1
|
Xia L, Fan W, Yuan XA, Yu S. Photoredox-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of C-Nucleoside Analogues from Glycosyl Bromides and Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenjing Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xiang-Ai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang P, Karg CA, Frey N, Frädrich J, Vollmar AM, Moser S. Phyllobilins as a challenging diverse natural product class: Exploration of pharmacological activities. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100061. [PMID: 34155668 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phyllobilins are a group of chlorophyll-derived bilin-type linear tetrapyrroles, generated in the process of chlorophyll breakdown. Since the first phyllobilin was isolated and characterized in 1991, more and more structures of these chlorophyll catabolites were identified alongside the biochemical players involved in chlorophyll breakdown. In the meantime, phyllobilins are known to occur in a large natural structural variety, and new modifications are still being discovered. Phyllobilins have been regarded as products of chlorophyll detoxification for a very long time, hence they have been completely overlooked as a natural product class in terms of their biological role or pharmacological activity. A change of this paradigm, however, is long overdue. Here, we review the current knowledge of the pharmacological activities of phyllobilins and give an overview of the diverse structural modifications, laying the groundwork for analyzing their role(s) as active components in medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Wang
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Karg
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Frey
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Frädrich
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Moser
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Studzian M, Pérez ME, Arias-Pérez MS. Experimental observations on the reductive cleavage of endo and exo 3,4-O-benzylidene fucopyranoside derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2021; 505:108338. [PMID: 34023694 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reductive cleavage of methyl 3,4-O-benzylidene-α-L-fucopyranosides with BH3·THF-TfOH and NaCNBH3-TfOH systems resulted in enhanced reaction rates and selectivity compared to BH3·THF-Bu2BOTf. With this latter system, the nature of the O-2 substituent exerted a clear control on the reactivity but practically did not affect the regioselectivity. With TfOH the direction of cleavage was determined, as expected, by the configuration of the acetal carbon atom, but slightly influenced by its competitive epimerization. Protic conditions provided higher regioselectivity in the openings of the exo isomers, affording a useful approach to the practical synthesis of 3-O-benzyl ethers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Studzian
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Elena Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Selma Arias-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moser S, Kräutler B. In Search of Bioactivity - Phyllobilins, an Unexplored Class of Abundant Heterocyclic Plant Metabolites from Breakdown of Chlorophyll. Isr J Chem 2019; 59:420-431. [PMID: 31244492 PMCID: PMC6582504 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The fate of the green plant pigment chlorophyll (Chl) in de-greening leaves has long been a fascinating biological puzzle. In the course of the last three decades, various bilin-type products of Chl breakdown have been identified, named phyllobilins (PBs). Considered 'mere' leftovers of a controlled biological Chl detoxification originally, the quest for finding relevant bioactivities of the PBs has become a new paradigm. Indeed, the PBs are abundant in senescent leaves, in ripe fruit and in some vegetables, and they display an exciting array of diverse heterocyclic structures. This review outlines briefly which types of Chl breakdown products occur in higher plants, describes basics of their bio-relevant structural and chemical properties and gives suggestions as to 'why' the plants produce vast amounts of uniquely 'decorated' heterocyclic compounds. Clearly, it is worthwhile to consider crucial metabolic roles of PBs in plants, which may have practical consequences in agriculture and horticulture. However, PBs are also part of our plant-based nutrition and their physiological and pharmacological effects in humans are of interest, as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Moser
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmacy DepartmentLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Innsbruck. Innrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kato A, Koyama J, Shinzawa K, Imaeda S, Adachi I, Nash RJ, Fleet GWJ, Shintani M, Takeuchi C, Ishikawa F. Ginnalin B induces differentiation markers and modulates the proliferation/differentiation balance via the upregulation of NOTCH1 in human epidermal keratinocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2172-2180. [PMID: 31005366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The red maple and sugar maple (Acer rubrum and A. saccharum, respectively) contain acertannins (ginnalins and maplexins), galloylated derivatives of 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol (1,5-AG, 1). These compounds have a variety of potential medicinal properties and we have shown that some of them promote the expression of ceramide synthase 3. We now report on the beneficial effects of ginnalin B, (6-O-galloyl-1,5-AG, 5), leading to acceleration of skin metabolism and reduction of the turnover time. Ginnalin B dose-dependently increased the relative amount of keratin 10, keratin 1, and filaggrin gene, with maximal increase of 1.7-, 2.9, and 5.2-fold at 100 μM, respectively. The validation study showed that it had superior capacity to induce multiple stages of keratinocyte differentiation and significantly elevated the immunostaining site of keratin 10 and filaggrin in a 3-dimensional cultured human skin model, by 1.2 and 2.8-fold, respectively. Furthermore, ginnalin B caused the arrest of proliferation at the G0/G1 phase but it did not induce apoptotic cell death in normal human keratinocytes. Molecular studies revealed that ginnalin B up-regulated the levels of NOTCH1 and a concomitant increase p21 expression. Ginnalin B, therefore, represents a new class of promising functional and medical cosmetic compound and it could contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Junna Koyama
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kenta Shinzawa
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shuki Imaeda
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Isao Adachi
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Robert J Nash
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences/Phytoquest Limited, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - George W J Fleet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Megumi Shintani
- FUSHIMI Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Marugame, Kagawa 763-8605, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takeuchi
- FUSHIMI Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Marugame, Kagawa 763-8605, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Janssens J, Risseeuw MDP, Van der Eycken J, Van Calenbergh S. Regioselective Ring Opening of 1,3-Dioxane-Type Acetals in Carbohydrates. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Janssens
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW); Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4) 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Martijn D. P. Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW); Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4) 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW); Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Erhart T, Mittelberger C, Liu X, Podewitz M, Li C, Scherzer G, Stoll G, Valls J, Robatscher P, Liedl KR, Oberhuber M, Kräutler B. Novel Types of Hypermodified Fluorescent Phyllobilins from Breakdown of Chlorophyll in Senescent Leaves of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Chemistry 2018; 24:17268-17279. [PMID: 30079972 PMCID: PMC6282590 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll catabolites (or phyllobilins, PBs) were analyzed in yellow fall leaves of the grape Chardonnay, a common Vitis vinifera white wine cultivar. The major fractions in leaf extracts of V. vinifera, tentatively assigned to PBs, were isolated and their structures elucidated. The dominant fraction is a dioxobilin-type non-fluorescent Chl-catabolite of a previously observed type. Two less polar fluorescent PBs were characterized as a novel dioxobilin-type fluorescent Chl-catabolite with a bicyclo-1',6'-glycosyl architecture, and its new fluorescent formyloxobilin-type analogue. The discovery of persistent hypermodified fluorescent PBs with the architecture of bicyclo-[17.3.1]-PBs (bcPBs), suggests the activity of an unknown enzyme that forges the 20-membered macroring at the tetrapyrrolic core of a fluorescent PB. bcPBs may play specific physiological roles in grapevine plants and represent endogenous anti-infective agents, as found similarly for other organic bicyclo-[n.3.1]-1',6'-glycosyl derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Xiujun Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
- Present address: Research Center of Analysis and TestEast China University of Science & TechnologyMeilong Rd 130200237ShanghaiChina
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
- Present address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of, Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science & TechnologyMeilong Rd 130200237ShanghaiChina
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Gertrud Stoll
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
| | - Josep Valls
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
- Present address: Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Enologie EA 4577Université de Bordeaux33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Itoh T, Tamura K, Ueda H, Tanaka T, Sato K, Kuroda R, Aoki S. Design and synthesis of boron containing monosaccharides by the hydroboration of d-glucal for use in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5922-5933. [PMID: 30420329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is one of the radiotherapies that involves the use of boron-containing compounds for the treatment of cancer. Boron-10 (10B) containing compounds that can accumulate in tumor tissue are expected to be suitable agents for BNCT. We report herein on the design and synthesis of some new BNCT agents based on a d-glucose scaffold, since glycoconjugation has been recognized as a useful strategy for the specific targeting of tumors. To introduce a boryl group into a d-glucose scaffold, we focused on the hydroboration of d-glucal derivatives, which have a double bond between the C1 and C2 positions. It was hypothesized that a C-B bond could be introduced at the C2 position of d-glucose by the hydroboration of d-glucal derivatives and that the products could be stabilized by conversion to the corresponding boronic acid ester. To test this hypothesis, we prepared some 2-boryl-1,2-dideoxy-d-glucose derivatives as boron carriers and evaluated their cytotoxicity and cellular uptake activity to cancer cells, especially under hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Itoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Tamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kyouhei Sato
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Reiko Kuroda
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Division of Medical-Science-Engineering Cooperation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Imaging Frontier Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li G, Noguchi M, Nakamura K, Hayasaka R, Tanaka Y, Shoda SI. First protection-free protocol for synthesis of 1-deoxy sugars through glycosyl dithiocarbamate intermediates. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
10
|
Bokor É, Kun S, Goyard D, Tóth M, Praly JP, Vidal S, Somsák L. C-Glycopyranosyl Arenes and Hetarenes: Synthetic Methods and Bioactivity Focused on Antidiabetic Potential. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1687-1764. [PMID: 28121130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This Review summarizes close to 500 primary publications and surveys published since 2000 about the syntheses and diverse bioactivities of C-glycopyranosyl (het)arenes. A classification of the preparative routes to these synthetic targets according to methodologies and compound categories is provided. Several of these compounds, regardless of their natural or synthetic origin, display antidiabetic properties due to enzyme inhibition (glycogen phosphorylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B) or by inhibiting renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2). The latter class of synthetic inhibitors, very recently approved as antihyperglycemic drugs, opens new perspectives in the pharmacological treatment of type 2 diabetes. Various compounds with the C-glycopyranosyl (het)arene motif were subjected to biological studies displaying among others antioxidant, antiviral, antibiotic, antiadhesive, cytotoxic, and glycoenzyme inhibitory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Bokor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen , P.O. Box 400, Debrecen H-4002, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen , P.O. Box 400, Debrecen H-4002, Hungary
| | - David Goyard
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Marietta Tóth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen , P.O. Box 400, Debrecen H-4002, Hungary
| | - Jean-Pierre Praly
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen , P.O. Box 400, Debrecen H-4002, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kamori A, Kato A, Miyawaki S, Koyama J, Nash RJ, Fleet GW, Miura D, Ishikawa F, Adachi I. Dual action of acertannins as potential regulators of intracellular ceramide levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
12
|
An efficient method for the preparation of 1,5-anhydroalditol from unprotected carbohydrates via glycopyranosyl iodide. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
13
|
Si D, Peczuh MW. Synthesis and structure of a carbohydrate-fused [15]-macrodilactone. Carbohydr Res 2016; 434:113-120. [PMID: 27639337 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and structural characterization of a new α-d-glucose fused [15]-macrodilactone is reported. The macrolide was synthesized by a route involving sequential acylations of glucose at the C4' and C6' hydroxyl groups followed by an intramolecular Stille reaction previously established for other [15]-macrodilactones. Analysis of the X-ray crystallographic structure of the macrolide revealed a unique conformation of this macrocycle that differs from earlier models for [13]- and [15]-macrodilactones. Organizing the three planar units and the pyranose moiety into a macrocyclic ring resulted in a cup-shaped structure with planar chirality. Further, the gt conformation of the exocyclic hydroxymethyl group in the glucose unit was found to be crucial for controlling the planar chirality and, hence, governing the molecular shape and overall topology of the compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Si
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, U3060, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Mark W Peczuh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, U3060, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Scherl M, Müller T, Kreutz CR, Huber RG, Zass E, Liedl KR, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll Catabolites in Fall Leaves of the Wych Elm Tree Present a Novel Glycosylation Motif. Chemistry 2016; 22:9498-503. [PMID: 27128523 PMCID: PMC5089558 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fall leaves of the common wych elm tree (Ulmus glabra) were studied with respect to chlorophyll catabolites. Over a dozen colorless, non‐fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) and several yellow chlorophyll catabolites (YCCs) were identified tentatively. Three NCC fractions were isolated and their structures were characterized by spectroscopic means. Two of these, Ug‐NCC‐27 and Ug‐NCC‐43, carried a glucopyranosyl appendage. Ug‐NCC‐53, the least polar of these NCCs, was identified as the formal product of an intramolecular esterification of the propionate and primary glucopyranosyl hydroxyl groups of Ug‐NCC‐43. Thus, the glucopyranose moiety and three of the pyrrole units of Ug‐NCC‐53 span a 20‐membered ring, installing a bicyclo[17.3.1]glycoside moiety. This structural motif is unprecedented in heterocyclic natural products, according to a thorough literature search. The remarkable, three‐dimensional bicyclo[17.3.1]glycoside architecture reduces the flexibility of the linear tetrapyrrole. This feature of Ug‐NCC‐53 is intriguing, considering the diverse biological effects of known bicyclo[n.3.1]glycosidic natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Scherl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph R Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland G Huber
- Institute of General, Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, 30 Biopolis Street, 138671, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Engelbert Zass
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Das SN, Rana R, Chatterjee S, Suresh Kumar G, Mandal SB. Ring-Closing Metathesis and Glycosylation Reactions: Synthesis and Biophysical Studies of Polyether-Linked Carbohydrate-Based Macrocyclic Nucleosides. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9958-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumendra Nath Das
- Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C.
Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Richa Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sabyasachi Chatterjee
- Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C.
Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C.
Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sukhendu B. Mandal
- Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C.
Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Desmond RT, Magpusao AN, Lorenc C, Alverson JB, Priestley N, Peczuh MW. De novo macrolide-glycolipid macrolactone hybrids: Synthesis, structure and antibiotic activity of carbohydrate-fused macrocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2215-21. [PMID: 25246980 PMCID: PMC4168945 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural product-like macrocycles were designed as potential antibacterial compounds. The macrocycles featured a D-glucose unit fused into a 12- or 13-member macrolactone. The rings are connected via the C6' and anomeric (C1') positions of the monosaccharide. The new macrocycles/macrolides were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Their structures showed that, in addition to the ester and alkene units, the dihedral angle about the glycosidic linkage (exo-anomeric effect) influenced the overall shape of the molecules. Glycosylation of an available hydroxy group on the macrocycle gave a hybrid macrolide with features common to erythromycin and sophorlipid macrolactone. Weak antibiotic activity (MICs <100 μg/mL) was observed for several of the compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Desmond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, U3060, Storrs, CT 06269, USA, +1-860-486-1605 FAX: +1-860-486-2981
| | - Anniefer N Magpusao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, U3060, Storrs, CT 06269, USA, +1-860-486-1605 FAX: +1-860-486-2981
| | - Chris Lorenc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, U3060, Storrs, CT 06269, USA, +1-860-486-1605 FAX: +1-860-486-2981
| | - Jeremy B Alverson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Nigel Priestley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Mark W Peczuh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, U3060, Storrs, CT 06269, USA, +1-860-486-1605 FAX: +1-860-486-2981
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Synthesis of O- and C-glycosides derived from β-(1,3)-d-glucans. Carbohydr Res 2013; 382:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Sallam AA, Ayoub NM, Foudah AI, Gissendanner CR, Meyer SA, El Sayed KA. Indole diterpene alkaloids as novel inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in breast cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:594-606. [PMID: 24211635 PMCID: PMC3884952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Penitrems are indole diterpene alkaloids best known for their BK channel inhibition and tremorgenic effects in mammals. In a previous study, penitrems A-F (1-5), their biosynthetic precursors, paspaline (6) and emindole SB (7), and two brominated penitrem analogs 8 and 9 demonstrated promising in vitro antiproliferative, antimigratory, and anti-invasive effects in the MTT (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), wound-healing, and Cultrex BME cell invasion (MDA-MB-231) assays, respectively. The study herein reports the novel ability of penitrem A to suppress total β-catenin levels in MDA-MB-231 mammary cancer cells. Nine new penitrem analogs (10-18) were semisynthetically prepared, in an attempt to identify pharmacophores correlated with BK channel inhibition and tremorgenicity of penitrems and decrease their toxicity. The degree of BK channel inhibition was assessed using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and in vivo tremorgenic EC₅₀ was calculated using CD-1 male mice following an Up-and-Down Procedure (UDP). Although new analogs were generally less active than parent compound 1, some showed no BK channel inhibition or tremorgenicity and retained the ability of penitrem A (1) to suppress total β-catenin levels in MDA-MB-231 cells. Paspaline (6) and emindole SB (7), both lacking BK channel inhibition and tremorgenicity, represent the simplest indole diterpene skeleton that retains the antiproliferative, antimigratory and total β-catenin suppressing effects shown by the more complex penitrem A (1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A. Sallam
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
| | - Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed I. Foudah
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
| | - Chris R. Gissendanner
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
| | - Sharon A. Meyer
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tikad A, Vincent SP. Constrained 3,6-Anhydro-Heptosides: Synthesis by a DAST-Induced Debenzylative Reaction, and Reactivity Profile. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
20
|
Potopnyk MA, Cmoch P, Jarosz S. Short Synthesis of Diamide-Linked Sucrose Macrocycles. Org Lett 2012; 14:4258-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ol301993d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo A. Potopnyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Cmoch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jarosz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xie H, Zeng L, Zeng S, Lu X, Zhang G, Zhao X, Cheng N, Tu Z, Li Z, Xu H, Yang L, Zhang X, Huang M, Zhao J, Hu W. Novel pyrrolopyrimidine analogues as potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors based on pharmacokinetic property-driven optimization. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:205-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
22
|
Lustosa KR, Menegatti R, Braga RC, Lião LM, de Oliveira V. Microbial β-glycosylation of entacapone by Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 9245. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:611-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
23
|
Lemaire S, Houpis IN, Xiao T, Li J, Digard E, Gozlan C, Liu R, Gavryushin A, Diène C, Wang Y, Farina V, Knochel P. Stereoselective C-Glycosylation Reactions with Arylzinc Reagents. Org Lett 2012; 14:1480-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300220p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lemaire
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ioannis N. Houpis
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Digard
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Charlotte Gozlan
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renmao Liu
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrey Gavryushin
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Coura Diène
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youchu Wang
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vittorio Farina
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Paul Knochel
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilian Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-12, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany, and WuxiApptec, Process Chemistry, 288 Fute Zhong road, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
McMaster C, Bream RN, Grainger RS. Radical-mediated reduction of the dithiocarbamate group under tin-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4752-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25434d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Allam A, Dupont L, Behr JB, Plantier-Royon R. Convenient Synthesis of a Galacturonic Acid Based Macrocycle with Potential Copper-Complexation Ability. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
26
|
Yuan C, Hollingsworth RI. A short and efficient synthesis of 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol 6-phosphate. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
27
|
Yin J, Linker T. Stereoselective diversity-oriented syntheses of functionalized saccharides from bicyclic carbohydrate 1,2-lactones. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul V. Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland, Fax: +353‐91‐525700
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ito Y, Yoshinaga T, Nishino H. Efficient macrocyclization using methylene-tethered terminal dienes and bis(manganese(III)-enolate)s. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the Year 2007. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
33
|
Yin J, Linker T. Convenient Synthesis of Bicyclic Carbohydrate 1,2-Lactones and Their Stereoselective Opening to 1-Functionalized Glucose Derivatives. Chemistry 2009; 15:49-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
34
|
Fyvie WS, Peczuh MW. Diastereoselectivity in Epoxidation of Carbohydrate Fused [13]-Macro-dilactones. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3626-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800027y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Sean Fyvie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut,Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Mark W. Peczuh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut,Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| |
Collapse
|