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Rodríguez Laboccetta C, Briceño Fernández VJ, Videla Garrido A, Posse GB, Cuestas ML, Nusblat AD. Histoplasma antigens as novel players for the development of new enzyme immunoassays for the serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis: A comparative study of their analytical performance. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae023. [PMID: 38479779 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Definitive diagnosis of histoplasmosis relies on culture and/or cytology/histopathology; however, these procedures have limited sensitivity and cultures are time-consuming. Antibodies detection by immunodiffusion has low sensitivity in immunocompromised individuals and uses histoplasmin (HMN), a crude antigenic extract, as reagent. Novel protein antigen candidates have been recently identified and produced by DNA-recombinant techniques to obtain standardized and specific reagents for diagnosing histoplasmosis. To compare the analytical performance of novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for antibodies testing for diagnosing histoplasmosis using different Histoplasma capsulatum antigens as reagents. The H. capsulatum 100 kDa protein (Hcp100), the M antigen and its immunoreactive fragment F1 were produced by DNA-recombinant techniques. Galactomannan was purified from both the yeast and mycelial cell walls (yGM and mGM, respectively). The analytical performance of the ELISA tests for the serological detection of antibodies against these antigens was evaluated and compared with those obtained using HMN as reagent. Antibodies detection by the Hcp100 ELISA demonstrated 90.0% sensitivity and 92.0% specificity, versus 43.3% sensitivity and 95.0% specificity of the M ELISA, 33.3% sensitivity and 84.0% specificity of the F1 ELISA, 96.7% sensitivity and 94.0% specificity of the yGM ELISA, 83.3% sensitivity and 88.0% specificity of the mGM ELISA, and 70.0% sensitivity and 86.0% specificity for the HMN ELISA. In summary, Hcp100 is proposed as the most promising candidate for the serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis. The primary immunoreactive element in HMN proved to be GM rather than the M antigen. Nevertheless, a higher incidence of cross-reactions was noted with GM compared to M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodríguez Laboccetta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC). Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Víctor J Briceño Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC). Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Videla Garrido
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys B Posse
- Laboratorio de Micología. Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L Cuestas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro D Nusblat
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC). Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bryan AW, Sykes J, Crucillo K, Zhang K, Bays DJ, Cohen SH, Wilson MD, Thompson GR. Comparison of coccidioidal complement fixation and quantitative immunodiffusion serology at a reference laboratory. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myad121. [PMID: 38061838 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of coccidioidomycosis continues to increase. The diagnosis frequently relies on non-invasive diagnostic testing with immunodiffusion and complement fixation (CF) testing the current gold standard. A direct comparison of quantitative immunodiffusion and CF for IgG antibodies has not been previously reported. In a comparison of 368 samples, there was close concordance observed (360/368 = 97.8%) (P-value < .001). These tests can be considerably interchangeable in the reference laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Bryan
- University of California, Davis, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA, USA
- University of California, Davis, Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jane Sykes
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Crucillo
- University of California, Davis, Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kaihua Zhang
- University of California, Davis, Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Derek J Bays
- University of California, Davis, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Stuart H Cohen
- University of California, Davis, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA, USA
- University of California, Davis, Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory, Davis, CA, USA
- University of California, Davis, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Machelle D Wilson
- University of California, Davis, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, Clinical and Translational Science Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - George R Thompson
- University of California, Davis, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA, USA
- University of California, Davis, Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory, Davis, CA, USA
- University of California, Davis, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Röder M, Borchardt S, Heuwieser W, Rauch E, Sargent R, Sutter F. Evaluation of laboratory and on-farm tests to estimate colostrum quality for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9164-9173. [PMID: 37641363 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate different analytical methods to determine colostrum quality in dairy cattle, including one laboratory-based method (ELISA) and 4 on-farm tests. We hypothesized that the colostral IgG concentration using different analytical methods, such as ELISA (mg/mL), digital Brix refractometer (% Brix), colostrometer (specific gravity and mg/mL), an outflow funnel (seconds), and a lateral flow assay (mg/mL), were highly correlated with the reference method, radial immunodiffusion (RID; mg/mL) and would generate comparable results. Colostrum samples were collected from 209 Holstein Friesian cows on 2 commercial dairy farms in Germany. Colostrum weight and colostrum temperature were measured. Test characteristics, such as optimum thresholds, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve analyses for each test. Out of 209 colostrum samples assessed by RID, 186 (89%) samples had high quality (≥50 mg IgG/mL), while 23 colostrum samples (11%) showed poor quality with IgG concentrations less than 50 mg/mL. The mean IgG concentration (±SD) was 101.3 ± 45.9 mg/mL and the range was 6.0 to 244.3 mg/mL. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between RID and ELISA was r = 0.78. In comparison to RID, Pearson correlation coefficients for the on-farm tests were: r = 0.79 (digital Brix refractometry), r = 0.58 (colostrometer: specific gravity), r = 0.61 (colostrometer: temperature corrected), r = 0.26 (outflow funnel) and r = 0.43 (lateral flow assay), respectively. The optimal threshold to identify high-quality colostrum using ELISA was 50.8 mg/mL with sensitivity 91.3%, specificity 92.3%, and AUC of 0.94. For the on-farm tests sensitivity ranged from 95.7% (Brix refractometry) to 60.9% (lateral flow assay). Specificity ranged from 88.6% (lateral flow assay) to 75.9% (colostrometer: temperature corrected). The AUC ranged from 0.93 (Brix refractometry) to 0.73 (outflow funnel). Based on the AUC, ELISA (0.94) and Brix refractometry (0.93) can be considered highly accurate. In conclusion, the ELISA is accurate to assess colostrum quality. Regarding the on-farm tests only the digital Brix refractometer and the colostrometer were adequate to determine colostrum quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Röder
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - E Rauch
- Unit of Animal Welfare, Behavioral Science, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärstr 13/R, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - R Sargent
- Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, S7K 6A2, Canada
| | - F Sutter
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Thompson AC, Smith DR. Estimating IgG concentration directly by radial immunodiffusion or indirectly by refractometry measure of serum total protein lack precision. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.23.05.0096. [PMID: 37683838 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.05.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish and compare the precision of serum total protein (STP) measured by an optical refractometer to the precision of IgG concentrations measured using radial immunodiffusion (RID), the reference test for quantifying IgG in neonatal calves. SAMPLE 6 sera with previously measured IgG concentration using RID from neonatal beef calves were selected from 3 stratum: low-serum IgG stratum between >5.0 and <15.0g/L(n = 4); moderate-serum IgG stratum between 35.0-45.0g/L(n = 1); high-serum IgG stratum between 60.0-70.0g/L(n = 1). METHODS STP was measured 13 times with an optical refractometer. IgG concentrations were measured 28 times with a commercial bovine IgG RID for each sera. The homogeneity of variance within the tests was evaluated with the Levene test (α = 0.10). Unrestricted random sampling bootstrapping (5,000 repetitions) was used to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) for each serum and test. The homogeneity of variance between simulated test CVs by serum was evaluated (α = 0.10). Differences between simulated test CV by serum were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). RESULTS No difference was observed in the variance for STP between sera (P = .39). The average CV for STP was 4.2%, 10.1% for the low IgG stratum, and 15.5% for the moderate/high IgG stratum. Variance differed in serum IgG concentration (P < .0001). Serum with higher IgG concentrations had more variance. Simulated CV for STP and IgG had homogeneity of variance for only 1 sera (P = .31). STP had a smaller CV compared to IgG for every serum (P < .0001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Estimating IgG concentration directly by RID or indirectly by STP lacks the precision that might affect diagnostic interpretation regarding a calf's absorption of maternal antibodies.
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Breuer RM, Wiley C, Dohlman T, Smith JS, McKeen L, Kreuder AJ. Comparison of turbidometric immunoassay and brix refractometry to radial immunodiffusion for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin concentration in beef cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1934-1943. [PMID: 37596893 PMCID: PMC10472984 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration is critical to the attainment of adequate transfer of passive immunity in cattle, however, studies comparing available tools for measurement of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle are limited. OBJECTIVES To report the agreement between 3 commercially available tests for evaluating IgG concentration in beef colostrum. ANIMALS Two hundred six beef-breed cows hospitalized for calving management or dystocia. METHODS Retrospective study to assess IgG of whole colostrum measured stall-side via turbidimetric immunoassay (TI) and brix refractometry (BRIX), compared to fat separated (FS) analysis via single radial-immunodiffusion (RID; reference standard), TI-FS and BRIX-FS. Test performance was assessed using Passing Bablock regression, Bland-Altman analysis, and area under the curve to determine optimal thresholds. RESULTS Correlation between RID and TI-FS, BRIX-FS, or BRIX was similar (Spearman's ρ = 0.717, 0.715, 0.716, respectively) but correlation for TI was poor (ρ = 0.586). Regression analysis identified a substantial constant (-214.75 [CI: -272.03 to -178.07]) and proportional (13.24 [CI: 11.81-15.37]) bias between the RID and TI-FS which was similar for TI. TI-FS concentrations of 28.47, 38.75, and 50.62 g/L, BRIX-FS of ≤21.9%, ≤24.0%, and ≤27.4%, and BRIX of ≤21.3%, ≤23.8%, and ≤26.4% indicated IgG concentrations <50, <100, and <150 g/L, respectively; appropriate cutoffs for TI could not be generated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Both TI and TI-FS demonstrated a large constant and proportional bias compared to RID; BRIX and BRIX-FS were well correlated with RID and remain a reliable method for estimation of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Breuer
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Caitlin Wiley
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Tyler Dohlman
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Joseph S. Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Lauren McKeen
- Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Amanda J. Kreuder
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
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Kreuder AJ, Breuer RM, Wiley C, Dohlman T, Smith JS, McKeen L. Comparison of turbidometric immunoassay, refractometry, and gamma-glutamyl transferase to radial immunodiffusion for assessment of transfer of passive immunity in high-risk beef calves. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1923-1933. [PMID: 37549250 PMCID: PMC10473048 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attainment of adequate transfer of passive immunity (TPI) is critical to health of calves; however, studies comparing available tools for measurement of TPI in individual beef animals are limited. OBJECTIVES To report agreement between 4 tests evaluating individual TPI status in beef calves. ANIMALS One hundred ninety-six beef calves born to cows and heifers presenting for calving management or dystocia. METHODS Retrospective study to assess serum immunoglobulin (IgG) concentrations via turbidimetric immunoassay (TI), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum total protein (TP), and single radial immunodiffusion (RID; reference standard). Test agreement was evaluated using Passing-Bablok regression, Bland-Altman analysis, Cohen's kappa, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with and without covariate adjustment to determine optimal thresholds. RESULTS Correlation between RID and test results varied: TI, ρ = 0.757; TP, ρ = 0.715; GGT: ρ = 0.413. For the TI compared to RID, regression analysis identified a constant (intercept = -0.51 [CI: -2.63, 3.05]) and proportional (slope = 1.87 [CI: 1.69, 2.08]) bias. Based on ROC, TI concentrations of ≤9.89 and ≤13.76 g/L, and TP concentrations of ≤5.5 and ≤6.0 g/dL, indicated IgG concentrations <18.0 and <25.0 g/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Within this cohort of calves, TI demonstrated the best correlation with RID; however, significant bias was identified which led to frequent underestimation of IgG concentration. Serum total protein demonstrated less correlation with RID but had less misclassification than TI. Both TI and TP demonstrated less correlation for calves that received colostrum replacement prompting clinical awareness of colostrum type when evaluating individual TPI in beef calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Kreuder
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Ryan M. Breuer
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Caitlin Wiley
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Tyler Dohlman
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Joseph S. Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Lauren McKeen
- Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
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Stalker JM, Gamsjäger L, Pearson JM, Morck DW, Windeyer MC. The impact of freezing and multiple freeze-thaw cycles on Brix refractometry estimates of immunoglobulin concentration in beef cattle colostrum. Can J Vet Res 2023; 87:146-152. [PMID: 37020581 PMCID: PMC10069141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in colostrum is important to guide on-farm management. Studies have shown that digital Brix refractometry accurately estimates colostrum IgG concentration in both dairy and beef cattle colostrum. Colostrum is often frozen in both clinical and research settings. The implications of this freezing on the accuracy of Brix refractometry measurements are largely unknown. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement between digital Brix percentage measurements of IgG in beef cattle colostrum taken before and after different durations of freezing. The second objective was to evaluate the effects of multiple freeze-thaw (FT) cycles on Brix percentage measurements of IgG in beef cattle colostrum. There was good agreement between Brix percentages in fresh colostrum and after short (2 to 8 d), medium (4 to 7 mo), and long (3 y) periods of freezing (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.95, 0.96, and 0.96, respectively). Although there was no significant change in mean Brix percentages over 2 FT cycles (P > 0.05), mean Brix percentages decreased with 3 FT cycles (P = 0.017). Samples from the fourth and fifth FT cycles were observably coagulated, and these measurements were therefore deemed inaccurate. Data from this study indicate that freezing had minimal impact on digital Brix refractometer estimates of IgG concentration in beef cattle colostrum, but that samples stored for future testing should not undergo more than 2 FT cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Stalker
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta (Stalker, Gamsjäger, Pearson, Morck, Windeyer); Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary (Morck), 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T3R 1J3
| | - Lisa Gamsjäger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta (Stalker, Gamsjäger, Pearson, Morck, Windeyer); Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary (Morck), 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T3R 1J3
| | - Jennifer M Pearson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta (Stalker, Gamsjäger, Pearson, Morck, Windeyer); Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary (Morck), 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T3R 1J3
| | - Douglas W Morck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta (Stalker, Gamsjäger, Pearson, Morck, Windeyer); Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary (Morck), 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T3R 1J3
| | - M Claire Windeyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta (Stalker, Gamsjäger, Pearson, Morck, Windeyer); Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary (Morck), 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T3R 1J3
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Akköse M, Karabulut E, İnal Ş, Dik GÇ, Özbeyaz C, Kaya U, Çam M, Topal B. Changes in serum total protein and immunoglobulin G concentrations and Brix percentages in neonatal Arabian foals from birth up to 21 days of age. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 255:110521. [PMID: 36470064 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum total protein (STP) concentrations and serum Brix percentages of neonatal Arabian foals during first 3 weeks of life. Blood samples were collected from 12 apparently healthy foals by jugular venipuncture at birth and at 12-hours, 24-hours, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 and 21 days of age. Serum IgG and STP concentrations and Brix percentages were measured by the radial immunodiffusion assay, and digital STP and Brix refractometers, respectively. Based on the serum IgG concentrations measured at 24 h, two foals were diagnosed with failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). While IgG concentrations were determined using the data of foals with adequate transfer of passive immunity, other calculations were made using the data of all foals. The mean IgG concentration of the foals increased from birth (<200 mg/dl) to 12 (2068.5 mg/dl) and 24 h (2184.7 mg/dl), and progressively decreased up to 21 days of age (1318.5 mg/dl). The serum IgG concentrations at 12 h were highly correlated with each of the IgG concentrations measured over the 21-day period. The serum IgG and STP concentrations and Brix percentages of the foals diagnosed with FTPI at 12 h did not reach the adequate strata over time. These results suggest that foals can be reliably tested for passive immunity status at 12 h after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akköse
- Department of Livestock, Dalaman Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, 48770 Dalaman, Muğla, Turkey.
| | - Eren Karabulut
- Department of Horse Breeding, Anadolu Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, 26800 Mahmudiye, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Şeref İnal
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, 42130 Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gürcan Çağdaş Dik
- Department of Horse Breeding, Anadolu Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, 26800 Mahmudiye, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ceyhan Özbeyaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Kaya
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, 31060 Hatay, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Çam
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, 42130 Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Bayram Topal
- Department of Horse Breeding, Anadolu Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, 26800 Mahmudiye, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Thompson AC, Wills RW, Smith DR. Sources of variance in the results of a commercial bovine immunoglobulin G radial immunodiffusion assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:34-41. [PMID: 36416388 PMCID: PMC9751470 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221140047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial immunodiffusion (RID) is used to quantify IgG concentration in neonatal beef or dairy calf serum; variability has been noted that may affect the precision and accuracy of assay results. We determined the source, range, and homogeneity of variance in the results of a commercial bovine IgG RID assay (Triple J Farm). To estimate the variance in the precipitin ring diameter, we used 6 sera, measured 28 times across 8 plates and 4 lots, and 3 standards with known IgG concentrations, measured 75 times across 69 plates and 5 lots. The source of diameter variance was determined using variance partition coefficients for lot, plate, and repetition. We used 11 different methods to generate standard curves to convert RID precipitin ring diameters to IgG concentrations. The Levene test of homogeneity of variance (α = 0.1) was used to evaluate the equality of variance between the standards or serum precipitin ring diameters and calculated IgG concentrations. Lot and plate contributed minimally to the diameter variance. Precipitin ring diameters had equal variance. Calculated IgG concentrations for serum not requiring dilution had equal variance. A linear equation from aggregated standards, performed within the same day, had greater accuracy for the calculated IgG concentrations of the standards compared to other equation methods. Regardless of standard curve methodology or IgG concentration, variability inherent to the assay limits its clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C. Thompson
- Departments of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Robert W. Wills
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - David R. Smith
- Departments of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Schoos A, De Spiegelaere W, Cools A, Pardon B, Van Audenhove E, Bernaerdt E, Janssens GPJ, Maes D. Evaluation of the agreement between Brix refractometry and serum immunoglobulin concentration in neonatal piglets. Animal 2021; 15:100041. [PMID: 33516000 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal piglets lack immunoglobulins at birth. Sufficient colostrum intake (CI) and immunoglobulin absorption are essential for an appropriate passive transfer of immunity via the colostrum. Most methods to measure immunoglobulins in serum of piglets are labour-intensive, expensive or imprecise and not designed for on-farm use. The present diagnostic test study evaluated digital Brix refractometry to measure immunoglobulins in serum of neonatal piglets and to suggest thresholds for different serum immunoglobulin concentration. Additionally, agreements between Brix refractometry and optical refractometer (serum total protein, STP) and between Brix refractometry and ELISA (immunoglobulin G, IgG) were also investigated. Forty-five sows and 269 piglets from three different farms were enrolled in the study. Piglets were weighed at birth and 24 h later to calculate the CI. Serum was collected at 24 h after birth and analysed for STP, γ-globulins (electrophoresis), % Brix and IgG. In piglets, median (interquartile range, IQR) CI was 412 (196) g per piglet. Median (IQR) STP, γ-globulin and % Brix concentrations in piglet serum were 60 (11) g/L, 35 (10) g/L and 8 (2) %, respectively. Average (±SD) IgG concentration was 49 ± 23 g/L. Passing-Bablok regression revealed a strong concordance between % Brix and STP (Kendall's tau (Τ): 0.620, P < 0.0001, n = 267) and % Brix and γ-globulin concentration (Kendall's Τ: 0.575, P < 0.0001, n = 267). The agreement between the Brix refractometer and IgG concentration was poor (Kendall's Τ: 0.267, P < 0.0001, n = 269). Receiver operating characteristic curves were performed to evaluate test characteristics of Brix refractometry for three γ-globulin cut-off values, i.e. 10, 20 and 30 g/L. The % Brix cut-off values resulting in the optimal combination of sensitivity and specificity were 5.4 (100 and 98.5%), 7.0 (100 and 89.3%) and 7.9 (90.1 and 80.6%), respectively. In conclusion, digital Brix refractometry is a sufficiently fast and practical method to assess serum γ-globulin concentrations in neonatal piglets on-farm and to evaluate them by considering the thresholds found in this study. Further studies are needed to validate those thresholds regarding piglet's survival in the pre-weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schoos
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - W De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Cools
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Van Audenhove
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Bernaerdt
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G P J Janssens
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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LeCount KJ, Schlater LK, Stuber T, Robbe Austerman S, Frana TS, Griffith RW, Erdman MM. Comparison of whole genome sequencing to restriction endonuclease analysis and gel diffusion precipitin-based serotyping of Pasteurella multocida. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:42-55. [PMID: 28906178 PMCID: PMC6504148 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717732371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gel diffusion precipitin test (GDPT) and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) have commonly been used in the serotyping and genotyping of Pasteurella multocida. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis has become the gold standard for other organisms, offering higher resolution than previously available methods. We compared WGS to REA and GDPT on 163 isolates of P. multocida to determine if WGS produced more precise results. The isolates used represented the 16 reference serovars, isolates with REA profiles matching an attenuated fowl cholera vaccine strain, and isolates from 10 different animal species. Isolates originated from across the United States and from Chile. Identical REA profiles clustered together in the phylogenetic tree. REA profiles that differed by only a few bands had fewer SNP differences than REA profiles with more differences, as expected. The GDPT results were diverse but it was common to see a single serovar show up repeatedly within clusters. Several errors were found when examining the REA profiles. WGS was able to confirm these errors and compensate for the subjectivity in analysis of REA. Also, results of WGS and SNP analysis correlated more closely with the epidemiologic data than GDPT. In silico results were also compared to a lipopolysaccharide rapid multiplex PCR test. From the data produced in our study, WGS and SNP analysis was superior to REA and GDPT and highlighted some of the issues with the older tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. LeCount
- Karen J. LeCount, Diagnostic
Bacteriology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,
Veterinary Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010.
| | - Linda K. Schlater
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, National
Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Ames, IA (LeCount,
Schlater, Stuber, Robbe Austerman, Erdman)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Frana, Griffith)
| | - Tod Stuber
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, National
Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Ames, IA (LeCount,
Schlater, Stuber, Robbe Austerman, Erdman)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Frana, Griffith)
| | - Suelee Robbe Austerman
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, National
Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Ames, IA (LeCount,
Schlater, Stuber, Robbe Austerman, Erdman)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Frana, Griffith)
| | - Timothy S. Frana
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, National
Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Ames, IA (LeCount,
Schlater, Stuber, Robbe Austerman, Erdman)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Frana, Griffith)
| | - Ronald W. Griffith
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, National
Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Ames, IA (LeCount,
Schlater, Stuber, Robbe Austerman, Erdman)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Frana, Griffith)
| | - Matthew M. Erdman
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, National
Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Ames, IA (LeCount,
Schlater, Stuber, Robbe Austerman, Erdman)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Frana, Griffith)
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12
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Trampel DW, Zhou EM, Yoon KJ, Koehler KJ. Detection of Antibodies in Serum and Egg Yolk following Infection of Chickens with an H6N2 Avian Influenza Virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:437-42. [PMID: 17037610 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Active serologic surveillance programs to detect avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in table egg-laying chickens have been initiated by several states as a response to the economic threat posed by these viruses. Most outbreaks of avian influenza in domestic poultry are caused by mildly pathogenic AIVs. In the study reported here, infection by an H6N2 AIV was used as a model of mildly pathogenic AIV infections in egg-type chickens. The total number of eggs laid by 5 control hens was 619 or 0.904 eggs/day/hen, whereas the total number laid by 10 infected hens was 1,018 or 0.743 eggs/day/hen. The difference in egg production between the 2 groups was not statistically significant ( P = 0.38). Anti-influenza antibodies were monitored by use of an agar gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA for a period of 20 weeks after inoculation. Antibodies in serum developed sooner, peaked at higher levels, and remained at higher levels than did antibodies found in egg yolk, as indicated by ELISA results. For infected chickens, the correlation between serum and egg yolk ratios was 0.66. Serum samples would appear to be preferable to egg yolk samples for surveillance programs intended to identify chicken flocks that may have been infected by an AIV weeks or months before samples are collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell W Trampel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1240, USA
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Ahmad T, Reshi ML, Cheshti MZ, Tanveer S, Shah ZA, Fomada BA, Raina OK. Evaluation of Gastrothylax crumenifer antigenic preparation in serodiagnosis of paramphistomiasis in sheep. Pak J Biol Sci 2015; 17:578-81. [PMID: 25911851 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.578.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of Gastrothylax crumenifer crude antigen preparation viz., Somatic Antigen (SAg), Excretory Secretory Antigen (ESAg) and Egg Antigen (EAg) in serodiagnosis of disease was undertaken. Test sera samples were obtained from 30 Paramphistomiasis Positive and 30 Gastrothylax free sheep slaughtered at Hazratbal Kashmir. The referral antigenic preparation were evaluated against Paramphistomiasis positive sera, via., control negative sera, using double immunodiffusion test (DID), (IEP) Immunoelectrophoretic assay and ELISA. The performance of referral antigens, as assessed from percent sensitivity and specificity, revealed an increasing trend from DID (Double immunodiffusion-An immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens) to IEP (immunoelectrophoresis-A general name for a number of biochemical methods for separation and characterization of proteins based on electrophoresis and reaction with antibodies), followed by ELISA, detecting higher number of sheep positive for paramphistomiasis. In ELISA the ESAg and SAg were evaluated as most reactive antigens with no significant difference and EAg was the least antigenic. In IEP, EAg had the higher sensitivity (60%) and analogous specificity of SAg and ESAg. The formation of the preceptin lines in the proximity to EAg containing wells (cathode end) in IEP was suggestive of higher molecular weight of G. crumenifer specific protein molecules with slower rate of migration. Purification and characterization of G. crumenifer and identification of specific antigenic molecules, particularly in EAg has been suggested for qualitative improvement of diagnostic value of the antigens in the tests used here in.
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Chamorro MF, Walz PH, Haines DM, Passler T, Earleywine T, Palomares RA, Riddell KP, Galik P, Zhang Y, Givens MD. Comparison of levels and duration of detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 2, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 in calves fed maternal colostrum or a colostrum-replacement product. Can J Vet Res 2014; 78:81-88. [PMID: 24688168 PMCID: PMC3962282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum-replacement products are an alternative to provide passive immunity to neonatal calves; however, their ability to provide adequate levels of antibodies recognizing respiratory viruses has not been described. The objective of this study was to compare the serum levels of IgG at 2 d of age and the duration of detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3) in calves fed maternal colostrum (MC) or a colostrum replacement (CR) at birth. Forty newborn male Holstein calves were assigned to the CR or the MC group. Group CR (n = 20) received 2 packets of colostrum replacement (100 g of IgG per 470-g packet), while group MC (n = 20) received 3.8 L of maternal colostrum. Blood samples for detection of IgG and virus antibodies were collected from each calf at birth, at 2 and 7 d, and monthly until the calves became seronegative. Calves in the MC group had greater IgG concentrations at 2 d of age. The apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG was greater in the MC group than in the CR group, although the difference was not significant. Calves in the CR group had greater concentrations of BVDV neutralizing antibodies during the first 4 mo of life. The levels of antibodies to BRSV, BHV-1, and BPIV-3 were similar in the 2 groups. The mean time to seronegativity was similar for each virus in the 2 groups; however, greater variation was observed in the antibody levels and in the duration of detection of immunity in the MC group than in the CR group. Thus, the CR product provided calves with more uniform levels and duration of antibodies to common bovine respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul H. Walz
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Paul H. Walz; telephone: (334) 844-4951; fax: (334) 844-4368; e-mail:
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15
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Fecteau G, Arsenault J, Paré J, Van Metre DC, Holmberg CA, Smith BP. Prediction of serum IgG concentration by indirect techniques with adjustment for age and clinical and laboratory covariates in critically ill newborn calves. Can J Vet Res 2013; 77:89-94. [PMID: 24082398 PMCID: PMC3605935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop prediction models for the serum IgG concentration in critically ill calves based on indirect assays and to assess if the predictive ability of the models could be improved by inclusion of age, clinical covariates, and/or laboratory covariates. Seventy-eight critically ill calves between 1 and 13 days old were selected from 1 farm. Statistical models to predict IgG concentration from the results of the radial immunodiffusion test, the gold standard, were built as a function of indirect assays of serum and plasma protein concentrations, zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) turbidity and transmittance, and serum γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity. For each assay 4 models were built: without covariates, with age, with age and clinical covariates (infection and dehydration status), and with age and laboratory covariates (fibrinogen concentration and packed cell volume). For the protein models, dehydration status (clinical model) and fibrinogen concentration (laboratory model) were selected for inclusion owing to their statistical significance. These variables increased the coefficient of determination (R (2) ) of the models by ≥ 7% but did not significantly improve the sensitivity or specificity of the models to predict passive transfer with a cutoff IgG concentration of 1000 mg/dL. For the GGT assay, including age as a covariate increased the R (2) of the model by 3%. For the ZnSO4 turbidity test, none of the covariates were statistically significant. Overall, the R (2) of the models ranged from 34% to 62%. This study has provided insight into the importance of adjusting for covariates when using indirect assays to predict IgG concentration in critically ill calves. Results also indicate that ZnSO4 transmittance and turbidity assays could be used advantageously in a field setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Fecteau
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Gilles Fecteau; telephone: 450-773-8521, ext. 8337; fax: 450-778-8158; e-mail:
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16
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Issel CJ, Scicluna MT, Cook SJ, Cook RF, Caprioli A, Ricci I, Rosone F, Craigo JK, Montelaro RC, Autorino GL. Challenges and proposed solutions for more accurate serological diagnosis of equine infectious anaemia. Vet Rec 2013; 172:210. [PMID: 23161812 PMCID: PMC3593188 DOI: 10.1136/vr-2012-100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Serological diagnosis of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) infections has depended mainly on the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIDT). This study documents the presence of EIAV genetic sequences in a number of persistently infected horses and mules whose serums were interpreted as negative/equivocal on AGIDT, but positive on more than one ELISA test and in immunoblot tests. Strategies designed to take advantage of the combined strengths of the ELISA and AGIDT are shown effective in a national surveillance program for EIA in Italy where 17 per cent (25/149) of the equids considered to be infected with EIAV on combined/comparative serological data had reactions in the AGIDT that were interpreted as negative or equivocal. These data document the benefits of using a three-tiered laboratory system for the diagnosis of EIA. Although the ELISA-first strategy introduces some confusing results, the discovery of up to 20 per cent more cases of EIA makes it compelling. In our opinion, it is better and more defensible to find two samples in 1000 with resolvable but falsely positive ELISA tests for EIA than to release two to three horses in 10,000 with falsely negative test results for EIA (the rates seen in the Italian surveillance presented here).
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Issel
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA.
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17
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Zygraich N, Wellemans G. Immunological markers of an attenuated bovine respiratory syncytial (BRS) virus vaccine. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 2010; 28:355-62. [PMID: 6798786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1981.tb01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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de Camargo MM, Kuribayashi JS, Bombardieri CR, Hoge A. Normal distribution of immunoglobulin isotypes in adult horses. Vet J 2008; 182:359-61. [PMID: 18694652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies focusing on the equine humoral response are scarce, with a bias towards the pre- and post-parturition mare and its foal. The present study attempted to expand current knowledge by establishing normal ranges for adult horse serum isotypes. Immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations were obtained by screening 47 horses of various breeds and in different training regimes. Radial immunodiffusion values (mg/dL) were 196+/-73 for IgA, 2704+/-1424 for IgG, 419+/-220 for IgG(T) and 70+/-30 for IgM. All values passed the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test. The results will be of use to the field veterinarian as well for the basic researcher working on horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristela M de Camargo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Woodbury MR, Chirino-Trejo M, Mihajlovic B. Diagnostic detection methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in white-tailed deer. Can Vet J 2008; 49:683-688. [PMID: 18827845 PMCID: PMC2430399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the results and suitability of serological testing, microscopic examination, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection, and bacterial culture for detecting Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) infection in asymptomatic farmed white-tailed deer (WTD) (Odocoileus virginianus). Deer were classified as infected if culture slants from their feces, lymph nodes, or ileum were positive, or if a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay detected Map DNA in any of its tissues. Deer identified as positive by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) testing or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) but not by bacterial culture, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, or PCR assay were classified as suspect. Culture of tissues classified 10/16 (62.5%), histopathologic examination 1/16 (6.3%), tissue smears 4/16 (25%), culture slant (CS)-PCR on feces 12/15 (80%), CS-PCR on tissue 13/16 (81.3%), and direct PCR on uncultured tissues 5/16 (31.3%) deer as infected. The ELISA classified 2/15 (13.3%) deer as positive and therefore suspect. The AGID test was negative for all deer. Fifteen of 16 deer were positive by 1 or more tests; only 1 deer was negative on all 11 assays. The CS-PCR gave superior results on antemortem fecal testing as well as postmortem tissue testing and can be recommended for improving the detection of Map in WTD at every stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray R Woodbury
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4.
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21
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Sparks A, Caney S. Clinical snapshot. Colostrum deprivation in a kitten. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2008; 30:355-356. [PMID: 18705033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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22
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Boeri E, Escobar GI, Ayala SM, Sosa-Estani S, Lucero NE. [Canine brucellosis in dogs in the city of Buenos Aires]. Medicina (B Aires) 2008; 68:291-297. [PMID: 18786885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine brucellosis, caused by Brucella canis, provokes epidydimitis, testicular atrophy and sterility in male dogs, while in females the major symptom is miscarriage. Transmission to humans may be through contact with semen, urine and/or aborted fetuses of infected animals. Our study, observational and cross-sectional, focused on dogs in lower class neighborhoods and slums with a high rate of unmet basic needs (UBN) in 8 areas of the city of Buenos Aires. We studied 219 dogs: 184 females and 35 males, that tested negative to the buffered plate antigen test (BPAT), which ruled out infection with smooth species of Brucella. We detected anti-B. canis antibodies in 16 dogs (7.3%): 9 females and 7 males, relevant data since the urine of males is considered one of the vectors for the spread of the infection. Although we could run blood cultures on only 175 animals, we isolated B. canis in 3 (2 females and 1 male). Only 3 of the owners of dogs that tested positive consented to a serological diagnosis and two of them were positive. We highlight that the agar gel immunodiffusion test (IGID) proved to have low sensitivity, having detected only one of the 16 positive cases and none of the three confirmed by isolation. We conclude that in the areas studied, the detection of serologically positive dogs and the isolation of B. canis in 3 cases are indicators of the health hazard for the population exposed to it.
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Basualdo C, Sgroy V, Finola MS, Marioli JM. Comparison of the antibacterial activity of honey from different provenance against bacteria usually isolated from skin wounds. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:375-81. [PMID: 17540520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of honey samples provided by apiarists and honey packers was tested against microorganisms usually isolated from skin wounds. The antibacterial activity was tested using the well-agar diffusion assay. The honey samples were tested without dilution, and at 75, 50, 30, and 10% (w/v) dilution. Most of the undiluted honey samples inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Some honey samples provided by apiarists also inhibited the growth of S. aureus even at 50% dilution. Undiluted honey samples also inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus uberis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, although to a lesser extent. No inhibition of Micrococcus luteus and Enterococcus faecalis growth was detected. The diameters of the inhibition zones generated by honey samples provided by apiarists were larger than those generated by honey samples provided by honey packers. This observation may be explained by considering the provenance of the honey samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Basualdo
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, ruta 36, km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Yapklç O, Yavru S, Kale M, Bulut O, Simşek A, Sahna KC. An investigation of equine infectious anaemia infection in the central Anatolia region of Turkey. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2007; 78:12-4. [PMID: 17665759 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v78i1.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 162 horses, 80 donkeys and 51 mule serum samples were collected in Konya city. Additionally, 64 horse serum samples from Ankara and 49 samples from Kayseri city were included in the study. A total of 406 serum samples were examined by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody to equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) and no positive result was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yapklç
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Campus-Konya, Turkey
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA) for measurement of plasma IgG concentrations in foals. ANIMALS 36 foals. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected from foals before suckling and at 12 and 24 to 36 hours after birth. Plasma IgG concentrations were determined via a commercial single radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. By use of goat anti-equine IgG antiserum and a spectrophotometer, a TIA was developed to measure plasma and serum IgG concentrations; the percentage light transmission was calibrated against RID assay-determined IgG concentrations. Assay repeatability and effects of serial dilution, sample type, and ambient temperature on assay results were evaluated. RESULTS Serial dilution of plasma samples from foals 12 and 24 to 36 hours of age with presuckle plasma yielded percentage light transmission results that were highly inversely correlated (r = -0.95) with IgG concentrations determined via RID assay. Measurements of IgG in plasma and serum samples via TIA did not differ. When samples were assayed multiple times, the coefficient of variation was < 5.0%. Ambient temperature did not affect TIA results. At IgG concentrations of 400 and 800 mg/dL, TIA sensitivity was > 90%; specificity was 99.1% and 70.5%, respectively; and positive and negative predictive values were 98.1% and 71.5%, respectively, and 96.4% and 91.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Plasma IgG concentrations in foals determined via the TIA and RID assay were highly correlated. The TIA rapidly yielded quantitative results and would be useful in clinical situations where intervention decisions are time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McCue
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
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Paltrinieri S, Saverio P, Giordano A, Alessia G, Tranquillo V, Vito T, Guazzetti S, Stefano G. Critical assessment of the diagnostic value of feline alpha1-acid glycoprotein for feline infectious peritonitis using the likelihood ratios approach. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:266-72. [PMID: 17459855 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) increases in the blood of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a lethal disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). However, the diagnostic potential of AGP might be limited because AGP also increases in pathophysiological conditions other than FIP. In this retrospective study, the diagnostic potential of serum AGP concentration was evaluated on the basis of the pretest probability of disease, according to the Bayesian approach. Serum AGP levels from cats with FIP (group 1; n = 58) and without FIP (group 2; n = 104) were evaluated. Non-FIP cats were further subgrouped as follows: 2a) inflammation (n = 26), 2b) asymptomatic FCoV infection (n = 49), 2c) injection-site sarcoma (n = 19), 2d) postvaccination (n = 7), and 2e) specific pathogen free (n = 3). Standard descriptive analyses by group and empirical receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve estimation were performed. Ordinary logistic regression analysis was performed to derive an estimate of the continuous likelihood ratio to produce the posttest probability of disease for any combination of pretest probability and serum AGP value. The comparison of serum AGP levels in the different groups and the analysis of the ROC curve confirmed that serum AGP is a powerful discriminating marker for FIP. The Bayesian approach demonstrated that when the pretest probability of FIP is high, based on history and clinical signs (groups 1 or 2a), moderate serum AGP levels (1.5-2 mg/ml) can discriminate cats with FIP from others, while only high serum AGP levels (>3 mg/ml) can support a diagnosis of FIP in cats with a low pretest probability of disease (groups 2b to 2e).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Paltrinieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria-Sezione di Patologia Generale e Parassitologia, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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27
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Pomrantz JS, Johnson LR, Nelson RW, Wisner ER. Comparison of serologic evaluation via agar gel immunodiffusion and fungal culture of tissue for diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230:1319-23. [PMID: 17472556 DOI: 10.2460/javma.230.9.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the sensitivity and specificity of serologic evaluation and fungal culture of tissue for diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 58 dogs with nasal discharge and 26 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs with nasal discharge were anesthetized and underwent computed tomography and rhinoscopy; nasal tissues were collected for histologic examination and fungal culture. Sera were assessed for antibodies against Aspergillus spp (healthy dog sera were used as negative control specimens). Nasal aspergillosis was diagnosed in dogs that had at least 2 of the following findings: computed tomographic characteristics consistent with aspergillosis, fungal plaques detected during rhinoscopy, and histologically detectable fungal hyphae in nasal tissue. Histologic characteristics of malignancy were diagnostic for neoplasia. Without evidence of neoplasia or fungal disease, nonfungal rhinitis was diagnosed. RESULTS Among the 58 dogs, 21 had nasal aspergillosis, 25 had nonfungal rhinitis, and 12 had nasal neoplasia. Fourteen aspergillosis-affected dogs and 1 dog with nonfungal rhinitis had serum antibodies against Aspergillus spp. Fungal culture results were positive for Aspergillus spp only for 17 dogs with aspergillosis. With regard to aspergillosis diagnosis, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 67%, 98%, 93%, and 84%, respectively, for serum anti-Aspergillus antibody determination and 81%, 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, for fungal culture. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that seropositivity for Aspergillus spp and identification of Aspergillus spp in cultures of nasal tissue are highly suggestive of nasal aspergillosis in dogs; however, negative test results do not rule out nasal aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Pomrantz
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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28
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Peng D, Hu S, Hua Y, Xiao Y, Li Z, Wang X, Bi D. Comparison of a new gold-immunochromatographic assay for the detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus with hemagglutination inhibition and agar gel immunodiffusion assays. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 117:17-25. [PMID: 17337303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A gold-immunochromatographic test-strip kit is used for the detection of IgG antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV). Compared with the "gold standard", i.e. hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assays, the gold-immunochromatographic test strip has many advantages, such as high specificity, high sensitivity, convenience, is rapid and has low cost. The gold-immunochromatographic test strip provides a unique tool for the on-site surveillance and diagnosis of Avian Influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaPeng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Munjal SK, Tripathi BN, Paliwal OP, Boehmer J, Homuth M. Application of Different Methods for the Diagnosis of Experimental Paratuberculosis in Goats. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:140-6. [PMID: 17456145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of subclinical paratuberculosis is still considered a major problem worldwide. As part of investigating diagnostic strategies for the paratuberculosis infection, sequential results of various diagnostic methods in a progressive experimental infection in goats were evaluated. Twenty-three goat kids were divided into three groups: the infected, contact and control, comprising 10, five and eight goats respectively. Animals of the infected group were orally inoculated on seven occasions with 5 ml of inoculum containing 2 x 10(9)Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis per ml. Lymphoycte proliferation test using johnin PPD detected paratuberculosis infection from 60 days post-infection (DPI) onwards. The johnin PPD was found to be a better antigen for the proliferative assays as compared with the sonicated antigen. The faecal smear examination with acid-fast staining detected more goats as positive than bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Lipoarabinomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) started detecting infected goats from 150 DPI onwards followed by indirect ELISA and agar gel immunodiffusion from 180 DPI onwards. Histological examination was confirmatory and detected five infected goats as positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Munjal
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Uttar Pradesh, India.
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30
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Zhang Y, Guo D, Liu M, Geng H, Hu Q, Liu Y, Liu N. Characterization of the σB-encoding genes of muscovy duck reovirus: σC–σB-ELISA for antibodies against duck reovirus in ducks. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:231-41. [PMID: 17218069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The sigmaB/sigmaC-encoding genes of muscovy duck reovirus (DRV) S12 strain were cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The sigmaC-encoding gene of DRV showed only 21-22% identity to that of avian reovirus (ARV) at both nucleotide and amino acid level. The sigmaB-encoding gene of DRV comprised 1163bp with one open reading frame (ORF). The ORF comprised 1104bp and encoded 367 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 40.44 kDa. A zinc-binding motif and a basic amino acid motif were found within the predicted amino acid sequence of sigmaB. The identities between the S12 and ARV were 59.3-64.0% and 60.9-62.5%, respectively, at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid levels. Phylogenetic analysis of the sigmaB-encoding gene sequence indicated that S12 separated as a distinct virus relative to other avian strains. The expressed sigmaB/sigmaC fusion proteins in E. coli could be detected, approximately 45 and 50kDa, respectively, by duck anti-reovirus polyclonal serum. In addition, an ELISA (sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA) using the expressed sigmaB-sigmaC proteins as coating antigen for detection of antibodies to DRV in ducks was developed. In comparison with the virus neutralization test and agar gel immuno-diffusion test (AGID), the sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA showed perfect specificity and sensitivity. The sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA did not react with the antisera to other duck pathogens, implying that these two proteins were specific in recognition of DRV antibodies. Taken together, the results demonstrated that sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA was a sensitive and accurate method for detecting antibodies to DRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Avian Infectious Disease Division, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin, Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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31
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Piza AST, Pereira AR, Terreran MT, Mozzer O, Tanuri A, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ. Serodiagnosis of equine infectious anemia by agar gel immunodiffusion and ELISA using a recombinant p26 viral protein expressed in Escherichia coli as antigen. Prev Vet Med 2007; 78:239-45. [PMID: 17109980 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We used a p26 recombinant protein (p26r) from equine infectious-anemia virus (EIAV) expressed in Escherichia coli as antigen to standardize an agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGIDp26r) test and an indirect ELISA (ELISAp26r) for the detection of antibodies against EIAV in 720 equine sera from Brazil. We evaluated the tests's relative diagnostic sensitivities (relSe) and relative diagnostic specificities (relSp) against a commercial AGID kit (Idexx, USA). We used three sera panels: panel A--196 AGID-negative sera from an AIE non-endemic controlled area; panel B--194 AGID-negative sera from an AIE endemic area and panel C--330 AGID-positive sera from an AIE endemic area. ELISAp26r cut-off value was defined with TG-ROC using sera from panels A and C. AGIDp26r showed an agreement of 100% with the commercial kit. When applied to sera from panels A and C, ELISAp26r showed an agreement of 100% with the kit, but, although relSe was 100% for panel C, the ELISAp26r had relSp of 93.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Toledo Piza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dundon WG, Maniero S, Toffan A, Capua I, Cattoli G. Appearance of Serum Antibodies Against the Avian Influenza Nonstructural 1 Protein in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Turkeys. Avian Dis 2007; 51:209-12. [PMID: 17494555 DOI: 10.1637/7556-033106r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to support eradication efforts of avian influenza (AI) infections in poultry, the implementation of "differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals" (DIVA) vaccination strategies has been recommended by international organizations. These systems enable the detection of field exposure in vaccinated flocks, and through this detection, infected flocks may be properly managed, thus interrupting the perpetuation of the infectious cycle. A promising system, based on the detection of antibodies to the nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein of AI, has been deemed a good candidate. However, there are presently no data available, in support of this DIVA system, with regard to the kinetics of antibody production against the NS1 proteins in poultry following infection. The present investigation was undertaken to establish the dynamics of the appearance of anti-NS1 antibodies in a naïve population. Following experimental infection of turkeys, antibodies to a peptide spanning the c-terminal of the NS1 protein were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) starting between day 3 and day 5 postinfection. In contrast, no antibodies to the NS1 peptide could be detected in chickens over the test period. In addition, the turkeys and chickens reacted differently at a clinical level to the infection by the H9N2 challenge virus. Taken together, these findings indicate that there is a significant difference in the viral replication in turkeys and chickens, resulting in a variation in the production of antibodies to NS1, as detected by the peptide-based ELISA used. This fact must be taken into consideration when using a DIVA system based on the identification of antibodies to the NS1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dundon
- OIE, FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Italy
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33
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Alvarez I, Gutierrez G, Vissani A, Rodriguez S, Barrandeguy M, Trono K. Standardization and validation of an agar gel immunodiffusion test for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia using a recombinant p26 antigen. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:344-51. [PMID: 17292568 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated an agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) test for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia (EIA) using as antigen the p26 protein of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) produced in the Escherichia coli expression system. The developed rp26-AGID test showed an excellent diagnostic relative sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) compared to a commercial AGID assay when 1855 field serum samples were analyzed. In addition, the rp26-AGID demonstrated to be a precise assay with excellent repeatability and reproducibility. In the analytical sensitivity trial, positive sera showed nearly the same endpoint dilutions for both compared tests. No positive-reactions were observed with 35 serum samples with antibodies related to other endemic agents and also with severely hemolysed samples, demonstrating that the rp26-AGID has an excellent analytical specificity. Complete concordance with blind previous results from five proficiency test panels confirmed the capability of the assay of accurate detection of EIAV antibodies. This is the first time that a recombinant AGID assay able to identify EIAV infections has been standardized and validated in Argentina according to international guidelines. Taking into account the results obtained, the p26-AGID could be adopted as an official test method for the diagnosis and control of EIA in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Alvarez
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, C.C. 1712 Castelar, Argentina.
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Tecles F, Subiela SM, Petrucci G, Panizo CG, Cerón JJ. Validation of a commercially available human immunoturbidimetric assay for haptoglobin determination in canine serum samples. Vet Res Commun 2006; 31:23-36. [PMID: 17180450 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Haptoglobin is a positive acute-phase protein with a valuable role as a marker of inflammation in both human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to validate a commercially available immunoturbidimetric method designed for human haptoglobin determination (Izasa SA, Barcelona, Spain) for its use in canine samples. Cross-reactivity between anti-human haptoglobin antiserum and canine haptoglobin was found when agarose gel immunodiffusion and ELISA tests were performed. The use of canine pooled serum with haptoglobin concentration of 6.3 g/L as standard provided higher analytical range than commercially available standards. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 2.49% and 4.60%, respectively. A linear regression model between immunoturbidimetric results and a previously validated spectrophotometric method (Tridelta Development Limited, Ireland) yielded a slope at 95% confidence interval of 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) and y-intercept at 95% confidence interval of 0.11 (-0.59, 0.82). No significant differences were produced by anticoagulants, lipaemia and bilirubinaemia, although haemolysis significantly decreased haptoglobin. A significant increase of haptoglobin concentration was detected in inflammatory conditions such as pyometra and leishmaniasis, in neoplastic conditions, and after glucocorticoid administration. Canine serum haptoglobin concentration can be reliably measured using the commercially available Izasa immunoturbidimetric method developed for human haptoglobin determination. This method is precise and accurate, provides a wider analytical range than previous reported methods, and can be easily automated and used for routine haptoglobin determination in canine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tecles
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Bicout DJ, Carvalho R, Chalvet-Monfray K, Sabatier P. Distribution of equine infectious anemia in horses in the north of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 18:479-82. [PMID: 17037619 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper examines the prevalence of equine infectious anemia (EIA) in horse populations in the northern part (comprising 89 cities) of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from January 2002 to December 2004. Data on 8,981 agar gel immunodiffusion test results from the region were used as input for a statistical and autoregressive analysis model to construct a city-level map of the distribution of EIA prevalence. The following EIA prevalence (P) levels were found: 49 cities with 0 < P < or = 0.5%, 26 with 0.5% < P < or = 1.5%, 10 with 1.5% < P < or = 5%, and 4 with 5% < P < or = 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique J Bicout
- Biomathematics and Epidemiology Unit - TIMC, National Veterinary School of Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, B.P. 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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36
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Sorensen NS, Tegtmeier C, Andresen LO, Piñeiro M, Toussaint MJM, Campbell FM, Lampreave F, Heegaard PMH. The porcine acute phase protein response to acute clinical and subclinical experimental infection with Streptococcus suis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 113:157-68. [PMID: 16774789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The pig acute phase protein (APP) response to experimental Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infection was mapped by the measurement of the positive APPs C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and major acute phase protein (pig-MAP) and the negative APPs albumin and apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I. The aim was to elucidate the differences in the acute phase behaviour of the individual APPs during a typical bacterial septicaemic infection. Pigs were inoculated subcutaneously with live S. suis serotype 2 and blood was sampled before and on various days post inoculation (p.i.), until the pigs were killed and autopsied on day 14 p.i. Clinical signs (fever and lameness) were observed in four of the five inoculated pigs from day 2 p.i., and these pigs also had arthritic lesions at autopsy. CRP and SAA showed fast increases in serum concentrations, CRP being elevated from days 1 to 12 p.i. and peaking at 10 times the day 0-levels on day 1 p.i. SAA rose quickly to peak levels of 30-40 times the day 0-level on days 1-2 and returned to pre-inoculation level on day 5 p.i. Hp and pig-MAP showed slightly slower responses, both peaking around 5 days p.i. Hp was increased throughout the experiment with maximum levels around 10 times the day 0-levels, and pig-MAP was elevated on days 1-12 p.i. with peak levels of around seven times the day 0-levels. Apo A-I was decreased from days 1 to 8 and showed minimum levels of about 40% of day 0-levels around 1-2 days p.i. No clear pattern of changes in albumin levels could be identified. One pig, showing clinical signs on day 2 only, also showed an APP response, although of a relatively short duration, whereas three pigs presenting clinical signs for several days had a more protracted acute phase response. Remarkably, the one pig showing no clinical signs and no arthritic lesions showed an APP response comparable to that of the other, clinically affected pigs. Thus, both acute clinical and subclinical S. suis infection could be revealed by the measurement of one or more of the APPs CRP, SAA, Hp, pig-MAP and Apo A-I. The combined measurement of two or three APPs, including proteins with slow and fast kinetics, should be used to achieve the highest sensitivity for the detection of ongoing S. suis infection during a prolonged time period. A diagnostic tool based on such APP-measurements could considerably improve strategic control procedures for this important infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Sorensen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Abstract
The insoluble immune complexes (ICs) were prepared under the conditions of double immunodiffusion in gel, using the suspension of the ultrasound treated PK-15 cell-line infected with porcine parvovirus (PPV) containing both viral particles and viral proteins, as well as pig or rabbit anti-PPV polyclonal immune sera. The immunodiffusion performed in an agarose gel allows only viral subunits with a molecular mass equal to or less than 1000 kDa, rather than the viral particles, to diffuse through the gel and reach the point where the immunoprecipitate is to be formed. The immunoprecipitation under the conditions of the diffusion ensures the optimal, i.e. equimolar ratio of both immunoprecipitating components, antibody/antigen in the IC. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the Western blot analyses showed the ICs were composed of two proteins, a protein in which molecular mass corresponded to the VP2 of the PPV and a protein with a molecular mass of the IgG. This suggests that the ICs are mainly composed of the VP2 antigen and IgG class antibodies. The potency of the IC-vaccines prepared in the form of a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion was compared with that of a commercially available, inactivated oil vaccine. The vaccination of gilts, 6 weeks before mating, with the IC containing allogeneic pig antibodies, resulted in the development of high and long-lasting anti-PPV antibody titres, similar to those generated by the licenced vaccine (P > 0.01). The content of the virus material administered by the IC was twice lower than that in the licenced vaccine. Neither systemic nor local reactions were observed in the gilts during the period of the trial with the IC vaccine. The number of viable piglets per litter varied between 9 and 12 and no signs of the PPV infection were detected. Rabbits were used as one of the alternative laboratory animal models accepted for the testing of the vaccine against the PPV. The rabbit humoral immune response generated by the IC containing the allogeneic antibodies were higher than that generated by the ICs containing the xenogeneic pig antibodies. It was similar to that generated by two-times higher content of the virus material administered by a commercially available vaccine. The IC-based vaccines belong to non-replicating, subunit vaccines, which are both ecologically convenient and the safest vaccines of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Robbe-Austerman S, Gardner IA, Thomsen BV, Morrical DG, Martin BM, Palmer MV, Thoen CO, Ewing C. Sensitivity and specificity of the agar-gel-immunodiffusion test, ELISA and the skin test for detection of paratuberculosis in United States Midwest sheep populations. Vet Res 2006; 37:553-64. [PMID: 16641016 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the agar-gel-immunodiffusion test (AGID), the ELISA, and the skin test for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in sheep using Bayesian methods without a gold standard. Fourteen flocks (2 465 sheep) were used. Five flocks (450 sheep) were considered MAP non-infected and 9 flocks (2 015 sheep) had sheep infected with MAP. Sheep were skin tested and blood was collected for AGID and ELISA testing. Results were analyzed using a Bayesian 3-test in 1-population model fitted in WinBUGS. The model allowed for dependence (correlation) between the two serologic tests, but these two tests were assumed to be conditionally independent of the skin test. The estimated specificity was 99.5% (95% PI of 98.9-99.9%) for the AGID; 99.3% (98.4-99.8%) for the ELISA using an optical density measured cutoff of 0.20; 99.2% (98.1-99.8%) using a cutoff of 0.15; 97.5% (95.8-98.7%) using a cutoff of 0.10; and 98.7% (97.3-99.5%) for the skin test. The estimated sensitivities were 8.3% (6.2-10.7%) for the AGID; 8.0% (6.0-10.4%), 10.6% (8.3-13.1%), and 16.3% (13.5-19.4%) for the ELISA using the cutoffs 0.20, 0.15, and 0.10 respectively; and 73.3% (62.3-85.8%) for the skin test. The skin test was specific in non-infected populations and sensitive in infected populations, although in some cases a positive skin test might represent MAP exposure rather than infection. The AGID and ELISA were specific but lacked sensitivity. The AGID and ELISA consistently identified two different populations of infected sheep with only moderate overlap between positive test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 2300 Dayton, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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39
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Fournier D, Campbell JR, Middleton DM. Prevalence of maedi-visna infection in culled ewes in Alberta. Can Vet J 2006; 47:460-6. [PMID: 16734372 PMCID: PMC1444903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) is a relatively common chronic infection of sheep in North America resulting in economic loss to the sheep industry. The objectives of this study were to: 1) measure the prevalence of MV infection in culled ewes in Alberta, by histologic examination (lungs and udder) and serologic testing using an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, 2) examine any geographic differences in its prevalence in the province, 3) evaluate the level of agreement between histopathologic examination and serologic testing, 4) grade the lesions and correlate the serologic results with the presence of severe histological lesions, and 5) correlate the presence of histological lesions in the lungs and udder in the same animal. Based on histologic findings, the prevalence of MV was 26.8%, compared with 13.0% using serologic testing. There were no significant geographical differences in prevalence, fair agreement (kappa = 42.0%) between histopathologic and serologic results, and poor agreement (kappa = 11.5%) between the presence of lung and udder histological lesions within the same animal. This study indicates that MV is relatively common in culled ewes in Alberta, with no significant geographic variation. The poor sensitivity of the AGID test, compared with histologic examination, should be taken into consideration when interpreting serologic results.
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MESH Headings
- Alberta/epidemiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Immunodiffusion/methods
- Immunodiffusion/standards
- Immunodiffusion/veterinary
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/virology
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/blood
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/pathology
- Prevalence
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Serologic Tests/methods
- Serologic Tests/standards
- Serologic Tests/veterinary
- Sheep
- Visna-maedi virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Fournier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
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40
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Kohara J, Konnai S, Onuma M. Experimental transmission of Bovine leukemia virus in cattle via rectal palpation. Jpn J Vet Res 2006; 54:25-30. [PMID: 16786975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was transmitted by rectal palpation using a common sleeve between a BLV-infected cow and BLV-negative steers. Three of four steers developed antibodies against BLV as determined by agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test between 7 to 10 weeks after the first rectal palpation using common sleeves from BLV-infected cow. In the steers, BLV proviral DNA were detected by PCR 1 to 5 weeks earlier than detection of the antibodies by the AGID test. Our experiments demonstrated that rectal palpation is a potential cause of BLV spread in herds and that detection of BLV proviral DNA in cattle by PCR is useful screening test for early diagnosis of BLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kohara
- Hokkaido Animal Research Center, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan.
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41
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El-Hatmi H, Levieux A, Levieux D. Camel (Camelus dromedarius) immunoglobulin G, alpha-lactalbumin, serum albumin and lactoferrin in colostrum and milk during the early post partum period. J DAIRY RES 2006; 73:288-93. [PMID: 16566855 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029906001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum and milk samples from twelve Tunisian camels were analysed for concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG), alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la), serum albumin (CSA) and lactoferrin throughout the first 14 milkings post partum (7 days of lactation) using single radial immunodiffusion assay. Concentrations (mg/ml, means+/-SD) at first milking were IgG, 100.7+/-60.4; alpha-la, 2.2+/-0.7; CSA, 8.5+/-3.6 and lactoferrin, 1.2+/-0.3. Large variations were recorded for IgG and CSA concentrations (11.8-211.1 mg/ml and 2.9-13.8 mg/ml respectively) Concentrations of IgG and CSA dropped abruptly in the subsequent milkings while alpha-la concentration increased until milking 5 and then decreased slowly. Lactoferrin dropped only from milking 7. Mean IgG concentrations were 3.6 and 2.5 mg/ml at milking 9 and 13 respectively. However, IgG concentration did not differ significantly, at the 1% level, from milkings 11 to 14. The contribution of CSA to the increase in whey proteins in early milks was greater than that described in the bovine and caprine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima El-Hatmi
- Arid Land Institute, Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
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42
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Gumber S, Eamens G, Whittington RJ. Evaluation of a Pourquier ELISA kit in relation to agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test for assessment of the humoral immune response in sheep and goats with and without Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection. Vet Microbiol 2006; 115:91-101. [PMID: 16464541 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate a commercial ELISA kit (Institut Pourquier) for the diagnosis of ovine and caprine paratuberculosis under Australian conditions and to compare its accuracy with the existing AGID test. The sensitivity of the ELISA in sheep and goats was 34.9% and 56.4%, with a specificity of 98.8% and 100.0%, respectively. Sensitivity of AGID was 13.8% for sheep and 39.5% for goats, with specificity of 100.0% for both species. The sensitivity of the ELISA in sheep depended on the category of histological lesions. AGID and ELISA were conditionally independent, and appeared to detect overlapping but distinct subgroups of infected animals. The ELISA was significantly more sensitive than the AGID. The ELISA was simple to perform, robust and repeatable. Coefficients of variation of <12.0% were observed for positive and negative controls included on 193 plates over a 10-month period and there was a high level of intraassay repeatability with 12.0% of the duplicate samples having CV of >15.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gumber
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Private Bag 3, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
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43
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Monti GE, Frankena K, Engel B, Buist W, Tarabla HD, de Jong MCM. Evaluation of a new antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine leukemia virus infection in dairy cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:451-7. [PMID: 16312236 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to validate a new blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (designated M108 for milk and S108 for serum samples) for detecting bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in dairy cattle. Milk, serum, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-blood samples were collected from 524 adult Holstein cows originating from 6 dairy herds in Central Argentina. The M108 and S108 were compared with agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), polymerase chain reaction and a commercial ELISA. Because there is currently no reference test capable of serving as a gold standard, the test sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) were evaluated by the use of a latent class model. Statistical inference was performed by classical maximum likelihood and by Bayesian techniques. The maximum-likelihood analysis was performed assuming conditional independence of tests, whereas the Bayesian approach allowed for conditional dependence. No clear conclusion could be drawn about conditional dependence of tests. Results with maximum likelihood (under conditional independence) and posterior Bayes (under conditional dependence) were practically the same. Conservative estimates of SE and SP (with 95% confidence intervals) for M108 were 98.6 (96.7; 99.6) and 96.7 (92.9; 98.8) and for S108 99.5 (98.2; 99.9) and 95.4 (90.9; 98.1), respectively. The ELISA 108 using either milk or serum to detect BLV-infected animals had comparable SE and SP with the official AGID and a commercial ELISA test, which are currently the most widely accepted tests for the serological diagnosis of BLV infection. Therefore, ELISA 108 can be used as an alternative test in monitoring and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo E Monti
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Valdiva, Chile
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44
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Hess PR, English RV, Hegarty BC, Brown GD, Breitschwerdt EB. Experimental Ehrlichia canis infection in the dog does not cause immunosuppression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 109:117-25. [PMID: 16169601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A carrier state develops in some Ehrlichia canis-infected dogs due to ineffective host defenses. The subsequent development of immune-mediated diseases or opportunistic infections in chronic ehrlichiosis suggests dysregulation of immunity; however, the immunobiology of this infection has not been well characterized. In this study, eight dogs were infected with E. canis, and changes in seroreactivity, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations, peripheral blood T cell subsets, lymphocyte blastogenesis (LBT), and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity were evaluated over 4 months. Infection, which was documented by seroconversion, polymerase chain reaction, and blood culture, caused self-limiting fever and thrombocytopenia. Infected dogs developed an anti-E. canis antibody response but were not immune to re-infection. Serum IgM, IgG, and IgA concentrations were unaffected by E. canis. The percentage of circulating CD4(+) T cells was similar in uninfected and infected dogs at all points. Infected dogs developed a CD8(+) lymphocytosis 6 weeks after inoculation that subsequently subsided, despite organism persistence. Functional defects of cell-mediated immunity, measured as suppression of LAK activity or mitogen-driven LBT, were not observed. These results suggest that immune responses are not grossly impaired in young dogs during the first several months following experimental E. canis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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45
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Cai X, Chen H, Blackall PJ, Yin Z, Wang L, Liu Z, Jin M. Serological characterization of isolates from China. Vet Microbiol 2005; 111:231-6. [PMID: 16271834 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
From September 2002 to December 2004, a total of 281 strains of Haemophilus parasuis were isolated from 17 provinces of China. All these isolates were serotyped by both the gel diffusion (GD) and the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests. By combining the GD and IHA results, serovar 4 (24.2%) and serovar 5 (19.2%) were the most prevalent serovars, followed by serovars 13 (12.5%), 14 (7.1%) and 12 (6.8%), while 12.1% of the isolates could not be assigned to a serovar (nontypable). A comparison of the number of isolates obtained from the respiratory tract of swine without polyserositis with those obtained from swine with polyserositis revealed an increased frequency of serovar 4 and a significantly decreased frequency of serovar 13 among isolates from the respiratory tract of swine without polyserositis, whereas the frequency of isolation of serovars 5, 12, 14 and nontypable from swine with or without polyserositis were similar. Co-infection of H. parasuis and other bacterial agents was studied in 183 cases examined from June 2003 to December 2004. Streptococcus suis (30.6%; 56), Escherichia coli (21.9%; 40), Bordetella bronchiseptica (21.3%; 39) and Pasteurella multocida (14.2%; 26) were the bacterial agents frequently co-isolated with H. parasuis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwang Cai
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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46
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Tang Y, Lee CW, Zhang Y, Senne DA, Dearth R, Byrum B, Perez DR, Suarez DL, Saif YM. Isolation and characterization of H3N2 influenza A virus from turkeys. Avian Dis 2005; 49:207-13. [PMID: 16094824 DOI: 10.1637/7288-101304r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Five 34-wk-old turkey breeder layer flocks in separate houses of 2550 birds each in a single farm in Ohio experienced a drop in egg production from late January to early February 2004. Tracheal swabs (n = 60), cloacal swabs (n = 50), and convalescent sera (n = 110) from the flocks were submitted to the laboratory for diagnostics. Virus isolation was attempted in specific-pathogen free embryonating chicken eggs and Vero and MDCK cells. Virus characterization was performed using agar gel immunodiffusion, the hemagglutination test, the hemagglutination inhibition test, the virus neutralization test, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. A presumptive influenza virus was successfully propagated and isolated on the first passage in MDCK cells, but initially not in Vero cells or specific-pathogen free chicken embryos. After two passages in MDCK cells, it was possible to propagate the isolate in specific-pathogen free chicken embryos. Preliminary sequence analysis of the isolated virus confirmed that it was influenza A virus with almost 100% (235/236) identity with the matrix gene of a swine influenza A virus, A/Swine/Illinois/100084/01 (H1N2). However, it was not possible to subtype the virus using conventional serotyping methods. The results of genetic characterization of the isolated virus showed that it was the H3N2 subtype and was designated as A/Turkey/OH/313053/04 (H3N2). Phylogenetic analysis of the eight gene segments of the virus showed that A/Turkey/OH/313053/04 (H3N2) isolate was most closely related to the triple-reassortant H3N2 swine viruses [A/Swine/WI/14094/99 (H3N2)] that have been circulating among pigs in the United States since 1998, which contains gene segments from avian, swine, and human viruses. The A/Turkey/OH/313053/04 (H3N2) isolated from turkeys in this study was classified as a low pathogenic avian influenza A virus because it only caused a drop in egg production with minor other clinical signs and no mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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47
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Munjal SK, Tripathi BN, Paliwal OP. Progressive immunopathological changes during early stages of experimental infection of goats with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 2005; 42:427-36. [PMID: 16006602 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-4-427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A dose of 10(10) Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis was administered orally on seven occasions to produce experimental paratuberculosis infection in 10 5-8-week-old goat kids. Bacteriological, immunological, and histopathological changes, their relationships, and the efficacy of the commonly used diagnostic methods were studied during the progressive disease up to 270 days postinfection (DPI). Significant lymphocyte proliferative responses in the peripheral blood of five goats were detected as early as 60 DPI. A lymphoproliferative test was also performed on lymphocytes purified from different compartments of the guts of five infected and five control goats. Significant proliferative responses were observed in lymphocytes of jejunal compartments of all five goats, of which four had also significant lymphocyte proliferation in the blood. The ileal lymphocytes from two goats, one each at 120 and 270 DPI, had significant proliferation. The histological lesions were mainly observed in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of the ileocecal valve, the ileum, and the terminal jejunum. Acid-fast bacilli were demonstrated in the lesions of two goats at 60 and 210 DPI. Bacterial culture showed poor sensitivity, detecting positive results for only one goat in the fecal and tissue samples at 210 DPI, whereas polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected one goat in fecal sample at 210 DPI and two goats in tissue samples at 60 and 210 DPIs, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and agar gel immunodiffusion test were found to be 100% sensitive from 180 and 210 DPI onwards, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Munjal
- IVD GmbH, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, 30173, Germany.
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48
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Chigerwe M, Dawes ME, Tyler JW, Middleton JR, Moore MP, Nagy DM. Evaluation of a cow-side immunoassay kit for assessing IgG concentration in colostrum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:129-31. [PMID: 16013548 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine sensitivity and specificity of a cow-side immunoassay kit for assessing IgG concentration in colostrum. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 76 dairy and 11 beef cows of various parities. PROCEDURE Colostrum from first, second, and third milkings and milk samples were collected, and IgG concentration was determined by means of radial immunodiffusion. The immunoassay was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, and sensitivity and specificity were calculated by comparing results of the immunoassay (positive vs negative) with results of immunodiffusion (< 50 g/L vs > or = 50 g/L). RESULTS 135 colostrum or milk samples were collected. Mean +/- SD colostral IgG concentrations, determined by means of radial immunodiffusion for dairy and beef cows were 65.4 +/- 51.4 g/L and 114.8 +/- 42.7 g/L, respectively. Mean IgG concentrations for first-, second-, and third-milking colostrum samples and for milk samples were 92 +/- 49.0 g/L, 74.6 +/- 45.1 g/L, 47.5 +/- 32 g/L, and 6.8 +/- 3.8 g/L, respectively. Sensitivity of the immunoassay (ie, percentage of samples with IgG concentration < 50 g/L with a positive immunoassay result) was 93%, and specificity (ie, percentage of samples with IgG concentration > or = 50 g/L with a negative immunoassay result) was 76%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that the immunoassay kit was an acceptable cow-side test to identify colostrum samples with IgG concentrations < 50 g/L. The immunoassay kit should be useful in screening colostrum for adequate IgG concentration before feeding to calves or storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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49
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Abstract
This study describes an epizootic of respiratory tract disease caused by influenza virus infection in a large population of equines in Luxor and Aswan, Upper Egypt, during the winter of 2000. The epizootic started in January and the infection rate reached its peak in February before gradually decreasing until the end of April, 2000. Horses, donkeys and mules of all ages and both sexes were affected. Free movement of the infected equines and direct contact between the animals at markets facilitated the rapid spread of the disease. The cause of the epizootic was established by use of serological testing and the identification of the influenza virus in nasal secretions. Egg inoculation and the haemagglutination test were used to detect the influenza virus. Both haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel precipitation tests were performed to identify the isolated influenza virus using reference antisera against A/Equi-1 (H7N7) and A/Equi-2 (H3N8). Antibodies against the equine influenza virus were demonstrated in 416 (95.6%) out of 435 collected sera using the HI test. High rectal temperature, inappetence, conjunctivitis, redness of nasal mucosa, a serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge and a harsh dry cough were the most common clinical manifestations. Stress factors, such as using equines for heavy transportation and drawing, precipitated the onset of the disease, intensified the clinical syndrome, delayed recovery and facilitated secondary bacterial infection. The present study suggested that the absence of a vaccination programme against equine influenza was one of the principal causes of the spread of infection during this outbreak. In conclusion, the implementation of a national equine influenza vaccination programme, using an effective updated vaccine, is essential in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H A Abd El-Rahim
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
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50
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Pérez RC, Luis-León JJ, Vivas JL, Mendoza L. Epizootic cutaneous pythiosis in beef calves. Vet Microbiol 2005; 109:121-8. [PMID: 15961262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 04/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic bovine granulomatosis (EBG) is a disease that affects beef calves in the flooded Savanna regions of Venezuela. Although Pythium insidiosum was originally the suspected etiologic agent, nothing was done to demonstrate its presence in the infected animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the etiologic agent causing cutaneous lesions in a group of 63 calves diagnosed with EBG. The collected samples were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, serology, and mycological techniques. The clinical manifestations of BEG included ulcerated and swollen granulomatous lesions on the limbs of young calves. Histopathological studies revealed an eosinophilic inflammatory reaction with neutrophils, giant cells and branching hyphae with the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. Immunofluorescence analysis identified the branching hyphae as elements of the fungal-like organism P. insidiosum. Wet mounts in 10% KOH revealed hyaline slender branching hyaline coenocytic hyphae, but cultures from those samples were negative. Anti-P. insidiosum immunoglobulins were also demonstrated in the collected sera of the affected bovines using latex agglutination, immunodiffusion, ELISA, and Western Blot. The histopathological, immunohistochemical, and serological tests showed for the first time that P. insidiosum could be involved in epizootic bovine pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cristina Pérez
- University of Carabobo, Faculty of Health Science Health, Department of Microbiology, Aragua, Venezuela
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