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Padgett LR, Robertson MA, Anderson‐Baucum EK, Connors CT, Wu W, Mirmira RG, Mastracci TL. Deoxyhypusine synthase, an essential enzyme for hypusine biosynthesis, is required for proper exocrine pancreas development. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21473. [PMID: 33811703 PMCID: PMC8034418 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903177r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic diseases including diabetes and exocrine insufficiency would benefit from therapies that reverse cellular loss and/or restore cellular mass. The identification of molecular pathways that influence cellular growth is therefore critical for future therapeutic generation. Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) is an enzyme that post-translationally modifies and activates the mRNA translation factor eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). Previous work demonstrated that the inhibition of DHPS impairs zebrafish exocrine pancreas development; however, the link between DHPS, eIF5A, and regulation of pancreatic organogenesis remains unknown. Herein we identified that the conditional deletion of either Dhps or Eif5a in the murine pancreas results in the absence of acinar cells. Because DHPS catalyzes the activation of eIF5A, we evaluated and uncovered a defect in mRNA translation concomitant with defective production of proteins that influence cellular development. Our studies reveal a heretofore unappreciated role for DHPS and eIF5A in the synthesis of proteins required for cellular development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan A. Robertson
- Department of BiologyIndiana University‐Purdue University‐Indianapolis (IUPUI)IndianapolisINUSA
| | | | - Craig T. Connors
- Department of BiologyIndiana University‐Purdue University‐Indianapolis (IUPUI)IndianapolisINUSA
| | - Wenting Wu
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of PediatricsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Kovler Diabetes Center and the Department of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Teresa L. Mastracci
- Indiana Biosciences Research InstituteIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of BiologyIndiana University‐Purdue University‐Indianapolis (IUPUI)IndianapolisINUSA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
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2
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Reinoso-Sánchez JF, Baroli G, Duranti G, Scaricamazza S, Sabatini S, Valle C, Morlando M, Casero RA, Bozzoni I, Mariottini P, Ceci R, Cervelli M. Emerging Role for Linear and Circular Spermine Oxidase RNAs in Skeletal Muscle Physiopathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8227. [PMID: 33153123 PMCID: PMC7663755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a pathological condition so far without effective treatment and poorly understood at a molecular level. Emerging evidence suggest a key role for circular RNAs (circRNA) during myogenesis and their deregulation has been reported to be associated with muscle diseases. Spermine oxidase (SMOX), a polyamine catabolic enzyme plays a critical role in muscle differentiation and the existence of a circRNA arising from SMOX gene has been recently identified. In this study, we evaluated the expression profile of circular and linear SMOX in both C2C12 differentiation and dexamethasone-induced myotubes atrophy. To validate our findings in vivo their expression levels were also tested in two murine models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: SOD1G93A and hFUS+/+, characterized by progressive muscle atrophy. During C2C12 differentiation, linear and circular SMOX show the same trend of expression. Interestingly, in atrophy circSMOX levels significantly increased compared to the physiological state, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our study demonstrates that SMOX represents a new player in muscle physiopathology and provides a scientific basis for further investigation on circSMOX RNA as a possible new therapeutic target for the treatment of muscle atrophy.
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MESH Headings
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy/genetics
- Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/pathology
- Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors/genetics
- Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors/physiology
- RNA, Circular/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/physiology
- RNA, Untranslated/physiology
- RNA-Binding Protein FUS/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase-1/genetics
- Polyamine Oxidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fernando Reinoso-Sánchez
- Department of Science, “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy; (J.F.R.-S.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Giulia Baroli
- Department of Science, “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy; (J.F.R.-S.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Guglielmo Duranti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (S.S.); (R.C.)
| | | | - Stefania Sabatini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (S.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Cristiana Valle
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Morlando
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Robert Anthony Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Irene Bozzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Department of Science, “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy; (J.F.R.-S.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (S.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Science, “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy; (J.F.R.-S.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
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3
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Sierra JC, Piazuelo MB, Luis PB, Barry DP, Allaman MM, Asim M, Sebrell TA, Finley JL, Rose KL, Hill S, Holshouser SL, Casero RA, Cleveland JL, Woster PM, Schey KL, Bimczok D, Schneider C, Gobert AP, Wilson KT. Spermine oxidase mediates Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation, DNA damage, and carcinogenic signaling. Oncogene 2020; 39:4465-4474. [PMID: 32350444 PMCID: PMC7260102 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the main risk factor for the development of gastric cancer, the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. H. pylori colonizes the human gastric mucosa and persists for decades. The inflammatory response is ineffective in clearing the infection, leading to disease progression that may result in gastric adenocarcinoma. We have shown that polyamines are regulators of the host response to H. pylori, and that spermine oxidase (SMOX), which metabolizes the polyamine spermine into spermidine plus H2O2, is associated with increased human gastric cancer risk. We now used a molecular approach to directly address the role of SMOX, and demonstrate that Smox-deficient mice exhibit significant reductions of gastric spermidine levels and H. pylori-induced inflammation. Proteomic analysis revealed that cancer was the most significantly altered functional pathway in Smox-/- gastric organoids. Moreover, there was also less DNA damage and β-catenin activation in H. pylori-infected Smox-/- mice or gastric organoids, compared to infected wild-type animals or gastroids. The link between SMOX and β-catenin activation was confirmed in human gastric organoids that were treated with a novel SMOX inhibitor. These findings indicate that SMOX promotes H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis by causing inflammation, DNA damage, and activation of β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Sierra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Daniel P Barry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Margaret M Allaman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas A Sebrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Jordan L Finley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Salisha Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Steven L Holshouser
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Claus Schneider
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alain P Gobert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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4
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Uemura T, Takasaka T, Igarashi K, Ikegaya H. Spermine oxidase promotes bile canalicular lumen formation through acrolein production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14841. [PMID: 29093526 PMCID: PMC5665972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermine oxidase (SMOX) catalyzes oxidation of spermine to generate spermidine, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 3-aminopropanal, which is spontaneously converted to acrolein. SMOX is induced by a variety of stimuli including bacterial infection, polyamine analogues and acetaldehyde exposure. However, the physiological functions of SMOX are not yet fully understood. We investigated the physiological role of SMOX in liver cells using human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. SMOX localized to the bile canalicular lumen, as determined by F-actin staining. Knockdown of SMOX reduced the formation of bile canalicular lumen. We also found that phospho-Akt (phosphorylated protein kinase B) was localized to canalicular lumen. Treatment with Akt inhibitor significantly reduced the formation of bile canalicular lumen. Acrolein scavenger also inhibited the formation of bile canalicular lumen. PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog and an inhibitor of Akt, was alkylated in a SMOX-dependent manner. Our results suggest that SMOX plays a central role in the formation of bile canalicular lumen in liver cells by activating Akt pathway through acrolein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uemura
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan.
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Takasaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikegaya
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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5
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Cervetto C, Vergani L, Passalacqua M, Ragazzoni M, Venturini A, Cecconi F, Berretta N, Mercuri N, D'Amelio M, Maura G, Mariottini P, Voci A, Marcoli M, Cervelli M. Astrocyte-Dependent Vulnerability to Excitotoxicity in Spermine Oxidase-Overexpressing Mouse. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:50-68. [PMID: 26530396 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice overexpressing spermine oxidase (SMO) in the cerebral cortex (Dach-SMO mice) showed increased vulnerability to excitotoxic brain injury and kainate-induced epileptic seizures. To investigate the mechanisms by which SMO overexpression leads to increased susceptibility to kainate excitotoxicity and seizure, in the cerebral cortex of Dach-SMO and control mice we assessed markers for astrocyte proliferation and neuron loss, and the ability of kainate to evoke glutamate release from nerve terminals and astrocyte processes. Moreover, we assessed a possible role of astrocytes in an in vitro model of epileptic-like activity in combined cortico-hippocampal slices recorded with a multi-electrode array device. In parallel, as the brain is a major metabolizer of oxygen and yet has relatively feeble protective antioxidant mechanisms, we analyzed the oxidative status of the cerebral cortex of both SMO-overexpressing and control mice by evaluating enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavengers such as metallothioneins. The main findings in the cerebral cortex of Dach-SMO mice as compared to controls are the following: astrocyte activation and neuron loss; increased oxidative stress and activation of defense mechanisms involving both neurons and astrocytes; increased susceptibility to kainate-evoked cortical epileptogenic activity, dependent on astrocyte function; appearance of a glutamate-releasing response to kainate from astrocyte processes due to activation of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in Dach-SMO mice. We conclude that reactive astrocytosis and activation of glutamate release from astrocyte processes might contribute, together with increased reactive oxygen species production, to the vulnerability to kainate excitotoxicity in Dach-SMO mice. This mouse model with a deregulated polyamine metabolism would shed light on roles for astrocytes in increasing vulnerability to excitotoxic neuron injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cervetto
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Vergani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Via L. B. Alberti 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Milena Ragazzoni
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Arianna Venturini
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicola Berretta
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Medical School Campus, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Department of Sciences, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Viale Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium of Structural and Systems Biology, Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Voci
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy.
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Viale Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy.
- Interuniversity Consortium of Structural and Systems Biology, Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy.
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Chaturvedi R, de Sablet T, Asim M, Piazuelo MB, Barry DP, Verriere TG, Sierra JC, Hardbower DM, Delgado AG, Schneider BG, Israel DA, Romero-Gallo J, Nagy TA, Morgan DR, Murray-Stewart T, Bravo LE, Peek RM, Fox JG, Woster PM, Casero RA, Correa P, Wilson KT. Increased Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer risk in the Andean region of Colombia is mediated by spermine oxidase. Oncogene 2015; 34:3429-40. [PMID: 25174398 PMCID: PMC4345146 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection causes gastric cancer, the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. More than half of the world's population is infected, making universal eradication impractical. Clinical trials suggest that antibiotic treatment only reduces gastric cancer risk in patients with non-atrophic gastritis (NAG), and is ineffective once preneoplastic lesions of multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) have occurred. Therefore, additional strategies for risk stratification and chemoprevention of gastric cancer are needed. We have implicated polyamines, generated by the rate-limiting enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), in gastric carcinogenesis. During H. pylori infection, the enzyme spermine oxidase (SMOX) is induced, which generates hydrogen peroxide from the catabolism of the polyamine spermine. Herein, we assessed the role of SMOX in the increased gastric cancer risk in Colombia associated with the Andean mountain region when compared with the low-risk region on the Pacific coast. When cocultured with gastric epithelial cells, clinical strains of H. pylori from the high-risk region induced more SMOX expression and oxidative DNA damage, and less apoptosis than low-risk strains. These findings were not attributable to differences in the cytotoxin-associated gene A oncoprotein. Gastric tissues from subjects from the high-risk region exhibited greater levels of SMOX and oxidative DNA damage by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, and this occurred in NAG, MAG and IM. In Mongolian gerbils, a prototype colonizing strain from the high-risk region induced more SMOX, DNA damage, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma than a colonizing strain from the low-risk region. Treatment of gerbils with either α-difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ODC, or MDL 72527 (N(1),N(4)-Di(buta-2,3-dien-1-yl)butane-1,4-diamine dihydrochloride), an inhibitor of SMOX, reduced gastric dysplasia and carcinoma, as well as apoptosis-resistant cells with DNA damage. These data indicate that aberrant activation of polyamine-driven oxidative stress is a marker of gastric cancer risk and a target for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thibaut de Sablet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel P. Barry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas G. Verriere
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J. Carolina Sierra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana M. Hardbower
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara G. Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dawn A. Israel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Toni A. Nagy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas R. Morgan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luis E. Bravo
- Department of Pathology, Universidad del Valle School of Medicine, Cali, Colombia
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts lnstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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7
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Agostinelli E, Vianello F, Magliulo G, Thomas T, Thomas TJ. Nanoparticle strategies for cancer therapeutics: Nucleic acids, polyamines, bovine serum amine oxidase and iron oxide nanoparticles (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:5-16. [PMID: 25333509 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology for cancer gene therapy is an emerging field. Nucleic acids, polyamine analogues and cytotoxic products of polyamine oxidation, generated in situ by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, can be developed for nanotechnology-based cancer therapeutics with reduced systemic toxicity and improved therapeutic efficacy. Nucleic acid-based gene therapy approaches depend on the compaction of DNA/RNA to nanoparticles and polyamine analogues are excellent agents for the condensation of nucleic acids to nanoparticles. Polyamines and amine oxidases are found in higher levels in tumours compared to that of normal tissues. Therefore, the metabolism of polyamines spermidine and spermine, and their diamine precursor, putrescine, can be targets for antineoplastic therapy since these naturally occurring alkylamines are essential for normal mammalian cell growth. Intracellular polyamine concentrations are maintained at a cell type-specific set point through the coordinated and highly regulated interplay between biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism. In particular, polyamine catabolism involves copper-containing amine oxidases. Several studies showed an important role of these enzymes in developmental and disease-related processes in animals through the control of polyamine homeostasis in response to normal cellular signals, drug treatment, and environmental and/or cellular stress. The production of toxic aldehydes and reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2 in particular, by these oxidases suggests a mechanism by which amine oxidases can be exploited as antineoplastic drug targets. The combination of bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) and polyamines prevents tumour growth, particularly well if the enzyme has been conjugated with a biocompatible hydrogel polymer. The findings described herein suggest that enzymatically formed cytotoxic agents activate stress signal transduction pathways, leading to apoptotic cell death. Consequently, superparamagnetic nanoparticles or other advanced nanosystem based on directed nucleic acid assemblies, polyamine-induced DNA condensation, and bovine serum amine oxidase may be proposed for futuristic anticancer therapy utilizing nucleic acids, polyamines and BSAO. BSAO based nanoparticles can be employed for the generation of cytotoxic polyamine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Agostinelli
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome and CNR, Institute of Biology and Molecular Pathology, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy and Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Giuseppe Magliulo
- Department Organi di Senso, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Thresia Thomas
- Formerly Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - T J Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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8
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Cervelli M, Salvi D, Polticelli F, Amendola R, Mariottini P. Structure-function relationships in the evolutionary framework of spermine oxidase. J Mol Evol 2013; 76:365-70. [PMID: 23828398 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-013-9570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Spermine oxidase is a FAD-dependent enzyme that specifically oxidizes spermine, and plays a central role in the highly regulated catabolism of polyamines in vertebrates. The spermine oxidase substrate is specifically spermine, a tetramine that plays mandatory roles in several cell functions, such as DNA synthesis, cellular proliferation, modulation of ion channels function, cellular signalling, nitric oxide synthesis and inhibition of immune responses. The oxidative products of spermine oxidase activity are spermidine, H2O2 and the aldehyde 3-aminopropanal that spontaneously turns into acrolein. In this study the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships among spermine oxidase proteins from different vertebrate taxa allowed to infer their molecular evolutionary history, and assisted in elucidating the conservation of structural and functional properties of this enzyme family. The amino acid residues, which have been hypothesized or demonstrated to play a pivotal role in the enzymatic activity, and substrate specificity are here analysed to obtain a comprehensive and updated view of the structure-function relationships in the evolution of spermine oxidase.
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9
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Wimalasekera R, Tebartz F, Scherer GFE. Polyamines, polyamine oxidases and nitric oxide in development, abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant Sci 2011; 181:593-603. [PMID: 21893256 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), polyamines (PAs), diamine oxidases (DAO) and polyamine oxidases (PAO) play important roles in wide spectrum of physiological processes such as germination, root development, flowering and senescence and in defence responses against abiotic and biotic stress conditions. This functional overlapping suggests interaction of NO and PA in signalling cascades. Exogenous application of PAs putrescine, spermidine and spermine to Arabidopsis seedlings induced NO production as observed by fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy using the NO-binding fluorophores DAF-2 and DAR-4M. The observed NO release induced by 1 mM spermine treatment in the Arabidopsis seedlings was very rapid without apparent lag phase. These observations pave a new insight into PA-mediated signalling and NO as a potential mediator of PA actions. When comparing the functions of NO and PA in plant development and abiotic and biotic stresses common to both signalling components it can be speculated that NO may be a link between PA-mediated stress responses filing a gap between many known physiological effects of PAs and amelioration of stresses. NO production indicated by PAs could be mediated either by H(2)O(2), one reaction product of oxidation of PAs by DAO and PAO, or by unknown mechanisms involving PAs, DAO and PAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinukshi Wimalasekera
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Floriculture and Wood Science, Section of Molecular Developmental Physiology, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Okajima T, Nakai T, Tanizawa K. [Mechanisms of biosynthesis of built-in cofactors]. Seikagaku 2011; 83:691-703. [PMID: 21942091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Okajima
- Department of Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan
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11
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Fiori LM, Bureau A, Labbe A, Croteau J, Noël S, Mérette C, Turecki G. Global gene expression profiling of the polyamine system in suicide completers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:595-605. [PMID: 21208503 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710001574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, gene expression, genetic association, and metabolic studies have implicated the polyamine system in psychiatric conditions, including suicide. Given the extensive regulation of genes involved in polyamine metabolism, as well as their interconnections with the metabolism of other amino acids, we were interested in further investigating the expression of polyamine-related genes across the brain in order to obtain a more comprehensive view of the dysregulation of this system in suicide. To this end, we examined the expression of genes related to polyamine metabolism across 22 brain regions in a sample of 29 mood-disordered suicide completers and 16 controls, and identified 14 genes displaying differential expression. Among these, altered expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, spermine oxidase, and spermine synthase, has previously been observed in brains of suicide completers, while the remainder of the genes represent novel findings. In addition to genes with direct involvement in polyamine metabolism, including S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase antizymes 1 and 2, and arginase II, we identified altered expression of several more distally related genes, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A2, brain creatine kinase, mitochondrial creatine kinase 1, glycine amidinotransferase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1, and arginyl-tRNA synthetase-like. Many of these genes displayed altered expression across several brain regions, strongly implying that dysregulated polyamine metabolism is a widespread phenomenon in the brains of suicide completers. This study provides a broader view of the nature and extent of the dysregulation of the polyamine system in suicide, and highlights the importance of this system in the neurobiology of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Fiori
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Bacchi CJ, Yarlett N, Faciane E, Bi X, Rattendi D, Weiss LM, Woster PM. Metabolism of an alkyl polyamine analog by a polyamine oxidase from the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2599-604. [PMID: 19223636 PMCID: PMC2687184 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00267-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidium responsible for systemic illness in mammals. In the course of developing leads to new therapy for microsporidiosis, we found that a bis(phenylbenzyl)3-7-3 analog of spermine, 1,15-bis{N-[o-(phenyl)benzylamino}-4,12-diazapentadecane (BW-1), was a substrate for an E. cuniculi amine oxidase activity. The primary natural substrate for this oxidase activity was N'-acetylspermine, but BW-1 had activity comparable to that of the substrate. As the sole substrate, BW-1 gave linear reaction rates over 15 min and K(m) of 2 microM. In the presence of N'-acetylspermine, BW-1 acted as a competitive inhibitor of oxidase activity and may be a subversive substrate, resulting in increased peroxide production. By use of (13)C-labeled BW-1 as a substrate and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, two products were determined to be oxidative metabolites, a hydrated aldehyde or dicarboxylate and 2(phenyl)benzylamine. These products were detected after exposure of (13)C-labeled BW-1 to E. cuniculi preemergent spore preparations and to uninfected host cells. In previous studies, BW-1 was curative in a rodent model of infection with E. cuniculi. The results in this study demonstrate competitive inhibition of oxidase activity by BW-1 and support further studies of this oxidase activity by the parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus J Bacchi
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, 41 Park Row, New York, NY 10038, USA.
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13
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Nurhayati N, Gondé D, Ober D. Evolution of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Phalaenopsis orchids and other monocotyledons: identification of deoxyhypusine synthase, homospermidine synthase and related pseudogenes. Phytochemistry 2009; 70:508-516. [PMID: 19254800 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the evolution of pathways of plant secondary metabolism, we use the biosynthesis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as a model system. PAs are regarded as part of the plant's constitutive defense against herbivores. Homospermidine synthase (HSS) is the first specific enzyme of PA biosynthesis. The gene encoding HSS has been recruited from the gene encoding deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) from primary metabolism at least four times independently during angiosperm evolution. One of these recruitment occurred within the monocot lineage. We have used the PA-producing orchid Phalaenopsis to identify the cDNAs encoding HSS, DHS and the substrate protein for DHS, i.e., the precursor of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A. A cDNA identified from maize was unequivocally characterized as DHS. From our study of Phalaenopsis, several pseudogenes emerged, of which one was shown to be a "processed pseudogene", and others to be transcribed. Sequence comparison of the HSS- and DHS-encoding sequences from this investigation with those of monocot species taken from the databases suggest that HSS and probably the ability to produce PAs is an old feature within the monocot lineage. This result is discussed with respect to the recent discovery of structural related PAs within grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niknik Nurhayati
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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14
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Moschou PN, Sanmartin M, Andriopoulou AH, Rojo E, Sanchez-Serrano JJ, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. Bridging the gap between plant and mammalian polyamine catabolism: a novel peroxisomal polyamine oxidase responsible for a full back-conversion pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2008; 147:1845-57. [PMID: 18583528 PMCID: PMC2492618 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.123802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to animals, where polyamine (PA) catabolism efficiently converts spermine (Spm) to putrescine (Put), plants have been considered to possess a PA catabolic pathway producing 1,3-diaminopropane, Delta(1)-pyrroline, the corresponding aldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide but unable to back-convert Spm to Put. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains at least five putative PA oxidase (PAO) members with yet-unknown localization and physiological role(s). AtPAO1 was recently identified as an enzyme similar to the mammalian Spm oxidase, which converts Spm to spermidine (Spd). In this work, we have performed in silico analysis of the five Arabidopsis genes and have identified PAO3 (AtPAO3) as a nontypical PAO, in terms of homology, compared to other known PAOs. We have expressed the gene AtPAO3 and have purified a protein corresponding to it using the inducible heterologous expression system of Escherichia coli. AtPAO3 catalyzed the sequential conversion/oxidation of Spm to Spd, and of Spd to Put, thus exhibiting functional homology to the mammalian PAOs. The best substrate for this pathway was Spd, whereas the N(1)-acetyl-derivatives of Spm and Spd were oxidized less efficiently. On the other hand, no activity was detected when diamines (agmatine, cadaverine, and Put) were used as substrates. Moreover, although AtPAO3 does not exhibit significant similarity to the other known PAOs, it is efficiently inhibited by guazatine, a potent PAO inhibitor. AtPAO3 contains a peroxisomal targeting motif at the C terminus, and it targets green fluorescence protein to peroxisomes when fused at the N terminus but not at the C terminus. These results reveal that AtPAO3 is a peroxisomal protein and that the C terminus of the protein contains the sorting information. The overall data reinforce the view that plants and mammals possess a similar PA oxidation system, concerning both the subcellular localization and the mode of its action.
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15
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Yoda H, Hiroi Y, Sano H. Polyamine oxidase is one of the key elements for oxidative burst to induce programmed cell death in tobacco cultured cells. Plant Physiol 2006; 142:193-206. [PMID: 16844838 PMCID: PMC1557616 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death plays a critical role during the hypersensitive response in the plant defense system. One of components that triggers it is hydrogen peroxide, which is generated through multiple pathways. One example is proposed to be polyamine oxidation, but direct evidence for this has been limited. In this article, we investigated relationships among polyamine oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and programmed cell death using a model system constituted of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultured cell and its elicitor, cryptogein. When cultured cells were treated with cryptogein, programmed cell death occurred with a distinct pattern of DNA degradation. The level of hydrogen peroxide was simultaneously increased, along with polyamine oxidase activity in apoplast. With the same treatment in the presence of alpha-difluoromethyl-Orn, an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, production of hydrogen peroxide was suppressed and programmed cell death did not occur. A gene encoding a tobacco polyamine oxidase that resides in the apoplast was isolated and used to construct RNAi transgenic cell lines. When these lines were treated with cryptogein, polyamines were not degraded but secreted into culture medium and hydrogen peroxide was scarcely produced, with a concomitant suppression of cell death. Activities of mitogen-activated protein kinases (wound- and salicylic acid-induced protein kinases) were also suppressed, indicating that phosphorylation cascade is involved in polyamine oxidation-derived cell death. These results suggest that polyamine oxidase is a key element for the oxidative burst, which is essential for induction of programmed cell death, and that mitogen-activated protein kinase is one of the factors that mediate this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoda
- Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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16
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Dasu VV, Nakada Y, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Kimura K, Itoh Y. Characterization and a role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa spermidine dehydrogenase in polyamine catabolism. Microbiology (Reading) 2006; 152:2265-2272. [PMID: 16849793 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1 has two possible catabolic pathways of spermidine and spermine; one includes thespuAandspuBproducts with unknown functions and the other involves spermidine dehydrogenase (SpdH; EC 1.5.99.6) encoded by an unknown gene. The properties of SpdH inP. aeruginosaPAO1 were characterized and the correspondingspdHgene in this strain identified. The deduced SpdH (620 residues, calculatedMrof 68 861) had a signal sequence of 28 amino acids at the amino terminal and a potential transmembrane segment between residues 76 and 92, in accordance with membrane location of the enzyme. Purified SpdH oxidatively cleaved spermidine into 1,3-diaminopropane and 4-aminobutyraldehyde with a specific activity of 37 units (mg protein)−1and aKmvalue of 36 μM. The enzyme also hydrolysed spermine into spermidine and 3-aminopropanaldehyde with a specific activity of 25 units (mg protein)−1and aKmof 18 μM. Knockout ofspdHhad no apparent effect on the utilization of both polyamines, suggesting that this gene is minimally involved in polyamine catabolism. However, whenspdHwas fused to the polyamine-inducible promoter ofspuA, it fully restored the ability of aspuAmutant to utilize spermidine. It is concluded that SpdH can perform a catabolic rolein vivo, butP. aeruginosaPAO1 does not produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme to execute this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeranki Venkata Dasu
- National Food Research Institute, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakada
- National Food Research Institute, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | | | - Keitarou Kimura
- National Food Research Institute, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Akita Research Institute for Food and Brewing, Sanuki 4-26, Araya-machi, Akita 010-1623, Japan
- National Food Research Institute, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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Abstract
Tryptophylquinone cofactors are formed by posttranslational modifications that result in the incorporation of two oxygens into a tryptophan side chain, and the covalent cross-linking of that side chain to another amino acid residue. Tryptophylquinone enzymes catalyze the oxidative deamination of primary amines, and utilize other redox proteins as electron acceptors. Mechanistic and structural studies of these enzymes are providing insight into how these enzymes utilize these highly reactive protein-derived quinones in a controlled manner to facilitate biologically important catalytic and electron transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Methlenetetrahydrofolate (CH2-H4folate) is required for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and of dUMP to dTMP in support of DNA synthesis, and also serves as a major source of one carbon unit for purine biosynthesis. This review presents biochemical studies of a human polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, which catalyzes the reaction shown below. The mutation decreases the flux of CH2-H4folate into CH3-H4folate, and is associated with both beneficial and deleterious effects that can be traced to the molecular effect of the substitution of alanine 222 by valine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena G Matthews
- Biophysics Research Division, The University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA.
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Misra SK, Bhakuni V. Unique holoenzyme dimers of the tetrameric enzyme Escherichia coli methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: characterization of structural features associated with modulation of the enzyme's function. Biochemistry 2003; 42:3921-8. [PMID: 12667083 DOI: 10.1021/bi0340200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Impaired functioning of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) can cause high levels of homocysteine in plasma or hyperhomocysteinemia, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and neural tube defects. We have studied in detail the effect of modulation of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions of Escherichia coli MTHFR on its structure and function. Alterations in hydrophobic interactions of MTHFR, using urea, lead to dissociation of the native tetramer, resulting in stabilization of enzymatically active holoenzyme dimers followed by unfolding of the holoenzyme dimer to the denatured monomer along with dissociation of FAD from the enzyme. This is the first report of an enzymatically active dimer of E. coli MTHFR and suggests that the dimer rather than tetramer is the smallest functionally active unit of the enzyme. Furthermore, these results also demonstrate that dissociation of the FAD cofactor from the enzyme occurs only on unfolding of the dimer to denatured monomers. Modulation of electrostatic interactions, using NaCl, leads to dissociation of the native enzyme, resulting in stabilization of an enzymatically inactive partially unfolded holoenzyme dimer. Comparative analysis of loss of enzymatic activity and changes in structural features of MTHFR demonstrate a very good correlation between enhanced flexibility of the enzyme-bound FAD and loss of enzymatic activity, suggesting the importance of rigidity of the FAD cofactor in maintenance of the enzymatic activity of MTHFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Misra
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
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20
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Abstract
Leukemias commonly arise as a result of DNA translocations, inversions, or deletions in genes regulating blood cell development or homeostasis. Folate deficiency has been associated with uracil misincorporation into DNA and DNA double strand breaks during uracil excision repair, thus increasing the risk of chromosomal aberrations. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) directs 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate toward methionine synthesis at the expense of DNA synthesis. Two MTHFR polymorphisms, C677T and A1298C, have been associated with reduced enzyme activity and C677T with altered distribution of intracellular folate metabolites. Rapidly replicating cell types, such as hematopoietic cells, may be especially sensitive to changes in the availability of intracellular folate. Three case-control studies have evaluated the association between MTHFR polymorphisms and the risk of acute leukemia, and they suggest that both adults and children with the variant forms of MTHFR have a decreased risk of lymphoid leukemias. However, no modification in risk has been observed for myeloid leukemias, suggesting that differences in folate requirements or susceptibility to chromosomal damage may exist between myeloid and lymphoid cells. Further investigation into the association between MTHFR polymorphisms and the risk of leukemia is warranted. It should include larger sample sizes and other polymorphisms in folate metabolism and address interactions with folate status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Robien
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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21
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Sachse C, Smith G, Wilkie MJV, Barrett JH, Waxman R, Sullivan F, Forman D, Bishop DT, Wolf CR. A pharmacogenetic study to investigate the role of dietary carcinogens in the etiology of colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:1839-49. [PMID: 12419832 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/23.11.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to colorectal cancer, one of the most common forms of cancer in the Western world, has been associated with several environmental and dietary risk factors. Dietary exposure to food derived heterocyclic amine carcinogens and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been proposed as specific risk factors. Many polymorphic Phase I and Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes are responsible for the metabolism and disposition of these compounds and it is therefore possible that inheritance of specific allelic variants of these enzymes may influence colorectal cancer susceptibility. In a multicenter case-control study, 490 colorectal cancer patients and 593 controls (433 matched case-control pairs) were genotyped for common polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6), glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1), sulfotransferase (SULT1A1 and SULT1A2), N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) genes. Matched case-control analysis identified alleles associated with higher colorectal cancer risk as carriage of CYP1A1*2C (OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.36-3.39) and homozygosity for GSTM1*2/*2 (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.16-2.02). In contrast, inheritance of the CYP2A6*2 (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.28-1.06), CYP2C19*2 (OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.52-0.98) and the EPHX1(His113) alleles were associated with reduced cancer risk. We found no association with colorectal cancer risk with NAT2 genotype or any of the other polymorphic genes associated with the metabolism and disposition of heterocyclic amine carcinogens. This data suggests that heterocyclic amines do not play an important role in the aetiology of colorectal cancer but that exposure to other carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be important determinants of cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sachse
- Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Sekhon J, Pereira P, Sabbaghian N, Schievella AR, Rozen R. Antisense inhibition of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase reduces survival of methionine-dependent tumour lines. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:225-30. [PMID: 12107847 PMCID: PMC2376111 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2001] [Revised: 01/30/2002] [Accepted: 03/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformed cells have been documented to be methionine-dependent, suggesting that inhibition of methionine synthesis might be useful for cancer therapy. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase synthesises 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the methyl donor utilised in methionine synthesis from homocysteine by vitamin B(12)-dependent methionine synthase. We hypothesised that methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase inhibition would affect cell viability through decreased methionine synthesis. Using medium lacking methionine, but containing homocysteine and vitamin B(12) (M-H+), we found that nontransformed human fibroblasts could maintain growth. In contrast, four transformed cell lines (one colon carcinoma, two neuroblastoma and one breast carcinoma) increased proliferation only slightly in the M-H+ medium. To downregulate methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase expression, two phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides, EX5 and 677T, were used to target methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in the colon carcinoma line SW620; 400 nM of each antisense oligonucleotide decreased cell survival by approximately 80% (P<0.01) and 70% (P<0.0001), respectively, compared to cell survival after the respective control mismatched oligonucleotide. Western blotting and enzyme assays confirmed that methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase expression was decreased. Two neuroblastoma and two breast carcinoma lines also demonstrated decreased survival following EX5 treatment whereas nontransformed human fibroblasts were not affected. This study suggests that methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase may be required for tumour cell survival and that methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase inhibition should be considered for anti-tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sekhon
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Centre - Montreal Children's Hospital, 4060 Ste. Catherine West, Room 200, Montreal, Quebec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
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Goenrich M, Bursy J, Hübner E, Linder D, Schwartz AC, Vorholt JA. Purification and characterization of the methylene tetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase MtdB and the methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase FolD from Hyphomicrobium zavarzinii ZV580. Arch Microbiol 2002; 177:299-303. [PMID: 11889483 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-001-0394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2001] [Revised: 11/16/2001] [Accepted: 12/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that heterotrophic methylotrophic Proteobacteria contain tetrahydrofolate (H(4)F)- and tetrahydromethanopterin (H(4)MPT)-dependent enzymes. Here we report on the purification of two methylene tetrahydropterin dehydrogenases from the methylotroph Hyphomicrobium zavarzinii ZV580. Both dehydrogenases are composed of one type of subunit of 31 kDa. One of the dehydrogenases is NAD(P)-dependent and specific for methylene H(4)MPT (specific activity: 680 U/mg). Its N-terminal amino acid sequence showed sequence identity to NAD(P)-dependent methylene H(4)MPT dehydrogenase MtdB from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. The second dehydrogenase is specific for NADP and methylene H(4)F (specific activity: 180 U/mg) and also exhibits methenyl H(4)F cyclohydrolase activity. Via N-terminal amino acid sequencing this dehydrogenase was identified as belonging to the classical bifunctional methylene H(4)F dehydrogenases/cyclohydrolases (FolD) found in many bacteria and eukarya. Apparently, the occurrence of methylene tetrahydrofolate and methylene tetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenases is not uniform among different methylotrophic alpha-Proteobacteria. For example, FolD was not found in M. extorquens AM1, and the NADP-dependent methylene H(4)MPT dehydrogenase MtdA was present in the bacterium that also shows H(4)F activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Goenrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, Zhu H, Baker MW, Neri E, Finnell RH. Maternal periconceptional vitamin use, genetic variation of infant reduced folate carrier (A80G), and risk of spina bifida. Am J Med Genet 2002; 108:1-6. [PMID: 11857541 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Women who consume folic acid in early pregnancy reduced their risks for delivering offspring with neural tube defects (NTDs). The underlying process by which folic acid facilitated this risk reduction is unknown. Investigating genetic variation that influences cellular absorption, transport, and metabolism of folate will help fill this data gap. We focused our studies on a candidate gene that is involved in folate transport, the reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1). Using data from a California population-based case control interview study (1989-1991 birth cohorts), we investigated whether spina bifida risk was influenced by an interaction between a polymorphism of infant RFC1 at nucleotide 80 (A80G) and maternal periconceptional use of vitamins containing folic acid. Allelic variants of RFC1 were determined by genotyping 133 live-born spina bifida case infants and 188 control infants. The percentages of case infants with the A80/A80, G80/G80, and G80/A80 genotypes were 27.2%, 28.0%, and 44.7%, respectively. The percentages of control infants were similar: 26.1%, 29.3%, and 44.7%. Odds ratios of 1.0 (95% confidence interval 0.5-2.0) for the G80/G80 genotype and 1.1 (0.6-2.0) for the G80/A80 genotype were observed relative to the A80/A80 genotype. Among mothers who did not use vitamins, spina bifida risk was 2.4 (0.8-6.9) for infants with genotype G80/G80 compared to those with A80/A80 genotype. Among mothers who did use vitamins, the risk was 0.5 (0.1-3.1) for infants with the G80/G80 genotype. Although this study did not find an increased spina bifida risk for infants who were heterozygous or homozygous for RFC1 A80G, it did reveal modest evidence for a gene-nutrient interaction between infant homozygosity for the RFC1 G80/G80 genotype and maternal periconceptional intake of vitamins containing folic acid on the risk of spina bifida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Shaw
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Oakland, California 94606, USA
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25
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Romana M, Muralitharan S, Ramasawmy R, Nagel RL, Krishnamoorthy R. Thrombosis-associated gene variants in sickle cell anemia. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87:356-8. [PMID: 11858507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Abstract
The enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) directs folate species either to DNA synthesis or to homocysteine (Hcy) remethylation. The common MTHFR C677T polymorphism affects the activity of the enzyme and hence folate distribution. Under conditions of impaired folate status, the homozygous TT genotype has been regarded as harmful because it is associated with a high concentration of plasma total Hcy, increased risk of neural tube defects and colorectal neoplasias, and can also predispose individuals to adverse effects from drugs with antifolate effects. The MTHFR C677T polymorphism shows no consistent correlation with cardiovascular risk and longevity but, in combination with positive folate balance, the TT genotype is associated with decreased risk of colorectal neoplasias. Because of the high prevalence of this polymorphism in most populations, the TT variant might represent an ancestral genetic adaptation to living constraints (tissue injury or unbalanced vitamin intake) that has become a determinant of disease profiles in modern times.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ueland
- LOCUS for homocysteine and related vitamins, Armauer Hanssens hus, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
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28
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Abstract
With the identification of hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, an understanding of the genetic determinants of plasma homocysteine is important for prevention and treatment. It has been known for some time that homocystinuria, a rare inborn error of metabolism, can be due to genetic mutations that severely disrupt homocysteine metabolism. A more recent development is the finding that milder, but more common, genetic mutations in the same enzymes might also contribute to an elevation in plasma homocysteine. The best example of this concept is a missense mutation (alanine to valine) at base pair (bp) 677 of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), the enzyme that provides the folate derivative for conversion of homocysteine to methionine. This mutation results in mild hyperhomocysteinemia, primarily when folate levels are low, providing a rationale (folate supplementation) for overcoming the genetic deficiency. Additional genetic variants in MTHFR and in other enzymes of homocysteine metabolism are being identified as the cDNAs/genes become isolated. These variants include a glutamate to alanine mutation (bp 1298) in MTHFR, an aspartate to glycine mutation (bp 2756) in methionine synthase, and an isoleucine to methionine mutation (bp 66) in methionine synthase reductase. These variants have been identified relatively recently; therefore additional investigations are required to determine their clinical significance with respect to mild hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rozen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, Canada.
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Chen Z, Karaplis AC, Ackerman SL, Pogribny IP, Melnyk S, Lussier-Cacan S, Chen MF, Pai A, John SW, Smith RS, Bottiglieri T, Bagley P, Selhub J, Rudnicki MA, James SJ, Rozen R. Mice deficient in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase exhibit hyperhomocysteinemia and decreased methylation capacity, with neuropathology and aortic lipid deposition. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:433-43. [PMID: 11181567 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.5.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is caused by nutritional and/or genetic disruptions in homocysteine metabolism. The most common genetic cause of hyperhomocysteinemia is the 677C-->T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. This variant, with mild enzymatic deficiency, is associated with an increased risk for neural tube defects and pregnancy complications and with a decreased risk for colon cancer and leukemia. Although many studies have reported that this variant is also a risk factor for vascular disease, this area of investigation is still controversial. Severe MTHFR deficiency results in homocystinuria, an inborn error of metabolism with neurological and vascular complications. To investigate the in vivo pathogenetic mechanisms of MTHFR deficiency, we generated mice with a knockout of MTHFR: Plasma total homocysteine levels in heterozygous and homozygous knockout mice are 1.6- and 10-fold higher than those in wild-type littermates, respectively. Both heterozygous and homozygous knockouts have either significantly decreased S-adenosylmethionine levels or significantly increased S-adenosylhomocysteine levels, or both, with global DNA hypomethylation. The heterozygous knockout mice appear normal, whereas the homozygotes are smaller and show developmental retardation with cerebellar pathology. Abnormal lipid deposition in the proximal portion of the aorta was observed in older heterozygotes and homozygotes, alluding to an atherogenic effect of hyperhomocysteinemia in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Departments of Biology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
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Födinger M, Buchmayer H, Heinz G, Papagiannopoulos M, Kletzmayr J, Rasoul-Rockenschaub S, Hörl WH, Sunder-Plassmann G. Effect of MTHFR 1298A-->C and MTHFR 677C-->T genotypes on total homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B(12) plasma concentrations in kdiney graft recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:1918-1925. [PMID: 11004224 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v11101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C-->T and 1298A-->C on total homocysteine (tHcy), folate and vitamin B(12) levels was investigated in 733 kidney graft recipients. The six major genotype combinations were used as grouping variables, and age, gender, BMI, serum creatinine, and creatinine clearance and ln-folate, ln-vitamin B(12), or logarithmus naturalis tHcy (ln-tHcy) were used as covariates in three ANCOVA and multiple stepwise linear regression models. Hyperhomocysteinemia was present in 49.7% of the patients. The allele frequency of MTHFR 677T and 1298C was 0.319 and 0.326. MTHFR genotype and all other variables were significant predictors of ln-tHcy (higher tHcy plasma levels for MTHFR 677TT/1298AA versus all other five genotype groups: P < 0. 05). BMI, creatinine clearance, ln-tHcy, and MTHFR genotype influenced ln-folate (lower folate levels for MTHFR 677TT/1298AA versus all other genotype groups: P < 0.05). Creatinine clearance and ln-tHcy were the only predictors of ln-vitamin B(12) levels. In a prespecified subgroup analysis (n = 496), the MTHFR genotype also influenced tHcy levels and compound heterozygous patients had significantly lower folate levels as compared with MTHFR 677CC/1298AA and 677CC/1298CC. This study shows that the MTHFR 677TT/1298AA and 677CT/1298AC genotypes are significant predictors of tHcy and folate plasma levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Födinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Buchmayer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gotfried Heinz
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Josef Kletzmayr
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Walter H Hörl
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gere Sunder-Plassmann
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that common polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) with allele frequencies up to 35% in the general North American population may modulate cancer risk. In some cancers, folate and other nutrients involved in the MTHFR metabolic pathway appear to interact with MTHFR polymorphisms to further modify cancer risk. In carcinogenesis, MTHFR polymorphisms thus provide a paradigm of gene-nutrient interactions, an emerging and important topic in the field of nutrition and cancer. Furthermore, MTHFR polymorphisms and MTHFR-nutrient interactions provide an opportunity to identify an ideal target group of individuals, at high risk of developing cancer, for rational, effective, and safe chemoprevention using these nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, ON, Canada
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Fu TF, Maras B, Barra D, Schirch V. A noncatalytic tetrahydrofolate tight binding site is on the small domain of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 367:161-6. [PMID: 10395731 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
10-Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase has previously been identified as a tight binding protein of the polyglutamate forms of tetrahydrofolate (R. J. Cook and C. Wagner, Biochemistry 21, 4427-4434, 1982). Each subunit contains two independently folded domains connected by a linking peptide. By using the stable substrate and product analogs 10-formyl 5,8-dideazafolate and 5, 8-dideazafolate, respectively, we have determined that the tight binding folate site is separate from the catalytic site and that it is located on the N-terminal domain of the protein. This was achieved by cross-linking 10-formyl 5,8-dideazafolate to the dehydrogenase through the carboxyl group of the substrate analog. The cross-linked substrate analog was converted to the cross-linked product complex by adding either NADP+ or 2-mercaptoethanol, proving that the 10-formyl 5,8-dideazafolate was bound at the active site. With the active site cross-linked to 5,8-dideazafolate and not available for binding, the enzyme still bound 5, 8-dideazafolate-[3H]tetraglutamate tightly but noncovalently. Separation of the large and small domains by limited proteolysis showed that the tightly bound 5,8-dideazafolate-[3H]tetraglutamate was located on the small domain. The location of the cross-linked 10-formyl 5,8-dideazafolate at the active site was determined by amino acid sequencing of an isolated tryptic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Fu
- Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23219, USA
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Molloy AM, Weir DG, Scott JM. Homocysteine, folate enzymes and neural tube defects. Haematologica 1999; 84 Suppl EHA-4:53-6. [PMID: 10907468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A M Molloy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Abstract
OBJECT The possible role of the polyamine interconversion pathway on edema formation, traumatic injury volume, and tissue polyamine levels after traumatic brain injury (TBI) was studied using an inhibitor of the interconversion pathway enzyme, polyamine oxidase. METHODS Experimental TBI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by using a controlled cortical impact device at a velocity of 3 m/second, resulting in a 2-mm deformation. Immediately after TBI was induced, 100 mg/kg of N1,N4-bis(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine 2HCl (MDL 72527) or saline was injected intraperitoneally. Brain water content and tissue polyamine levels were measured at 24 hours after TBI. Traumatic injury volume was evaluated using 2% cresyl violet solution 7 days after TBI occurred. The MDL 72527 treatment significantly reduced brain edema (80.4+/-0.8% compared with 81.2+/-1.2%, p < 0.05) and injury volume (30.1+/-6.6 mm3 compared with 42.7+/-13.3 mm3, p < 0.05) compared with the saline treatment. The TBI caused a significant increase in tissue putrescine levels at the traumatized site (65.5+/-26.5 nmol/g [corrected] in the cortex and 70.9+/-22.4 nmol/g [corrected] in the hippocampus) compared with the nontraumatized site (7+/-2.4 nmol/g [corrected] in the cortex and 11.4+/-6.4 nmol/g [corrected] in the hippocampus). The increase in putrescine levels in both the traumatized and nontraumatized cortex and hippocampus was reduced by a mean of 60% with MDL 72527 treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate, for the first time, that the polyamine interconversion pathway has an important role in the increase of putrescine levels after TBI and that the polyamine oxidase inhibitors, blockers of the interconversion pathway, can be neuroprotective against edema formation and necrotic cavitation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doğan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin and Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison 53792, USA
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35
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Hannedouche TP, Kunz K, Muller S, Chantrel F. Homocysteine and chronic renal failure. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 1999; 28:287-310. [PMID: 9889995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Hegele RA, Wolever TM, Hanley AJ, Harris SB, Zinman B. Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene, dietary folate, NIDDM, and atherosclerosis in Canadian Oji-Cree. Diabetes Care 1998; 21:322-3. [PMID: 9540005 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.21.2.322b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Liao DI, Wolff EC, Park MH, Davies DR. Crystal structure of the NAD complex of human deoxyhypusine synthase: an enzyme with a ball-and-chain mechanism for blocking the active site. Structure 1998; 6:23-32. [PMID: 9493264 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(98)00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (elF-5A) contains an unusual amino acid, hypusine [N epsilon-(4-aminobutyl-2-hydroxy)lysine]. The first step in the post-translational formation of hypusine is catalysed by the enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS). The modified version of elF-5A, and DHS, are required for eukaryotic cell proliferation. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of this key enzyme should permit the design of specific inhibitors that may be useful as anti-proliferative agents. RESULTS The crystal structure of human DHS with bound NAD cofactor has been determined and refined at 2.2 A resolution. The enzyme is a tetramer of four identical subunits arranged with 222 symmetry; each subunit contains a nucleotide-binding (or Rossmann) fold. The tetramer comprises two tightly associated dimers and contains four active sites, two in each dimer interface. The catalytic portion of each active site is located in one subunit while the NAD-binding site is located in the other. The entrance to the active-site cavity is blocked by a two-turn alpha helix, part of a third subunit, to which it is joined by an extended loop. CONCLUSIONS The active site of DHS is a cavity buried below the surface of the enzyme at the interface between two subunits. In the conformation observed here, the substrate-binding site is inaccessible and we propose that the reaction steps carried out by the enzyme must be accompanied by significant conformational changes, the least of which would be the displacement of the two-turn alpha helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-0560, USA
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van der Palen CJ, Reijnders WN, de Vries S, Duine JA, van Spanning RJ. MauE and MauD proteins are essential in methylamine metabolism of Paracoccus denitrificans. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1997; 72:219-28. [PMID: 9403107 DOI: 10.1023/a:1000441925796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of enzymes involved in methylamine oxidation via methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) is encoded by genes present in the mau cluster. Here we describe the sequence of the mauE and mauD genes from Paracoccus denitrificans as well as some properties of mauE and mauD mutants of this organism. The amino acid sequences derived from the mauE and mauD genes showed high similarity with their counterparts in related methylotrophs. Secondary structure analyses of the amino acid sequences predicted that MauE is a membrane protein with five transmembrane-spanning helices and that MauD is a soluble protein with an N-terminal hydrophobic tail. Sequence comparison of MauD proteins from different organisms showed that these proteins have a conserved motif, Cys-Pro-Xaa-Cys, which is similar to a conserved motif found in periplasmic proteins that are involved in the biosynthesis of bacterial periplasmic enzymes containing haem c and/or disulphide bonds. The mauE and mauD mutant strains were unable to grow on methylamine but they grew well on other C1-compounds. These mutants grown under MADH-inducing conditions contained normal levels of the natural electron acceptor amicyanin, but undetectable levels of the beta-subunit and low levels of the alpha-subunit of MADH. It is proposed, therefore, that MauE and MauD are specifically involved in the processing, transport, and/or maturation of the beta-subunit and that the absence of each of these proteins leads to production of a non-functional beta-subunit which becomes rapidly degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J van der Palen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, BioCentrum Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
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Abid MR, Sasaki K, Titani K, Miyazaki M. Biochemical and immunological characterization of deoxyhypusine synthase purified from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. J Biochem 1997; 121:769-78. [PMID: 9163530 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxyhypusine synthase catalyzes the NAD+-dependent formation of deoxyhypusine in the eIF-5A precursor protein by transferring the 4-aminobutyl moiety of spermidine. This enzyme has recently been shown to be essential for cell viability and growth of yeast [Sasaki, K., Abid, M.R., and Miyazaki, M. (1996) FEBS Lett. 384, 151 154]. We have purified and characterized the enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The yeast and recombinant enzymes had a specific activity of 1.21 to 1.26 pmol per min per pmol of protein, and recognized both the eIF-5A precursor proteins almost equally as judged from their similar K(m) and V(max) values. Size exclusion chromatography and SDS-PAGE indicated that the active form of the enzyme is a homotetramer consisting of 43-kDa subunits. The enzyme showed a strict specificity for its substrates, NAD+, spermidine and eIF-5A precursor protein. Among all the substrates tested, only NAD+ showed a protective effect against heat inactivation of the enzyme suggesting that NAD+ initiates some conformational change in the enzyme. NADH exhibited a strong non-competitive inhibition (product inhibition). Unexpectedly, FAD, FMN, and riboflavin showed a moderate competitive inhibition. The competitive inhibition by diamines was maximal with compounds resembling spermidine in carbon chain length. 1,3-Diaminopropane inhibited the enzyme strongly in a competitive manner (product inhibition). On the other hand, putrescine did not inhibit the enzyme or act as a substrate. A polyclonal antibody raised against the yeast recombinant enzyme specifically inhibited deoxyhypusine synthase activity. The cross-reactivity (by Western blotting) of this antibody with the crude extracts varied depending on the source, indicating species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Abid
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku
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Ma J, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Artigas C, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Willett WC, Selhub J, Hennekens CH, Rozen R. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, dietary interactions, and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1997; 57:1098-102. [PMID: 9067278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Folate derivatives are important in experimental colorectal carcinogenesis; low folate intake, particularly with substantial alcohol intake, is associated with increased risk. The enzyme 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) catalyzes the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, required for purine and thymidine syntheses, to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the primary circulatory form of folate necessary for methionine synthesis. A common mutation (677C-->T) in MTHFR reduces enzyme activity, leading to lower levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. To evaluate the role of folate metabolism in human carcinogenesis, we examined the associations of MTHFR mutation, plasma folate levels, and their interaction with risk of colon cancer. We also examined the interaction between genotype and alcohol intake. We used a nested case-control design within the Physicians' Health Study. Participants were ages 40-84 at baseline when alcohol intake was ascertained and blood samples were drawn. During 12 years of follow-up, we identified 202 colorectal cancer cases and matched them to 326 cancer-free controls by age and smoking status. We genotyped for the MTHFR polymorphism and measured plasma folate levels. Men with the homozygous mutation (15% in controls) had half the risk of colorectal cancer [odds ratio (OR), 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.27-0.87] compared with the homozygous normal or heterozygous genotypes. Overall, we observed a marginal significant increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 0.93-3.42) among those whose plasma folate levels indicated deficiency (<3 ng/ml) compared with men with adequate folate levels. Among men with adequate folate levels, we observed a 3-fold decrease in risk (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.15-0.68) among men with the homozygous mutation compared with those with the homozygous normal or heterozygous genotypes. However, the protection due to the mutation was absent in men with folate deficiency. In men with the homozygous normal genotype who drank little or no alcohol as reference, those with the homozygous mutation who drank little or no alcohol had an 8-fold decrease in risk (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03-0.57), and for moderate drinkers, a 2-fold decrease in risk (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.15-1.20); no decrease in risk was seen in those drinking 1 or more drinks/day. Our findings provide support for an important role of folate metabolism in colon carcinogenesis. In particular, these results suggest that the 677C-->IT mutation in MTHFR reduces colon cancer risk, perhaps by increasing 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate levels for DNA synthesis, but that low folate intake or high alcohol consumption may negate some of the protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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41
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Okumura M, Asano M, Fujinaga T. Consideration of the optimum pH for the analysis of serum p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity in thoroughbred horses. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:137-9. [PMID: 9070988 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimum pH for the measurement of serum p-phenylenediamine oxidase (Ox) activity was given (pH 6.6), and the relationship between serum ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentration and its Ox activity was established in healthy adult horses. In adult horses, serum antigenic Cp concentrations were measured by the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) method with the affinity-purified antibody to equine plasma Cp and compared with its Ox activity. Efficient co-relation between Cp concentration and Ox activity in the sera (r = 0.93) and its Ox/Cp ratio were given. These results might contribute to the calculation of antigenic Cp concentration from its Ox activity, the analysis of holo-Cp content in serum, and the research for copper metabolism in thoroughbred horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okumura
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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42
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Abstract
It has been shown that oxidation of polyamines by polyamine oxidases can produce toxic compounds (H2O2, aldehydes, ammonia) and that the polyamine oxidase-polyamine system is implicated, in vitro, in the death of several parasites. Using Amoeba proteus as an in vitro model, we studied the cytotoxicity to these cells of spermine, spermidine, their acetyl derivatives, and their hypothetical precursors. Spermine and N1-acetylspermine were more toxic than emetine, an amoebicidal reference drug. Spermine presented a short-term toxicity, but a 48-h contact time was necessary for the high toxicity of spermidine. The uptake by Amoeba cells of the different polyamines tested was demonstrated. On the other hand, a high polyamine oxidase activity was identified in Amoeba proteus crude extract. Spermine (theoretical 100%) and N1-acetylspermine (64%) were the best substrates at pH 9.5, while spermidine, its acetyl derivatives, and putrescine were very poorly oxidized by this enzyme (3-20%). Spermine oxidase activity was inhibited by phenylhydrazine (nil) and isoniazid (approximately 50%). Mepacrine did not inhibit the enzyme activity at pH 8. Neither monoamine nor diamine oxidase activity (approximately 10%) was found. It must be emphasized that spermine, the best enzyme substrate, is the most toxic polyamine. This finding suggests that knowledge of polyamine oxidase specificity can be used to modulate the cytotoxicity of polyamine derivatives. Amoeba proteus was revealed as a simple model for investigation of the connection between cytotoxicity and enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schenkel
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
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43
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Smith DD, Wood NJ, Hodgson DA. Interaction between primary and secondary metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): role of pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. Microbiology (Reading) 1995; 141 ( Pt 7):1739-44. [PMID: 7551040 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-7-1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the proline catabolic enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.12) was induced up to three-hundred-fold by the addition of three hundred proline to the growth medium of the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Rifampicin, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase activity, abolished induction, implying that regulation was at the level of activation of gene transcription. The enzyme was purified and SDS-PAGE of the highly purified enzyme preparation revealed a single subunit with M(r) 68,000. A single band of protein, which also stained for enzyme activity, was observed after native gel electrophoresis. The M(r) of the enzyme was estimated to be approximately 265,000 by native gel electrophoresis and approximately 305,000 by gel filtration, which indicated that the enzyme had a tetrameric quaternary structure. The apparent Km for pyrroline-5-carboxylate was 109 +/- 7.3 microM, whilst that for NAD+ was 43.3 +/- 2.5 microM. Product inhibition by NADH (apparent Ki 0.6mM) was observed. The observed Vmax was 22.0 +/- 1 mol min-1 (mg protein)-1. Neither 1 nor 5 mM proline had any effect on enzyme activity, whilst glutamate was a very weak inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Conventry, UK
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44
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Lyles GA. Properties of mammalian tissue-bound semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase: possible clues to its physiological function? J Neural Transm Suppl 1994; 41:387-96. [PMID: 7931255 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9324-2_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), occurs not only in vascular smooth muscle but also in other cell types (e.g. adipocytes, chondrocytes, odontoblasts), probably in the plasma membrane. Although certain aromatic biogenic amines (e.g. tryptamine, tyramine, beta-phenyl-ethylamine) may be endogenous substrates for SSAO in species such as the rat, the weak activity of SSAO in human tissues towards these amines makes this less likely in man. However SSAO in human and rat vascular homogenates readily converts the aliphatic biogenic amines methylamine and aminoacetone to formaldehyde and methylglyoxal, respectively. Also the xenobiotic aliphatic amine allylamine produces cardiovascular damage in experimental animals by a mechanism which involves its deamination by SSAO to acrolein. Further metabolism of these toxic aliphatic aldehydes may involve glutathione-dependent pathways. Thus, SSAO may be involved not only in the removal of physiologically-active endogenous/xenobiotic amines, but resulting metabolite (aldehyde/H2O2?) formation could also influence cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Lyles
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, United Kingdom
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45
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Abstract
The interconversion of polyamines in the parasite nematode Ascaris suum by a novel type of polyamine oxidase was demonstrated. The nematode enzyme was clearly distinguishable from monoamine and diamine oxidases as well as from the mammalian polyamine oxidase, as shown by the use of the specific inhibitors pargyline, aminoguanidine and MDL 72527 respectively. All three inhibitors had no effect on the parasite polyamine oxidase, and the enzyme did not accept diamines such as putrescine, cadaverine or histamine as substrates. The parasite polyamine oxidase selectively oxidizes spermine and spermidine but not N-acetylated polyamines, whereas the mammalian tissue-type polyamine oxidase shows preference for the N-acetylated polyamines. These results suggest a regulatory function of the nematode polyamine oxidase in the degradation and interconversion of polyamines in parasite nematodes. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration, preparative isoelectric focusing and subsequent affinity chromatography on spermine- and berenil-Sepharose 4B. With respect to reaction type, the prosthetic group FAD, the molecular mass (66 kDa) and the contents of thiol and carbonyl groups, the polyamine oxidase from A. suum is similar to the isofunctional enzyme of mammalian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Müller
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Biochemical Parasitology, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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46
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Abstract
An electron-microscopic cytochemical method was used to localize diamine oxidase (DAO) in pea and polyamine oxidase (PAO) in maize (Zea mays L.). The method, based on the precipitation of amine-oxidase-generated H2O2 by CeCl3, was shown to be specific for DAO and PAO and permitted their localization in plant tissues with a high degree of resolution. Both enzymes are localized exclusively in the cell wall. Both DAO- and PAO-activity staining is most intense in the middle lamellar region of the wall and in cells exhibiting highly lignified walls. The oxidases could provide H2O2 for peroxidase-mediated cross-linking reactions in the cell wall and may, in this capacity, play a role in the regulation of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Slocum
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
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47
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Abstract
Hydrogen tunneling at room temperature has recently been demonstrated in the reactions catalysed by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and bovine serum amine oxidase. These results suggest that quantum mechanical effects may be a fundamental and pervasive feature of enzyme-catalysed hydrogen transfer reactions. Our ability to detect such behavior introduces a new probe for the investigation of reaction barrier shape and protein dynamics in enzyme catalysis.
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48
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Merrill MJ, Yeh GC, Phang JM. Purified human erythrocyte pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Preferential oxidation of NADPH. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:9352-8. [PMID: 2722838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase catalyzes the final step in proline synthesis by NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of pyrroline-5-carboxylate. We have purified and characterized this enzyme from human erythrocytes. Purification to homogeneity (approximately 600,000-fold) was accomplished by sonication, ultracentrifugation, 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme runs as a single band of 30,000 Mr on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sizing chromatography under nondenaturating conditions demonstrates activity in the 300,000-350,000 Mr range, suggesting that the native enzyme exists as a 10- to 12-mer. The purified enzyme exhibits kinetic characteristics similar to those previously described for whole red cell homogenates. The Vmax is 10-fold higher and the Km for pyrroline-5-carboxylate is 7-fold higher with NADH versus NADPH as cofactor. The affinity for NADPH is 15-fold higher than that for NADH. Erythrocyte pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase is competitively inhibited by NADP+. Unlike the enzyme from some other sources, erythrocyte pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase is not inhibited by proline or ATP. Double label studies using [14C]pyrroline-5-carboxylate and [3H]exNADPH in the presence of both NADH and NADPH were performed to determine the preferred source of reducing equivalents. In the presence of physiologic concentrations of pyrroline-5-carboxylate and both pyridine nucleotides, all of the reducing equivalents came from NADPH. We suggest that, in some cell types including human erythrocytes, a physiologic function of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase is the generation of NADP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Merrill
- Endocrinology Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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49
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Kirkel' AZ. [Amine oxidases of the human placenta]. Vopr Med Khim 1989; 35:11-8. [PMID: 2662592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Some current advances in studies of human placenta amine oxidases monoamine oxidase (MAO), diamine oxidase (DAO) and benzyl amine oxidase are reviewed. Localization of these enzymes in placental tissue as well as distribution in subcellular fractions (mitochondria, microsomes and cytosol) are considered. Presence of multiple forms of MAO in placenta is discussed: three types of MAO A, B and B' were found in human placenta, while MAO of the B' type was not detected in other mammalian tissues. Main physicochemical and catalytic properties of human placenta amine oxidases are considered as well as some cases of alterations in properties of the amine oxidases during anomalous pregnancy are exhibited. Physiological role of MAO and DAO in human placenta as well as use of the amine oxidase test in estimation of the state of pregnancy are discussed.
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50
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Kunimoto S, Nosaka C, Xu CZ, Takeuchi T. Serum effect on cellular uptake of spermidine, spergualin, 15-deoxyspergualin, and their metabolites by L5178Y cells. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1989; 42:116-22. [PMID: 2921216 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.42.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spergualin (SG) and 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) were more slowly incorporated into L5178Y cells than spermidine. SG and DSG inhibited carrier-mediated transport of [3H]spermidine competitively with inhibition constants of 0.67 mM and 0.45 mM, respectively. Addition of calf serum stimulated uptake of [3H]spermidine into the cells in a serum concentration-dependent manner. The effect was not observed when horse serum was used in place of calf serum. Preincubation of spermidine in calf serum for 1 hour before addition to cells remarkably decreased cellular incorporation of tritium. Three amine oxidase inhibitors, aminoguanidine, 3-hydroxybenzyloxyamine, and semicarbazide, inhibited stimulation of uptake of [3H]spermidine by calf serum and the decrease of it by preincubation in calf serum. So we propose that cellular incorporation or binding of products generated by oxidation of spermidine by amine oxidase in calf serum was much faster than that of spermidine itself and they were unstable and transformed quickly to unincorporable or non-binding substances if cellular targets were not present. Effect of amine oxidase inhibitors on cytotoxic activity of SG and DSG were determined in low and high concentrations of calf serum. In the presence of 10% calf serum in the basal medium, cytotoxicity to L5178Y cells by SG and DSG was suppressed at high drug concentrations (above 10 micrograms/ml) and enhanced at low drug concentrations (below 2.5 micrograms/ml) by amine oxidase inhibitors. In the presence of 0.5% calf serum suppression of cytotoxicity at high drug concentrations by amine oxidase inhibitors was also observed, but enhancement at low drug concentrations was obscure. These data may suggest the existence of two kinds of cytotoxic mechanism of SG and DSG, one dependent on and one independent of amine oxidase in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kunimoto
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
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