1
|
Myslivecek J. Dopamine and Dopamine-Related Ligands Can Bind Not Only to Dopamine Receptors. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050606. [PMID: 35629274 PMCID: PMC9147915 DOI: 10.3390/life12050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system is one of the most important neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system (CNS). It acts mainly by activation of the D1-like receptor family at the target cell. Additionally, fine-tuning of the signal is achieved via pre-synaptic modulation by the D2-like receptor family. Some dopamine drugs (both agonists and antagonists) bind in addition to DRs also to α2-ARs and 5-HT receptors. Unfortunately, these compounds are often considered subtype(s) specific. Thus, it is important to consider the presence of these receptor subtypes in specific CNS areas as the function virtually elicited by one receptor type could be an effect of other—or the co-effect of multiple receptors. However, there are enough molecules with adequate specificity. In this review, we want to give an overview of the most common off-targets for established dopamine receptor ligands. To give an overall picture, we included a discussion on subtype selectivity. Molecules used as antipsychotic drugs are reviewed too. Therefore, we will summarize reported affinities and give an outline of molecules sufficiently specific for one or more subtypes (i.e., for subfamily), the presence of DR, α2-ARs, and 5-HT receptors in CNS areas, which could help avoid ambiguous results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haloperidol bound D 2 dopamine receptor structure inspired the discovery of subtype selective ligands. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1074. [PMID: 32103023 PMCID: PMC7044277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) is one of the most well-established therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric and endocrine disorders. Most clinically approved and investigational drugs that target this receptor are known to be subfamily-selective for all three D2-like receptors, rather than subtype-selective for only DRD2. Here, we report the crystal structure of DRD2 bound to the most commonly used antipsychotic drug, haloperidol. The structures suggest an extended binding pocket for DRD2 that distinguishes it from other D2-like subtypes. A detailed analysis of the structures illuminates key structural determinants essential for DRD2 activation and subtype selectivity. A structure-based and mechanism-driven screening combined with a lead optimization approach yield DRD2 highly selective agonists, which could be used as chemical probes for studying the physiological and pathological functions of DRD2 as well as promising therapeutic leads devoid of promiscuity. The D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) is one of the most well-established therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric and endocrine disorders. Here, the authors report the crystal structure of the antipsychotic drug haloperidol bound to DRD2 via an extended binding pocket that distinguishes it from other D2-like subtypes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Klein Herenbrink C, Verma R, Lim HD, Kopinathan A, Keen A, Shonberg J, Draper-Joyce CJ, Scammells PJ, Christopoulos A, Javitch JA, Capuano B, Shi L, Lane JR. Molecular Determinants of the Intrinsic Efficacy of the Antipsychotic Aripiprazole. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1780-1792. [PMID: 31339684 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Partial agonists of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) have been developed to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia without causing the side effects elicited by antagonists. The receptor-ligand interactions that determine the intrinsic efficacy of such drugs, however, are poorly understood. Aripiprazole has an extended structure comprising a phenylpiperazine primary pharmacophore and a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one secondary pharmacophore. We combined site-directed mutagenesis, analytical pharmacology, ligand fragments, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify the D2R-aripiprazole interactions that contribute to affinity and efficacy. We reveal that an interaction between the secondary pharmacophore of aripiprazole and a secondary binding pocket defined by residues at the extracellular portions of transmembrane segments 1, 2, and 7 determines the intrinsic efficacy of aripiprazole. Our findings reveal a hitherto unappreciated mechanism for fine-tuning the intrinsic efficacy of D2R agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Verma
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - J. Robert Lane
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vass M, Podlewska S, de Esch IJP, Bojarski AJ, Leurs R, Kooistra AJ, de Graaf C. Aminergic GPCR-Ligand Interactions: A Chemical and Structural Map of Receptor Mutation Data. J Med Chem 2018; 62:3784-3839. [PMID: 30351004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aminergic family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) plays an important role in various diseases and represents a major drug discovery target class. Structure determination of all major aminergic subfamilies has enabled structure-based ligand design for these receptors. Site-directed mutagenesis data provides an invaluable complementary source of information for elucidating the structural determinants of binding of different ligand chemotypes. The current study provides a comparative analysis of 6692 mutation data points on 34 aminergic GPCR subtypes, covering the chemical space of 540 unique ligands from mutagenesis experiments and information from experimentally determined structures of 52 distinct aminergic receptor-ligand complexes. The integrated analysis enables detailed investigation of structural receptor-ligand interactions and assessment of the transferability of combined binding mode and mutation data across ligand chemotypes and receptor subtypes. An overview is provided of the possibilities and limitations of using mutation data to guide the design of novel aminergic receptor ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márton Vass
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , VU University Amsterdam , 1081HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Podlewska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Smętna 12 , PL31-343 Kraków , Poland
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , VU University Amsterdam , 1081HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Smętna 12 , PL31-343 Kraków , Poland
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , VU University Amsterdam , 1081HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Kooistra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , VU University Amsterdam , 1081HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , VU University Amsterdam , 1081HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Sosei Heptares , Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington , Cambridge CB21 6DG , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Novel Molecule Exhibiting Selective Affinity for GABA A Receptor Subtypes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6230. [PMID: 28740086 PMCID: PMC5524711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoquinoline derivatives were evaluated against a panel of receptors/channels/transporters in radioligand binding experiments. One of these derivatives (DCUK-OEt) displayed micromolar affinity for brain γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. DCUK-OEt was shown to be a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of GABA currents with α1β2γ2, α1β3γ2, α5β3γ2 and α1β3δ GABAA receptors, while having no significant PAM effect on αβ receptors or α1β1γ2, α1β2γ1, α4β3γ2 or α4β3δ receptors. DCUK-OEt modulation of α1β2γ2 GABAA receptors was not blocked by flumazenil. The subunit requirements for DCUK-OEt actions distinguished DCUK-OEt from other currently known modulators of GABA function (e.g., anesthetics, neurosteroids or ethanol). Simulated docking of DCUK-OEt at the GABAA receptor suggested that its binding site may be at the α + β- subunit interface. In slices of the central amygdala, DCUK-OEt acted primarily on extrasynaptic GABAA receptors containing the α1 subunit and generated increases in extrasynaptic “tonic” current with no significant effect on phasic responses to GABA. DCUK-OEt is a novel chemical structure acting as a PAM at particular GABAA receptors. Given that neurons in the central amygdala responding to DCUK-OEt were recently identified as relevant for alcohol dependence, DCUK-OEt should be further evaluated for the treatment of alcoholism.
Collapse
|
6
|
Investigating the structural impact of S311C mutation in DRD2 receptor by molecular dynamics & docking studies. Biochimie 2016; 123:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
7
|
Jörg M, May LT, Mak FS, Lee KCK, Miller ND, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of dual acting ligands targeting the adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Med Chem 2014; 58:718-38. [PMID: 25490054 DOI: 10.1021/jm501254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A relatively new strategy in drug discovery is the development of dual acting ligands. These molecules are potentially able to interact at two orthosteric binding sites of a heterodimer simultaneously, possibly resulting in enhanced subtype selectivity, higher affinity, enhanced or modified physiological response, and reduced reliance on multiple drug administration regimens. In this study, we have successfully synthesized a series of classical heterobivalent ligands as well as a series of more integrated and "drug-like" dual acting molecules, incorporating ropinirole as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist and ZM 241385 as an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. The best compounds of our series maintained the potency of the original pharmacophores at both receptors (adenosine A2A and dopamine D2). In addition, the integrated dual acting ligands also showed promising results in preliminary blood-brain barrier permeability tests, whereas the classical heterobivalent ligands are potentially more suited as pharmacological tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
A sub-pathway based method to identify candidate drugs for glioblastomas. Med Oncol 2014; 31:182. [PMID: 25146669 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most common primary malignant brain tumors with a high invasiveness and resistance to radiation and other treatments. The need for the development of new therapeutic agents for GBM is urgent. Here, we aimed to explore the metabolic mechanism of GBM and identified potential novel drugs for GBM by a sub-pathway-based method. By using the GBM microarray data from "The Cancer Genome Atlas" database, we first identified the 274 differentially expressed genes between GBM and normal samples. Then, we identified 18 significant enriched metabolic sub-pathways that may involve in the development of GBM. Finally, by an integrated analysis of GBM-involved sub-pathways and drug-affected sub-pathways, we identified 66 novel small-molecular drugs capable to target the GBM-involved sub-pathways. Our method could not only identify existing drug (paclitaxel) for GBM, but also predict potentially novel agents (pergolide) that might have therapeutic effects. We also experimentally verified that pergolide could induce GBM cell death. These candidate small-molecular drugs identified by our approach may provide insights into a novel therapy approach for GBM.
Collapse
|
9
|
Párraga J, Cabedo N, Andujar S, Piqueras L, Moreno L, Galán A, Angelina E, Enriz RD, Ivorra MD, Sanz MJ, Cortes D. 2,3,9- and 2,3,11-Trisubstituted tetrahydroprotoberberines as D2 dopaminergic ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:150-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
He Y, Niu C, Wen X, Xi Z. Biomacromolecular 3D-QSAR to Decipher Molecular Herbicide Resistance in Acetohydroxyacid Synthases. Mol Inform 2013; 32:139-44. [PMID: 27481275 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinwu He
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University, NO 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China fax: (+86) 022-23504782
| | - Congwei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University, NO 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China fax: (+86) 022-23504782
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University, NO 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China fax: (+86) 022-23504782
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University, NO 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China fax: (+86) 022-23504782.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Malo M, Brive L, Luthman K, Svensson P. Investigation of D₂ receptor-agonist interactions using a combination of pharmacophore and receptor homology modeling. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:471-82, 338. [PMID: 22315215 PMCID: PMC3382189 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A combined modeling approach was used to identify structural factors that underlie the structure–activity relationships (SARs) of full dopamine D2 receptor agonists and structurally similar inactive compounds. A 3D structural model of the dopamine D2 receptor was constructed, with the agonist (−)-(R)-2-OH-NPA present in the binding site during the modeling procedure. The 3D model was evaluated and compared with our previously published D2 agonist pharmacophore model. The comparison revealed an inconsistency between the projected hydrogen bonding feature (Ser-TM5) in the pharmacophore model and the TM5 region in the structure model. A new refined pharmacophore model was developed, guided by the shape of the binding site in the receptor model and with less emphasis on TM5 interactions. The combination of receptor and pharmacophore modeling also identified the importance of His3936.55 for agonist binding. This convergent 3D pharmacophore and protein structure modeling strategy is considered to be general and can be highly useful in less well-characterized systems to explore ligand–receptor interactions. The strategy has the potential to identify weaknesses in the individual models and thereby provides an opportunity to improve the discriminating predictivity of both pharmacophore searches and structure-based virtual screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Malo
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Soriano-Ursúa MA, Ocampo-López JO, Ocampo-Mendoza K, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Correa-Basurto J. Theoretical study of 3-D molecular similarity and ligand binding modes of orthologous human and rat D2 dopamine receptors. Comput Biol Med 2011; 41:537-45. [PMID: 21621758 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The D(2) dopamine receptor (D(2)DR) is an important target for the treatment of some central nervous system disorders, such as Parkinson disease, schizophrenia and drug-dependence. In this work, we built 3-D models of the long form of human and rat D(2)DRs by considering data from the crystallized D3 dopamine receptor, β2 adrenoceptor and A2a adenosine receptor as templates. Then, docking was performed with ligand and protein residue flexibility. These results were used to analyze ligand recognition and estimate binding affinity. Our results show that the predicted ligand affinity correlates with experimental data, and binding modes are very similar between the D(2)DRs of these two species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tetrahydroisoquinolines acting as dopaminergic ligands. A molecular modeling study using MD simulations and QM calculations. J Mol Model 2011; 18:419-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Pettersson F, Pontén H, Waters N, Waters S, Sonesson C. Synthesis and evaluation of a set of 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines as D2 receptor ligands and the discovery of the dopaminergic stabilizer 4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine (huntexil, pridopidine, ACR16). J Med Chem 2010; 53:2510-20. [PMID: 20155917 DOI: 10.1021/jm901689v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the partial dopamine type 2 receptor (D(2)) agonist 3-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)phenol (9a) generated a series of novel functional D(2) antagonists with fast-off kinetic properties. A representative of this series, pridopidine (4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine; ACR16, 12b), bound competitively with low affinity to D(2) in vitro, without displaying properties essential for interaction with D(2) in the inactive state, thereby allowing receptors to rapidly regain responsiveness. In vivo, neurochemical effects of 12b were similar to those of D(2) antagonists, and in a model of locomotor hyperactivity, 12b dose-dependently reduced activity. In contrast to classic D(2) antagonists, 12b increased spontaneous locomotor activity in partly habituated animals. The "agonist-like" kinetic profile of 12b, combined with its lack of intrinsic activity, induces a functional state-dependent D(2) antagonism that can vary with local, real-time dopamine concentration fluctuations around distinct receptor populations. These properties may contribute to its unique "dopaminergic stabilizer" characteristics, differentiating 12b from D(2) antagonists and partial D(2) agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Pettersson
- NeuroSearch Sweden AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cummings DF, Ericksen SS, Goetz A, Schetz JA. Transmembrane segment five serines of the D4 dopamine receptor uniquely influence the interactions of dopamine, norepinephrine, and Ro10-4548. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:682-95. [PMID: 20215412 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.164962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved serines of transmembrane segment (TM) five (TM5) are critical for the interactions of endogenous catecholamines with alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenergic, beta(2)-adrenergic, and D1, D2, and D3 dopamine receptors. The unique high-affinity interaction of the D4 dopamine receptor subtype with both norepinephrine and dopamine, and the fact that TM5 serine interactions have never been studied for this receptor subtype, led us to investigate the interactions of ligands with D4 receptor TM5 serines. Serine-to-alanine mutations at positions 5.42 and 5.46 drastically decreased affinities of dopamine and norepinephrine for the D4 receptor. The D4-S5.43A receptor mutant had substantially reduced affinity for norepinephrine, but a modest loss of affinity for dopamine. In functional assays of cAMP accumulation, norephinephrine was unable to activate any of the mutant receptors, even though the agonist quinpirole displayed wild-type functional properties for all of them. Dopamine was unable to activate the S5.46A mutant and had reduced potency for the S5.43A mutant and reduced potency and efficacy for the S5.42A mutant. In contrast, Ro10-4548 [RAC-2'-2-hydroxy-3-4-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl-propoxy-acetanilide], a catechol-like antagonist of the wild-type receptor unexpectedly functions as an agonist of the S5.43A mutant. Other noncatechol ligands had similar properties for mutant and wild-type receptors. This is the first example of a dopamine receptor point mutation selectively changing the receptor's interaction with a specific antagonist to that of an agonist, and together with other data, provides evidence, supported by molecular modeling, that catecholamine-type agonism is induced by different ligand-specific configurations of intermolecular H-bonds with the TM5 conserved serines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F Cummings
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huber D, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. 1,1′-Disubstituted Ferrocenes as Molecular Hinges in Mono- and Bivalent Dopamine Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6860-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901120h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ehrlich K, Götz A, Bollinger S, Tschammer N, Bettinetti L, Härterich S, Hübner H, Lanig H, Gmeiner P. Dopamine D2, D3, and D4 Selective Phenylpiperazines as Molecular Probes To Explore the Origins of Subtype Specific Receptor Binding. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4923-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900690y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ehrlich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angela Götz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer Chemistry Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Nägelsbachstrasse, 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bollinger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Bettinetti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Härterich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Lanig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer Chemistry Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Nägelsbachstrasse, 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liszeková D, Polakovicová M, Beno M, Farkas R. Molecular determinants of juvenile hormone action as revealed by 3D QSAR analysis in Drosophila. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6001. [PMID: 19547707 PMCID: PMC2696086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postembryonic development, including metamorphosis, of many animals is under control of hormones. In Drosophila and other insects these developmental transitions are regulated by the coordinate action of two principal hormones, the steroid ecdysone and the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone (JH). While the mode of ecdysone action is relatively well understood, the molecular mode of JH action remains elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To gain more insights into the molecular mechanism of JH action, we have tested the biological activity of 86 structurally diverse JH agonists in Drosophila melanogaster. The results were evaluated using 3D QSAR analyses involving CoMFA and CoMSIA procedures. Using this approach we have generated both computer-aided and species-specific pharmacophore fingerprints of JH and its agonists, which revealed that the most active compounds must possess an electronegative atom (oxygen or nitrogen) at both ends of the molecule. When either of these electronegative atoms are replaced by carbon or the distance between them is shorter than 11.5 A or longer than 13.5 A, their biological activity is dramatically decreased. The presence of an electron-deficient moiety in the middle of the JH agonist is also essential for high activity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The information from 3D QSAR provides guidelines and mechanistic scope for identification of steric and electrostatic properties as well as donor and acceptor hydrogen-bonding that are important features of the ligand-binding cavity of a JH target protein. In order to refine the pharmacophore analysis and evaluate the outcomes of the CoMFA and CoMSIA study we used pseudoreceptor modeling software PrGen to generate a putative binding site surrogate that is composed of eight amino acid residues corresponding to the defined molecular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Liszeková
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang J, Xiong B, Zhen X, Zhang A. Dopamine D1receptor ligands: Where are we now and where are we going. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:272-94. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
20
|
Andrić D, Roglić G, Šukalović V, Šoškić V, Kostić-Rajačić S. Synthesis, binding properties and receptor docking of 4-halo-6-[2-(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazoles, mixed ligands of D2 and 5-HT1A receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:1696-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Penjisević J, Sukalović V, Andrić D, Kostić-Rajacić S, Soskić V, Roglić G. 1-Cinnamyl-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazines: Synthesis, Binding Properties, and Docking to Dopamine (D2) and Serotonin (5-HT1A) Receptors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:456-65. [PMID: 17763374 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Clinical properties of atypical antipsychotics are based on their interaction with D(2) dopamine receptor and serotonin 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. As a part of our research program on new antipsychotics, we synthesized various derivatives of 1-cinnamyl-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazines, and evaluated their affinities for D(2), 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and adrenergic (alpha(1)) receptors using radioligand-binding assays. In addition, we performed docking analysis using models for the D(2) and 5-HT(1A) receptors. All compounds exhibited low to moderate affinity to 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors, high affinity to the D(2 )receptor and large variability in affinities for the alpha(1) receptor. Docking analysis indicated that the binding to D(2) and 5-HT(1A) receptors is based on (i) interaction between protonated N1 of the piperazine ring and various aspartate residues, (ii) hydrogen bonds between various moieties of the ligand and the residues of threonine, serine, histidine or tryptophane, and (iii) edge-to-face interactions of the aromatic ring of the arylpiperazine moiety with phenylalanine or tyrosine residues. Docking data for the D(2) receptor can account for the binding properties obtained in binding assays, suggesting that the model is reliable and robust. However, docking data for the 5-HT(1A) receptor cannot account for actual binding properties, suggesting that further refinement of the model is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Penjisević
- Centre for Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Salama I, Hocke C, Utz W, Prante O, Boeckler F, Hübner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P. Structure−Selectivity Investigations of D2-Like Receptor Ligands by CoMFA and CoMSIA Guiding the Discovery of D3 Selective PET Radioligands. J Med Chem 2007; 50:489-500. [PMID: 17266201 DOI: 10.1021/jm0611152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of the physiological role of the D3 receptor and its distribution in the brain using positron emission tomography (PET) is hampered by the lack of bioavailable subtype selective tracer ligands. To develop appropriate D3 radioligands, we designed an integrative procedure involving the elucidation of structural features determining D3 selectivity over both congeners D2 and D4 by comparative molecular analysis. Thus, we have successfully generated CoMFA and CoMSIA models based on the affinitiy differences of a series of 79 ligands representing a broad range of selectivities. These models yielded highly significant cross-validations (q2cv(D3/D2) = 0.86; q2cv(D3/D4) = 0.92) and excellent predictions of a 16-ligand test set (r2pred = 0.79-0.93). Exploiting this information, synthesis and receptor binding studies directed us to the fluorinated lead compounds 78 and 79, featuring subnanomolar D3 affinities and considerable selectivities over D2 and D4 and, subsequently, to the subtype selective PET tracers [18F]78 and [18F]79.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Salama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Al-Fulaij MA, Ren Y, Beinborn M, Kopin AS. Identification of amino acid determinants of dopamine 2 receptor synthetic agonist function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:298-307. [PMID: 17204745 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.116384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human dopamine 2 receptor (hD2R) modulates locomotor activity, hormone secretion, and neuropsychiatric function. Current knowledge of the hD2R structure is in large part derived from mutagenesis studies and molecular pharmacologic analysis together with homology modeling using bovine rhodopsin as a template. In this study, we utilized comparison of the Drosophila D2-like receptor (DD2R) with the hD2R as a novel approach for identifying candidate amino acids that are determinants of ligand potency and/or efficacy. We focused our studies on four dopaminergic ligands that are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: bromocriptine, pergolide, piribedil, and ropinirole. All four ligands are potent agonists at the wild-type hD2R, whereas only bromocriptine shows comparable function at the DD2R. We performed site-directed mutagenesis to replace hD2R amino acids (modeled to project into the ligand binding pocket) with corresponding fly residues, and vice versa. Substitution of three amino acids in the hD2R with the homologous DD2R residues (V91A, C118S, and L170I) led to a pronounced loss of pergolide potency and efficacy. A converse triple amino acid substitution of human residues into the fly receptor (DD2R-A133V/S160C/I211L) markedly enhanced pergolide efficacy and potency at the mutant DD2R. The same substitutions also converted piribedil and ropinirole, which lacked appreciable activity on the DD2R, to partial agonists. These findings show the important role of these three residues in drug-receptor interactions. Our study illustrates that comparison of a mammalian receptor with an invertebrate homolog complements previously described strategies for defining G protein-coupled receptor structure-function relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munya A Al-Fulaij
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hillebrecht A, Supuran CT, Klebe G. Integrated approach using protein and ligand information to analyze selectivity- and affinity-determining features of carbonic anhydrase isozymes. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:839-53. [PMID: 16902938 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The application and comparison of selected protein- and ligand-based approaches to elucidate factors important for affinity and selectivity towards the carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II, and IV are described. Carbonic anhydrases are abundant in pro- and eukaryotes. These enzymes catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and H(+) ions and are thus involved in many important physiological and pathophysiological processes. Due to the fact that the human carbonic anhydrase family consists of 16 closely related isozymes, the design of selective inhibitors is a special challenge for medicinal chemists. In order to extract selectivity-determining features, we applied purely ligand-based 3D QSAR techniques as well as qualitative comparative molecular field analyses of the targets' binding sites using consensus principal component analysis (CPCA). The dataset for the QSAR studies was deliberately compiled from 1,748 inhibitors and comprises about 140 ligands, mainly of the sulfonamide type. Additionally, we employed the novel AFMoC approach, which intrinsically combines protein and ligand information. The simultaneous use of these different techniques gives deeper insight into selectivity and affinity-determining features and provides quantitative models for prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hillebrecht
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hobrath JV, Wang S. Computational elucidation of the structural basis of ligand binding to the dopamine 3 receptor through docking and homology modeling. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4470-6. [PMID: 16854052 DOI: 10.1021/jm0501634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine subtype 3 receptor (D3) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cocaine addiction, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders, but little is known about the binding of ligands to D3 at the atomic level. In the present study, binding of 29 known ligands to the D3 receptor was modeled computationally using four D3 receptor models which were obtained from homology modeling. The predicted binding models were validated with experimental data from site-directed mutagenesis, structure-activity relationship studies, and affinity labeling studies. Docking scores calculated for these 29 ligands correlate reasonably well with the experimentally determined binding affinities. A pharmacophore model is proposed that describes the binding of ligands at a single D3 receptor binding site and offers insights into the binding of structurally diverse D3 ligands to this receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Varady Hobrath
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0934, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Abrupt, smooth, and box methods for the calculation of electrostatic and steric field values in the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) 3D QSAR technique are assessed on three diverse data sets of medicinal chemistry interest. While the standard CoMFA settings are robust to small changes in the position of the lattice, superior results may sometimes be obtained by use of only one field. However, if only the electrostatic field is used, then sometimes large differences between models are apparent. This appears to be due to a lack of column dropping, and these difficulties can be remedied by use of the box method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Melville
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Neurotoxins and medicinals for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Part 2: dopamine receptors and their agonists. Pharm Chem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-006-0014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
28
|
Boeckler F, Ohnmacht U, Lehmann T, Utz W, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. CoMFA and CoMSIA investigations revealing novel insights into the binding modes of dopamine D3 receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2493-508. [PMID: 15801839 DOI: 10.1021/jm049269+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As an extension of a series of dopamine D(3) receptor agonists involving FAUC 54, ex-chiral pool synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-substituted 7-aminotetrahydroindolizines was performed. Considering the structural features of both series of enantiomers, we developed a novel alignment hypothesis for D(3) agonists, allowing for the placement of the aromatic moieties on two alternative, adjacent positions. CoMFA and CoMSIA analyses yielded significant cross-validated q(2) values of 0.726 and 0.590, respectively, when a newly invented program application (IRAS) controlling the alignment selection proved to be useful. Employing the CoMFA/CoMSIA contribution maps, we were able to transform a previously constructed homology model of the D(3) receptor from an inactive into an activate state. Besides the established ionic interactions, we propose pi-stacking with Phe6.51 and a hydrogen bond between His6.55 and the acyl moiety to be primarily involved in the D(3) receptor binding of FAUC 54 and its analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Boeckler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Floresca CZ, Schetz JA. Dopamine receptor microdomains involved in molecular recognition and the regulation of drug affinity and function. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2005; 24:207-39. [PMID: 15521362 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-200032088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A cationic protonatable amine moiety on dopaminergic ligands forms a high affinity reinforced ionic bond with an anionic aspartic acid at position 3.32 of dopamine receptors. When present, catechol hydroxyls of the ligands form hydrogen bonds with serines at position 5.42, 5.43, and 5.46, and this network of hydrogen bonds serves to orient ligands in the binding-site crevice and increase their binding affinity. A steric clash between aromatic moieties of the ligands and aromatic amino acids of the receptor (e.g., H6.55, F6.52 or F6.51 and W6.48) is likely to be propagated in domino-like fashion along the length of TM6, which is believed to trigger activation of the receptor. Specifically, it is the change in the conformation of W6.48 from an orientation perpendicular to the plane of the lipid membrane to one that is parallel that is believed to result in activation. Molecular determinants that mediate the D4/D2-selectivity of many extremely D4-selective 1,4-DAP ligands, include a nonconserved cluster of bulky amino acids at the TM2/TM3 interface (positions 2.61, 3.28 and 3.29).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Z Floresca
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hjerde E, Dahl SG, Sylte I. Atypical and typical antipsychotic drug interactions with the dopamine D2 receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:185-94. [PMID: 15694653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A model of the dopamine D2 receptor was used to study the receptor interactions of dopamine, the typical antipsychotics haloperidol and loxapine, and the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and melperone. The atypical antipsychotics interacted with the halogen atom of the ring system in the direction of the transmembrane helices (TMHs) 2, 3 and 7, while the typical had the corresponding halogen atom in the direction of TMH5. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the average helical displacement upon binding increased in the order: typical < atypical < dopamine. Upon binding, the atypical induced larger displacements into TMH5 than did the typical. The typical had stronger non-bonded interactions with the receptor than had the atypical, which is in agreement with the experimental observation that the atypical antipsychotic drugs dissociate faster from the receptor than the typical antipsychotic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hjerde
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hong H, Fang H, Xie Q, Perkins R, Sheehan DM, Tong W. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model using a large diverse set of natural, synthetic and environmental chemicals for binding to the androgen receptor. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 14:373-88. [PMID: 14758981 DOI: 10.1080/10629360310001623962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A large number of natural, synthetic and environmental chemicals are capable of disrupting the endocrine systems of experimental animals, wildlife and humans. These so-called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), some mimic the functions of the endogenous androgens, have become a concern to the public health. Androgens play an important role in many physiological processes, including the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics. A common mechanism for androgen to produce both normal and adverse effects is binding to the androgen receptor (AR). In this study, we used Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA), a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) technique, to examine AR-ligand binding affinities. A CoMFA model with r2 = 0.902 and q2 = 0.571 was developed using a large training data set containing 146 structurally diverse natural, synthetic, and environmental chemicals with a 10(6)-fold range of relative binding affinity (RBA). By comparing the binding characteristics derived from the CoMFA contour map with these observed in a human AR crystal structure, we found that the steric and electrostatic properties encoded in this training data set are necessary and sufficient to describe the RBA of AR ligands. Finally, the CoMFA model was challenged with an external test data set; the predicted results were close to the actual values with average difference of 0.637 logRBA. This study demonstrates the utility of this CoMFA model for real-world use in predicting the AR binding affinities of structurally diverse chemicals over a wide RBA range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hong
- Northrop Grumman Information Technology, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tropsha A, Gramatica P, Gombar V. The Importance of Being Earnest: Validation is the Absolute Essential for Successful Application and Interpretation of QSPR Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200390007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1437] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
33
|
Shi L, Javitch JA. The binding site of aminergic G protein-coupled receptors: the transmembrane segments and second extracellular loop. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2002; 42:437-67. [PMID: 11807179 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.42.091101.144224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the current chapter, we review approaches to the identification of the residues forming the binding sites for agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators in the family of aminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We then review the structural bases for ligand binding and pharmacological specificity based on the application of these methods to muscarinic cholinergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic receptors, using the high resolution rhodopsin structure as a template. Furthermore, we propose a critical role of the second extracellular loop in forming the binding site for small molecular weight aminergic ligands, much as this loop dives down into the binding-site crevice and contacts retinal in rhodopsin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wilcox RE, Ragan JE, Pearlman RS, Brusniak MY, Eglen RM, Bonhaus DW, Tenner TE, Miller JD. High-affinity interactions of ligands at recombinant guinea pig 5HT7 receptors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2001; 15:883-909. [PMID: 11918075 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014319812972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin 5HT7 receptor has been implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes from circadian rhythms to depression and schizophrenia. Clonal cell lines heterologously expressing recombinant receptors offer good models for understanding drug-receptor interactions and development of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) is an important modern QSAR procedure that relates the steric and electrostatic fields of a set of aligned compounds to affinity. Here, we utilized CoMFA to predict affinity for a number of high-affinity ligands at the recombinant guinea pig 5HT7 receptor. Using R-lisuride as the template, a final CoMFA model was derived using procedures similar to those of our recent papers. The final cross-validated model accounted for >85% of the variance in the compound affinity data, while the final non-cross validated model accounted for >99% of the variance. Model evaluation was done using cross-validation methods with groups of 5 ligands. Twenty cross-validation runs yielded an average predictive r2(q2) of 0.779 +/- 0.015 (range: 0.669-0.867). Furthermore, 3D-chemical database search queries derived from the model yielded hit lists of promising agents with high structural similarity to the template. Together, these results suggest a possible basis for high-affinity drug action at 5HT7 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Wilcox
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chu J, Wilczynski W, Wilcox RE. Pharmacological characterization of the D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors from the brain of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2001; 57:328-42. [PMID: 11713387 DOI: 10.1159/000047251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological profiles of D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors were investigated for native brain receptors in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, using direct binding assays, which characterize functional receptors rather than assess total receptor protein. We used homogenate assays of R. pipiens fore- and midbrains to determine, via saturation isotherms, that the dissociation constant, Kd, for (3)H-SCH-23390 binding to the D1-like receptors was 0.29 nM, and the maximal receptor density, Bmax, was 40 fmoles/mg protein. This compares with the more than 10-fold higher density of D1 sites in rat striatum. Specific binding for the D2-like receptors was measurable using these methods with (3)H-spiperone as the ligand. However, saturation of binding was not achieved. This contrasts with the > 400 fmoles/mg protein Bmax in rat striatum. Pharmacological profiles (rank order of potency of displacing drugs) for each receptor type were determined. We used non-radioactive SCH-23390, SKF-38393, sulpiride, and spiperone to displace (3)H-SCH-23390 and (3)H-spiperone at D1 and D2 receptors, respectively. Parallel displacement assays were performed with rat striatal controls. Results indicated that the relative rank order displacements in anuran dopamine receptors were characteristic of D1- and D2-like receptors. However, the rank orders were not identical to those in mammals. The rank order for affinity at D1-like receptors in both rats and frogs was SCH-23390 > SKF-38393 > spiperone > sulpiride. The rank order for affinity at D2-like receptors was spiperone > SCH-23390 > sulpiride > SKF-38393 in frogs, and spiperone > sulpiride > SCH-23390 > SKF-38393 in rats. SKF-38393 and spiperone had similar affinities for the 'D1' receptors in both species. SCH-23390 had a slightly lower affinity for the D1-like receptors in Rana, whereas sulpiride had a significantly lower affinity for Rana D1-like receptors compared to rat D1 receptors. In Rana D2-like receptors, spiperone and sulpiride were significantly less potent compared to rat. However, SCH-23390 and SKF-38393 were equally potent for the D2-like receptors in both species. The results indicate that amphibian brain dopamine receptors fall into two classes similar to the mammalian D1 and D2 subfamilies, but with binding characteristics slightly different from those typically described in mammals. This work represents the first pharmacological characterization of native brain dopaminergic receptors in an anuran amphibian. Because direct binding assays measure the initial aspect of the functional interaction between transmitter and receptor, these data provide an important complement to studies using cell expression systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chu
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Tex., USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|