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Richard AM, Wong NR, Harris K, Sundar R, Scott EE, Pochapsky TC. Selective steroidogenic cytochrome P450 haem iron ligation by steroid-derived isonitriles. Commun Chem 2023; 6:183. [PMID: 37660137 PMCID: PMC10475101 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl isonitriles, R-NC, have previously been shown to ligate the heme (haem) iron of cytochromes P450 in both accessible oxidation states (ferrous, Fe2+, and ferric, Fe3+). Herein, the preparation of four steroid-derived isonitriles and their interactions with several P450s, including the steroidogenic CYP17A1 and CYP106A2, as well as the more promiscuous drug metabolizers CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, is described. It was found that successful ligation of the heme iron by the isonitrile functionality for a given P450 depends on both the position and stereochemistry of the isonitrile on the steroid skeleton. Spectral studies indicate that isonitrile ligation of the ferric heme is stable upon reduction to the ferrous form, with reoxidation resulting in the original complex. A crystallographic structure of CYP17A1 with an isonitrile derived from pregnanalone further confirmed the interaction and identified the absolute stereochemistry of the bound species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina M Richard
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Nathan R Wong
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, 02454-9110, MA, USA
| | - Kurt Harris
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, 48109-1065, MI, USA
| | - Reethy Sundar
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, 02454-9110, MA, USA
| | - Emily E Scott
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, 48109-1065, MI, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Thomas C Pochapsky
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, 02454-9110, MA, USA.
- Dept. of Chemistry and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, 02454-9110, MA, USA.
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Enhancing the chemosensitivity of HepG2 cells towards cisplatin by organoselenium pseudopeptides. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104713. [PMID: 33611136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite all recent advances in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), chemotherapy resistance still represents a major challenge in its successful clinical management. Chemo-sensitization offers an attractive strategy to counter drug resistance. Herein we report the identification of novel organoselenium-based pseudopeptides as promising highly effective chemo-sensitizers in treating HCC with cisplatin. A series of functionalized pseudopeptide- (5-9 and 17-19), peptidomimetic- (10-12 and 20-23), and tetrazole-based (13-16 and 24-27) organoselenium compounds were synthesized via isonitrile-based multicomponent reactions from two novel selenium-containing isocyanides. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against HepG2 and the non-cytotoxic doses were used to restor the sensitivity of the cells to cisplatin. New organoselenium compounds (7, 9, 15, or 23) led to an effective chemo-sensitization of HepG2 cells towards cisplatin (up-to 27-fold). Cell cycle studies indicate that the most potent peptidomimetic diselenide 23 arrested cells at the S phase and induced apoptosis via ROS modulation.
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Si YX, Zhu PF, Zhang SL. Synthesis of Isocyanides by Reacting Primary Amines with Difluorocarbene. Org Lett 2020; 22:9086-9090. [PMID: 33164524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A general, convenient, and friendly route for preparing a versatile building block of isocyanides from primary amines is developed. Difluorocarbene, generated in situ from decarboxylation of chlorodifluoroacetate, reacts efficiently with primary amines to produce isocyanides. Various primary amines are well tolerated, including aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, and alkyl amines, as well as amine residues in amino acids and peptides. Late-stage functionalization of biologically active amines is demonstrated, showing its practical capacity in drug design and peptide modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Si
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Song-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Cytoprotective and antioxidant properties of organic selenides for the myelin-forming cells, oligodendrocytes. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:43-56. [PMID: 29864687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here a new series of twenty-one organoselenides, of potential protective activity, were synthesized and tested for their intrinsic cytotoxicity, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant capacities in oligodendrocytes. Most of the organoselenides were able to decrease the ROS levels, revealing antioxidant properties. Compounds 5b and 7b showed a high glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activities, which were 1.5 folds more active than ebselen. Remarkably, compound 5a diminished the formation of the oligodendrocytes SubG1 peak in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating its anti-apoptotic properties. Furthermore, based on the SwissADME web interface, we performed an in-silico structure-activity relationship to explore the drug-likeness of these organoselenides, predicting the pharmacokinetic parameters for compounds of interest that could cross the blood-brain barrier. Collectively, we present new organoselenide compounds with cytoprotective and antioxidant properties that can be considered as promising drug candidates for myelin diseases.
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Abstract
We report a concise chemical synthesis of kalihinol C via a possible biosynthetic intermediate, "protokalihinol", which was targeted as a scaffold en route to antiplasmodial analogs. High stereocontrol of the kalihinol framework relies on a heterodendralene cascade to establish the target stereotetrad. Common problems of regio- and chemoselectivity encountered in the kalihinol class are explained and solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Reiher
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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6
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Wehlan H, Oehme J, Schäfer A, Rossen K. Development of Scalable Conditions for the Ugi Reaction—Application to the Synthesis of (R)-Lacosamide. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermut Wehlan
- Chemical and Biological Development, Sanofi, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Oehme
- Chemical and Biological Development, Sanofi, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Chemical and Biological Development, Sanofi, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai Rossen
- Chemical and Biological Development, Sanofi, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany
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Schnermann MJ, Shenvi RA. Syntheses and biological studies of marine terpenoids derived from inorganic cyanide. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:543-77. [PMID: 25514696 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00109e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanoterpenes (ICTs) are marine natural products biosynthesized through an unusual pathway that adorns terpene scaffolds with nitrogenous functionality derived from cyanide. The appendage of nitrogen functional groups - isonitriles in particular - onto stereochemically-rich carbocyclic ring systems provides enigmatic, bioactive molecules that have required innovative chemical syntheses. This review discusses the challenges inherent to the synthesis of this diverse family and details the development of the field. We also present recent progress in isolation and discuss key aspects of the remarkable biological activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
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Walther M, Jung CM, Bergmann R, Pietzsch J, Rode K, Fahmy K, Mirtschink P, Stehr S, Heintz A, Wunderlich G, Kraus W, Pietzsch HJ, Kropp J, Deussen A, Spies H. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a New Type of 99mTechnetium-Labeled Fatty Acid for Myocardial Metabolism Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 18:216-30. [PMID: 17226976 DOI: 10.1021/bc0601222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Technetium-labeled fatty acids intended for myocardial metabolism imaging and the respective rhenium model complexes were synthesized according to the "4 + 1" mixed-ligand approach and investigated in vitro and in vivo. The non-radioactive rhenium model complexes were characterized by NMR, IR, and EA, and the geometrical impact of the chelate unit on the integrity of the fatty acid head structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray analyses. To estimate the diagnostic value of the 99mTc-labeled fatty acids, the compounds were investigated in experiments in vitro and in biodistribution studies using male Wistar rats. The new fatty acid tracers contain the metal core in the oxidation states +3, well-wrapped in a trigonal-bipyramidal coordination moiety, which is attached at the omega-position of a fatty acid chain. This structural feature is considered to be a good imitation of the well-established iodinated phenyl fatty acids. High heart extraction in perfused heart studies (up to 26% injected dose (ID)) and noticeable heart uptake of the 99mTc tracers in vivo being in the order of 2% ID/g at 5 min (postinjection, pi.), accompanied by a good heart to blood ratio of 8, confirms that the new Tc compounds are suitable as fatty acid tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Walther
- Institute of Radiopharmacy, Research Center Dresden-Rossendorf, PF 510119, D-01314 Dresden, Germany.
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9
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Kinetic studies on the reactions of some tetrakis(arylisocyanide)cobalt(II) complexes with pyridine in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-006-0090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Arshady R, Ugi I. Synthese makromolekularer Isocyanide mit allgemeiner Lösungsmittel-Verträglichkeit - neuartige Polymer-Träger für Festphasen-Synthesen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19820940506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Ugi I. Von Isocyaniden via Vierkomponenten-Kondensation zu Antibiotica-Synthesen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19820941103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Ganguly SN, Viscontini M. Über Poterinchemie. 82. Mitteilung. Bildung von Formimidoyl-Derivaten aus Aminen und Benzylisocyanid; Eine neue Umpolungsmöglichkeit für bestimmte C-Atome. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19840670120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Casimiro-Garcia A, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, Stup TL, Turpin JA, Buckheit RW, Cushman M. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of cosalane analogues incorporating nitrogen in the linker chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:191-200. [PMID: 10968278 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of an amido group or an amino moiety into the alkenyl linker chain of cosalane (1) provided a new series of analogues 3-8. The new compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in cell culture. The replacement of the 1' and 2' carbons in the linker chain of I by an amido group was generally tolerated. The length of the linker chain and the stereochemistry of the substituent at C-3 of the steroidal ring had significant effects on the antiviral activity and potency. Incorporation of an amino moiety into the linker completely abolished the anti-HIV activity. There are several steps in the HIV replication cycle that have been proposed as targets for the development of therapeutic agents (De Clercq, E. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 2491; De Clercq, E. Pure Appl. Chem. 1998, 70, 567). However, currently approved anti-HIV drugs are only directed against the viral enzymes reverse transcriptase or protease (Carpenter. C. C. J.; Fischl, M. A.; Hammer, S. M.; Hirsch, M. S.; Jacobsen, D. M.; Katzenstein, D. A.; Montaner, J. S. G.; Richman, D. D.; Saag, M. S.; Schooley, R. T.; Thompson, M. A.; Vella, S.; Yeni, P. G.; Volberding, P. A. JAMA 1998, 280, 78). Drugs capable of interfering with other steps of the virus life cycle will be highly valuable in the antiretroviral therapy of AIDS, as they will have different patterns of resistance mutations than the drugs currently used clinically. In addition, their utilization in combination with other therapeutic agents could provide more potent drug 'cocktails' capable of completely suppressing virus replication. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the discovery of clinically useful anti-HIV agents possessing novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casimiro-Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Yamamoto Y, Tanase T, Sudoh C, Turuta T. Reactions of (η6-C6Me6)RuCl(MDMPP-P,O) and (η6-C6Me6)RuCl(BDMPP-P,O,O) complexes with Lewis bases or alkynes, where MDMPP-P,OP(2-O-6-MeOC6H3)Ph2 and BDMPP-P,O,OP(2-O-6-MeOC6H3)2{2,6-(MeO)2C6H3}. J Organomet Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(98)00771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Igoshi T, Tanase T, Yamamoto Y. Novel oxo-bridged dinuclear molybdenum(II) complexes: reaction of [MO2(O32CCH3)2(CH3CN)6](BF4)2with aromatic isocyanides. X-Ray crystal structures of [Mo2(μ-O)(RN10](BF4)2 (R = 2,6-Me2C6H3) and [Mo(= O)F(RNC)4](BF4) (R = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2). J Organomet Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(94)05380-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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van der Bent A, van den Brink I, Ijzerman AP, van Wijngaarden I, Soudijn W. Synthesis and biological evaluation of lorglumide-like hybrid cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonists. Drug Dev Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430310307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Becker CAL. SYNTHESIS OF MONOSUBSTITUTED PENTAKIS(2,6-DIETHYLPHENYLISO CYANIDE)- COBALT(I) COMPLEXES WITH BIDENTATE TERTIARY PHOSPHINE LIGANDS. I. MONOMETALLIC COMPLEXES. J COORD CHEM 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00958979308037127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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The Role of Isocyanides in the Synthesis of β-Lactam Antibiotics and Related Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-89366-6.70010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Becker CA, Cooper JC. Synthesis, characterization and molecular structure of tetrakis(2,6-diethylphenylisocyanide)bis(perchlorato)cobalt(II). An example of dissimilarity between perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate salts. Inorganica Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)85182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Using yeast microsomes, 23-hydroxysterols were tested as intermediates in the formation of the sterol side delta 22-double bond. No evidence could be found supporting a two-stage mechanism of desaturation via hydroxylation and dehydration. Sterols with various side chains were tested as substrates. Those with alkyl substituents in the 24-alpha position were poor substrates. A series of sterols, including cyclopropyl sterols, were tested as mechanism-based inhibitors without success. Inhibition was observed with an isocyano-sterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Giner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305
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22
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23
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Becker CA, Cooper JC. Preparation of tetrakis(2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide)cobalt(II) perchlorate in novel reactions. Inorganica Chim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)80827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Methylenecyclohexane annulation. Total synthesis of (±)-axamide-1, (±)-axisonitrile-1, and the corresponding C-10 epimers. Tetrahedron 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Knupp G, Frahm AW. Asymmetrische reduktive Aminierung von Cycloalkanonen, 4. Mitt. Synthese optisch aktiver trans-3-substituierter Cyclohexanamine. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19853180611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Arshady R, Ugi I. The Synthesis of Macromolecular Isocyanides with General Solvent Compatibility - Novel Polymer Supports for Solid Phase Techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198207610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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30
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Schöllkopf U. Neuere Anwendungen α-metallierter Isocyanide in der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19770890604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Isonitrile Syntheses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-706150-4.50007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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40
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Angelici RJ, Charley LM. Reaction of a cationic cyclopentadienyliron isocyanide complex with methylamine. J Organomet Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)91581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ponsold K, Klemm D. Stickstoffhaltige Steroide, XIV. Darstellung und Ringöffnungsreaktionen der epimeren 2.3-Imino-cholestane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19660990513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Horobin R, Khan N, McKenna J, Hutley B. The stereoselective thermal isomerization of steroidal isocyanides to cyanides. Tetrahedron Lett 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)89284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Ugi I, Fetzer U, Eholzer U, Knupfer H, Offermann K. Neuere Methoden der präparativen organischen Chemie IV. Isonitril-Synthesen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1965. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19650771104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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NELSON DF, KIRK PL. Preparation of a compound which may be hydroge isocyanide. J Chromatogr A 1963; 12:167-70. [PMID: 14067872 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)83665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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48
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Meeting of German Chemistry Lecturers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1962. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.196205112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Chemiedozenten-Tagung in Bonn. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1962. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19620741413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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