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Cascade reactions as efficient and universal tools for construction and modification of 6-, 5-, 4- and 3-membered sulfur heterocycles of biological relevance. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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2
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Liu ZJ, Lu X, Wang G, Li L, Jiang WT, Wang YD, Xiao B, Fu Y. Directing Group in Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling: Copper-Catalyzed Site-Selective C–N Bond Formation from Nonactivated Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9714-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jing Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory
of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass
Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory
of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass
Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory
of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass
Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lei Li
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory
of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass
Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei-Tao Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory
of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass
Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Dong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory
of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass
Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory
of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass
Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory
of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass
Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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3
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Schroeder RL, Tram P, Liu J, Foroozesh M, Sridhar J. Novel functionalized 5-(phenoxymethyl)-1,3-dioxane analogs exhibiting cytochrome P450 inhibition: a patent evaluation WO2015048311 (A1). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 26:139-47. [PMID: 26514241 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450's (CYP's) constitute a diverse group of over 500 monooxygenase hemoproteins, catalyzing transformations that involve xenobiotic metabolism, steroidogenesis and other metabolic processes. Over-production of the steroid hormone cortisol is implicated in the progression of diseases such as diabetes, heart failure and hypertension, stroke, Cushing's syndrome, obesity and renal failure, among others. The biosynthesis of cortisol involves a cascade of cholesterol metabolizing reactions regulated through three major CYP proteins: 17α-hydroxylase-C17/20-lyase (CYP17), 21-hydroxylase (CYP21), and 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1). Excess activities of these enzymes are linked to the progression of malignancies including prostate, breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers. A series of novel functionalized dioxane analogs have been developed and recently patented as CYP17, CYP21, and CYP11B1 inhibitors, which lead to the modulation of cortisol production as a method for treating, delaying, slowing, and inhibiting the implicated diseases. The findings disclosed in this patent have been analyzed and compared with the literature data on inhibitors of CYP17, CYP21, and CYP11B1. The compiled data provide insight into the novel functionality of the compounds described in the patent. In this regard, an objective opinion on the effectiveness and novel biochemistry of these compounds in comparison to current CYP inhibitors used in the treatment of cortisol-related diseases is presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Schroeder
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Phan Tram
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Jiawang Liu
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Maryam Foroozesh
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Jayalakshmi Sridhar
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
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4
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Kotovshchikov YN, Latyshev GV, Lukashev NV, Beletskaya IP. Synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives of pregnane, androstane andd-homoandrostane. Tandem “click” reaction/Cu-catalyzedd-homo rearrangement. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3707-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Brossard D, Zhang Y, Haider SM, Sgobba M, Khalid M, Legay R, Duterque-Coquillaud M, Galera P, Rault S, Dallemagne P, Moslemi S, El Kihel L. N-substituted Piperazinopyridylsteroid Derivatives as Abiraterone Analogues Inhibit Growth and Induce Pro-apoptosis in Human Hormone-independent Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:620-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shozeb M. Haider
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road; Belfast; BT9 7BL; UK
| | - Miriam Sgobba
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road; Belfast; BT9 7BL; UK
| | - Mohamed Khalid
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques; Université Hassan Premier; Km 3, Route de Casablanca, BP 577; 26000; Settat; Morocco
| | | | - Martine Duterque-Coquillaud
- Institut Pasteur de Lille/IFR142; CNRS UMR 8161; Institut de Biologie de Lille; Université de Lille Nord; 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, B.P.447; 59021; Lille cedex; France
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6
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Salvador JAR, Pinto RMA, Silvestre SM. Steroidal 5α-reductase and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitors useful in the treatment of prostatic diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:199-222. [PMID: 23688836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of steroidal inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis as potential weapons in the treatment of prostatic diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer will be reviewed. Two enzymes have been targeted in the development of inhibitors that potentially could be useful in the management of such conditions. 5α-Reductase is primarily of interest in benign prostatic disease, though some role in the chemoprevention of prostatic carcinoma have been considered, whereas the 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) enzyme is of interest in the treatment of malignant disease. An overview of the main achievements obtained during the past years will be presented, however special focus will be made on steroidal molecules that reached clinical trials or have been commercially launched. Relevant examples of such drugs are finasteride, dutasteride, abiraterone acetate and galeterone (TOK-001, formerly known as VN/124-1). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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7
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Stulov SV, Mankevich OV, Novikov RA, Tkachev YV, Timofeev VP, Dugin NO, Pozdnev VF, Fedyushkina IV, Scherbinin DS, Veselovsky AV, Misharin AY. Synthesis and molecular modeling of (4'R)- and (4'S)- 4'-substituted 2'-{[(E)-androst-5-en-17-ylidene]-methyl}oxazolines. Steroids 2013; 78:521-7. [PMID: 23499823 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of four novel (4'R)- and (4'S)- 2'-{[(E)-3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-ylidene]-methyl} oxazolines, comprising 4'-hydroxymethyl (1 and 2) and 4'-methoxycarbonyl (3 and 4) substituents is presented. Reaction of 17α-bromo-21-iodo-3β-acetoxypregn-5-en-20-one with either (L)-serine methyl ester, or (D)-serine methyl ester resulted in methyl N-[3β-acetoxy-21-oxopregna-5,17(20)-dien-21-yl]-(L)-serinate and methyl N-[3β-acetoxy-21-oxopregna-5,17(20)-dien-21-yl]-(D)-serinate (as mixtures of related [17(20)E]- and [17(20)Z]-isomers). Cyclization of obtained amides led to methyl 2'-{[(E)-3β-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-ylidene]methyl}-(4'S)-4',5'-dihydro-1',3'-oxazole-4'-carboxylate and methyl 2'-{[(E)-3β-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-ylidene]methyl}-(4'R)-4',5'-dihydro-1',3'-oxazole-4'-carboxylate which were transformed to titled compounds 1-4. The molecular docking of compounds 1-4 to ligand binding site of nuclear receptor LXRβ revealed significant differences due to stereochemical configuration of 4' atom and structure of 4'-substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Stulov
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Stulov SV, Misharin AY. Synthesis of steroids with nitrogen-containing substituents in ring D (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Leach AG. Tactics to Avoid Inhibition of Cytochrome P450s. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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10
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Iványi Z, Szabó N, Huber J, Wölfling J, Zupkó I, Szécsi M, Wittmann T, Schneider G. Synthesis of D-ring-substituted (5'R)- and (5'S)-17β-pyrazolinylandrostene epimers and comparison of their potential anticancer activities. Steroids 2012; 77:566-74. [PMID: 22342542 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various steroidal benzylidenes were synthetized from pregnenolone with benzaldehyde and p-substituted benzaldehydes. The resulting 17β-chalconyl derivatives of pregnenolone were reacted with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid solution. Regardless of the starting material, the ring-closure reaction afforded (in contrast with the literature data) a mixture of two steroidal pyrazoline epimers. The epimers were critical isomer pairs, which could be separated only in their acetylated form; their structures were investigated by NMR techniques. The in vitro inhibition of rat testicular C(17,20)-lyase activity and the antiproliferative effects on four human cancer cell lines were measured, and the results obtained from the two epimer series were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Iványi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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11
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Stulov SV, Tkachev YV, Novikov RA, Zavialova MG, Timofeev VP, Misharin AY. Synthesis of 21-nitrogen substituted pregna-5,17(20)-dienes from pregnenolone. Steroids 2012; 77:77-84. [PMID: 22064217 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of six [17(20)Z]- and [17(20)E]-isomeric 3β-hydroxy-pregna-5,17(20)-dien-21-oyl amides and three [17(20)E]-3β-hydroxy-2-[prergna-5,17(20)-dien-20-yl]-oxazolines from pregnenolone is presented. The synthetic scheme consists of transformation of pregnenolone into the known 17α-bromo-21-iodo-3β-acetoxypregn-5-en-20-one followed by reaction with ethanolamine, 2-methyl-2-aminopropanol, and (1-aminocyclohexyl)methanol resulted in mixture of [17(20)E]- and [17(20)Z]-pregna-5,17(20)-dien-21-(2-hydroxy)-oyl amides; separation of [17(20)E]- and [17(20)Z]-isomers; their cyclization into [17(20)E]-oxazolines under action of POCl(3) in pyridine, and removal of acetate protecting groups. Significantly different orientation of nitrogen containing substituents in [17(20)Z]- and [17(20)E]-isomers regarding to steroid backbone enables their configuration to be easily identified by NMR spectroscopy. All synthesized compounds did not exhibit marked toxic effects in three cell lines (MCF-7, Hep G2, and LNCaP). In androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells all testing compounds at concentrations of 50 nM potently stimulated proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Stulov
- VN Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, RAMS, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Stereoselective synthesis and antimicrobial activity of steroidal C-20 tertiary alcohols with thiazole/pyridine side chain. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3681-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Guo H, Zhang G, Zhang T, He X, Wu Z, Xiao Y, Pan Y, Qiu G, Liu P, Hu X. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some 16β-azolyl-3β-amino-5α-androstane derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3662-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Kaku T, Hitaka T, Ojida A, Matsunaga N, Adachi M, Tanaka T, Hara T, Yamaoka M, Kusaka M, Okuda T, Asahi S, Furuya S, Tasaka A. Discovery of orteronel (TAK-700), a naphthylmethylimidazole derivative, as a highly selective 17,20-lyase inhibitor with potential utility in the treatment of prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6383-99. [PMID: 21978946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel naphthylmethylimidazole derivative 1 and its related compounds were identified as 17,20-lyase inhibitors. Based on the structure-activity relationship around the naphthalene scaffold and the results of a docking study of 1a in the homology model of 17,20-lyase, the 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole derivative (+)-3c was synthesized and identified as a potent and highly selective 17,20-lyase inhibitor. Biological evaluation of (+)-3c at a dose of 1mg/kg in a male monkey model revealed marked reductions in both serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations. Therefore, (+)-3c (termed orteronel [TAK-700]) was selected as a candidate for clinical evaluation and is currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kaku
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan.
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15
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Kaku T, Tsujimoto S, Matsunaga N, Tanaka T, Hara T, Yamaoka M, Kusaka M, Tasaka A. 17,20-Lyase inhibitors. Part 3: Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships of biphenylylmethylimidazole derivatives as novel 17,20-lyase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2428-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Kaku T, Matsunaga N, Ojida A, Tanaka T, Hara T, Yamaoka M, Kusaka M, Tasaka A. 17,20-Lyase inhibitors. Part 4: Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships of naphthylmethylimidazole derivatives as novel 17,20-lyase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1751-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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17
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Hu Q, Jagusch C, Hille UE, Haupenthal J, Hartmann RW. Replacement of Imidazolyl by Pyridyl in Biphenylmethylenes Results in Selective CYP17 and Dual CYP17/CYP11B1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5749-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carsten Jagusch
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ulrike E. Hille
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörg Haupenthal
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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18
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Hu Q, Negri M, Olgen S, Hartmann R. The Role of Fluorine Substitution in Biphenyl Methylene Imidazole-Type CYP17 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Prostate Carcinoma. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:899-910. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Reid AH, Attard G, Barrie E, de Bono JS. CYP17 inhibition as a hormonal strategy for prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:610-20. [PMID: 18985049 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling has a key role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. AR gene amplification, AR overexpression, and activating mutations in the AR occur more frequently as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) evolves, with intratumoral androgen levels remaining sufficient for AR activation despite castration. The source of these androgens might be either adrenal or intratumoral. AR signaling, therefore, remains a valid treatment target for patients with CRPC. CYP17 is a key enzyme for androgen biosynthesis. The imidazole antifungal agent ketoconazole weakly and nonspecifically inhibits CYP17, but remains unlicensed for this indication. Chemists at the Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics have designed a novel, selective, irreversible inhibitor of CYP17 called abiraterone, which is more than 20 times more potent than ketoconazole. Abiraterone acetate, a prodrug, has undergone phase I assessment, and is rapidly progressing from phase II to phase III trials, in view of its high level of antitumor activity. This agent is safe and well tolerated, and activity profiles suggest that approximately 50% of CRPC remains AR-ligand driven. Other CYP17 inhibitors with alternative mechanisms of action, for example VN/124-1, are in preclinical development. The rationale for and implications of CYP17 inhibition and the CYP17-targeting agents in development are discussed in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Hm Reid
- Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, UK
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20
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Ondré D, Wölfling J, Iványi Z, Schneider G, Tóth I, Szécsi M, Julesz J. Neighboring group participation Part 17 Stereoselective synthesis of some steroidal 2-oxazolidones, as novel potential inhibitors of 17alpha-hydroxylase-C(17,20)-lyase. Steroids 2008; 73:1375-84. [PMID: 18652838 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During the alkaline methanolysis of 3beta-acetoxy-21-chloropregn-5-ene-20beta-N-phenylurethane (4a), and its 4-monosubstituted (4b-e) and 3,5-disubstituted (4f) phenyl derivatives, cyclization occurs, in the course of which 17beta-[3-(N-phenyl)-2-oxazolidon-5-yl]androst-5-en-3beta-ol (5a) and its substituted phenyl derivatives (5b-f) are formed. The cyclization takes place with (N(-)-5) neighboring group participation. The reaction of 3beta-acetoxy-21-azidopregn-5-en-20beta-ol (3d) with triphenylphosphine gave 3beta-acetoxy-21-phosphiniminopregn-5-en-20beta-ol, which reacted in situ with carbon dioxide with the participation of the sterically favored 20beta-OH to give the unsubstituted steroidal cyclic carbamate (8). Oppenauer oxidation of the 3beta-hydroxy-exo-heterocyclic steroids (5a-f, 9) yielded the corresponding Delta(4)-3-ketosteroids (7a-f, 10). The inhibitory effects (IC(50)) of these compounds on rat testicular C(17,20)-lyase were investigated with an in vitro radioligand incubation technique. The N-unsubstituted 17beta-(2-oxazolidon-5-yl)-androst-4-en-3-one derivative (10) was found to be a potent inhibitor (IC(50)=3.0 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Ondré
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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21
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Pinto-Bazurco Mendieta MAE, Negri M, Hu Q, Hille UE, Jagusch C, Jahn-Hoffmann K, Müller-Vieira U, Schmidt D, Lauterbach T, Hartmann RW. CYP17 inhibitors. Annulations of additional rings in methylene imidazole substituted biphenyls: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2008; 341:597-609. [PMID: 18720339 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one novel compounds originating from two classes of annulated biphenyls were synthesized as mimetics of the steroidal A- and C-rings and examined for their potency as inhibitors of human CYP17. Selected compounds were tested for inhibition of the hepatic CYP enzyme 3A4. Potent CYP17 inhibitors were found for each class, compound 9 (17 and 71% at 0.2 and 2 microM, respectively) and 21 (591 nM). Compound 21 showed only weak inhibition of CYP3A4 (32 and 64% at 2 and 10 microM, respectively). Both compounds, however, exhibited moderate to strong inhibition of the glucocorticoid-forming enzyme CYP11B1. The most interesting compounds were docked into our protein model. They bound into one of the modes which we have previously published. New interaction regions were identified.
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Hutschenreuter TU, Ehmer PB, Hartmann RW. Synthesis of Hydroxy Derivatives of Highly Potent Non-steroidal CYP 17 Inhibitors as Potential Metabolites and Evaluation of their Activity by a Non Cellular Assay using Recombinant Human Enzyme. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 19:17-32. [PMID: 15202489 DOI: 10.1080/14756360310001640913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of CYP 17 is a promising strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Recently two non-steroidal compounds with high in vitro activity were synthesized in our group (BW19 and BW95). However, after a few hours they showed in vivo a strong decrease in their activity. This might be due to a fast biodegradation. Potential hydroxy and epoxy metabolites were synthesized and their inhibitory activities were tested by a new non-cellular assay using recombinant enzyme. As source, membrane fractions of E. coli pJL17/OR coexpressing human CYP 17 and rat NADPH-P450-reductase were, used. Showing a high and constant CYP 17 activity and a fast and easy isolation procedure the new method was advantageous compared with the microsomal assay. Interestingly, all the new synthesized hydroxy and epoxy compounds except one showed a lower inhibition of CYP 17 than the parent compounds. Thus, the loss of in vivo activity may be partly explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman U Hutschenreuter
- 8.5 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, PO Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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23
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Brandi A, Cicchi S, Cordero FM. Novel Syntheses of Azetidines and Azetidinones. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3988-4035. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800325e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Brandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “Ugo Schiff”, Laboratorio di Progettazione, Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Biologicamente Attivi - HeteroBioLab, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Stefano Cicchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “Ugo Schiff”, Laboratorio di Progettazione, Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Biologicamente Attivi - HeteroBioLab, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Franca M. Cordero
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “Ugo Schiff”, Laboratorio di Progettazione, Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Biologicamente Attivi - HeteroBioLab, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
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24
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Pinto-Bazurco Mendieta MAE, Negri M, Jagusch C, Müller-Vieira U, Lauterbach T, Hartmann RW. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of abiraterone analogues: novel CYP17 inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancer. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5009-18. [PMID: 18672868 DOI: 10.1021/jm800355c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abiraterone, a steroidal cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase inhibitor (CYP17), is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials as a potential drug for the treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Since steroidal compounds often show side effects attributable to their structure, we have tried to replace the sterane scaffold by nonsteroidal core structures. The design and synthesis of 20 new abiraterone mimetics are described. Their activities have been tested with recombinant human CYP17 expressed in E. coli. Promising compounds were further evaluated for selectivity against CYP11B1, CYP11B2, and the hepatic CYP3A4. Compounds 19 and 20 showed comparable activity to abiraterone (IC50 values of 144 and 64 nM vs 72 nM) and similar or even better selectivity against the other CYP enzymes. Selected compounds were also docked into our homology model, and the same binding modes as for abiraterone were found.
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25
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Hu Q, Negri M, Jahn-Hoffmann K, Zhuang Y, Olgen S, Bartels M, Müller-Vieira U, Lauterbach T, Hartmann RW. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of methylene imidazole substituted biaryls as inhibitors of human 17α-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase (CYP17)—Part II: Core rigidification and influence of substituents at the methylene bridge. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7715-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Sridar C, Kobayashi Y, Brevig H, Kent UM, Puppali SG, Rimoldi JM, Hollenberg PF. Synthesis of substituted phenyl diaziridines and characterization as mechanism-based inactivators of human cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1849-55. [PMID: 16882766 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of arylhydrazines by cytochromes P450 (P450s) has previously been shown to yield aryl-iron complexes that inhibit P450 enzymes as a result of heme modification. These modifications of the heme have been used to probe the topology of the active site of several P450s. Therefore, diaziridines containing one or more substitutions on the phenyl ring were synthesized and evaluated as potential mechanism-based inactivators of P450 2B enzymes that could be used to elucidate the active site topology. Five of the six trifluoroaryldiaziridines tested selectively inactivated P450 2B6 in the reconstituted system in a time-, concentration-, and NADPH-dependent manner as measured using the 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin O-deethylation assay. The kinetic parameters for P450 2B6 inactivation by the five compounds were calculated. Analysis of the P450 heme from P450s inactivated by the five substituted diaziridines suggested that the activity loss was not due to heme destruction as measured by the reduced-CO spectrum or high-performance liquid chromatography of the P450 heme. Dialysis experiments indicated the irreversible nature of the inactivation and the reaction between the diaziridine compounds and the P450 enzyme. Interestingly, a thiomethyl-substituted phenyl diaziridine had no effect on the activity of P450 2B6 in the reconstituted system, but competitively inhibited the O-debenzylation activity of P450 3A4 with 7-benzyloxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin as substrate. Binding spectra suggest that this compound bound reversibly to P450 2B6, and preliminary results indicate that 3-(4-methylthiophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)diaziridine is metabolized by P450 2B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Sridar
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA
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27
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Hakki T, Bernhardt R. CYP17- and CYP11B-dependent steroid hydroxylases as drug development targets. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:27-52. [PMID: 16426683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormone biosynthesis is catalyzed by the action of a series of cytochrome P450 enzymes as well as reductases. Defects in steroid hydroxylating P450s are the cause of several severe defects such as the adrenogenital syndrome (AGS), corticosterone methyl oxidase (CMO) I or II deficiencies, or pseudohermaphroditism. In contrast, overproduction of steroid hormones can be involved in breast or prostate cancer, in hypertension, and heart fibrosis. Besides inhibiting the action of the steroid hormones on the level of steroid hormone receptors by using antihormones, which often is connected with severe side effects, more recently the steroid hydroxylases themselves turned out to be promising new targets for drug development. Since the 3-dimensional structures of steroid hydroxylases are not yet available, computer models of the corresponding CYPs may help to develop new inhibitors of these enzymes. During the past years, the necessary test systems have been developed and new compounds have been synthesized, which displayed selective and specific inhibition of CYP17, CYP11B2, and CYP11B1. With some of these potential new drugs, clinical trials are under way. It can be expected that in the near future some of these compounds will contribute to our arsenal of new and selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hakki
- Institute of Biochemistry, P.O. Box 151150, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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28
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Matsunaga N, Kaku T, Ojida A, Tanaka T, Hara T, Yamaoka M, Kusaka M, Tasaka A. C(17,20)-lyase inhibitors. Part 2: design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of (2-naphthylmethyl)-1H-imidazoles as novel C(17,20)-lyase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:4313-36. [PMID: 15265485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Revised: 06/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1- and 4-(2-naphthylmethyl)-1H-imidazoles (3 and 4) has been synthesized and evaluated as C(17,20)-lyase inhibitors. Several 6-methoxynaphthyl derivatives showed potent C(17,20)-lyase inhibition, suppression of testosterone biosynthesis in rats and reduction in the weight of prostate and seminal vesicles in rats, whereas most of these compounds increased the liver weight after consecutive administrations. The effect on the liver weight was removed by incorporation of a hydroxy group and an isopropyl group at the methylene bridge, as seen in (S)-28d and (S)-42. Selectivity for C(17,20)-lyase over 11beta-hydroxylase is also discussed, and (S)-42 was found to be a more than 260-fold selective inhibitor. Furthermore, (S)-42 showed a potent suppression of testosterone biosynthesis after a single oral administration in monkeys. These data suggest that (S)-42 may be a promising agent for the treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matsunaga
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division: Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd, 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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29
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Matsunaga N, Kaku T, Itoh F, Tanaka T, Hara T, Miki H, Iwasaki M, Aono T, Yamaoka M, Kusaka M, Tasaka A. C17,20-lyase inhibitors I. Structure-based de novo design and SAR study of C17,20-lyase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2251-73. [PMID: 15080924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel nonsteroidal C(17,20)-lyase inhibitors were synthesized using de novo design based on its substrate, 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, and several compounds exhibited potent C(17,20)-lyase inhibition. However, in vivo activities were found to be short-lasting, and in order to improve the duration of action, a series of benzothiophene derivatives were evaluated. As a result, compounds 9h, (S)-9i, and 9k with nanomolar enzyme inhibition (IC(50)=4-9 nM) and 9e (IC(50)=27 nM) were identified to have powerful in vivo efficacy with extended duration of action. The key structural determinants for the in vivo efficacy were demonstrated to be the 5-fluoro group on the benzothiophene ring and the 4-imidazolyl moiety. Superimposition of 9k and 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone demonstrated their structural similarity and enabled rationalization of the pharmacological results. In addition, selected compounds were also identified to be potent inhibitors of human enzyme with IC(50) values of 20-30 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matsunaga
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division: Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd, 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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30
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McIninch JK, McIninch JD, May SW. Catalysis, stereochemistry, and inhibition of ureidoglycolate lyase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:50091-100. [PMID: 14506266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303828200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ureidoglycolate lyase (UGL, EC 4.3.2.3) catalyzes the breakdown of ureidoglycolate to glyoxylate and urea, which is the final step in the catabolic pathway leading from purines to urea. Although the sequence of enzymatic steps was worked out nearly 40 years ago, the stereochemistry of the uric acid degradation pathway and the catalytic properties of UGL have remained very poorly described. We now report the first direct investigation of the absolute stereochemistry of UGL catalysis. Using chiral chromatographic analyses with substrate enantiomers, we demonstrate that UGL catalysis is stereospecific for substrates with the (S)-hydroxyglycine configuration. The first potent competitive inhibitors for UGL are reported here. These inhibitors are compounds which contain a 2,4-dioxocarboxylate moiety, designed to mimic transient species produced during lyase catalysis. The most potent inhibitor, 2,4-dioxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid, exhibits a KI value of 2.2 nM and is therefore among the most potent competitive inhibitors ever reported for a lyase enzyme. New synthetic alternate substrates for UGL, which are acyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine compounds, are described. Based on these alternate substrates, we introduce the first assay method for monitoring UGL activity directly. Finally, we report the first putative primary nucleotide and derived peptide sequence for UGL. This sequence exhibits a high level of similarity to the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase family of proteins. Close mechanistic similarities can be visualized between the chemistries of ureidoglycolate lyase and fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K McIninch
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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31
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Haidar S, Ehmer PB, Barassin S, Batzl-Hartmann C, Hartmann RW. Effects of novel 17alpha-hydroxylase/C17, 20-lyase (P450 17, CYP 17) inhibitors on androgen biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 84:555-62. [PMID: 12767280 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the development of new drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer, the effects of steroidal compounds and one non-steroidal substance on androgen biosynthesis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Sa 40 [17-(5-pyrimidyl)androsta-5,16-diene-3beta-ol], its 3-acetyl derivate Sa 41 and BW 19 [3,4-dihydro-2-(4-imidazolylmethyl)-6-methoxy-1-methyl-naphthalene] are compounds from our group, which have been developed as inhibitors of CYP 17 (17alpha-hydroxylase-C17, 20-lyase, the key enzyme in androgen biosynthesis). They have been compared with CB 7598 [abiraterone: 17-(3-pyridyl)androsta-5,16-diene-3beta-ol], its 3-acetyl compound CB 7630 and ketoconazole, compounds which already have been used clinically. The most potent compound toward human CYP 17 (testicular microsomes) was Sa 40 (IC(50) value of 24 nM), followed by Sa 41, CB 7598, BW 19, CB 7630 and ketoconazole. Sa 40 shows a type II difference spectrum and a non-competitive type of inhibition (K(i) value of 16 nM). No recovery of enzyme activity was observed after preincubation of CYP 17 with Sa 40 and subsequent charcoal treatment. In Escherichia coli cells coexpressing human CYP 17 and NADPH-P450 reductase, Sa 40 was more active than CB 7598 and BW 19, whereas the acetyl compounds were not active. The latter three compounds were equally active towards rat CYP 17. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered daily for 14 days BW 19 and the acetyl derivatives Sa 41 and CB 7630 as prodrugs (0.1 mmol/kg intraperitoneally). The test compounds strongly reduced plasma testosterone concentration, as well as prostate and seminal vesicles weights. They showed moderate inhibitory effects on the weights of levator ani, bulbocavernosus and testes, whereas they led to an increase in adrenal and pituitary weights. The only exception was BW 19 which did not change pituitary weights. Based on its superiority on the human enzyme, it was concluded that Sa 40 in its 3beta-acetate form (Sa 41) could be a promising candidate for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Haidar
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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32
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Duc I, Bonnet P, Duranti V, Cardinali S, Rivière A, De Giovanni A, Shields-Botella J, Barcelo G, Adje N, Carniato D, Lafay J, Pascal JC, Delansorne R. In vitro and in vivo models for the evaluation of potent inhibitors of male rat 17alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 84:537-42. [PMID: 12767278 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The C(17,20)-lyase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of androgens by both the testes and adrenals. A complete inhibition of this enzyme would provide an alternative means of androgen suppression for the treatment of prostatic cancers. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of new non-steroidal compounds were tested in vitro on rat C(17,20)-lyase versus abiraterone, a reference steroidal inhibitor. Their activities were also evaluated in vivo on plasma testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and on testes, adrenals, seminal vesicles (SV) and ventral prostate (VP) weights after 3 days of oral treatment to adult male rats (50mg/kg per day p.o.). Inhibition in the nanomolar range was obtained with TX 977, the lead racemate product in this series, and optimization is ongoing based on a slight dissociation observed between its two diastereoisomers, TX 1196-11 (S) and TX 1197-11 (R). These non-steroidal compounds (including YM 55208, a reference competitor) proved to be more active in vivo than abiraterone acetate in this model, but the observed impact on adrenal weight suggests that the specificity of lyase inhibition versus corticosteroid biosynthesis deserves further investigations with this new class of potentially useful agents for the treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Duc
- Preclinical R&D Department, Théramex, 6 Avenue Prince Héréditaire, Albert 98000, Monaco.
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Hartmann RW, Müller U, Ehmer PB. Discovery of selective CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) inhibitors for the therapy of congestive heart failure and myocardial fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2003; 38:363-6. [PMID: 12750023 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(03)00049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An increased aldosterone concentration due to congestive heart failure leads to a further progression of the disease as well as to myocardial fibrosis. To interfere with these fatal processes selective inhibition of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is required. CYP11B1, a key enzyme in glucocorticoid biosynthesis showing a high homology to the target enzyme (>93%), must not be inhibited. Screening of our P450 inhibitor library for inhibition of bovine aldosterone synthase resulted in a high number of compounds showing reasonable inhibition. In the next step substances were tested for oral absorption using two artificial membrane assays. The inhibition of human CYP11B2 was evaluated using assays in fission yeast and V79MZ cells stably expressing the active human target enzyme. For selectivity, inhibition of CYP11B1, CYP11A1, CYP17, CYP19 and CYP5 was determined. Rather potent and selective compounds obtained in this way were structurally further optimised, finally leading to inhibitors showing IC(50) values within the low nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf W Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, 66041, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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34
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Ehmer PB, Bureik M, Bernhardt R, Müller U, Hartmann RW. Development of a test system for inhibitors of human aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2): screening in fission yeast and evaluation of selectivity in V79 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 81:173-9. [PMID: 12137808 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(02)00056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme catalyzing the last steps of aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex. A new pharmacological approach for the treatment of the aldosterone induced effects in congestive heart failure and all forms of hyperaldosteronism could be the use of CYP11B2 inhibitors. In search for such compounds, it was our goal to develop a cellular enzyme assay suitable for screening high numbers of compounds. An assay procedure for the evaluation of inhibitors using the human CYP11B2 expressed in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was established and a series of 10 compounds was tested in this whole cellular system. Human 11beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), which catalyzes the production of glucocorticoids, shows more than 90% homology compared to human CYP11B2. As this enzyme should not be affected, strong inhibitors of CYP11B2 have to be tested for selectivity. For that purpose, an assay procedure with V79MZ cells that express human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, respectively, was integrated into the evaluation process. Using these screening procedures a potent and rather selective non-steroidal inhibitor of human CYP11B2 was detected with an IC(50) value of 59nM. We also identified a very potent inhibitor of both enzymes showing a stronger inhibitory activity against the cortisol producing CYP11B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Ehmer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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35
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Hartmann RW, Ehmer PB, Haidar S, Hector M, Jose J, Klein CDP, Seidel SB, Sergejew TF, Wachall BG, Wächter GA, Zhuang Y. Inhibition of CYP 17, a new strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2002; 335:119-28. [PMID: 12112031 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(200204)335:4<119::aid-ardp119>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are growth factors for approximately 80 percent of all prostate cancers. Suppressing androgen biosynthesis is therefore an important therapeutic strategy in order to inhibit tumor growth. Unfortunately, the drugs currently applied to lower androgen levels only affect testicular androgen production. Since androgens are also synthesized in the adrenal glands, tumor stimulation cannot be blocked completely. A new therapeutic target, CYP 17 (P450 17, 17alpha-hydroxylase-C17, C20 lyase), is likely to improve this situation. CYP 17 is a P450 enzyme and catalyzes the last step of androgen biosynthesis in both testes and adrenals. Inhibition of this enzyme will therefore result in a complete block of androgen production. This paper gives an overview of the current situation in this novel field of drug research and focuses on the development of steroidal and non-steroidal inhibitors of CYP 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf W Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Abstract
This chapter is an update of the data on substrates, reactions, inducers, and inhibitors of human CYP enzymes published previously by Rendic and DiCarlo (1), now covering selection of the literature through 2001 in the reference section. The data are presented in a tabular form (Table 1) to provide a framework for predicting and interpreting the new P450 metabolic data. The data are formatted in an Excel format as most suitable for off-line searching and management of the Web-database. The data are presented as stated by the author(s) and in the case when several references are cited the data are presented according to the latest published information. The searchable database is available either as an Excel file (for information contact the author), or as a Web-searchable database (Human P450 Metabolism Database, www.gentest.com) enabling the readers easy and quick approach to the latest updates on human CYP metabolic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Rendic
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haidar
- Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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38
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Haidar S, Klein CD, Hartmann RW. Synthesis and evaluation of steroidal hydroxamic acids as inhibitors of P450 17 (17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20-lyase). Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2001; 334:138-40. [PMID: 11382149 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(200104)334:4<138::aid-ardp138>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of developing new inhibitors of 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (P450 17, CYP 17), two steroidal hydroxamic acids (compounds 2 and 3) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of CYP 17. The synthesis was performed using carboxylic acids as starting material to give acid chlorides which were reacted with N,N,O-tris(trimethylsilyl) hydroxylamine. Using microsomal fractions of human and rat testes and progesterone as a substrate, both compounds moderately inhibited the human and rat enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haidar
- Universität des Saarlandes, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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