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Specific and sensitive GC-MS analysis of hypusine, N ε-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine, a biomarker of hypusinated eukaryotic initiation factor eIF5A, and its application to the bi-ethnic ASOS study. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1083-1099. [PMID: 35243537 PMCID: PMC9217869 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypusination is a unique two-step enzymatic post-translational modification of the Nε-amino group of lysine-50 of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). We developed a specific and sensitive gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for the measurement of biological hypusine (Hyp), i.e., Nε-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine. The method includes a two-step derivatization of Hyp: first esterification with 2 M HCl in CH3OH (60 min, 80 °C) to the methyl ester (Me) and then acylation with penta-fluoro-propionic (PFP) anhydride in ethyl acetate (30 min, 65 °C). Esterification with 2 M HCl in CD3OD was used to prepare the internal standard. The major derivatization product was identified as the un-labelled (d0Me) and the deuterium-labelled methyl esters (d3Me) derivatives: d0Me-Hyp-(PFP)5 and d3Me-Hyp-(PFP)5, respectively. Negative-ion chemical ionization generated the most intense ions with m/z 811 for d0Me-Hyp-(PFP)5 and m/z 814 for the internal standard d3Me-Hyp-(PFP)5. Selected-ion monitoring of m/z 811 and m/z 814 was used in quantitative analyses. Free Hyp was found in spot urine samples (10 µL) of two healthy subjects at 0.60 µM (0.29 µmol Hyp/mmol creatinine) in the female and 1.80 µM (0.19 µmol Hyp/mmol creatinine) in the male subject. The mean accuracy of the method in these urine samples spiked with 1–5 µM Hyp was 91–94%. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method is 1.4 fmol Hyp. The method was applied to measure the urinary excretion rates of Hyp in healthy black (n = 38, age 7.8 ± 0.7 years) and white (n = 41, age 7.7 ± 1.0 years) boys of the Arterial Stiffness in Offspring Study (ASOS). The Hyp concentrations were 3.55 [2.68–5.31] µM (range 0.54–9.84 µM) in the black boys and 3.87 [2.95–5.06] µM (range 1.0–11.7 µM) in the white boys (P = 0.64). The creatinine-corrected excretion rates were 0.25 [0.20–0.29] µmol/mmol (range 0.11–0.36 µmol/mmol) in the black boys and 0.26 [0.21–0.30] µmol/mmol (range 0.10–0.45 µmol/mmol) in the white boys (P = 0.82). These results suggest that there is no ethnic-related difference in the ASOS population in the eIF5A modification. Remarkable differences were found between black and white boys with respect to correlations of urinary Hyp with amino acids and advanced glycation end-products of Lys, Arg and Cys. Deoxyhypusine, formally the direct precursor of Hyp, seems not to be excreted in the urine by healthy subjects.
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Padgett LR, Robertson MA, Anderson‐Baucum EK, Connors CT, Wu W, Mirmira RG, Mastracci TL. Deoxyhypusine synthase, an essential enzyme for hypusine biosynthesis, is required for proper exocrine pancreas development. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21473. [PMID: 33811703 PMCID: PMC8034418 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903177r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic diseases including diabetes and exocrine insufficiency would benefit from therapies that reverse cellular loss and/or restore cellular mass. The identification of molecular pathways that influence cellular growth is therefore critical for future therapeutic generation. Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) is an enzyme that post-translationally modifies and activates the mRNA translation factor eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). Previous work demonstrated that the inhibition of DHPS impairs zebrafish exocrine pancreas development; however, the link between DHPS, eIF5A, and regulation of pancreatic organogenesis remains unknown. Herein we identified that the conditional deletion of either Dhps or Eif5a in the murine pancreas results in the absence of acinar cells. Because DHPS catalyzes the activation of eIF5A, we evaluated and uncovered a defect in mRNA translation concomitant with defective production of proteins that influence cellular development. Our studies reveal a heretofore unappreciated role for DHPS and eIF5A in the synthesis of proteins required for cellular development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan A. Robertson
- Department of BiologyIndiana University‐Purdue University‐Indianapolis (IUPUI)IndianapolisINUSA
| | | | - Craig T. Connors
- Department of BiologyIndiana University‐Purdue University‐Indianapolis (IUPUI)IndianapolisINUSA
| | - Wenting Wu
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of PediatricsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Kovler Diabetes Center and the Department of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Teresa L. Mastracci
- Indiana Biosciences Research InstituteIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of BiologyIndiana University‐Purdue University‐Indianapolis (IUPUI)IndianapolisINUSA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
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Yu Z, Huang H, Zhang H, Kessler BM. Improved profiling of polyamines using two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 199:184-188. [PMID: 30952244 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are a class of poly-cationic aliphatic amines, playing a role in different cellular processes such as maintaining intracellular pH and membrane potential that are relevant for general cellular physiology and ageing. The development of analytical methods for detection and quantitation of this class of compounds has been challenging due to the basic nature of these species. Both liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) have been applied for separation, mostly coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for detection. However, current methodologies suffer from lengthy extraction protocols and limitations in separation and detection levels. Here, we present a simplified and optimised method for straightforward extraction of polyamine metabolites including spermine, spermidine, norspermidine, cadaverine and putrescine from cellular and tissue material. We demonstrate that strong acid-based extraction and chemical derivatisation not only improves isolation, but also recovery. Combined with two-dimensional gas chromatography, this method provides clear separation and femtomole sensitivity for the profiling of polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanru Yu
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Honglei Huang
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
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Gosslau A, Jao DLE, Butler R, Liu AYC, Chen KY. Thermal killing of human colon cancer cells is associated with the loss of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:485-93. [PMID: 19160416 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heat-induced cell death appears to be a cell-specific event. Chronic heat stress was lethal to human colon cancer cells (Caco-2, HT29, and HCT116), but not to normal diploid fibroblasts and other cancer cells (BJ-T, WI38, HeLa, ovarian 2008, WI38VA). Acute heat stress (45-51 degrees C, 30 min) caused cell death of colon cancer cells during recovery at physiological temperature. Thermal killing of Caco-2 cells was not mediated via oxidative stress since Caco-2 cells were much more resistant than HeLa and other cancer cells to H(2)O(2)-induced cell death. Acute heat stress caused a striking loss of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) in colon cancer cells, but not in HeLa and other normal or transformed human fibroblasts. The heat-induced loss of eIF5A is likely to be due to changes in the protein stability. The half-life of eIF5A was changed from >20 h to less than 30 min during the acute heat stress. Sequence analysis of the eIF5A gene from Caco-2 and HeLa cells did not reveal any difference, suggesting that the change in stability in Caco-2 cells was not due to any eIF5A mutation. Pretreatment of cells with protease inhibitors such as phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) partially blocked the heat-induced loss of eIF5A and prevented heat-induced cell death. In light of the essential role of eIF5A in cell survival and proliferation, our results suggest that the stability of eIF5A may have an important role in determining the fate of the particular cell type after severe heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gosslau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Hyvönen MT, Keinänen TA, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Sinervirta R, Grigorenko N, Khomutov AR, Vepsäläinen J, Alhonen L, Jänne J. Role of hypusinated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A in polyamine depletion-induced cytostasis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34700-6. [PMID: 17901051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704282200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have earlier shown that alpha-methylated spermidine and spermine analogues rescue cells from polyamine depletion-induced growth inhibition and maintain pancreatic integrity under severe polyamine deprivation. However, because alpha-methylspermidine can serve as a precursor of hypusine, an integral part of functional eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A required for cell proliferation, and because alpha, omega-bismethylspermine can be converted to methylspermidine, it is not entirely clear whether the restoration of cell growth is actually attributable to hypusine formed from these polyamine analogues. Here, we have used optically active isomers of methylated spermidine and spermine and show that polyamine depletion-induced acute cytostasis in cultured cells could be reversed by all the isomers of the methylpolyamines irrespective of whether they served or not as precursors of hypusine. In transgenic rats with activated polyamine catabolism, all the isomers similarly restored liver regeneration and reduced plasma alpha-amylase activity associated with induced pancreatitis. Under the above experimental conditions, the (S, S)- but not the (R, R)-isomer of bismethylspermine was converted to methylspermidine apparently through the action of spermine oxidase strongly preferring the (S, S)-isomer. Of the analogues, however, only (S)-methylspermidine sustained cell growth during prolonged (more than 1 week) inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis. It was also the only isomer efficiently converted to hypusine, indicating that deoxyhypusine synthase likewise possesses hidden stereospecificity. Taken together, the results show that growth inhibition in response to polyamine depletion involves two phases, an acute and a late hypusine-dependent phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T Hyvönen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Nishimura K, Murozumi K, Shirahata A, Park M, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Independent roles of eIF5A and polyamines in cell proliferation. Biochem J 2005; 385:779-85. [PMID: 15377278 PMCID: PMC1134754 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To examine the roles of active hypusinated eIF5A (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A) and polyamines in cell proliferation, mouse mammary carcinoma FM3A cells were treated with an inhibitor of deoxyhypusine synthase, GC7 (N1-guanyl-1, 7-diaminoheptane), or with an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, DFMO (a-difluoromethylornithine), or with DFMO plus an inhibitor of spermine synthase, APCHA [N1-(3-aminopropyl)-cyclohexylamine]. Treatment with GC7 decreased the level of active eIF5A on day 1 without affecting cellular polyamine content, and inhibition of cell growth occurred from day 2. This delay reflects the fact that eIF5A was present in excess and was very stable in these cells. Treatment with DFMO or with DFMO plus APCHA inhibited cell growth on day 1. DFMO considerably decreased the levels of putrescine and spermidine, and the formation of active eIF5A began to decrease when the level of spermidine fell below 8 nmol/mg of protein after 12 h of incubation with DFMO. The combination of DFMO and APCHA markedly decreased the levels of putrescine and spermine and significantly decreased the level of spermidine, but did not affect the level of active eIF5A until day 3 when spermidine level decreased to 7 nmol/mg of protein. The results show that a decrease in either active eIF5A or polyamines inhibits cell growth, indicating that eIF5A and polyamines are independently involved in cell growth
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nishimura
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kaori Murozumi
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Akira Shirahata
- †Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0248, Japan
| | - Myung Hee Park
- ‡Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, U.S.A
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Jänne J, Alhonen L, Pietilä M, Keinänen TA. Genetic approaches to the cellular functions of polyamines in mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:877-94. [PMID: 15009201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are organic cations shown to participate in a bewildering number of cellular reactions, yet their exact functions in intermediary metabolism and specific interactions with cellular components remain largely elusive. Pharmacological interventions have demonstrated convincingly that a steady supply of these compounds is a prerequisite for cell proliferation to occur. The last decade has witnessed the appearance of a substantial number of studies, in which genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism in transgenic rodents has been employed to unravel their cellular functions. Transgenic activation of polyamine biosynthesis through an overexpression of their biosynthetic enzymes has assigned specific roles for these compounds in spermatogenesis, skin physiology, promotion of tumorigenesis and organ hypertrophy as well as neuronal protection. Transgenic activation of polyamine catabolism not only profoundly disturbs polyamine homeostasis in most tissues, but also creates a complex phenotype affecting skin, female fertility, fat depots, pancreatic integrity and regenerative growth. Transgenic expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme has suggested that this unique protein may act as a general tumor suppressor. Homozygous deficiency of the key biosynthetic enzymes of the polyamines, ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, as achieved through targeted disruption of their genes, is not compatible with murine embryogenesis. Finally, the first reports of human diseases apparently caused by mutations or rearrangements of the genes involved in polyamine metabolism have appeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhani Jänne
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Rasanen TL, Alhonen L, Sinervirta R, Keinanen T, Herzig KH, Suppola S, Khomutov AR, Vepsalainen J, Janne J. A polyamine analogue prevents acute pancreatitis and restores early liver regeneration in transgenic rats with activated polyamine catabolism. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:39867-72. [PMID: 12181316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205967200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently generated a transgenic rat model for acute pancreatitis, which was apparently caused by a massive depletion of pancreatic polyamines spermidine and spermine due to inducible activation of their catabolism (Alhonen, L., Parkkinen, J. J., Keinänen, T., Sinervirta, R., Herzig, K. H., and Jänne, J. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 8290-8295). When subjected to partial hepatectomy, these animals showed striking activation of polyamine catabolism at 24 h postoperatively with a profound decrease in hepatic spermidine and spermine pools and failure to initiate liver regeneration. Here we show that pancreatitis in this model could be totally prevented, as judged by histopathology and plasma alpha-amylase activity, by administration of 1-methylspermidine, a metabolically stable analogue of spermidine. Similarly, the analogue, given prior to partial hepatectomy, restored early liver regeneration in the transgenic rats, as indicated by a dramatic increase in the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive hepatocytes from about 1% to more than 40% in response to the drug. The present results suggest that the extremely high concentration of spermidine in the pancreas, in fact the highest in the mammalian body, may have a critical role in maintaining organ integrity. The failure to initiate liver regeneration in the absence of sufficient hepatic polyamine pools similarly indicates that polyamines are required for proper commencement of the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina-Liisa Rasanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences and the Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Chan KL, New D, Ghandhi S, Wong F, Lam CMC, Wong JTY. Transcript levels of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A gene peak at early G(1) phase of the cell cycle in the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:2278-84. [PMID: 11976098 PMCID: PMC127562 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.5.2278-2284.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) homolog in heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii (CceIF-5A) was isolated through random sequencing of a cDNA library. The predicted amino acid sequence possesses the 12 strictly conserved amino acids around lysine 52 (equivalent to lysine 50 or 51 in other eukaryotes). A single 1.2-kb band was detected in Northern blot analysis. In synchronized C. cohnii cells, the transcript level peaked at early G(1) and decreased dramatically on the entry to S phase. Although this has not been previously reported, studies of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and certain mammalian cell types suggest a role for eIF-5A in the G(1)/S transition of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Phylogenetic trees constructed with 26 other published eIF-5A sequences suggest that CceIF-5A, while falling within the eukaryotic branches, forms a lineage separate from those of the plants, animals, and archaebacteria. The posttranslational modification of eIF-5A by a transfer of a 4-aminobutyl moiety from spermidine to conserved lysine 50 or 51, forming amino acid hypusine, is the only demonstrated specific function of polyamines in cell proliferation. It has been suggested that polyamines stimulate population growth of bloom-forming dinoflagellates in the sea. We demonstrate here putrescine-stimulated cell proliferation. Furthermore, ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor D-difluoromethylornithine and the specific hypusination inhibitor N-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane exhibited inhibitory effects in two species of dinoflagellates. The possible links of polyamines and saxitoxin synthesis to the arginine cycle are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Chan
- Biology Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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Alhonen L, Räsänen TL, Sinervirta R, Parkkinen JJ, Korhonen VP, Pietilä M, Jänne J. Polyamines are required for the initiation of rat liver regeneration. Biochem J 2002; 362:149-53. [PMID: 11829751 PMCID: PMC1222371 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3620149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies applying inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis have indicated that these compounds are required for animal cell proliferation. Here we show, using a transgenic rat model with activated polyamine catabolism, that a certain critical concentration of the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine is required for liver regeneration. Partial hepatectomy of transgenic rats expressing spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) under the control of mouse metallothionein promoter strikingly induced the enzyme at 24 h and reduced hepatic spermidine by 80%. At that time, the weight of the liver remnant was significantly increased in syngenic rats and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labelling index was 20%, whereas the transgenic rats showed no liver weight gain and their PCNA-positive cells accounted for 0.5% of hepatocytes. Similarly, hepatic thymidine incorporation was markedly enhanced at this time point in syngenic, but not in transgenic, animals, whereas the rate of leucine incorporation was only marginally affected in the transgenic animals. At 3 days after operation, the spermidine pool in transgenic livers had increased to the pre-operative level, the remnant weight was significantly elevated and hepatic PCNA labelling index increased to 5%. N(1),N(11)-Diethylnorspermine, a powerful inducer of SSAT, inhibited liver weight gain and proliferative activity in both syngenic and transgenic rats. We found an extremely close correlation between hepatic spermidine, and less close between spermine, concentrations and PCNA labelling index during early liver regeneration. These results indicate that spermidine and/or spermine, but apparently not putrescine, are required for liver regeneration, yet at concentrations smaller than those normally found after partial hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Alhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Nishimura K, Nakatsu F, Kashiwagi K, Ohno H, Saito T, Igarashi K. Essential role of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in mouse embryonic development. Genes Cells 2002; 7:41-7. [PMID: 11856372 DOI: 10.1046/j.1356-9597.2001.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of spermidine and spermine, which are essential for normal cell growth. To examine the role of polyamines in embryogenesis, we carried out targeted disruption of the mouse Amd1 gene, encoding AdoMetDC, to generate mice that can not synthesize spermidine and spermine. RESULTS Amd1 heterozygous mice were viable, normal and fertile. However, homozygous Amd1(-/-) embryos died early in embryonic development, between E3.5 and E6.5 days post-coitus. Homozygous (Amd1(-/-)) blastocysts at E3.5 arrested cell proliferation immediately after the onset of cell culture, and this arrest was rescued by the addition of spermidine. Chromosomal DNA breakage did not occur in Amd1(-/-) blastocysts at E3.5, as determined by TUNEL assay. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that AdoMetDC plays an essential role in embryonic development and that polyamines are required for cell proliferation in the embryo after E3.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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Shamma T, Haworth IS. Spermine inhibition of the 2,5-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DZQ) crosslinking reaction with DNA duplexes containing poly(purine). poly(pyrimidine) tracts. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:2601-9. [PMID: 10373575 PMCID: PMC148467 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.13.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon reduction, 2,5-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DZQ) can form an interstrand guanine to guanine crosslink with DNA duplexes containing a d(GC).d(GC) dinucleotide step. The reaction is enhanced by a thymine positioned 5[prime] to each guanine [i.e. in a d(TGCA). d(TGCA) duplex fragment]. Here we show that spermine can inhibit DZQ crosslink formation in duplexes of sequence d[C(N6)TGCA(M6)C]. d[G(M[prime]6)TG-CA(N[prime]6)G]. For N6= M6= GGGGGG, N6= M6= a 'random' sequence and N6= GGGGGG and M6= a 'random' sequence, spermine concentrations of 20, 1 and 3 microM, respectively, were required for 50% inhibition of the DZQ crosslink. This suggests that spermine is more strongly bound to the polyguanosine tract than the random sequence, making it less available for crosslink inhibition. When the polyguanosine tract is interrupted by N 7-deazaguanine (D) located three bases, d(CGGGDGGTGCAGGDGGGC), and four bases, d(CG-GDGGGTGCAGGGDGGC), from the d(TGCA).d(TGCA) site, 30 and 3 microM spermine, respectively, were required for 50% crosslink inhibition. We suggest that this difference is due to the relative proximity of the three-guanosine tract to the d(TGCA).d(TGCA) site. We were able to confirm these conclusions with further experiments using duplexes containing three-guanosine and two-guanosine tracts and from computer simulations of the spermine-DNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shamma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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