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Moradbeygi F, Ghasemi Y, Farmani AR, Hemmati S. Glucarpidase (carboxypeptidase G2): Biotechnological production, clinical application as a methotrexate antidote, and placement in targeted cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115292. [PMID: 37579696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) for malignancies are exposed to diverse complications, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, mucositis, myelotoxicity, neurological symptoms, and death. Glucarpidase is a recombinant carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) that converts MTX into nontoxic metabolites. In this study, the role of vector type, gene optimization, orientation, and host on the expression of CPG2 is investigated. The effectiveness of various therapeutic regimens containing glucarpidase is classified and perspectives on the dose adjustment based on precision medicine are provided. Conjugation with cell-penetrating peptides, human serum albumin, and polymers such as PEG and dextran for delivery, higher stability, and production of the biobetter variants of CPG2 is highlighted. Conjugation of CPG2 to F(ab՜)2 or scFv antibody fragments against tumor-specific antigens and the corresponding prodrugs for tumor-targeted drug delivery using the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is communicated. Trials to reduce the off-target effects and the possibility of repeated ADEPT cycles by adding pro-domains sensitive to tumor-overexpressed proteases, antiCPG2 antibodies, CPG2 mutants with immune-system-unrecognizable epitopes, and protective polymers are reported. Intracellular cpg2 gene expression by gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) and the concerns regarding the safety and transfection efficacy of the GDEPT vectors are described. A novel bifunctional platform using engineered CAR-T cell micropharmacies, known as Synthetic Enzyme-Armed KillER (SEAKER) cells, expressing CPG2 to activate prodrugs at the tumor niche is introduced. Taken together, integrated data in this review and recruiting combinatorial strategies in novel drug delivery systems define the future directions of ADEPT, GDEPT, and SEAKER cell therapy and the placement of CPG2 therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradbeygi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Farmani
- Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Lee JP, Corless BC, Gardner TJ, Scheinberg DA, Tan DS. Development of a p-Hydroxybenzyl-Alcohol-Linked Glutamate Prodrug for Activation by Pseudomonas Carboxypeptidase G2. Org Lett 2023; 25:6295-6299. [PMID: 37602700 PMCID: PMC10543097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Directed enzyme-prodrug therapies used for targeted drug delivery require prodrugs that are chemically stable and processed efficiently by the activating enzyme. We recently reported the development of AMS-6-Glu (2), a glutamate-masked version of the cytotoxic natural product 5'-O-sulfamoyladenosine (AMS, 1) that can be activated by Pseudomonas carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2). Herein, we report the development of a second-generation prodrug, AMS-5'-PHOBA-Glu (5), that undergoes cleavage by CPG2 with >160-fold higher efficiency. Use of a p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (PHOBA) self-immolative linker overcame unexpected chemical instability observed with a conventional p-aminobenzyl alchohol (PABA) linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Peter Lee
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology
| | - Broderick C. Corless
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | | | - David A. Scheinberg
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital
| | - Derek S. Tan
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Huang JY, Yang LD, Su CH, Chu XW, Zhang JY, Deng SP, Cheng KG. Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Pentacyclic Triterpene–Phenol Nitrogen Mustard Conjugates. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mahoney KM, Goswami PP, Syed A, Kolker P, Shannan B, Smith EA, Winter AH. Self-Immolative Phthalate Esters Sensitive to Hydrogen Peroxide and Light. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11740-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501900h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Pratik P. Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Aleem Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Patrick Kolker
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Brian Shannan
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Emily A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
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Zou P, Wu H, Xie MH, Liu YL, Huang B. Crystal structure of (4-nitrophenyl)methanol, C7H7NO3. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ncrs.2013.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract C7H7NO3, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.211(3) Å, b = 7.402(4) Å, c = 7.773(4) Å, α = 110.878(7)°, β = 93.694(4)°, γ = 90.730(6)°, V = 333.0 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0494, wRref(F2) = 0.1023, T = 153 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zou
- 1Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- 1Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Min-Hao Xie
- 1Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ling Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Biao Huang
- 1Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa
50014, United States
| | - Pratik P. Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa
50014, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa
50014, United States
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Jin HJ, Lu J, Wu X. Development of a new enzyme-responsive self-immolative spacer conjugate applicable to the controlled drug release. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3465-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Yang YH, Aloysius H, Inoyama D, Chen Y, Hu LQ. Enzyme-mediated hydrolytic activation of prodrugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Niculescu-Duvaz D, Negoita-Giras G, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Hedley D, Springer CJ. Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapies. PRODRUGS AND TARGETED DELIVERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633166.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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10
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Müller IA, Kratz F, Jung M, Warnecke A. Schiff bases derived from p-aminobenzyl alcohol as trigger groups for pH-dependent prodrug activation. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pedone E, Searle F, Brocchini S. Diethylstilbestrol glutamate as a potential substrate for ADEPT. J Drug Target 2008; 14:437-43. [PMID: 17092843 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600834573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The combination of systemic toxicity, water insolubility and a labile chemical structure has limited the clinical use of diethylstilbestrol (DES) 1 for the treatment of prostate cancer. To determine if DES could potentially be a prodrug substrate for the pre-targeting strategy known as antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), the DES-glutamate 5 was prepared. The synthesis required the activation of the bis-t-butyl glutamate ester 2 to the isocyanate 3 followed by addition of DES 1. The desired DES-glutamate 5 was water-soluble and upon incubation with carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) underwent carbamate cleavage to give DES 1. A control reaction in the absence of CPG2 demonstrated that the enzyme was necessary for rapid glutamate cleavage to give DES 1. HPLC analysis was required to follow the reaction of DES-glutamate 5 with CPG2. These preliminary results suggest that it may be possible to examine an ADEPT strategy for DES provided enzymatic kinetics can be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pedone
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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12
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Friedlos F, Lehouritis P, Ogilvie L, Hedley D, Davies L, Bermudes D, King I, Martin J, Marais R, Springer CJ. Attenuated Salmonella Targets Prodrug Activating Enzyme Carboxypeptidase G2 to Mouse Melanoma and Human Breast and Colon Carcinomas for Effective Suicide Gene Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4259-66. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Hedley D, Ogilvie L, Springer C. Carboxypeptidase-G2-based gene-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy: a new weapon in the GDEPT armoury. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:870-9. [PMID: 17943135 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy (GDEPT) aims to improve the therapeutic ratio (benefit versus toxic side-effects) of cancer chemotherapy. A gene encoding a 'suicide' enzyme is introduced into the tumour to convert a subsequently administered non-toxic prodrug into an active drug selectively in the tumour, but not in normal tissues. Significant effects can now be achieved in vitro and in targeted experimental models, and GDEPT therapies are entering the clinic. Our group has developed a GDEPT system that uses the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 to convert nitrogen mustard prodrugs into potent DNA crosslinking agents, and a clinical trial of this system is pending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Hedley
- Institute of Cancer Research Haddow Laboratories, 15, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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El Alaoui A, Schmidt F, Monneret C, Florent JC. Protecting Groups for Glucuronic Acid: Application to the Synthesis of New Paclitaxel (Taxol) Derivatives. J Org Chem 2006; 71:9628-36. [PMID: 17168579 DOI: 10.1021/jo0612675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To prepare two new glucuronide conjugates, allyl ester and allyl carbonates were used as protecting groups of the glucuronic moiety. In this way, an aniline glycosyl carbamate spacer linked to the 2'-OH of paclitaxel was obtained. By using palladium chemistry, an efficient one-step removal of all the allyl groups at the end of the synthesis afforded the desired compounds in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessamad El Alaoui
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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15
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Walma T. Spotlight on…Richard Marais. FEBS Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Masterson LA, Spanswick VJ, Hartley JA, Begent RH, Howard PW, Thurston DE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine prodrugs for use in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:252-6. [PMID: 16290933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and evaluation of four novel pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) prodrugs (1a,b and 2a,b; ) for potential use in carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2)-based antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is reported. Although all four prodrugs were shown to be less cytotoxic than the released parent PBDs 3 and 4, the urea prodrugs 1b and 2b were found to be too unstable for use in ADEPT, whereas carbamates 1a and 2a are both stable in an aqueous environment and are good substrates for CPG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Masterson
- CR-UK Gene Targeting Drug Design Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1 1AX, UK
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17
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Niculescu-Duvaz I, Scanlon I, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Friedlos F, Martin J, Marais R, Springer CJ. Significant Differences in Biological Parameters between Prodrugs Cleavable by Carboxypeptidase G2 That Generate 3,5-Difluoro-phenol and -aniline Nitrogen Mustards in Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Systems. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2651-8. [PMID: 15115406 DOI: 10.1021/jm030966w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nine new nitrogen mustard compounds derived from 2,6-difluoro-4-hydroxy- (3a-e) and 2,6-difluoro-4-amino- (4a-d) aniline were synthesized as potential prodrugs. They were designed to be activated to their corresponding 3,5-difluorophenol and -aniline (4)-nitrogen mustards by the enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) models. The compounds were tested for cytotoxicity in the MDA MB-361 breast adenocarcinoma. The cell line was engineered to express stably either CPG2 tethered to the cell surface stCPG2-(Q)3 or beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) as control. The cytotoxicity differentials were calculated between CPG 2-expressing and -nonexpressing cells and yielded different results for the two series of prodrugs despite their structural similarities. While the phenol compounds are ineffective as prodrugs, their aniline counterparts exhibit outstanding activity in the tumor cell lines expressing CPG2. [3,5-Difluoro-4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]carbamoyl-l-glutamic acid gave a differential of >227 in MDA MB361 cells as compared with 19 exhibited by 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-l-glutamic acid, 1a, which has been in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Niculescu-Duvaz
- Cancer Research-UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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18
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Niculescu-Duvaz D, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Friedlos F, Martin J, Lehouritis P, Marais R, Springer CJ. Self-immolative nitrogen mustards prodrugs cleavable by carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) showing large cytotoxicity differentials in GDEPT. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1690-705. [PMID: 12699387 DOI: 10.1021/jm020462i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen novel potential self-immolative prodrugs and their corresponding drugs have been synthesized for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) with carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) as the activating enzyme. The compounds are derived from o- and p-amino and p-methylamino aniline nitrogen mustards. Their aqueous stability, kinetics of drug release by CPG2, and cytotoxicity in the colon carcinoma cell line WiDr, expressing either surface-tethered CPG2 (stCPG2(Q)3) or control beta-galactosidase, are assessed. The effect of various structural features on stability, kinetics of activation, and biological activity is discussed. The p-methylamino prodrugs are the most stable compounds from this series, with the largest cytotoxicity differentials between CPG2-expressing and nonexpressing cells. The most potent compounds in all series are prodrugs of bis-iodo nitrogen mustards. 4-[N-[4'-Bis(2' '-iodoethyl)aminophenyl]-N'-methylcarbamoyloxymethyl]phenylcarbamoyl-l-glutamic acid, compound 39b, is 124-fold more cytotoxic to WiDr cells expressing CPG2 than to cells expressing beta-galactosidase. An additional six compounds show better cytotoxicity differential than the published N-[4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl]-l-glutamic acid (CMDA) prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Niculescu-Duvaz
- CR-UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Denny WA. Prodrugs for Gene-Directed Enzyme-Prodrug Therapy (Suicide Gene Therapy). J Biomed Biotechnol 2003; 2003:48-70. [PMID: 12686722 PMCID: PMC179761 DOI: 10.1155/s1110724303209098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2002] [Accepted: 07/19/2002] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the prodrugs used in suicide gene therapy. These prodrugs need to satisfy a number of criteria. They must be efficient and selective substrates for the activating enzyme, and be metabolized to potent cytotoxins preferably able to kill cells at all stages of the cell cycle. Both prodrugs and their activated species should have good distributive properties, so that the resulting bystander effects can maximize the effectiveness of the therapy, since gene transduction efficiencies are generally low. A total of 42 prodrugs explored for use in suicide gene therapy with 12 different enzymes are discussed, particularly in terms of their physiocochemical properties. An important parameter in determining bystander effects generated by passive diffusion is the lipophilicity of the activated form, a property conveniently compared by diffusion coefficients (log P for nonionizable compounds and log D(7) for compounds containing an ionizable centre). Many of the early antimetabolite-based prodrugs provide very polar activated forms that have limited abilities to diffuse across cell membranes, and rely on gap junctions between cells for their bystander effects. Several later studies have shown that more lipophilic, neutral compounds have superior diffusion-based bystander effects. Prodrugs of DNA alkylating agents, that are less cell cycle-specific than antimetabolites and more effective against noncycling tumor cells, appear in general to be more active prodrugs, requiring less prolonged dosing schedules to be effective. It is expected that continued studies to optimize the bystander effects and other properties of prodrugs and the activated species they generate will contribute to improvements in the effectiveness of suicide gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical & Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1000, New Zealand
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Seitz LE, Suling WJ, Reynolds RC. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of pyrazine and quinoxaline derivatives. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5604-6. [PMID: 12459027 DOI: 10.1021/jm020310n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazine and quinoxaline derivatives have been synthesized, and their activity against M. tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium avium (MAC) are reported. The 4-acetoxybenzyl ester of pyrazinoic acid and 4'-acetoxybenzyl 2-quinoxalinecarboxylate showed excellent activity against Mtb (MIC ranges of less than 1-6.25 microg/mL) but only modest activity against MAC (MICs of 4-32 microg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lainne E Seitz
- Organic Chemistry Department, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, Alabama 35255-5305, USA
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de Groot FM, Loos WJ, Koekkoek R, van Berkom LW, Busscher GF, Seelen AE, Albrecht C, de Bruijn P, Scheeren HW. Elongated multiple electronic cascade and cyclization spacer systems in activatible anticancer prodrugs for enhanced drug release. J Org Chem 2001; 66:8815-30. [PMID: 11749612 DOI: 10.1021/jo0158884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of several novel elongated self-elimination spacer systems for application in prodrugs is described. These elongated spacer systems can be incorporated between a cleavable specifier and the parent drug. Naphthalene- and biphenyl-containing spacers were synthesized but did not eliminate. Prodrugs of the anticancer agents doxorubicin and paclitaxel are reported that contain two or three electronic cascade spacers. A novel catalytic application of HOBt was found for the synthesis of N-aryl carbamates through reacting a 4-nitrophenyl carbonate with an aniline derivative, to connect the 1,6-elimination spacers via a carbamate linkage. In addition, a double spacer-containing paclitaxel prodrug was synthesized, comprising a 1,6-elimination spacer and a bis-amine linker connected to paclitaxel via a 2'-carbamate linkage. Prodrugs in which the novel spacer systems were incorporated between a specific tripeptide specifier and the parent drug doxorubicin or paclitaxel proved to be significantly faster activated by plasmin in comparison with prodrugs containing conventional spacer systems. It is expected that the generally applicable novel spacer systems reported herein will contribute to future development of improved enzymatically activated prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M de Groot
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR-Center for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Liao KW, Chou WC, Lo YC, Roffler SR. Design of transgenes for efficient expression of active chimeric proteins on mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 73:313-23. [PMID: 11283914 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous proteins expressed on the surface of cells may be useful for eliciting therapeutic responses and engineering new extracellular properties. We examined factors that control the membrane targeting of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and a single-chain antibody (scFv). Chimeric proteins were targeted to the plasma membrane by employing the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytosolic tail of murine CD8O (B7-1), the TM of the human platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor encoded by the C-terminal extension of decay-accelerating factor (DAF), and the TM of the H1 subunit of the human asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). AFP chimeric proteins containing the B7, DAF, ASGPR, or PDGFR targeting domains displayed half-lives of 12.2, 3.8, 2.4, and 1.6 h, respectively. The newly synthesized B7 chimera was rapidly transported and remained on the cell surface. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored chimeras reached the surface more slowly and significant amounts were released into the culture medium. PDGFR TM chimeras were rapidly degraded, whereas ASGPR chimeras were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The surface expression of both AFP and scFv chimeric proteins followed the order (highest to lowest) of B7 > DAF >> PDGFR. Introduction of a dimerization domain (hinge-CH(2)-CH(3) region of human IgG1) between scFv and TM dramatically reduced cleavage of the chimeric protein, increased surface expression, and produced biologically active scFv. Our results indicate that transgenes designed for the expression of active scFv on cells should incorporate a TM that does not undergo endocytosis, include an intact cytoplasmic domain, and possess a spacer to reduce cleavage and retain biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
Gene therapy of cancer is a novel approach with the potential to selectively eradicate tumour cells, whilst sparing normal tissue from damage. In particular, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) is based on the delivery of a gene that encodes an enzyme which is non-toxic per se, but is able to convert a prodrug into a potent cytotoxin. Several GDEPT systems have been investigated so far, demonstrating effectiveness in both tissue culture and animal models. Based on these encouraging results, phase I/II clinical trials have been performed and are still ongoing. The aim of this review is to summarise the progress made in the design and application of GDEPT strategies. The most widely used enzyme/prodrug combinations already in clinical trials (e.g., herpes simplex 1 virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir and cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine), as well as novel approaches (carboxypeptidase G2/CMDA, horseradish peroxidase/indole-3-acetic acid) are described, with a particular attention to translational research and early clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Greco
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust, Mount-Verion Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK
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24
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Springer CJ, Niculescu-Duvaz I. Approaches to gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 465:403-9. [PMID: 10810644 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46817-4_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Springer
- CRC Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey
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25
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Springer CJ, Niculescu-Duvaz I. Prodrug-activating systems in suicide gene therapy. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1161-7. [PMID: 10791987 PMCID: PMC315452 DOI: 10.1172/jci10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C J Springer
- Cancer Research Campaign Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Reynolds RC, Tiwari A, Harwell JE, Gordon DG, Garrett BD, Gilbert KS, Schmid SM, Waud WR, Struck RF. Synthesis and evaluation of several new (2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamates as potential anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1484-8. [PMID: 10780904 DOI: 10.1021/jm990417j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seven new (2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamates have been synthesized as potential anticancer alkylating agents. These compounds were designed with carrier moieties that would either act as prodrugs or confer water solubility. All compounds were screened in an in vitro panel of five human tumor cell lines: CAKI-1 (renal), DLD-1 (colon), NCI-H23 (lung), SK-MEL-28 (melanoma), and SNB-7 (CNS). Several agents showed good activity with IC(50) values in the range of 1-10 microg/mL against at least two of the cell lines. One compound, carbamic acid, (2-chloroethyl)nitroso-4-acetoxybenzyl ester (3), was selected for further study in vivo against intraperitoneally implanted P388 murine leukemia. In addition to the aforementioned compound, both carbamic acid, (2-chloroethyl)nitroso-4-nitrobenzyl ester (9) and carbamic acid, (2-chloroethyl)nitroso-2,3,4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-alpha,beta-D-glucopyranose ester (24) were evaluated against subcutaneously implanted M5076 murine sarcoma in mice. None of these compounds were active in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Reynolds
- Drug Discovery and Drug Development Divisions, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35255-5305, USA.
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Niculescu-Duvaz I, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Friedlos F, Spooner R, Martin J, Marais R, Springer CJ. Self-immolative anthracycline prodrugs for suicide gene therapy. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2485-9. [PMID: 10395490 DOI: 10.1021/jm980696v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four novel potential prodrugs derived from daunorubicin (8, 10) and doxorubicin (12, 14) were designed and synthesized. They are self-immolative prodrugs for suicide gene therapy activation by the enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) subsequently releasing the corresponding anthracyclines, by a 1,6-elimination mechanism. A mammary carcinoma cell line (MDA MB 361) was engineered to express CPG2 intracellularly (CPG2) or extracellularly, tethered to the outer cell membrane (stCPG2(Q)3). The prodrugs derived from doxorubicin showed prodrug/drug cytotoxicity differentials of 21-fold (compound 12) and 23-fold (compound 14). Prodrug 12 underwent an 11-fold activation when assayed in the cell line expressing externally surface-tethered CPG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Niculescu-Duvaz
- CRC Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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