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Zell L, Bretl A, Temml V, Schuster D. Dopamine Receptor Ligand Selectivity-An In Silico/In Vitro Insight. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1468. [PMID: 37239139 PMCID: PMC10216180 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Different dopamine receptor (DR) subtypes are involved in pathophysiological conditions such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), schizophrenia and depression. While many DR-targeting drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), only a very small number are truly selective for one of the DR subtypes. Additionally, most of them show promiscuous activity at related G-protein coupled receptors, thus suffering from diverse side-effect profiles. Multiple studies have shown that combined in silico/in vitro approaches are a valuable contribution to drug discovery processes. They can also be applied to divulge the mechanisms behind ligand selectivity. In this study, novel DR ligands were investigated in vitro to assess binding affinities at different DR subtypes. Thus, nine D2R/D3R-selective ligands (micro- to nanomolar binding affinities, D3R-selective profile) were successfully identified. The most promising ligand exerted nanomolar D3R activity (Ki = 2.3 nM) with 263.7-fold D2R/D3R selectivity. Subsequently, ligand selectivity was rationalized in silico based on ligand interaction with a secondary binding pocket, supporting the selectivity data determined in vitro. The developed workflow and identified ligands could aid in the further understanding of the structural motifs responsible for DR subtype selectivity, thus benefitting drug development in D2R/D3R-associated pathologies such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.Z.); (A.B.); (V.T.)
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2
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He J, Luo L, Xu S, Yang F, Zhu W. Pyrrole-based EGFR inhibitors for the treatment of NCSLC: Binding modes and SARs investigations. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:195-217. [PMID: 36394145 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has made substantial progress due to the rapid development of small molecule targeted therapy, with dramatically prolonged survival. As an effective drug for the treatment of NSCLC, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are currently experiencing issues like severe adverse events and drug resistance. It is urgent to develop novel types of EGFR inhibitors to overcome the abovementioned limitations. Pyrrole always works well as a probe for the creation of novel medication candidates for hard-to-treat conditions like lung cancer. Although the design, synthesis, and biological assays of pyrrole derivatives have been reported, their inhibitory actions against the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) EGFR have not been in-depthly studied. This review highlights the small molecule EGFR inhibitors containing pyrrole heterocyclic pharmacophores in recent years, and the research on their mechanism, biological activity, and structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Leixuan Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shidi Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Feiyi Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Identification of Novel Dopamine D2 Receptor Ligands—A Combined In Silico/In Vitro Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144435. [PMID: 35889317 PMCID: PMC9318694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the central nervous system are an alarming global problem showing an increasing prevalence. Dopamine receptor D2 (D2R) has been shown to be involved in central nervous system diseases. While different D2R-targeting drugs have been approved by the FDA, they all suffer from major drawbacks due to promiscuous receptor activity leading to adverse effects. Increasing the number of potential D2R-targeting drug candidates bears the possibility of discovering molecules with less severe side-effect profiles. In dire need of novel D2R ligands for drug development, combined in silico/in vitro approaches have been shown to be efficient strategies. In this study, in silico pharmacophore models were generated utilizing both ligand- and structure-based approaches. Subsequently, different databases were screened for novel D2R ligands. Selected virtual hits were investigated in vitro, quantifying their binding affinity towards D2R. This workflow successfully identified six novel D2R ligands exerting micro- to nanomolar (most active compound KI = 4.1 nM) activities. Thus, the four pharmacophore models showed prospective true-positive hit rates in between 4.5% and 12%. The developed workflow and identified ligands could aid in developing novel drug candidates for D2R-associated pathologies.
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4
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Synthesis of pyrrole-ferrocene ensembles and their rearrangement into 2-(ferrocenylmethyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-ones. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Butini S, Nikolic K, Kassel S, Brückmann H, Filipic S, Agbaba D, Gemma S, Brogi S, Brindisi M, Campiani G, Stark H. Polypharmacology of dopamine receptor ligands. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:68-103. [PMID: 27234980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Most neurological diseases have a multifactorial nature and the number of molecular mechanisms discovered as underpinning these diseases is continuously evolving. The old concept of developing selective agents for a single target does not fit with the medical need of most neurological diseases. The development of designed multiple ligands holds great promises and appears as the next step in drug development for the treatment of these multifactorial diseases. Dopamine and its five receptor subtypes are intimately involved in numerous neurological disorders. Dopamine receptor ligands display a high degree of cross interactions with many other targets including G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes and ion channels. For brain disorders like Parkinsońs disease, schizophrenia and depression the dopaminergic system, being intertwined with many other signaling systems, plays a key role in pathogenesis and therapy. The concept of designed multiple ligands and polypharmacology, which perfectly meets the therapeutic needs for these brain disorders, is herein discussed as a general ligand-based concept while focusing on dopaminergic agents and receptor subtypes in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - K Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Kassel
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Brückmann
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Filipic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Agbaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Brindisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - H Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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6
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Gladow D, Reissig HU. Perfluoroalkyl-Substituted Thiophenes and Pyrroles from Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes and Heterocumulenes: Synthesis and Exploration of their Reactivity. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4492-502. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500534t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gladow
- Institut für Chemie
und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Reissig
- Institut für Chemie
und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Inhibition of dengue virus replication by a class of small-molecule compounds that antagonize dopamine receptor d4 and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. J Virol 2014; 88:5533-42. [PMID: 24599995 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00365-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dengue viruses (DENV) are endemic pathogens of tropical and subtropical regions that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, no vaccines or antiviral therapeutics have been approved for combating DENV-associated disease. In this paper, we describe a class of tricyclic small-molecule compounds-dihydrodibenzothiepines (DHBTs), identified through high-throughput screening-with potent inhibitory activity against DENV serotype 2. SKI-417616, a highly active representative of this class, displayed activity against all four serotypes of DENV, as well as against a related flavivirus, West Nile virus (WNV), and an alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SINV). This compound was characterized to determine its mechanism of antiviral activity. Investigation of the stage of the viral life cycle affected revealed that an early event in the life cycle is inhibited. Due to the structural similarity of the DHBTs to known antagonists of the dopamine and serotonin receptors, we explored the roles of two of these receptors, serotonin receptor 2A (5HTR2A) and the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4), in DENV infection. Antagonism of DRD4 and subsequent downstream phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-related kinase (ERK) were found to impact DENV infection negatively, and blockade of signaling through this network was confirmed as the mechanism of anti-DENV activity for this class of compounds. IMPORTANCE The dengue viruses are mosquito-borne, reemerging human pathogens that are the etiological agents of a spectrum of febrile diseases. Currently, there are no approved therapeutic treatments for dengue-associated disease, nor is there a vaccine. This study identifies a small molecule, SKI-417616, with potent anti-dengue virus activity. Further analysis revealed that SKI-417616 acts through antagonism of the host cell dopamine D4 receptor and subsequent repression of the ERK phosphorylation pathway. These results suggest that SKI-417616, or other compounds targeting the same cellular pathways, may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of dengue virus infections.
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Martínez WR, Militão GCG, da Silva TG, Silva RO, Menezes PH. Synthesis of novel [3,1]-benzothiazepine and [3,1]-benzoxazepine derivatives with antitumoral activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1039/c3ra44937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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9
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Martínez WR, Militão GCG, da Silva TG, Silva RO, Menezes PH. Synthesis of novel [3,1]-benzothiazepine and [3,1]-benzoxazepine derivatives with antitumoral activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra44937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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10
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Martínez WR, Militão GCG, da Silva TG, Silva RO, Menezes PH. Synthesis of novel [3,1]-benzothiazepine and [3,1]-benzoxazepine derivatives with antitumoral activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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11
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Gao Z, Zhu X, Zhang R. Cs2CO3 promoted direct C–H bond sulfenylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and related heteroarenes in ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cs2CO3-promoted sulfenylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in ionic liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochang Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Yancheng Institute of Industry Technology
- Yancheng 224005, P. R. China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Yancheng Institute of Industry Technology
- Yancheng 224005, P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Yancheng Institute of Industry Technology
- Yancheng 224005, P. R. China
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Lubbe M, Bendrath F, Trabhardt T, Villinger A, Fischer C, Langer P. Regioselective synthesis of 3-(methylthio)phenols by formal [3+3]-cyclocondensations of 3-oxo-bis(methylthio)ketenacetals with 1,3-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-butadienes and 1,3-dicarbonyl dianions. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Noland WE, Lanzatella NP, Dickson RR, Messner ME, Nguyen HH. Access to Indoles via Diels-Alder Reactions of 5-Methylthio-2-vinylpyrroles with Maleimides. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayland E. Noland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Minnesota; 207 Pleasant Street SE; Minneapolis; Minnesota; 55455; USA
| | - Nicholas P. Lanzatella
- Department of Chemistry; University of Minnesota; 207 Pleasant Street SE; Minneapolis; Minnesota; 55455; USA
| | - Rozalin R. Dickson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Minnesota; 207 Pleasant Street SE; Minneapolis; Minnesota; 55455; USA
| | - Mary E. Messner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Minnesota; 207 Pleasant Street SE; Minneapolis; Minnesota; 55455; USA
| | - Huy H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Minnesota; 207 Pleasant Street SE; Minneapolis; Minnesota; 55455; USA
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van Gool JJF, van den Broek SAMW, Ripken RM, Nieuwland PJ, Koch K, Rutjes FPJT. Highly Controlled Gas/Liquid Processes in a Continuous Lab-Scale Device. Chem Eng Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Ye N, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ, Zhen X, Zhang A. Update 1 of: Recent Progress in Development of Dopamine Receptor Subtype-Selective Agents: Potential Therapeutics for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Chem Rev 2013; 113:PR123-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory,
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | | | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China 215123
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
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Chronic cannabinoid exposure reduces phencyclidine-induced schizophrenia-like positive symptoms in adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:531-42. [PMID: 22903392 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic cannabis use can induce psychotic states that resemble schizophrenia. Yet, schizophrenic patients often smoke cannabis as a form of self-medication to counter the aversive symptoms of schizophrenia. We recently demonstrated an ameliorating effect of cannabinoid self-administration (SA) on negative and cognitive schizophrenia-like symptoms induced experimentally by the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP). Whether cannabinoid SA alleviates or exacerbates schizophrenia-like positive symptoms is still unclear. OBJECTIVES This follow-up study aimed to evaluate the effect of self-administered cannabinoid on PCP-induced schizotypic positive symptoms in adult rats. METHODS Male rats were trained to self-administer either the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN; 12.5 μg/kg/infusion) or its vehicle (Veh) intravenously. The effects of acute and chronic intermittent intraperitoneal administration of PCP (2.5 mg/kg) on motor parameters were then tested in Veh-SA and WIN-SA. RESULTS Cannabinoid SA significantly attenuated the psychotomimetic effects of PCP exposure observed in control rats. Following acute PCP administration, WIN-SA animals displayed more frequent rearing and lower anxiety-like profile than Veh-SA rats. WIN-SA rats also exhibited lower behavioural sensitisation to chronic PCP treatment as demonstrated by reduced hyperlocomotion in response to an acute PCP challenge. In addition, parallel experiments performed in experimenter-administered rats that received WIN at comparable SA doses confirmed the ameliorating effects of cannabinoid exposure on PCP-induced schizotypic behaviours, indicating that motivational effects were not responsible for the ameliorative effects of cannabinoids. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that cannabis may exert protective effects on positive schizotypic symptoms in adult animals such as hypermotility and anxiety state.
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Alves D, Lara RG, Contreira ME, Radatz CS, Duarte LF, Perin G. Copper-catalyzed sulfenylation of pyrroles with disulfides or thiols: directly synthesis of sulfenyl pyrroles. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Thompson A, Bennett S, Gillis HM, Wood TE. Pyrroles, dipyrrins and prodigiosenes: one, two and three. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424608000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Thompson group aims to further the chemistry of pyrroles, dipyrrins and prodigiosenes. This micro-review discusses each of these research areas in turn, focussing on our achievements thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada
| | - Sarah Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada
| | - H. Martin Gillis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada
| | - Tabitha E. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada
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Butini S, Campiani G, Franceschini S, Trotta F, Kumar V, Guarino E, Borrelli G, Fiorini I, Novellino E, Fattorusso C, Persico M, Orteca N, Sandager-Nielsen K, Jacobsen TA, Madsen K, Scheel-Kruger J, Gemma S. Discovery of bishomo(hetero)arylpiperazines as novel multifunctional ligands targeting dopamine D(3) and serotonin 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4803-7. [PMID: 20481570 DOI: 10.1021/jm100294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our efforts to develop innovative ligands for D(3), 5-HT(1A), and 5-HT(2A) receptors with low propensity to block hERG channels, we propose a series bishetero(homo)arylpiperazines 5a-m as novel and potent multifunctional ligands characterized by low occupancy at D(2) and 5-HT(2C) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Universita di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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20
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A divergent approach to highly substituted benzothiepinones and to 2,3-dihydrothieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-4-ones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Butini S, Gemma S, Campiani G, Franceschini S, Trotta F, Borriello M, Ceres N, Ros S, Coccone SS, Bernetti M, De Angelis M, Brindisi M, Nacci V, Fiorini I, Novellino E, Cagnotto A, Mennini T, Sandager-Nielsen K, Andreasen JT, Scheel-Kruger J, Mikkelsen JD, Fattorusso C. Discovery of a New Class of Potential Multifunctional Atypical Antipsychotic Agents Targeting Dopamine D3 and Serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A Receptors: Design, Synthesis, and Effects on Behavior. J Med Chem 2008; 52:151-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800689g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Silvia Franceschini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Francesco Trotta
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Marianna Borriello
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Nicoletta Ceres
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Sindu Ros
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Salvatore Sanna Coccone
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Matteo Bernetti
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Meri De Angelis
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Vito Nacci
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Isabella Fiorini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Ettore Novellino
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Tiziana Mennini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Karin Sandager-Nielsen
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Jesper Tobias Andreasen
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Jorgen Scheel-Kruger
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Jens D. Mikkelsen
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
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22
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Thompson A, Garabatos-Perera JR, Gillis HM. Asymmetric oxidation of 2-(arylsulfenyl)pyrroles. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric oxidation of prochiral 2-(arylsulfenyl)pyrroles has been investigated. A marked electronic effect within the substrate significantly influenced the degree of enantioselectivity obtained, with very high enantio selectivity being obtained for 5-(nitrobenzensulfenyl)pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes using Ti(i-PrO)4/(+)-(R,R)-DET/H2O/CHP. This result bodes well for optimizing the asymmetric oxidation of other diaryl sulfides, substrates that have previously given only low enantiomeric excesses.Key words: asymmetric oxidation, sulfide, sulfoxide, pyrrole.
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23
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Preparation of Boronated Heterocyclic Compounds Using Intramolecular Cyclization Reaction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.2.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Tymoshenko D. Chapter 1 Benzoheteropines with Fused Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene Rings. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(07)00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Zefirova ON, Zefirov NS. Physiologically active compounds interacting with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptors. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2001v070n04abeh000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
A new strategy for preparing porphyrins that bear up to four different meso-substituents (ABCD-porphyrins) relies on two key reactions. One key reaction entails a directed synthesis of a 1-protected 19-acylbilane by acid-catalyzed condensation at high concentration (0.5 M) of a 1-acyldipyrromethane and a 9-protected dipyrromethane-1-carbinol (derived from a 9-protected 1-acyldipyrromethane). Three protecting groups (X) were examined, including thiocyanato, ethylthio, and bromo, of which bromo proved most effective. The bilanes were obtained in 72-80% yield, fully characterized, and examined by 15N NMR spectroscopy. The second key reaction entails a one-flask transformation of the 1-protected 19-acylbilane under basic, metal-templating conditions to give the corresponding metalloporphyrin. The reaction parameters investigated for cyclization of the bilane include solvent, metal salt, base, concentration, temperature, atmosphere, and time. The best conditions entailed the 1-bromo-19-acylbilane at 100 mM in toluene containing DBU (10 mol equiv) and MgBr2 (3 mol equiv) at 115 degrees C exposed to air for 2 h, which afforded the magnesium porphyrin in 65% yield. The magnesium porphyrin is readily demetalated to give the free base porphyrin. A stepwise procedure (which entailed treatment of the 1-(ethylthio)-19-acylbilane to oxidation, metal complexation, desulfurization, carbonyl reduction, and acid-catalyzed condensation) was developed but was much less efficient than the one-flask process. The new route to ABCD-porphyrins retains the desirable features of the existing "2 + 2" (dipyrromethane + dipyrromethane-1,9-dicarbinol) method, such as absence of scrambling, yet has significant advantages. The advantages include the absence of acid in the porphyrin-forming step, the use of a metal template for cyclization, the ability to carry out the reaction at high concentration, the lack of a quinone oxidant, avoidance of use of dichloromethane, and the increased yield of macrocycle formation to give the target ABCD-metalloporphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Kiper Dogutan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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27
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Garabatos-Perera JR, Rotstein BH, Thompson A. Comparison of Benzene, Nitrobenzene, and Dinitrobenzene 2-Arylsulfenylpyrroles. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7382-5. [PMID: 17705533 DOI: 10.1021/jo070493r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of the 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenyl and 4-nitrobenzenesulfenyl groups as masking and directing groups at the 2-position of pyrrole has been investigated and compared to that of 2-phenylthiopyrrole. The presence of the nitro group(s) enhances stability of the corresponding pyrrole toward acid and does not significantly decrease the ability of the pyrrolic unit to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in the form of formylation, nitration, and condensation with aldehydes. The synthetic utility of 2-(2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenyl)pyrrole was demonstrated through the synthesis of meso-substituted dipyrromethanes. The sulfoxides 2-(2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfinyl)pyrrole and 2-(4-nitrobenzenesulfinyl)pyrrole underwent neither formylation nor nitration, and the increasing presence of nitro groups within the moiety at the 2-position resulted in decreased stability under acidic conditions.
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28
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Zhang A, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ. Recent progress in development of dopamine receptor subtype-selective agents: potential therapeutics for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Chem Rev 2007; 107:274-302. [PMID: 17212477 DOI: 10.1021/cr050263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhang
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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29
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Thamyongkit P, Bhise AD, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Alkylthio unit as an alpha-pyrrole protecting group for use in dipyrromethane synthesis. J Org Chem 2006; 71:903-10. [PMID: 16438499 DOI: 10.1021/jo051806q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of porphyrin precursors requires the successive introduction of substituents at the pyrrole alpha- and alpha'-positions (2- and 5-, respectively). An alpha-pyrrole substituent that serves as a temporary masking agent and is not deactivating would greatly facilitate such syntheses, particularly for beta-(3,4)-unsubstituted pyrroles, but has heretofore not been available. A series of alpha-RS groups (R = Me, Et, n-decyl, Ph) have been investigated in this regard, including the determination of the kinetics of substitution at the pyrrolic 3-, 4-, and 5-positions and the application to dipyrromethane formation. The RS group was readily introduced into the pyrrole alpha-position by the reaction of 2-thiocyanatopyrrole (prepared from pyrrole, ammonium thiocyanate, and iodine) and the corresponding Grignard reagent RMgBr. Each 2-alkylthio group activated the pyrrole ring toward deuteration at the 3- or 5- (vs 4-) position. The dipyrromethane synthesis was carried out using a 2:1 ratio of 2-(RS)pyrrole/benzaldehyde with a catalytic amount of InCl3 at room temperature in the absence of any solvent. The alpha-RS group was removed by hydrodesulfurization using Raney nickel or nickel complexes. This stoichiometric synthesis using the alpha-RS-protected pyrrole is in contrast to the traditional synthesis that employs an aldehyde and 25-100 mol equiv of pyrrole. Six meso-substituted dipyrromethanes were prepared by the reaction of 2-(n-decylthio)pyrrole/aldehyde/InCl3 (2.2:1:0.2 ratio) followed by hydrodesulfurization. Other reactions of the 1,9-bis(RS)dipyrromethane include oxidation to give (i) the 1,9-bis(RS)dipyrrin or (ii) the 1,9-bis(RSO2)dipyrromethane, which underwent subsequent complexation with dibutyltin dichloride. In summary, under mild reaction conditions, the 2-alkylthio group is readily introduced to the pyrrole nucleus, directs electrophilic substitution to the 5-position, and is readily removed as required for elaboration of porphyrinic precursors.
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Kim HJ, Choo H, Cho YS, Koh HY, No KT, Pae AN. Classification of dopamine, serotonin, and dual antagonists by decision trees. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2763-70. [PMID: 16387502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine antagonists (DA), serotonin antagonists (SA), and serotonin-dopamine dual antagonists (Dual) are being used as antipsychotics. A lot of dopamine and serotonin antagonists reveal non-selective binding affinity against these two receptors because the antagonists share structurally common features originated from conserved residues of binding site of the aminergic receptor family. Therefore, classification of dopamine and serotonin antagonists into their own receptors can be useful in the designing of selective antagonist for individual therapy of antipsychotic disorders. Data set containing 1135 dopamine antagonists (D2, D3, and D4), 1251 serotonin antagonists (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C), and 386 serotonin-dopamine dual antagonists was collected from the MDDR database. Cerius2 descriptors were employed to develop a classification model for the 2772 compounds with antipsychotic activity. LDA (linear discriminant analysis), SIMCA (soft independent modeling of class analogy), RP (recursive partitioning), and ANN (artificial neural network) algorithms successfully classified the active class of each compound at the average 73.6% and predicted at the average 69.8%. The decision trees from RP, the best model, were generated to identify and interpret those descriptors that discriminate the active classes more easily. These classification models could be used as a virtual screening tool to predict the active class of new candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Kim
- Biochemicals Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, South Korea
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31
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Haller J, Szirmai M, Varga B, Ledent C, Freund TF. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor dependent effects of the NMDA antagonist phencyclidine in the social withdrawal model of schizophrenia. Behav Pharmacol 2006; 16:415-22. [PMID: 16148446 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200509000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and laboratory findings suggest that cannabinoid signalling is implicated in schizophrenia. However, the interaction remains poorly understood, as data are often contradictory. Here we investigated wild-type (WT) and cannabinoid CB1 receptor-knockout (CB1-KO) mice in the phencyclidine-induced social withdrawal model of schizophrenia. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists (including phencyclidine) induce psychotic symptoms in humans, and are used to model schizophrenia in a variety of experimental conditions. In WTs, 5 mg/kg phencyclidine increased locomotion and stereotyped behaviours, and decreased social interactions. These changes are consistent with a schizophrenia-like effect. In CB1-KOs, phencyclidine decreased locomotion, enhanced ataxia and stereotypy more markedly than in WTs, but did not affect social interactions. Locomotion showed a significant negative correlation with both ataxia and stereotypy, suggesting that in CB1-KOs, the locomotor suppressive effect of phencyclidine was secondary to changes in these variables. Our findings demonstrate that CB1 gene disruption dramatically alters the behavioural effects of the NMDA antagonist phencyclidine, suggesting that the CB1 receptor is involved in schizophrenia. As social disruption and stereotypy respectively are believed to model negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, our findings tentatively suggest that cannabinoids are differentially involved in these two symptom categories. These findings require verification by experiments involving CB1 receptor blockers, as the genetic and pharmacological blockade of receptors may not always provide similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haller
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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32
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Shevchenko VP, Nagaev II, Kuznetsov IV, Polunin EV, Zozulia AA, Miasoedov NF. A Synthesis of Tritium-Labeled Olanzapine. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005; 31:420-4. [PMID: 16119462 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of olanzapine, 2-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine was carried out, and the conditions for its tritium labeling were optimized, to get a tritium-labeled olanzapine preparation with molar radioactivity of 12 Ci/mmol.
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Semmelhack MF, Chlenov A, Ho DM. Accelerated Arene Ligand Exchange in the (Arene)Cr(CO)2L Series. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:7759-73. [PMID: 15913366 DOI: 10.1021/ja042705x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arene ligand exchange in the (eta(6)-arene)Cr(CO)(2)L series can be accelerated if the ligand L is an electronically unsymmetrical bidentate ligand. The system evaluated here employs derivatives of tris(pyrrolyl)phosphine as L. A series of 2-L'-substituted pyrroles was prepared, where the substituents include: L' = -SMe, -CH(2)SMe, -SPh, -CH(2)SPh, -SCF(3), -S-tBu, -CO(2)Me, -CONMe(2), -2-pyridinyl, and -PPh(2). Reaction with ClP(pyrrolyl)(2) gave a new series of phosphines, (2-L'-pyrrolyl)(pyrrolyl)(2)P. Each of these phosphines was converted to (arene)Cr(CO)(2)[P(2-L'-pyrrolyl)(pyrrolyl)(2)P) complexes. The substituents L'are proposed to provide temporary coordination to the Cr and to lower the barrier to arene exchange. The series was evaluated where the arene in the complex (departing) is benzene, fluorobenzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, or p-xylene and the incoming arene is C(6)D(6), chlorobenzene-d(5), anisole-d(8), fluorobenzene-d(5), toluene-d(8), o-xylene-d(10), m-xylene-d(10), p-xylene-d(10), or mesitylene-d(12). Most of the new complexes showed a significant increase in the rate of arene exchange due to the side chain unit L'. The strongest effects were seen with the examples where X = -CO(2)Me, -CONMe(2), and -(2-pyridinyl), allowing exchange with a half lifetime as low as 8 h/22 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Semmelhack
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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Di Stefano A, Sozio P, Cacciatore I, Cocco A, Giorgioni G, Costa B, Montali M, Lucacchini A, Martini C, Spoto G, Di Pietrantonio F, Di Matteo E, Pinnen F. Preparation and pharmacological characterization of trans-2-amino-5(6)-fluoro-6(5)-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indenes as D2-like dopamine receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2646-54. [PMID: 15801855 DOI: 10.1021/jm040889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports the synthesis of trans-2-amino-5(6)-fluoro-6(5)-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indenes (4a-f, 5a-f) as a continuation of our studies to better understand the significance of the halo substituent in the trans-1-phenyl-2-aminoindane series and to extend knowledge of the monophenolic ligands of DA receptors. The affinity of the new compounds and related methoxylated precursors (10-15 and 18-23) was estimated in vitro by displacement of [(3)H]SCH23390 (for D(1)-like receptors) or [(3)H]YM-09-151-2 (for D(2)-like receptors) from homogenates of porcine striatal membranes. The results indicate that unsubstituted amines 4a, 5a, 10, and 11 are poorly effective at DA receptors. The introduction of two n-propyl groups on the nitrogen atom (compounds 14, 15, 4c, and 5c) and N-allyl-N-methyl- or N-methyl-N-propyl- substitution (compounds 20-23, 4e, 4f, 5e, 5f) increased the D(2)-like affinities and selectivity. The D(2)-like agonistic activity of selected compounds 15, 20, 21, 4e, 5c, and 5e was proved by evaluating their effects on the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content in rat neostriatal membranes. All tested compounds displayed a potential dopamine D(2)-like agonist profile decreasing basal levels of cGMP. The selective D(2)-like agonism of compounds 20 and 5e was proved by their effects on basal striatal adenylyl cyclase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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35
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Synthesis of Se-arylmethyl selenoformates by reaction of aluminum arylmethaneselenolates with formates. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Campiani G, Butini S, Fattorusso C, Catalanotti B, Gemma S, Nacci V, Morelli E, Cagnotto A, Mereghetti I, Mennini T, Carli M, Minetti P, Di Cesare MA, Mastroianni D, Scafetta N, Galletti B, Stasi MA, Castorina M, Pacifici L, Vertechy M, Di Serio S, Ghirardi O, Tinti O, Carminati P. Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-Based Serotonin and Dopamine Receptor Antagonists. Molecular Modeling, Further Structure−Activity Relationship Studies, and Identification of Novel Atypical Antipsychotic Agents. J Med Chem 2003; 47:143-57. [PMID: 14695828 DOI: 10.1021/jm0309811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently we reported the pharmacological characterization of the 9,10-dihydropyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine derivative (S)-(+)-8 as a novel atypical antipsychotic agent. This compound had an optimum pK(i) 5-HT(2A)/D(2) ratio of 1.21 (pK(i) 5-HT(2A) = 8.83; pK(i) D(2) = 7.79). The lower D(2) receptor affinity of (S)-(+)-8 compared to its enantiomer was explained by the difficulty in reaching the conformation required to optimally fulfill the D(2) pharmacophore. With the aim of finding novel atypical antipsychotics we further investigated the core structure of (S)-(+)-8, synthesizing analogues with specific substituents; the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was also expanded with the design and synthesis of other analogues characterized by a pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazepine skeleton, substituted on the benzo-fused ring or on the pyrrole system. On the 9,10-dihydro analogues the substituents introduced on the pyrrole ring were detrimental to affinity for dopamine and for 5-HT(2A) receptors, but the introduction of a double bond at C-9/10 on the structure of (S)-(+)-8 led to a potent D(2)/5-HT(2A) receptor ligand with a typical binding profile (9f, pK(i) 5-HT(2A)/D(2) ratio of 1.01, log Y = 8.43). Then, to reduce D(2) receptor affinity and restore atypicality on unsaturated analogues, we exploited the effect of specific substitutions on the tricyclic system of 9f. Through a molecular modeling approach we generated a novel series of potential atypical antipsychotic agents, with optimized 5HT(2A)/D(2) receptor affinity ratios and that were easier to synthesize and purify than the reference compound (S)-(+)-8. A number of SAR trends were identified, and among the analogues synthesized and tested in binding assays, 9d and 9m were identified as the most interesting, giving atypical log Y scores respectively 4.98 and 3.18 (pK(i) 5-HT(2A)/D(2) ratios of 1.20 and 1.30, respectively). They had a multireceptor affinity profile and could be promising atypical agents. Compound 9d, whose synthesis is easier and whose binding profile is atypical (log Y score similar to that of olanzapine, 3.89), was selected for further biological investigation. Pharmacological and biochemical studies confirmed an atypical antipsychotic profile in vivo. The compound was active on conditioned avoidance response at 1.1 mg/kg, a dose 100-times lower than that required to cause catalepsy (ED(50) >90 mg/kg), it induced a negligible increase of prolactin serum levels after single and multiple doses, and antagonized the cognitive impairment induced by phencyclidine. In conclusion, the pharmacological profile of 9d proved better than clozapine and olanzapine, making this compound a potential clinical candidate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antipsychotic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Benzothiepins/chemical synthesis
- Benzothiepins/chemistry
- Benzothiepins/pharmacology
- Catalepsy/chemically induced
- Cognition Disorders/chemically induced
- Cognition Disorders/drug therapy
- Dopamine Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Dopamine Antagonists/chemistry
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/drug effects
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/physiology
- Prolactin/metabolism
- Pyrroles/chemical synthesis
- Pyrroles/chemistry
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D3
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2/metabolism
- Serotonin Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Serotonin Antagonists/chemistry
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Thiazepines/chemical synthesis
- Thiazepines/chemistry
- Thiazepines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Campiani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Via Aldo Moro and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Universitá degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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37
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Campiani G, Butini S, Trotta F, Fattorusso C, Catalanotti B, Aiello F, Gemma S, Nacci V, Novellino E, Stark JA, Cagnotto A, Fumagalli E, Carnovali F, Cervo L, Mennini T. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of potent and highly selective D3 receptor ligands: inhibition of cocaine-seeking behavior and the role of dopamine D3/D2 receptors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3822-39. [PMID: 12930145 DOI: 10.1021/jm0211220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of a series of novel arylalkylpiperazines structurally related to BP897 (3) are described. In binding studies, the new derivatives were tested against a panel of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline receptor subtypes. Focusing mainly on dopamine D(3) receptors, SAR studies brought to light a number of structural features required for high receptor affinity and selectivity. Several heteroaromatic systems were explored for their dopamine receptor affinities, and combinations of synthesis, biology, and molecular modeling, were used to identify novel structural leads for the development of potent and selective D(3) receptor ligands. Introduction of an indole ring linked to a dichlorophenylpiperazine system provided two of the most potent and selective ligands known to date (D(3) receptor affinity in the picomolar range). The intrinsic pharmacological properties of a subset of potent D(3) receptor ligands were also assessed in [(35)S]-GTPgammaS binding assays. Evidence from animal studies, in particular, has highlighted the dopaminergic system's role in how environmental stimuli induce drug-seeking behavior. We therefore tested two novel D(3) receptor partial agonists and a potent D(3)-selective antagonist in vivo for their effect in the cocaine-seeking behavior induced by reintroduction of cocaine-associated stimuli after a long period of abstinence, and without any further cocaine. Compound 5 g, a nonselective partial D(3) receptor agonist with a pharmacological profile similar to 3, and 5p, a potent and selective D(3) antagonist, reduced the number of active lever presses induced by reintroduction of cocaine-associated stimuli. However, 5q, a highly potent and selective D(3) partial agonist, did not have any effect on cocaine-seeking behavior. Although brain uptake studies are needed to establish whether the compounds achieve brain concentrations comparable to those active in vitro on the D(3) receptor, our experiments suggest that antagonism at D(2) receptors might significantly contribute to the reduction of cocaine craving by partial D(3) agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Campiani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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38
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González-Gómez JC, Santana L, Uriarte E, Brea J, Villazón M, Loza MI, De Luca M, Rivas ME, Montenegro GY, Fontenla JA. New arylpiperazine derivatives with high affinity for alpha1A, D2 and 5-HT2A receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:175-8. [PMID: 12482418 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel long-chain arylpiperazines bearing a coumarin fragment was synthesized and the compounds were evaluated for their affinity at alpha(1), D(2 )and 5-HT(2A) receptors. Most of the new compounds showed high affinity for the three types of receptors alpha(1A), D(2) and 5-HT(2A) which depends, fundamentally, on the substitution of the N(4) of the piperazine ring. From the series emerged compound 6, which had an haloperidol-like profile at D(2) and 5HT(2A) receptors (pK(i) values of 7.93 and 6.76 respectively). The higher alpha(1A) receptor affinity (pA(2)=9.07) of this compound could contribute to a more atypical antipsychotic profile than the haloperidol.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Coumarins/chemistry
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Haloperidol/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indicators and Reagents
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Piperazines/chemical synthesis
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- J C González-Gómez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago, Campus Sur s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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39
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Katritzky AR, Xu YJ, Jain R. A novel dilithiation approach to 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzothiazines, 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazines, and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazepines. J Org Chem 2002; 67:8234-6. [PMID: 12423158 DOI: 10.1021/jo020176e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,3-benzothiazines 4, 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazines 9, and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazepines 6 were synthesized by directed ortho-lithiation of thiophenols and phenols and by side-chain lithiation of substituted thiophenols, respectively, in one-pot by reacting with N,N-bis[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]amines 3 as 1,3-biselectrophile synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA.
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40
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Liégeois JF, Eyrolles L, Ellenbroek BA, Lejeune C, Carato P, Bruhwyler J, Géczy J, Damas J, Delarge J. New pyridobenzodiazepine derivatives: modifications of the basic side chain differentially modulate binding to dopamine (D(4.2), D(2L)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A)) receptors. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5136-49. [PMID: 12408724 DOI: 10.1021/jm0104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of new pyridobenzodiazepines with variation of the basic side chain were synthesized and evaluated for their binding to D(4.2), D(2L), and 5-HT(2A) receptors in comparison with clozapine, haloperidol, and two parent compounds previously described, 8-chloro-6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-11H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepine (8) and 8-methyl-6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-11H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepine (9). In the piperazine series, replacing the N-methyl group by a N-phenyl moiety (15-17, 30-32) provided a dramatic decrease of affinity for all receptors (K(i) > 1000 nM). A N-cyclohexyl group (20, 35) restored some affinity. Compounds with a N-benzyl (18, 33) or N-phenethyl side chain (19, 34) had significant affinities at D(4.2) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. Homologation of the piperazine nucleus (29, 44) led to a significant decrease of the affinity at all receptors investigated. In the 4-aminopiperidine series, N-methyl derivatives (21, 36) possessed less affinity in comparison with the N-methylpiperazine analogues (8, 9) while the N-benzyl congeners (22, 37) showed similar affinities. The rigidification of piperidine nucleus as obtained in azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives (23, 38) involved a slight reduction of the affinity at D(4.2) and 5-HT(2A) receptors while the affinity at D(2L) receptors was dramatically increased. The introduction of N-substituted aminoalkylamines to replace N-methylpiperazine generally led to a significant decrease in the affinity for D(4.2) receptors but some of these molecules (24, 25, 41) presented a significant 5-HT(2A) binding affinity. The presence of a more flexible side chain induced an increased conformational freedom. Consequently, the preferential position of the distal nitrogen or its basicity in piperazine derivatives was greatly modified. 19 with a high D(4.2) and 5-HT(2A) affinity (K(i) = 40 and 103 nM, respectively) did not induce cataleptic phenomenon in the paw test in rats but significantly reduced the immobility time in Porsolt's test in mice suggesting antidepressant properties.
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MESH Headings
- Amines/chemical synthesis
- Amines/chemistry
- Amines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antidepressive Agents/chemistry
- Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology
- Benzodiazepines/chemical synthesis
- Benzodiazepines/chemistry
- Benzodiazepines/pharmacology
- Catalepsy/chemically induced
- Cell Line
- Dopamine Agents/chemical synthesis
- Dopamine Agents/chemistry
- Dopamine Agents/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Conformation
- Piperazines/chemical synthesis
- Piperazines/chemistry
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/chemical synthesis
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D4
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin Agents/chemical synthesis
- Serotonin Agents/chemistry
- Serotonin Agents/pharmacology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Liégeois
- Natural and Synthetic Drugs Research Center, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Liège, avenue de l'Hôpital 1 (B36), Belgium.
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41
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Di Stefano A, Sozio P, Luisi G, Cacciatore I, Mosciatti B, Costa B, Lucacchini A, Martini C, Pinnen F. Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of trans-2-amino-5(6)-chloro-6(5)-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indenes as dopamine receptor ligands. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:303-13. [PMID: 11989809 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)01206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of trans-2-amino-5(6)-chloro-6(5)-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indenes were synthesized and evaluated for their binding affinity toward D1-like and D2-like dopamine (DA) receptors. The affinity and selectivity of these compounds were measured in a test involving displacement of [3H]SCH 23390 or [3H]YM-09-151-2, respectively, from homogenates of porcine striatal membranes. All tested compounds were poorly effective at DA receptors (Ki nM > 1000). The results suggest that introduction of chlorine substituent in five or six position of previously synthesized trans-2-amino-6(5)-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indenes decreases both D1-like and D2-like receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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42
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Campiani G, Butini S, Gemma S, Nacci V, Fattorusso C, Catalanotti B, Giorgi G, Cagnotto A, Goegan M, Mennini T, Minetti P, Di Cesare MA, Mastroianni D, Scafetta N, Galletti B, Stasi MA, Castorina M, Pacifici L, Ghirardi O, Tinti O, Carminati P. Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies. J Med Chem 2002; 45:344-59. [PMID: 11784139 DOI: 10.1021/jm010982y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prototypical dopamine and serotonin antagonist (+/-)-7-chloro-9-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-9,10-dihydropyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazepine (5) was resolved into its R and S enantiomers via crystallization of the diastereomeric tartaric acid salts. Binding studies confirmed that the (R)-(-)-enantiomer is a more potent D(2) receptor antagonist than the (S)-(+)-enantiomer, with almost identical affinity at the 5-HT(2) receptor ((S)-(+)-5, log Y = 4.7; (R)-(-)-5, log Y = 7.4). These data demonstrated a significant stereoselective interaction of 5 at D(2) receptors. Furthermore, enantiomer (S)-(+)-5 (ST1460) was tested on a panel of receptors; this compound showed an intriguing binding profile characterized by high affinity for H(1) and the alpha(1) receptor, a moderate affinity for alpha(2) and D(3) receptors, and low affinity for muscarinic receptors. Pharmacological and biochemical investigation confirmed an atypical pharmacological profile for (S)-(+)-5. This atypical antipsychotic lead has low propensity to induce catalepsy in rat. It has minimal effect on serum prolactin levels, and it has been selected for further pharmacological studies. (S)-(+)-5 increases the extracellular levels of dopamine in the rat striatum after subcutaneous administration. By use of 5 as the lead compound, a novel series of potential atypical antipsychotics has been developed, some of them being characterized by a stereoselective interaction at D(2) receptors. A number of structure-activity relationships trends have been identified, and a possible explanation is advanced in order to account for the observed stereoselectivity of the enantiomer of (+/-)-5 for D(2) receptors. The molecular structure determination of the enantiomers of 5 by X-ray diffraction and molecular modeling is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Campiani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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43
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Katritzky AR, Xu YJ, He HY, Mehta S. Syntheses of 1,4-benzothiazepines and 1,4-benzoxazepines via cyclizations of 1-[2-arylthio(oxy)ethyl]-5-benzotriazolyl-2-pyrrolidinones and 3-benzotriazolyl-2-[2-arylthio(oxy)ethyl]-1-isoindolinones. J Org Chem 2001; 66:5590-4. [PMID: 11485488 DOI: 10.1021/jo010179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-[2-Arylthio(oxy)ethyl]-5-benzotriazolyl-2-pyrrolidinones 6a-e, 12 and 3-benzotriazolyl-2-[2-arylthio(oxy)ethyl]-1-isoindolinones 9a-f, 14 are readily available from reactions of benzotriazole (4), 2-(arylsulfanyl)ethylamines 3, or 2-phenoxyethylamine (11) with 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (5) or 2-formylbenzoic acid (8). Lewis acid mediated cyclizations of 6 and 9 produced novel 1,4-benzothiazepines 7a-e and 10a-f, respectively. Cyclizations of 12 and 14 gave 1,4-benzoxazepines 13 and 15, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611-7200, USA.
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44
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Cingolani GM, Di Stefano A, Napolitani F, Mosciatti B, Giorgioni G, Cinone N, Brunetti L, Luisi G, Michelotto B, Orlando G, Costa B, Lucacchini A, Martini C, Claudi F. Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 5-hydroxy- and 5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,7,12,12a-hexahydrobenzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2,3-ij]isoquinoline derivatives as dopamine receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1447-58. [PMID: 11408163 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-hydroxy- and 5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,7,12,12a-hexahydrobenzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2,3-ij]isoquinoline derivatives (5a--e and 6a--e) were synthesized as conformationally rigid analogues of 1-benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline and evaluated for their affinity at D(1) and D(2) dopamine receptors. All compounds showed lower D(1) and D(2) affinities than dopamine. The 5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2,3,12,12a-hexahydrobenzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2,3-ij]isoquinoline 5a and the 5,6-dihydroxy analogue 6a showed D(2) agonist activity. This was proved by their effects on prolactin release from primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells. Molecular modeling studies showed that the geometric parameters (namely the distances from meta and para hydroxyl oxygens to the nitrogen and the height of nitrogen from the hydroxylated phenyl ring plane) of the dopaminergic pharmacophore embedded in our compounds have lower values in comparison with those observed in D(1) and D(2) selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Cingolani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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45
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Abstract
The need to develop new antipsychotics that have fewer motor adverse effects and offer better treatment of negative symptoms has led to a new generation of drugs. Most of these drugs undergo extensive first-pass metabolism and are cleared almost exclusively by metabolism, except for amisulpride whose clearance is largely due to urinary excretion. Risperidone has metabolic routes in common with ziprasidone but shows differences in regard to other main pathways: the benzisoxazole moiety of risperidone is oxidised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 to the active 9-hydroxyrisperidone, whereas the benzisothiazole of ziprasidone is primarily oxidised by CYP3A4, yielding sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives with low affinity for target receptors in vitro. Olanzapine, quetiapine and zotepine also have some common metabolic features. However, for the thienobenzodiazepine olanzapine a main metabolic route is direct conjugation at the benzodiazepine nucleus, whereas for the dibenzothiazepine quetiapine and the dibenzothiepine zotepine it is CYP3A4-mediated oxidation, leading to sulfoxidation, hydroxylation and dealkylation for quetiapine, but N-demethylation to the active nor-derivative for zotepine. Although the promising benzisoxazole (iloperidone) and benzisothiazole (perospirone) antipsychotics share some metabolic routes with the structurally related available drugs, they too have pharmacologically relevant compound-specific pathways. For some of the new antipsychotics we know the isoenzymes involved in their main metabolic pathways and the endogenous and exogenous factors that, by affecting enzyme activity, can potentially modify steady-state concentrations of the parent drug or its metabolite(s), but we know very little about others (e.g. amisulpride isomers, nemonapride). For yet others, information is scarce about the activity of the main metabolites and whether and how these contribute to the effect of the parent drug. Aging reduces the clearance of most antipsychotics, except amisulpride (which requires further evaluation) and ziprasidone. Liver impairment has little or no effect on the pharmacokinetics of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone (and 9-hydroxy-risperidone) and ziprasidone, but information is lacking for amisulpride. Renal impairment significantly reduces the clearance and prolongs the elimination half-life of amisulpride and risperidone. Again, studies are still not available for some drugs (zotepine) and have focused on the parent drug for others (olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone) despite the fact that renal impairment would be expected to lower the clearance of more polar metabolites. Addressing these issues may assist clinicians in the design of safe and effective regimens for this group of drugs, and in selecting the best agent for each specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Caccia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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46
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Sparatore A, Goegan M, Cagnotto A, Sparatore F. 2-[4-[3-(4-aryl/heteroaryl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy]phenyl]-2H- benzotriazoles and their N-oxides as ligands for serotonin and dopamine receptors. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:402-10. [PMID: 10443019 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(99)00046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A small set of 2-{4-[3-(4-aryl/heteroaryl-piperazinyl)propoxy]phenyl}-2H-benzo tri azoles and corresponding N-oxides were prepared. The synthesized compounds were able to bind on some serotonin (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A) and dopamine (D2, D3) receptors, while displaying poor or no affinity for 5-HT1B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, and 5-HT4 subtypes. The strong contribution of the N-oxide function for the binding on 5-HT1A, D2 and D3 receptors is noteworthy. For 2-{4-[3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propoxy]phenyl}-2H-benzotr iazole- 1-oxide (4b), the binding constants (Ki) were 11.9 (5-HT1A) and 10.5 nM (D3). In a general pharmacological screening, the 2-{4-[3-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy]phenyl}-2H-benzotriazole (3a) exhibited only very weak activities, with the exception of protecting mice from cyanide-induced hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sparatore
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Milano, Italy.
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Boivin J, Boutillier P, Zard SZ. An unusual and highly efficient access to thieno[2,3-b]-benzothiopyran structures. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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