential drug target for developing lithium-mimetic agents for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Enzyme-based assays have been traditionally used in compound screening to identify inositol monophosphatase inhibitors. A cell-based screening assay in which the compound needs to cross the cell membrane before reaching the target enzyme offers a new approach for discovering novel structure leads of the inositol monophosphatase inhibitor. The authors have recently reported a high-throughput measurement of G-protein-coupled receptor activation by determining inositol phosphates in cell extracts using scintillation proximity assay. This cell-based assay has been modified to allow the determination of inositol monophosphatase activity instead of G-protein-coupled receptors. The enzyme is also assayed in its native form and physiological environment. The authors have applied this cell-based assay to the high-throughput screening of a large compound collection and identified several novel inositol monophosphatase inhibitors. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2004:132-140)
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Automated Biotechnology, Merck & Co., North Wales, PA 19454, USA.
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Fujiwara K, Kushibe K, Sato T, Norikura T, Matsue H, Iwai K, Katoono R, Suzuki T. Synthesis of Ganbajunins D and E and the Proposed Structure of Thelephantin D: Synthesis of Ganbajunins D and E and Structure of Thelephantin D. European J Org Chem 2015; 2015:5798-809. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hirsch DR, Cox G, D'Erasmo MP, Shakya T, Meck C, Mohd N, Wright GD, Murelli RP. Inhibition of the ANT(2")-Ia resistance enzyme and rescue of aminoglycoside antibiotic activity by synthetic α-hydroxytropolones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4943-7. [PMID: 25283553 PMCID: PMC4798002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside-2"-O-nucleotidyltransferase ANT(2")-Ia is an aminoglycoside resistance enzyme prevalent among Gram-negative bacteria, and is one of the most common determinants of enzyme-dependant aminoglycoside-resistance. The following report outlines the use of our recently described oxidopyrylium cycloaddition/ring-opening strategy in the synthesis and profiling of a library of synthetic α-hydroxytropolones against ANT(2")-Ia. In addition, we show that two of these synthetic constructs are capable of rescuing gentamicin activity against ANT-(2")-Ia-expressing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Georgina Cox
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael P D'Erasmo
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Tushar Shakya
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 4K1, Canada
| | - Christine Meck
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Noushad Mohd
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States
| | - Gerard D Wright
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 4K1, Canada
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Ding F, Leow ML, Ma J, William R, Liao H, Liu XW. Collective Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2-pyridone Alkaloids and Their Antiproliferation Activities. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2548-54. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
α-Hydroxytropolones are a subclass of the troponoid family of natural products that are of high interest due to their broad biological activity and potential as treatment options for several diseases. Despite this promise, there have been scarce synthetic chemistry-driven optimization studies on the molecules. The following review highlights key developments in the biological studies conducted on α-hydroxytropolones to date, including the few synthetic chemistry-driven optimization studies. In addition, we provide an overview of the methods currently available to access these molecules. This review is intended to serve as a resource for those interested in biological activity of α-hydroxytropolones, and inspire the development of new synthetic methods and strategies that could aid in this pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Meck
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 2900 Bedford 4 Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Michael P D'Erasmo
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 2900 Bedford 4 Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Danielle R Hirsch
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 2900 Bedford 4 Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 2900 Bedford 4 Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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Corona A, Masaoka T, Tocco G, Tramontano E, Le Grice SF. Active site and allosteric inhibitors of the ribonuclease H activity of HIV reverse transcriptase. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:2127-39. [PMID: 24261890 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the wealth of information available for the reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNaseH) domain of lentiviruses, gammaretroviruses and long terminal repeat containing retrotransposons, exploiting this information in the form of an RNaseH inhibitor with high specificity and low cellular toxicity has been disappointing. However, it is now becoming increasingly evident that the two-subunit HIV-1 RT is a highly versatile enzyme, undergoing major structural alterations in order to interact with, position and ultimately hydrolyze the RNA component of an RNA/DNA hybrid. Thus, in addition to targeting the RNaseH active site, identifying small molecules that bind elsewhere and disrupt catalysis allosterically by impairing conformational flexibility is gaining increased attention. This review summarizes current progress towards development of both active site and allosteric RNaseH inhibitors.
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Cavazza M, Cifelli M, Domenici V, Funaioli T, Mennucci B, Veracini CA, Zandomeneghi M. Synthesis, chiroptical properties and density functional theory calculations of 3,3'-biphenyl-2,2'-bitropone. Chirality 2013; 25:648-55. [PMID: 23828068 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new bitropone derivatives, namely, 3,3'-biphenyl-2,2'-bitropone and 7,7'-biphenyl-2,2'-bitropone, are reported. Isolation of enantiomers arising from restricted rotation around the C-C bond connecting the tropone moieties was attempted by means of chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). No separation was obtained for 7,7'-biphenyl-2,2'-bitropone. For 3,3'-biphenyl-2,2'-bitropone, difficulties were encountered because of the low separation factor of the peaks and the presence of a rapid racemization process. However, quantitative chiroptical data on the antipodes were obtained by linking a circular dichroism (CD) spectrometer and a UV-vis spectrophotometric detector in series to the HPLC instrument. The analysis of the CD and UV-vis spectra in terms of absolute conformations was done with the help of theoretical calculations performed at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) level. The most stable conformations of the 3,3'-biphenyl-2,2'-bitropone in its ground state were obtained. Starting from these minimum energy conformations, it was possible to compute theoretical CD and UV absorption spectra that fit well with the experimental ones. From this comparison the absolute configuration to the antipodes was assigned. Finally, the effect of the presence of the two lateral phenyl substituents on the structure of the bitropone and hence on the CD spectrum is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Cavazza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Fullagar JL, Garner AL, Struss AK, Day JA, Martin DP, Yu J, Cai X, Janda KD, Cohen SM. Antagonism of a zinc metalloprotease using a unique metal-chelating scaffold: tropolones as inhibitors of P. aeruginosa elastase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3197-9. [PMID: 23482955 PMCID: PMC3618488 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41191e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tropolone emerged from the screening of a chelator fragment library (CFL) as an inhibitor of the Zn(2+)-dependent virulence factor, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (LasB). Based on this initial hit, a series of substituted tropolone-based LasB inhibitors was prepared, and a compound displaying potent activity in vitro and in a bacterial swarming assay was identified. Importantly, this inhibitor was found to be specific for LasB over other metalloenzymes, validating the usage of tropolone as a viable scaffold for identifying first-in-class LasB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Fullagar
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Amanda L. Garner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Anjali K. Struss
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Joshua A. Day
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - David P. Martin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Jing Yu
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Seth M. Cohen
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
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Rogolino D, Carcelli M, Sechi M, Neamati N. Viral enzymes containing magnesium: Metal binding as a successful strategy in drug design. Coord Chem Rev 2012; 256:3063-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Goldani MT, Sandaroos R, Mohmmadi A, Goharjoo M. A comparative study of ethylene polymerization by bis(aminotropone) Ti catalysts. Polym Bull (Berl) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tumkevicius S, Dodonova J, Baskirova I, Voitechovicius A. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 2- and/or 5-substituted 4,6-dichloropyrimidines with arylboronic acids. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tafeenko VA, Aslanov LA, Proskurnina MV, Sosonyuk SE, Khlevin DA. 3-exo-Chloro-8-oxabicyclo-[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-2,4-diol chloro-form 0.33-solvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o1580. [PMID: 21582856 PMCID: PMC2969453 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809021898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, 3C7H9ClO3·CHCl3, crystallizes with molecules of 3-exo-chloro-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-2,4-diol (A) and chloroform in a 3:1 ratio, in the space group R3m. Molecules of A straddle a crystallographic mirror plane, whereas the chloroform molecules (C and H atoms) lie additionally on the threefold axis. The molecules of A are linked into right- and left-helical chains by means of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, thus forming columns running along the c axis. Six interpenetrated columns form a channel in which the solvent molecules (chloroform) are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A Tafeenko
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Bringmann G, Brun R, Kaiser M, Neumann S. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activities of simplified analogs of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:32-42. [PMID: 17475370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids (NIQs) represent a class of natural products with manifold activities against various tropical diseases. They are isolated from rare and difficult-to-cultivate tropical plants. In order to find novel, more easily accessible analogs and to study structure-activity relationships, a variety of simplified analogs were produced, which bear the functional groups typical of the NIQs, but avoid the synthetically difficult elements of chirality, stereogenic centers and rotationally hindered axes. Their syntheses and activities against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania donovani are described and compared with those of the natural NIQs. Remarkably, quite good activities were found for naphthalene-devoid halogenated isoquinolinic analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Bevk D, Grošelj U, Meden A, Svete J, Stanovnik B. Synthesis and Transformation of Methyl 2-(6-Hydroxy-2-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)acetate: Simple Preparation of Pyrimidines with Heterocyclic Substituents. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Daştan A, Balci M. Chemistry of dioxine-annelated cycloheptatriene endoperoxides and their conversion into tropolone derivatives: an unusual non-benzenoid singlet oxygen source. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Didierjean J, Isel C, Querré F, Mouscadet JF, Aubertin AM, Valnot JY, Piettre SR, Marquet R. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, RNase H, and integrase activities by hydroxytropolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 49:4884-94. [PMID: 16304149 PMCID: PMC1315922 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.12.4884-4894.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type I reverse transcriptase (RT) possesses distinct DNA polymerase and RNase H sites, whereas integrase (IN) uses the same active site to perform 3'-end processing and strand transfer of the proviral DNA. These four enzymatic activities are essential for viral replication and require metal ions. Two Mg2+ ions are present in the RT polymerase site, and one or two Mg2+ ions are required for the catalytic activities of RNase H and IN. We tested the possibility of inhibition of the RT polymerase and RNase H as well as the IN 3'-end processing and transfer activities of purified enzymes by a series of 3,7-dihydroxytropolones designed to target two Mg2+ ions separated by approximately 3.7 angstroms. The RT polymerase and IN 3' processing and strand transfer activities were inhibited at submicromolar concentrations, while the RNase H activity was inhibited in the low micromolar range. In all cases, the lack of inhibition by tropolones and O-methylated 3,7-dihydroxytropolones was consistent with the active molecules binding the metal ions in the active site. In addition, inhibition of the DNA polymerase activity was shown to depend on the Mg2+ concentration. Furthermore, selective inhibitors were identified for several of the activities tested, leaving some potential for design of improved inhibitors. However, all tested compounds exhibited cellular toxicity that presently limits their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Didierjean
- Unité Propre de Recherche 9002 du CNRS conventionnée à l'Université Louis Pasteur, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Boguszewska-Chachulska AM, Krawczyk M, Najda A, Kopańska K, Stankiewicz-Drogoń A, Zagórski-Ostoja W, Bretner M. Searching for a new anti-HCV therapy: synthesis and properties of tropolone derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:641-7. [PMID: 16438939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered one of the most dangerous pathogens since about 3% of the world population is HCV-infected and the virus is a major cause of hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver carcinoma. A need for a more efficient therapy prompted us to investigate new class of compounds, such as tropolone derivatives that possess antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. To synthesize bromo- and morpholinomethyl-analogues of tropolone, the previously reported methods were modified. The influence of new derivatives on the activity of the helicase and NTP-ase of HCV was investigated. The most potent inhibitory effect in the fluorometric helicase assay was exerted by 3,7-dibromo-5-morpholinomethyltropolone, for which the IC50 value was at low micromolar range. All the morpholino-derivatives had inhibitory activities higher than those of the non-modified analogues. Low toxicity in a yeast-based toxicity assay indicates that these compounds could be further modified to develop potent inhibitors of the HCV helicase and of viral replication.
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Ma S, Ni B, Lin S, Liang Z. Intramolecular double or triple Suzuki coupling reaction of substituted di- or tribromobenzenes. An easy synthesis of fused tri- or tetracycles with a benzene core. J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dembitsky V, Ali HA, Srebnik M. Applied Suzuki cross-coupling reaction for syntheses of biologically active compounds. Contemporary Aspects of Boron: Chemistry and Biological Applications. Elsevier; 2005. pp. 119-297. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-3158(06)80004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Jenkins JC, Brookhart M. A Mechanistic Investigation of the Polymerization of Ethylene Catalyzed by Neutral Ni(II) Complexes Derived from Bulky Anilinotropone Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:5827-42. [PMID: 15125675 DOI: 10.1021/ja030634g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An extensive mechanistic investigation has been carried out on ethylene polymerizations catalyzed by neutral Ni(II) catalysts derived from bulky anilinotropone ligands. Complexes and precatalysts prepared include aryl derivatives [(2,6-i-Pr(2)C(6)H(3))NC(7)H(4)O(7-Aryl)Ni(Ph)(PPh(3))] (9, Aryl = phenyl(a), 1-naphthyl(b), p-methoxyphenyl(c), p-trifluoromethylphenyl(d)), alkyl derivatives [[(2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3))NC(7)H(5)O]Ni(R)(2,4-lutidine)] (16, R = Et (a), n-Pr (b)) and [[(2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3))NC(7)H(5)O]Ni(R)(PPh(3))] (17, R = Et (a), n-Pr (b), n-hexyl (c), i-Pr (d)), and the nickel hydride complex [[(2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3))NC(7)H(5)O]Ni(H)(PPh(3))], 20. Branched polyethylenes are produced at 40-80 degrees C in toluene with M(n) values in the 100-200K range and molecular weight distributions of ca. 1.4-2.2. Branching ranges from 15 to 64 branches/1000 carbons depending on temperature and ethylene pressure. The electron-withdrawing -CF(3) substituent on the 7-aryl group increases activity but has little effect on branching and molecular weight. NMR experiments establish that in the case of the PPh(3)-substituted systems, the catalyst rests as an equilibrating mixture of the alkyl phosphine and the alkyl ethylene complexes. At high ethylene pressures, the turnover frequency saturates, indicating that the equilibrium has shifted nearly completely to the alkyl olefin complex. Under these conditions, the barriers to migratory insertion were determined to be ca. 16-17 kcal/mol for 9a, 9c, 9d, and 16a. Extraction of 2,6-lutidine from complexes 16a,b yields highly dynamic beta-agostic alkyl complexes [[(2,6-i-Pr(2)C(6)H(3))NC(7)H(5)O]Ni(Et)] 21 and [[(2,6-i-Pr(2)C(6)H(3))NC(7)H(5)O]Ni(i-Pr)] 22. Free energy barriers to nickel-carbon bond rotation and beta-hydride elimination of 11.1 and ca. 17 kcal/mol, respectively, were determined for 22. Themolysis of 17c at 50 degrees C generates hydride 20 and hexene and occurs by two pathways, one independent of [PPh(3)] and one retarded by PPh(3). At much slower rates, hydride 20 reductively eliminates free ligand, which ultimately generates a bis-ligand complex, 25. Catalyst decay under polymerization conditions was shown to occur by a similar process to generate free ligand and a bis-ligand complex formed by reaction of free ligand with an active catalyst species. The major chain transfer route is a simple beta-elimination process, not chain transfer to monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Nájera C, Sansano JM, Yus M. Recent synthetic uses of functionalised aromatic and heteroaromatic organolithium reagents prepared by non-deprotonating methods. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hicks FA, Jenkins JC, Brookhart M. Synthesis and Ethylene Polymerization Activity of a Series of 2-Anilinotropone-Based Neutral Nickel(II) Catalysts. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om030142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jason C. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Baldwin JE, Adlington RM, Conte A, Irlapati NR, Marquez R, Pritchard GJ. Total synthesis of pyridovericin: studies toward the biomimetic synthesis of pyridomacrolidin. Org Lett 2002; 4:2125-7. [PMID: 12074648 DOI: 10.1021/ol0200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The total synthesis of the novel metabolite pyridovericin 1 is reported. The synthesis of this key intermediate in our proposed biomimetic synthesis of pyridomacrolidin 2 has been accomplished in good yield from readily available 2,4-dihydroxypyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E Baldwin
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
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Martin SF, Follows BC, Hergenrother PJ, Franklin CL. A novel class of zinc-binding inhibitors for the phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. J Org Chem 2000; 65:4509-14. [PMID: 10959851 DOI: 10.1021/jo9915731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids to provide diacylglycerol (DAG) and a phosphorylated headgroup. Because DAG has been implicated in cellular signal transduction cascades in mammalian systems, there has been considerable interest in the development of inhibitors of these enzymes. Toward this end, we have discovered that the cyclic N,N'-dihydroxyureas 6-10 inhibit the phosphatidylcholine preferring PLC from Bacillus cereus (PLCBc). This class of inhibitors is believed to function by the bidentate chelation of the N,N'-dihydroxyurea array to one or more of the zinc ions at the active site of the enzyme. Because the affinities of these compounds correlate with the pKaS of the N-OH hydroxyl groups, it is apparent that one or both of the hydroxyl groups must be ionized for effective coordination to the zinc ions. It is also apparent that there may be rather strict steric requirements for these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, 78712, USA
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Abstract
Inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) catalyses the hydrolysis of myo-inositol monophosphates to myo-inositol, which is required in the phosphatidyl inositol cell signalling pathway. Here the enzyme structure, mechanism and inhibition of IMPase are reviewed. Lithium, an effective therapy for manic depression, is an uncompetitive inhibitor. In the search for alternative inhibitors to lithium, substrate-based inhibitors, bisphosphonates, terpenoid and tropolone analogues are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fauroux
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Abstract
alpha-Hydroxyphosphonates are moderately potent (Ki = 6-600 microM) inhibitors of the enzyme myo-inositol monophosphatase (McLeod et al., Med. Chem. Res. 1992, 2, 96). Hydroxy-[4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtyl-1-oxy)phenyl]methyl phosphonate (3) was resynthesized and its inhibitory potency towards the recombinant bovine brain enzyme confirmed (Ki = 20 microM). Similar aromatic difluoro-, keto-, and ketodifluorophosphonates (5, 7, 9) were inactive. Compound 3 was 15-fold less active on the human as compared to the bovine enzyme. Molecular modeling suggested that the hydrophobic part of the inhibitor interacts with amino acid side chains that are located at the interface between the enzyme subunits in an area (amino acids 175-185) with low similarity between the two isozymes. Phe-183 in the human enzyme was replaced with leucine, the corresponding residue in the bovine isoform. The three isozymes (human wild-type, bovine wild-type and human F183L) had similar kinetic properties, except that the bovine enzyme was less effectively inhibited by high concentrations of the activator Mg2+. The F183L mutant enzyme had a twofold increased affinity for compound 3 as compared to the human wild-type form. We conclude that residue 183 contributes to the binding of aromatic hydroxyphosphonates to IMPase, but it is not the only determining factor for inhibitor specificity with respect to different isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ganzhorn
- Marion Merrell Research Institute, Strasbourg, France
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