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Fang Y, Hillman AS, Fox JM. Advances in the Synthesis of Bioorthogonal Reagents: s-Tetrazines, 1,2,4-Triazines, Cyclooctynes, Heterocycloheptynes, and trans-Cyclooctenes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:15. [PMID: 38703255 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Aligned with the increasing importance of bioorthogonal chemistry has been an increasing demand for more potent, affordable, multifunctional, and programmable bioorthogonal reagents. More advanced synthetic chemistry techniques, including transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, C-H activation, photoinduced chemistry, and continuous flow chemistry, have been employed in synthesizing novel bioorthogonal reagents for universal purposes. We discuss herein recent developments regarding the synthesis of popular bioorthogonal reagents, with a focus on s-tetrazines, 1,2,4-triazines, trans-cyclooctenes, cyclooctynes, hetero-cycloheptynes, and -trans-cycloheptenes. This review aims to summarize and discuss the most representative synthetic approaches of these reagents and their derivatives that are useful in bioorthogonal chemistry. The preparation of these molecules and their derivatives utilizes both classical approaches as well as the latest organic chemistry methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhi Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
| | - Ashlyn S Hillman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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2
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Intelli AJ, Pal M, Selvaraju M, Altman RA. Palladium-Catalyzed Dearomatization of Benzothiophenes: Isolation and Functionalization of a Discrete Dearomatized Intermediate. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2023; 55:3568-3574. [PMID: 37915377 PMCID: PMC10617892 DOI: 10.1055/a-2092-9012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative dearomatization reaction of a heterocyclic substrate enables access to an uncommon reaction intermediate that rearomatizes in the presence of amine bases in a net C-H functionalization sequence. The dearomatized benzo[b]thiophene intermediate bears an exocyclic alkene that can be functionalized through cycloaddition and halogenation reactions to deliver complex heterocyclic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew John Intelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mohan Pal
- NuChem Sciences Inc.; 2350 Rue Cohen Suite 201, Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada H4R 2N6
| | | | - Ryan A Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Bonaldi L, Bortoluzzi M, Zacchini S, Pampaloni G, Marchetti F, Biancalana L. Triazine Chalcogenones from Thiocyanate or Selenocyanate Addition to Tetrazine Ligands in Ruthenium Arene Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7814-7833. [PMID: 37167024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines has attracted considerable interest both from a synthetic and applicative standpoint. Recently, regioselective reactions with alkynes and alkenes have been reported to be favored once the tetrazine ring is coordinated to Re(I), Ru(II), and Ir(III) centers. Aiming to further explore the effects of metal coordination, herein, we unveil the unexplored reactivity of tetrazines with chalcogenocyanate anions. Thus, ruthenium(II) tetrazine complexes, [RuCl{κ2N-3-(2-pyridyl)-6-R-1,2,4,5-tetrazine}(η6-arene)]+ (arene = p-cymene, R = H, [1a]+, R = Me, [1b]+, R = 2-pyridyl, [1c]+; arene = C6Me6, R = H, [1d]+, R = Me, [1e]+; PF6- salts), reacted quantitatively and in mild conditions with M(ECN) salts (M = Na, K, Bu4N; E = O, S, Se). The addition of thiocyanate or selenocyanate to the tetrazine ligand is regioselective and afforded, via N2 release, 1,2,4-triazine-5-chalcogenone heterocycles, the one with selenium being unprecedented. The novel ruthenium complexes [RuCl{κ2N-(2-pyridyl)}{triazine chalcogenone}(η6-arene)] 2a-e (sulfur), 3b, 3d, and 3e (selenium) were characterized by analytical (CHNS analyses, conductivity), spectroscopic (IR, multinuclear and two-dimensional (2D) NMR), and spectrometric (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)) techniques. According to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the nucleophilic attack of SCN- on the tetrazine ring is kinetically driven. Compound 2b is selectively and reversibly mono-protonated on the triazine ring by HCl or other strong acids, affording a single tautomer. When reactions of chalcogenocyanates were performed on the 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) complex [RuCl(bpy)(η6-p-cymene)]+, the chloride substitution products [Ru(ECN)(bpy)(η6-p-cymene)]+ (E = O, [4]+; E = S, [5]+; E = Se, [6]+) were obtained in 82-90% yields (PF6- salts). Combined spectroscopic data (IR, 1H/13C/77Se NMR) was revealed to be a useful tool to study the linkage isomerism of the chalcogenocyanate ligand in [4-6]+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bonaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, I-30175 Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Shankar M, Kalyani A, Anitha M, Siva Reddy A, Swamy KCK. Divergent Reactivity of Phosphorylated and Related Allenes: [4 + 2] Cycloaddition with 3,6-Diphenyltetrazine, Self-Addition Leading to Dimers and [Pd]-Complex Formation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13683-13697. [PMID: 36197101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus-based naphthalenes are formed by self-dimerization-cum-cyclization of α-aryl allenylphosphonates or allenylphosphine oxides using catalytic Pd(OAc)2in the presence of PPh3 and Et3N . This reaction involves [4 + 2]-cycloaddition with the (β,γ) double bond of one allene as the dienophile; the double bonds at the α-aryl-(β',γ') group and (α,β)-carbons of the second allene act as the diene part. A subsequent proton shift also takes place. Upon treating allenylphosphine oxides with Pd(OAc)2 [stoichiometry 2:1] in the presence of PPh3/Ag2CO3, a [Pd]-complex is isolated and structurally characterized. This complex can be used as a catalyst for C-C bond-forming reactions of phosphorus-based allenes with 2-iodophenol. Densely substituted 3,6-diphenylpyridazines are conveniently obtained in excellent yields by a thermally induced regioselective Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction of allenes with 3,6-diphenyltetrazine, followed by a [1,3]-H shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallepalli Shankar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Adula Kalyani
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Mandala Anitha
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Alla Siva Reddy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - K C Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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5
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García-Aznar P, Escorihuela J. Computational insights into the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction of norbornenes with 1,2,4,5-tetrazines: norbornene substituents' effects on the reaction rate. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6400-6412. [PMID: 35876298 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of the reaction rates and mechanism of click chemistry reactions still remains an interesting challenge in organic chemistry. In this regard, the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction represents a promising metal-free alternative with enhanced reaction rates compared to other reactions of the click chemistry toolbox. Among the different types of dienophiles used in the IEDDA reactions, norbornenes have been widely used given their high stability and fast reaction rates. The inverse electron-demand Diels Alder reaction of 3,6-dipyridin-2-yl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine with a series of norbornene derivatives was studied with quantum mechanical calculations at the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. The theoretical predictions were confirmed with the experimental data and analyzed with the use of the distortion/interaction model. The obtained results will help in obtaining a better understanding of the factors that affect the relative cycloaddition rates of norbornenes with tetrazines, which are crucial for selectively tuning their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Aznar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain.
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain.
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6
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Xu W, Brown LE, Porco JA. Divergent, C-C Bond Forming Macrocyclizations Using Modular Sulfonylhydrazone and Derived Substrates. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16485-16510. [PMID: 34730970 PMCID: PMC8783553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A divergent approach to C-C bond forming macrocycle construction is described. Modular sulfonylhydrazone and derived pyridotriazole substrates with three key building blocks have been constructed and cyclized to afford diverse macrocyclic frameworks. Broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance have been demonstrated. In addition, site-selective postfunctionalization allowed for further diversification of macrocyclic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lauren E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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7
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Schnell SD, González JA, Sklyaruk J, Linden A, Gademann K. Boron Trifluoride-Mediated Cycloaddition of 3-Bromotetrazine and Silyl Enol Ethers: Synthesis of 3-Bromo-pyridazines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12008-12023. [PMID: 34342995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyridazines are important scaffolds for medicinal chemistry or crop protection agents, yet the selective preparation of 3-bromo-pyridazines with high regiocontrol remains difficult. We achieved the Lewis acid-mediated inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between 3-monosubstituted s-tetrazine and silyl enol ethers and obtained functionalized pyridazines. In the case of 1-monosubstituted silyl enol ethers, exclusive regioselectivity was observed. Downstream functionalization of the resulting 3-bromo-pyridazines was demonstrated utilizing several cross-coupling protocols to synthesize 3,4-disubstituted pyridazines with excellent control over the substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Schnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge A González
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Sklyaruk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Computational studies on the Carboni-Lindsey reaction. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Ganz D, Harijan D, Wagenknecht HA. Labelling of DNA and RNA in the cellular environment by means of bioorthogonal cycloaddition chemistry. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:86-97. [PMID: 34458750 PMCID: PMC8341813 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Labelling of nucleic acids as biologically important cellular components is a crucial prerequisite for the visualization and understanding of biological processes. Efficient bioorthogonal chemistry and in particular cycloadditions fullfill the requirements for cellular applications. The broadly applied Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), however, is limited to labellings in vitro and in fixed cells due to the cytotoxicity of copper salts. Currently, there are three types of copper-free cycloadditions used for nucleic acid labelling in the cellular environment: (i) the ring-strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC), (ii) the "photoclick" 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, and (iii) the Diels-Alder reactions with inverse electron demand (iEDDA). We review only those building blocks for chemical synthesis on solid phase of DNA and RNA and for enzymatic DNA and RNA preparation, which were applied for labelling of DNA and RNA in situ or in vivo, i.e. in the cellular environment, in fixed or in living cells, by the use of bioorthogonal cycloaddition chemistry. Additionally, we review the current status of orthogonal dual and triple labelling of DNA and RNA in vitro to demonstrate their potential for future applications in situ or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Ganz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Dennis Harijan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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10
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Krell K, Harijan D, Ganz D, Doll L, Wagenknecht HA. Postsynthetic Modifications of DNA and RNA by Means of Copper-Free Cycloadditions as Bioorthogonal Reactions. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:990-1011. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Krell
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dennis Harijan
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dorothée Ganz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Larissa Doll
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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11
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Pérez P. A molecular electron density theory study of the participation of tetrazines in aza-Diels–Alder reactions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15394-15405. [PMID: 35495430 PMCID: PMC9052947 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01548b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactions of eight tetrazines of increased electrophilic character with nucleophilic tetramethyl ethylene (TME) and with electrophilic tetracyanoethylene (TCE) have been studied using Molecular Electron Density Theory. These reactions are domino processes comprising an aza-Diels–Alder (ADA) reaction followed by an extrusion of molecular nitrogen, yielding a dihydropyridazine. Analysis of the conceptual DFT (CDFT) indices showed an increase of the electrophilicity and a decrease of the nucleophilicity of tetrazines with an increase of the electron-withdrawing character of the substituent. A very good correlation between the global electron density transfer at the transition structures and the activation enthalpies for the ADA reactions involving TME was found. However, tetrazines have no tendency to react with electrophilic ethylenes such as TCE. Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) analysis of the ADA reaction of dinitro tetrazine with TME showed that the activation energy is mainly associated with the continuous depopulation of the C–C and C–N double bonds. The electron-withdrawing substituents on the tetrazine favour aza-Diels–Alder reactions towards nucleophilic ethylenes, but they do not react with electrophilic ethylenes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- Valencia
- Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- 8370146 Santiago
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12
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Xue J, Gao E, Wang XN, Chang J. Metal-Free Formal Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reaction of 1,2-Diazines with Ynamides. Org Lett 2018; 20:6055-6058. [PMID: 30234310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly effective metal-free formal inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction of 1,2-diazines with ynamides has been developed. This catalytic protocol is more environmentally friendly and allows for the construction of 2-aminonaphthalenes and 2-aminoanthracenes from 1,2-diazines and ynamides in good to high yields with wide diversity and functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Erhui Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Na Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
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13
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Tanaka K, Kishimoto M, Hoshino Y, Honda K. Temperature-controlled divergent synthesis of 4-alkoxy- or 4-alkenyl-chromanes via inverse electron-demand cycloaddition with in situ generated ortho-quinone methides. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Engelsma SB, van den Ende TC, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV. Reaction Rates of Various N
-Acylenamines in the Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reaction. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander B. Engelsma
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Department of Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Thomas C. van den Ende
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Department of Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Department of Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Department of Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Department of Bioorganic Synthesis; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
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15
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Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Synthesis, Characterization, and Rapid Cycloadditions of 5-Nitro-1,2,3-triazine. Org Lett 2018; 20:2628-2631. [PMID: 29659291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and a study of the cycloaddition reactions of 5-nitro-1,2,3-triazine (3) are reported. The electron-deficient nature of 3 permits rapid cycloaddition with a variety of electron-rich dienophiles, including amidines, enamines, enol ethers, ynamines, and ketene acetals in high to moderate yields. 1H NMR studies of a representative cycloaddition reaction between 3 and an amidine revealed a remarkable reaction rate and efficiency (1 mM, <60 s, CD3CN, 23 °C, >95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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16
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Osipov DV, Osyanin VA, Khaysanova GD, Masterova ER, Krasnikov PE, Klimochkin YN. An Inverse Electron Demand Azo-Diels–Alder Reaction of o-Quinone Methides and Imino Ethers: Synthesis of Benzocondensed 1,3-Oxazines. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4775-4785. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Osipov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya Street, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly A. Osyanin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya Street, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
| | - Guzel’ D. Khaysanova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya Street, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
| | - Elvira R. Masterova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya Street, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel E. Krasnikov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya Street, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri N. Klimochkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Technological Faculty, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya Street, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
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17
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Oliveira BL, Guo Z, Bernardes GJL. Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions in chemical biology. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:4895-4950. [PMID: 28660957 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emerging inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction stands out from other bioorthogonal reactions by virtue of its unmatchable kinetics, excellent orthogonality and biocompatibility. With the recent discovery of novel dienophiles and optimal tetrazine coupling partners, attention has now been turned to the use of IEDDA approaches in basic biology, imaging and therapeutics. Here we review this bioorthogonal reaction and its promising applications for live cell and animal studies. We first discuss the key factors that contribute to the fast IEDDA kinetics and describe the most recent advances in the synthesis of tetrazine and dienophile coupling partners. Both coupling partners have been incorporated into proteins for tracking and imaging by use of fluorogenic tetrazines that become strongly fluorescent upon reaction. Selected notable examples of such applications are presented. The exceptional fast kinetics of this catalyst-free reaction, even using low concentrations of coupling partners, make it amenable for in vivo radiolabelling using pretargeting methodologies, which are also discussed. Finally, IEDDA reactions have recently found use in bioorthogonal decaging to activate proteins or drugs in gain-of-function strategies. We conclude by showing applications of the IEDDA reaction in the construction of biomaterials that are used for drug delivery and multimodal imaging, among others. The use and utility of the IEDDA reaction is interdisciplinary and promises to revolutionize chemical biology, radiochemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Z Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - G J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK. and Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, 1649-028, Portugal.
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18
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Tiwari AR, Nath SR, Joshi KA, Bhanage BM. iEDDA Reaction of the Molecular Iodine-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triazines via Functionalization of the sp 3 C-H Bond of Acetophenones with Amidines: An Experimental Investigation and DFT Study. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13239-13249. [PMID: 29149566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA)-type reaction to synthesize 1,3,5-trizines from acetophenones and amidines. The use of molecular iodine in a catalytic amount facilitates the functionalization of the sp3 C-H bond of acetophenones. This is a simple and efficient methodology for the synthesis of 1,3,5-triazines in good to excellent yields under transition-metal-free and peroxide-free conditions. The reaction is believed to take place via an in situ iodination-based oxidative elimination of formaldehyde. DFT calculations at the M062X/6-31+G(d,p) level were employed to investigate the reaction mechanism. Reaction barriers for the cycloaddition as well as a formaldehyde expulsion steps were computed, and a multistep mechanism starting with the nucleophilic attack by benzamidine on an in situ generated imine intermediate has been proposed. Both local and global reactivity descriptors were used to study the regioselectivity of the addition steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek R Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) , Matunga (East), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Shilpa R Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) , Matunga (East), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Kaustubh A Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) , Matunga (East), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Bhalchandra M Bhanage
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) , Matunga (East), Mumbai 400019, India
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19
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Tanaka K, Sukekawa M, Shigematsu Y, Hoshino Y, Honda K. Highly regioselective synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted 2 H -1-benzopyrans: Brønsted acid catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition reaction with a variety of arylalkynes via ortho -quinone methides. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Duret G, Le Fouler V, Bisseret P, Bizet V, Blanchard N. Diels-Alder and Formal Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reactions of Ynamines and Ynamides. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Duret
- CNRS, LCM UMR 7509; Université de Strasbourg; 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Vincent Le Fouler
- CNRS, LCM UMR 7509; Université de Strasbourg; 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Philippe Bisseret
- CNRS, LCM UMR 7509; Université de Strasbourg; 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Vincent Bizet
- CNRS, LCM UMR 7509; Université de Strasbourg; 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- CNRS, LCM UMR 7509; Université de Strasbourg; 67000 Strasbourg France
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21
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Quiñones RE, Glinkerman CM, Zhu K, Boger DL. Direct Synthesis of β-Aminoenals through Reaction of 1,2,3-Triazine with Secondary Amines. Org Lett 2017; 19:3568-3571. [PMID: 28657329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple and direct nucleophilic addition of secondary amines, including imidazole, to 1,2,3-triazine under mild reaction conditions (THF, 25-65 °C, 12-48 h), requiring no additives, cleanly provides β-aminoenals 4 in good yields (21 examples, 31-79%). The reaction proceeds by amine nucleophilic addition to C4 of the 1,2,3-triazine, in situ loss of N2, and subsequent imine hydrolysis to provide 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Quiñones
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kaicheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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22
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Yang K, Dang Q, Cai PJ, Gao Y, Yu ZX, Bai X. Reaction of Aldehydes/Ketones with Electron-Deficient 1,3,5-Triazines Leading to Functionalized Pyrimidines as Diels-Alder/Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction Products: Reaction Development and Mechanistic Studies. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2336-2344. [PMID: 28112917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions of heterocyclic aza-dienes are rarely reported since highly reactive and electron-rich dienophiles are often found not compatible with strong acids such as Lewis acids. Herein, we disclose that TFA-catalyzed reactions of electron-deficient 1,3,5-triazines and electron-deficient aldehydes/ketones can take place. These reactions led to highly functionalized pyrimidines as products in fair to good yields. The reaction mechanism was carefully studied by the combination of experimental and computational studies. The reactions involve a cascade of stepwise inverse electron demand hetero-Diels-Alder (ihDA) reactions, followed by retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) reactions and elimination of water. An acid was required for both ihDA and rDA reactions. This mechanism was further verified by comparing the relative reactivity of aldehydes/ketones and their corresponding vinyl ethers in the current reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , 1266 Fujin Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Qun Dang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , 1266 Fujin Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Jun Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Bai
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , 1266 Fujin Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
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23
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Jiménez-Moreno E, Guo Z, Oliveira BL, Albuquerque IS, Kitowski A, Guerreiro A, Boutureira O, Rodrigues T, Jiménez-Osés G, Bernardes GJL. Vinyl Ether/Tetrazine Pair for the Traceless Release of Alcohols in Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:243-247. [PMID: 27930843 PMCID: PMC6485351 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage of a protecting group from a protein or drug under bioorthogonal conditions enables accurate spatiotemporal control over protein or drug activity. Disclosed herein is that vinyl ethers serve as protecting groups for alcohol‐containing molecules and as reagents for bioorthogonal bond‐cleavage reactions. A vinyl ether moiety was installed in a range of molecules, including amino acids, a monosaccharide, a fluorophore, and an analogue of the cytotoxic drug duocarmycin. Tetrazine‐mediated decaging proceeded under biocompatible conditions with good yields and reasonable kinetics. Importantly, the nontoxic, vinyl ether duocarmycin double prodrug was successfully decaged in live cells to reinstate cytotoxicity. This bioorthogonal reaction presents broad applicability and may be suitable for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Jiménez-Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zijian Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bruno L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inês S Albuquerque
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Annabel Kitowski
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Guerreiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, 26006, Logroño, Spain.,Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
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24
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Jiménez‐Moreno E, Guo Z, Oliveira BL, Albuquerque IS, Kitowski A, Guerreiro A, Boutureira O, Rodrigues T, Jiménez‐Osés G, Bernardes GJL. Vinyl Ether/Tetrazine Pair for the Traceless Release of Alcohols in Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Jiménez‐Moreno
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Zijian Guo
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Bruno L. Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Inês S. Albuquerque
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Annabel Kitowski
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ana Guerreiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez‐Osés
- Departamento de Química Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química 26006 Logroño Spain
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) University of Zaragoza, BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) Zaragoza Spain
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
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25
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Driowya M, Saber A, Marzag H, Demange L, Benhida R, Bougrin K. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Bioactive Six-Membered Heterocycles and Their Fused Analogues. Molecules 2016; 21:492. [PMID: 27089315 PMCID: PMC6273482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the formation of six-membered heterocyclic compounds and their fused analogues under microwave activation using modern organic transformations including cyclocondensation, cycloaddition, multicomponents and other modular reactions. The review is divided according to the main heterocycle types in order of increasing complexity, starting with heterocyclic systems containing one, two and three heteroatoms and their fused analogues. Recent microwave applications are reviewed, with special focus on the chemistry of bioactive compounds. Selected examples from the 2006 to 2015 literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsine Driowya
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Maroc.
| | - Aziza Saber
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Maroc.
| | - Hamid Marzag
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Maroc.
| | - Luc Demange
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, ICN UMR UNS CNRS 7272, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis-Université Côte d'Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
- Department of Chemistry, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire & UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris Fr-75006, France.
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, ICN UMR UNS CNRS 7272, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis-Université Côte d'Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Maroc.
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26
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Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Cycloadditions of 1,2,3-Triazines Bearing C5-Electron Donating Substituents: Robust Pyrimidine Synthesis. Org Lett 2015; 17:4002-5. [PMID: 26172042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The examination of the cycloaddition reactions of 1,2,3-triazines 17-19, bearing electron-donating substituents at C5, are described. Despite the noncomplementary 1,2,3-triazine C5 substituents, amidines were found to undergo a powerful cycloaddition to provide 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidines in excellent yields (42-99%; EDG = SMe > OMe > NHAc). Even select ynamines and enamines were capable of cycloadditions with 17, but not 18 or 19, to provide trisubstituted pyridines in modest yields (37-40% and 33% respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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27
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Yang K, Yang Z, Dang Q, Bai X. Hydrazones as Productive Dienophiles in the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of 1,3,5-Triazines. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Nguyen KMH, Schwendimann L, Gressens P, Largeron M. Regiospecific synthesis of neuroprotective 1,4-benzoxazine derivatives through a tandem oxidation–Diels–Alder reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3749-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly functionalized 1,4-benzoxazine derivatives have been synthesized at room temperature, with complete regiochemical control, through a tandem oxidation–Diels–Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khac Minh Huy Nguyen
- UMR 8638 CNRS-Université Paris Descartes
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris
- 75270 Paris cedex 06
- France
| | | | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm
- F-75019 Paris
- France
- Université Paris Diderot
- F-75019 Paris
| | - Martine Largeron
- UMR 8638 CNRS-Université Paris Descartes
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris
- 75270 Paris cedex 06
- France
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29
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Talbot A, Devarajan D, Gustafson SJ, Fernández I, Bickelhaupt FM, Ess DH. Activation-Strain Analysis Reveals Unexpected Origin of Fast Reactivity in Heteroaromatic Azadiene Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels–Alder Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2014; 80:548-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5025514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Talbot
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Deepa Devarajan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Samantha J. Gustafson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
(ACMM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules
and Materials (IMM), Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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30
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Anderson ED, Duerfeldt AS, Zhu K, Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Cycloadditions of noncomplementary substituted 1,2,3-triazines. Org Lett 2014; 16:5084-7. [PMID: 25222918 PMCID: PMC4184932 DOI: 10.1021/ol502436n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The scope of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition
reactions of substituted
1,2,3-triazines, bearing noncomplementary substitution with electron-withdrawing
groups at C4 and/or C6, is described. The studies define key electronic
and steric effects of substituents impacting the reactivity, mode
(C4/N1 vs C5/N2), and regioselectivity of the cycloaddition reactions
of 1,2,3-triazines with amidines, enamines, and ynamines, providing
access to highly functionalized heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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31
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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY. Reactions of acetylenes in superbasic media. Recent advances. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n07abeh004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Total syntheses of (-)-pyrimidoblamic acid and P-3A are disclosed. Central to the convergent approach is a powerful inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between substituted electron-deficient 1,2,3-triazines and a highly functionalized and chiral primary amidine, which forms the pyrimidine cores and introduces all necessary stereochemistry in a single step. Intrinsic in the convergent approach is the potential it provides for the late stage divergent synthesis of modified analogs bearing deep-seated changes in either the pyrimidine cores or the highly functionalized C2 side chain common to both natural products. The examination of the key cycloaddition reaction revealed that the inherent 1,2,3-triazine mode of cycloaddition (C4/N1 vs C5/N2) as well as the amidine regioselectivity were unaffected by introduction of two electron-withdrawing groups (-CO2R) at C4 and C6 of the 1,2,3-triazine even if C5 is unsubstituted (Me or H), highlighting the synthetic potential of the powerful pyrimidine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Duerfeldt
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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33
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Trofimov BA, Glotova TE, Shabalin DA, Dvorko MY, Ushakov IA, Schmidt EY, Kuzmin AV, Mikhaleva AI. Superbase-Catalyzed [4+2] Cycloaddition of Acetylenes to 3,6-Di(pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine: A Facile Synthesis of 3,6-Di(pyrrol-2-yl)pyridazines. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Theoretical insights into the [4 + 2]/retro [4 + 2] cycloaddition approach to the synthesis of biaryls and polycyclic aromatics. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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36
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Ma Z, Ni F, Woo GHC, Lo SM, Roveto PM, Schaus SE, Snyder JK. An intramolecular inverse electron demand Diels-Alder approach to annulated α-carbolines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:829-40. [PMID: 23015831 PMCID: PMC3388871 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramolecular inverse electron demand cycloadditions of isatin-derived 1,2,4-triazines with acetylenic dienophiles tethered by amidations or transesterifications proceed in excellent yields to produce lactam- or lactone-fused α-carbolines. Beginning with various isatins and alkynyl dienophiles, a pilot-scale library of eighty-eight α-carbolines was prepared by using this robust methodology for biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Karver MR, Weissleder R, Hilderbrand SA. Synthesis and evaluation of a series of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines for bioorthogonal conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2263-70. [PMID: 21950520 DOI: 10.1021/bc200295y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1,2,4,5-Tetrazines have been established as effective dienes for inverse electron demand [4 + 2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions with strained alkenes for over 50 years. Recently, this reaction pair combination has been applied to bioorthogonal labeling and cell detection applications; however, to date, there has been no detailed examination and optimization of tetrazines for use in biological experiments. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of 12 conjugatable tetrazines. The tetrazines were all synthesized in a similar fashion and were screened in parallel to identify candidates most ideally suited for biological studies. In depth follow-up studies revealed compounds with varying degrees of stability and reactivity that could each be useful in different bioorthogonal applications. One promising, highly stable, and water-soluble derivative was used in pretargeted cancer cell labeling studies, confirming its utility as a bioorthogonal moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Karver
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Iaroshenko VO, Maalik A, Ostrovskyi D, Villinger A, Spannenberg A, Langer P. Efficient synthesis of purines by inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reactions of 1-substituted-1H-imidazol-5-amines with 1,3,5-triazines. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Anderson ED, Boger DL. Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazines: pronounced substituent effects on reactivity and cycloaddition scope. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12285-92. [PMID: 21736324 DOI: 10.1021/ja204856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazines is disclosed, including an examination of the impact of a C5 substituent. Such substituents were found to exhibit a remarkable impact on the cycloaddition reactivity of the 1,2,3-triazine without altering, and perhaps even enhancing, the intrinsic cycloaddition regioselectivity. The study revealed not only that the reactivity may be predictably modulated by a C5 substituent (R = CO(2)Me > Ph > H) but also that the impact is of a magnitude to convert 1,2,3-triazine (1) and its modest cycloaddition scope into a heterocyclic azadiene system with a reaction scope that portends extensive synthetic utility, expanding the range of participating dienophiles. Significantly, the studies define a now powerful additional heterocyclic azadiene, complementary to the isomeric 1,2,4-triazines and 1,3,5-triazines, capable of dependable participation in inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions, extending the number of complementary heterocyclic ring systems accessible with implementation of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Anderson ED, Boger DL. Scope of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazine. Org Lett 2011; 13:2492-4. [PMID: 21488676 PMCID: PMC3093666 DOI: 10.1021/ol2007428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An examination of the scope of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of the parent unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazine is described including the first report of its unique capabilities for participating in previously unexplored [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with heterodienophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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41
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Yang F, Zheng L, Xiang J, Dang Q, Bai X. Synthesis of Hexahydrobenzo[b]pyrimido[4,5-h][1,6]naphthyridines via an Intramolecular Hetero-Diels−Alder Reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:476-81. [DOI: 10.1021/cc100018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Yang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 75 Haiwai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Lianyou Zheng
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 75 Haiwai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Xiang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 75 Haiwai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qun Dang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 75 Haiwai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xu Bai
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 75 Haiwai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
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Domingo LR, Picher MT, Sáez JA. Toward an Understanding of the Unexpected Regioselective Hetero-Diels−Alder Reactions of Asymmetric Tetrazines with Electron-Rich Ethylenes: A DFT Study. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2726-35. [PMID: 19260699 DOI: 10.1021/jo802822u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Picher
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José A. Sáez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Xie H, Zu L, Oueis HR, Li H, Wang J, Wang W. Proline-Catalyzed Direct Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder Reactions of Ketones with 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines. Org Lett 2008; 10:1923-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800417q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Liansuo Zu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Hanine R. Oueis
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
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Cutivet A, Leroy E, Pasquinet E, Poullain D. Nucleophilic substitution with amines: dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines are more useful precursors than 1,2,4,5-tetrazines. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moisan L, Odermatt S, Gombosuren N, Carella A, Rebek J. Synthesis of an Oxazole–Pyrrole–Piperazine Scaffold as an α-Helix Mimetic. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fan H, Peng J, Hamann MT, Hu JF. Lamellarins and related pyrrole-derived alkaloids from marine organisms. Chem Rev 2008; 108:264-87. [PMID: 18095718 PMCID: PMC4928200 DOI: 10.1021/cr078199m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 835] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jin-Feng Hu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: +86-21-62237510. Fax: +86-21-62606791.
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Sagot E, Le Roux A, Soulivet C, Pasquinet E, Poullain D, Girard E, Palmas P. Synthesis of linear and hyperbranched tetrazine-based polyhetarylene assemblies with high nitrogen content. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Zhou H, Wong NB, Tian A, Li WK. Theoretical investigation on carbon-centered tri-s-tetrazine and its 10 derivatives. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:788-99. [PMID: 17627857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel species, carbon-centered tri-s-tetrazine (C(4)N(9)H(3)), and its 10 derivatives (C(4)N(9)R(3), where R=OH, F, CN, N(3), NH(2), NO(2), N=NH, N(2)H(3), C triple bond CH, and CH=CH(2)) have been studied computationally. Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to study the geometries, electronic structure, harmonic vibrational frequencies, ionization energies of the 11 compounds at the restricted (for neutrals) and the unrestricted (for cations) B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level of theory. Atoms in molecule (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses have been used to obtain the bonding properties. Valence bond (VB) theory is applied to explain the unusual pyramidal structure around the carbon-center and electron arrangements of orbitals. We found: (1) All the species possess novel bonding features and geometrical structures. The atoms on the periphery of each species are sp(2) hybridized. Each of these atoms offers an orbital to form an extensive conjugation system (12)pi(15) (a pi system consisting of 12 centers and 15 electrons). The central carbon atom C13 is sp(3) hybridized, which makes the non-planar molecule shape like a straw-hat. Atom C13 also participates in the conjugated pi system with its sp(3) hybridized orbital, thus forming an extensive (13)pi(16) conjugate pi system covering the whole C(4)N(9) framework. (2) The change of charge on C13 is the largest among all the atoms when the species is ionized and the atomic charges are redistributed. In other words, C13 is the attack center for electrophilic agents. Thus, the species is carbanion-like. (3) All the species have low ionization energies (IEs). The electron ionized mainly comes from C13. They may have wide applications in organic chemistry, in organometallic chemistry and in alkyl lithium chemistry once they are synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhou
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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