1
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Hsu LC, Isono T, Lin YC, Kobayashi S, Chiang YC, Jiang DH, Hung CC, Ercan E, Yang WC, Hsieh HC, Tajima K, Satoh T, Chen WC. Stretchable OFET Memories: Tuning the Morphology and the Charge-Trapping Ability of Conjugated Block Copolymers through Soft Segment Branching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:2932-2943. [PMID: 33423476 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties and structural design flexibility of charge-trapping polymer electrets have led to their widespread use in organic field-effect transistor (OFET) memories. For example, in the electrets of polyfluorene-based conjugated/insulating block copolymers (BCPs), the confined fiberlike polyfluorene nanostructures in the insulating polymer matrix act as effective hole-trapping sites, leading to controllable memory performance through the design of BCPs. However, few studies have reported intrinsically stretchable charge-trapping materials and their memory device applications, and a practical method to correlate the thin-film morphology of BCP electrets with their charge-trapping ability has not yet been developed. In this study, a series of new conjugated/insulating BCPs, poly(9,9-di-n-hexyl-2,7-fluorene)-block-poly(δ-decanolactone)s (PF-b-PDLx, x = 1-3), as stretchable hole-trapping materials are reported. The linear and branched PDL blocks with comparable molecular weights were used to investigate the effect of polymer architecture on morphology and device performance. Moreover, the coverage area of the polyfluorene nanofibers on the BCP films was extracted from atomic force microscopy images, which can be correlated with the trapping density of the polymer electrets. The branched PDL segments not only improve stretchability but also tailor crystallinity and phase separation of the BCPs, thus increasing their charge-trapping ability. The OFET memory device with PF-b-PDL3 as the electret layer exhibited the largest memory window (102 V) and could retain its performance at up to 100% strain. This research highlights the importance of the BCP design for developing stretchable charge-trapping materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Che Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yan-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Saburo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yun-Chi Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Hua Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Chih-Chien Hung
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ender Ercan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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2
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Qian Z, Cao Z, Galuska L, Zhang S, Xu J, Gu X. Glass Transition Phenomenon for Conjugated Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Qian
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Device The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Device The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Luke Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Device The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Device The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Device The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
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3
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Zhao Y, Chen H, Yin L, Cheng X, Zhang W, Zhu X. Chirality induction of achiral polydialkylfluorenes by chiral solvation: odd–even and side chain length dependence. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00114f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An “odd–even” effect for the chiral β-phase of polydialkylfluorene/limonene aggregates was first observed, depending on the odd–even alkyl side chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Hailing Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Lu Yin
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Xiaoxiao Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Wei Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
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4
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Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Haase D, Fröhlich N, Helfer A, Forster M, Scherf U. Effect of side-chain asymmetry on the intermolecular structure and order-disorder transition in alkyl-substituted polyfluorenes. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:042504. [PMID: 27176345 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.042504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study relations among the side-chain asymmetry, structure, and order-disorder transition (ODT) in hairy-rod-type poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene) (PF6) with two identical side chains and atactic poly(9-octyl-9-methyl-fluorene) (PF1-8) with two different side chains per repeat. PF6 and PF1-8 organize into alternating side-chain and backbone layers that transform into an isotropic phase at T^{ODT}(PF6) and T_{bi}^{ODT}(PF1-8). We interpret polymers in terms of monodisperse and bidisperse brushes and predict scenarios T^{ODT}<T_{bi}^{ODT} and T^{ODT}∼T_{bi}^{ODT} for high and low grafting densities (the side-chain length above or below the average grafting distance). Calorimetry and x-ray scattering indicate the condition T^{ODT}(PF6)∼T_{bi}^{ODT}(PF1-8) following the low grafting prediction. PF6 side chains coming from the alternating backbone layers appear as two separate layers with thickness H(PF6), whereas PF1-8 side chains appear as an indistinguishable bilayer with a half thickness H_{bilayer}(PF1-8)/2≈H(PF6). The low grafting density region is structurally possible but not certain for PF6 and confirmed for PF1-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R Stepanyan
- Materials Science Centre, DSM Research, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - M Torkkeli
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Haase
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - N Fröhlich
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Helfer
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Forster
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - U Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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5
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Torkkeli M, Galbrecht F, Scherf U, Knaapila M. Solid State Structure of Poly(9,9-dinonylfluorene). Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Torkkeli
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Galbrecht
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Deng Y, Yuan W, Jia Z, Liu G. H- and J-aggregation of fluorene-based chromophores. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14536-45. [PMID: 25402824 DOI: 10.1021/jp510520m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of H- and J-aggregation behaviors in fluorene-based polymers is significant both for determining the origin of various red-shifted emissions occurring in blue-emitting polyfluorenes and for developing polyfluorene-based device performance. In this contribution, we demonstrate a new theory of the H- and J-aggregation of polyfluorenes and oligofluorenes, and understand the influence of chromosphere aggregation on their photoluminescent properties. H- and J-aggregates are induced by a continuous increasing concentration of the oligofluorene or polyfluorene solution. A relaxed molecular configuration is simulated to illustrate the spatial arrangement of the bonding of fluorenes. It is indicated that the relaxed state adopts a 21 helical backbone conformation with a torsion angle of 18° between two connected repeat units. This configuration makes the formation of H- and J-aggregates through the strong π-π interaction between the backbone rings. A critical aggregation concentration is observed to form H- and J-aggregates for both polyfluorenes and oligofluorenes. These aggregates show large spectral shifts and distinct shape changes in photoluminescent excitation (PLE) and emission (PL) spectroscopy. Compared with "isolated" chromophores, H-aggregates induce absorption spectral blue-shift and fluorescence spectral red-shift but largely reduce fluorescence efficiency. "Isolated" chromophores not only refer to "isolated molecules" but also include those associated molecules if their conjugated backbones are not compact enough to exhibit perturbed absorption and emission. J-aggregates induce absorption spectral red-shift and fluorescence spectral red-shift but largely enhance fluorescence efficiency. The PLE and PL spectra also show that J-aggregates dominate in concentrated solutions. Different from the excimers, the H- and J-aggregate formation changes the ground-state absorption of fluorene-based chromophores. H- and J-aggregates show changeable absorption and emission derived from various interchain interactions, unlike the β phase, which has relatively fixed absorption and emission derived from an intrachain interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Deng
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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7
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Chen CY, Yang CF, Jeng US, Su AC. Intrinsic Metastability of the α′ Phase and Its Partial Transformation into α Crystals during Isothermal Cold-Crystallization of Poly(l-lactide). Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Yang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - An-Chung Su
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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8
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Faria GC, deAzevedo ER, von Seggern H. Molecular Origin of Charge Traps in Polyfluorene-Based Semiconductors. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregório C. Faria
- Instituto
de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box: 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Institute
of Materials Science, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse
23, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Eduardo R. deAzevedo
- Instituto
de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box: 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Heinz von Seggern
- Institute
of Materials Science, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse
23, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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Tapia MJ, Monteserín M, Burrows HD, Seixas de Melo JS, Estelrich J. Effect of the Phospholipid Chain Length and Head Group on Beta-Phase Formation of Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) Enclosed in Liposomes. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1471-8. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Tapia
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de Burgos; Burgos Spain
| | | | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Joan Estelrich
- Departament de Fisicoquímica; Facultat de Farmàcia; Universitat de Barcelona Avda; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
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10
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Liu C, Wang Q, Tian H, Liu J, Geng Y, Yan D. Control of Crystal Morphology in Monodisperse Polyfluorenes by Solvent and Molecular Weight. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8880-6. [PMID: 23819829 DOI: 10.1021/jp401261u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
| | - Donghang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.
R. China
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11
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Knaapila M, Monkman AP. Methods for controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1090-1108. [PMID: 23341026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the phase behavior of polyfluorene solutions and gels has expanded tremendously in recent years. The relationship between the structure formation and photophysics is known at the quantitative level. The factors which we understand control these relationships include virtually all important materials parameters such as solvent quality, side chain branching, side chain length, molecular weight, thermal history and myriad functionalizations. This review describes advances in controlling structure and photophysical properties in polyfluorene solutions and gels. It discusses the demarcation lines between solutions, gels, and macrophase separation in conjugated polymers and reviews essential solid state properties needed for understanding of solutions. It gives an insight into polyfluorene and polyfluorene beta phase in solutions and gels and describes all the structural levels in solvent matrices, ranging from intramolecular structures to the diverse aggregate classes and network structures and agglomerates of these units. It goes on to describe the kinetics and thermodynamics of these structures. It details the manifold molecular parameters used in their control and continues with the molecular confinement and touches on permanently cross-linked networks. Particular focus is placed on the experimental results of archetypical polyfluorenes and solvent matrices and connection between structure and photonics. A connection is also made to the mean field type theories of hairy-rod like polymers. This altogether allows generalizations and provides a guideline for materials scientists, synthetic chemists and device engineers as well, for this important class of semiconductor, luminescent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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12
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Knaapila M, Konôpková Z, Torkkeli M, Haase D, Liermann HP, Guha S, Scherf U. Structural study of helical polyfluorene under high quasihydrostatic pressure. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:022602. [PMID: 23496539 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.022602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on an x-ray diffraction (XRD) study of helical poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene] (PF2/6) under high quasihydrostatic pressure and show an effect of pressure on the torsion angle (dihedral angle) between adjunct repeat units and on the hexagonal unit cell. A model for helical backbone conformation is constructed. The theoretical position for the most prominent 00l x-ray reflection is calculated as a function of torsion angle. The XRD of high molecular weight PF2/6 (M(n)=30 kg/mol) is measured through a diamond anvil cell upon pressure increase from 1 to 10 GPa. The theoretically considered 00l reflection is experimentally identified, and its shift with the increasing pressure is found to be consistent with the decreasing torsion angle between 2 and 6 GPa. This indicates partial backbone planarization towards a more open helical structure. The h00 peak is identified, and its shift together with the broadening of 00l implies impairment of the ambient hexagonal order, which begins at or below 2 GPa. Previously collected high-pressure photoluminescence data are reanalyzed and are found to be qualitatively consistent with the XRD data. This paper provides an example of how the helical π-conjugated backbone structure can be controlled by applying high quasihydrostatic pressure without modifications in its chemical structure. Moreover, it paves the way for wider use of high-pressure x-ray scattering in the research of π-conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller NO-2027, Norway.
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13
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Knaapila M, Torkkeli M, Galbrecht F, Scherf U. Crystalline and Noncrystalline Forms of Poly(9,9-diheptylfluorene). Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3023124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, POB 64, FI-00014 Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Frank Galbrecht
- Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse
20, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse
20, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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14
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Xie LH, Yin CR, Lai WY, Fan QL, Huang W. Polyfluorene-based semiconductors combined with various periodic table elements for organic electronics. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Wu WR, Chuang WT, Jeng US, Su CJ, Chen SH, Chen CY, Su CH, Su AC. Effects of mesomorphic β nanograins on crystallization and photoexcited emission of poly(9,9-di-n-hexyl-2,7-fluorene). POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Bernardinelli OD, Faria GC, de Oliveira Nunes LA, Faria RM, deAzevedo ER, Pinto MFS. Correlation between molecular conformation, packing, and dynamics in oligofluorenes: a theoretical/experimental study. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4285-95. [PMID: 22471613 DOI: 10.1021/jp210953m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorene-based systems have shown great potential as components in organic electronics and optoelectronics (organic photovoltaics, OPVs, organic light emitting diodes, OLEDs, and organic transistors, OTFTs). These systems have drawn attention primarily because they exhibit strong blue emission associated with relatively good thermal stability. It is well-known that the electronic properties of polymers are directly related to the molecular conformations and chain packing of polymers. Here, we used three oligofluorenes (trimer, pentamer, and heptamer) as model systems to theoretically investigate the conformational properties of fluorene molecules, starting with the identification of preferred conformations. The hybrid exchange-correlation functional, OPBE, and ZINDO/S-CI showed that each oligomer exhibits a tendency to adopt a specific chain arrangement, which could be distinguished by comparing their UV/vis electronic absorption and (13)C NMR spectra. This feature was used to identify the preferred conformation of the oligomer chains in chloroform-cast films by comparing experimental and theoretical UV/vis and (13)C NMR spectra. Moreover, the oligomer chain packing and dynamics in the films were studied by DSC and several solid-state NMR techniques, which indicated that the phase behavior of the films may be influenced by the tendency that each oligomeric chain has to adopt a given conformation.
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17
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Kuehne AJ, Mackintosh AR, Pethrick RA. β-phase formation in a crosslinkable poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene). POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Knaapila M, Bright DW, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Almásy L, Schweins R, Vainio U, Preis E, Galbrecht F, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Network structure of polyfluorene sheets as a function of alkyl side chain length. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:051803. [PMID: 21728563 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of self-organized structures in poly(9,9-di-n-alkylfluorene)s ∼1 vol % methylcyclohexane (MCH) and deuterated MCH (MCH-d(14)) solutions was studied at room temperature using neutron and x-ray scattering (with the overall q range of 0.00058-4.29 Å(-1)) and optical spectroscopy. The number of side chain carbons (N) ranged from 6 to 10. The phase behavior was rationalized in terms of polymer overlap, cross-link density, and blending rules. For N=6-9, the system contains isotropic areas and lyotropic areas where sheetlike assemblies (lateral size of >400 Å) and free polymer chains form ribbonlike agglomerates (characteristic dimension of >1500 Å) leading to a gel-like appearance of the solutions. The ribbons are largely packed together with surface fractal characteristics for N=6-7 but become open networklike structures with mass fractal characteristics for N=8-9, until the system goes through a transition to an isotropic phase of overlapping rodlike polymers for N=10. The polymer order within sheets varies allowing classification for loose membranes and ordered sheets, including the so-called β phase. The polymers within the ordered sheets have restricted motion for N=6-7 but more freedom to vibrate for N=8-9. The nodes in the ribbon network are suggested to contain ordered sheets cross-linking the ribbons together, while the nodes in the isotropic phase appear as weak density fluctuations cross-linking individual chains together. The tendencies for macrophase separation and the formation of non beta sheets decrease while the proportion of free chains increases with increasing N. The fraction of β phase varies nonlinearly, reaching its maximum at N = 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway.
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Liu F, Liu J, Liu R, Hou X, Xie L, Wu H, Tang C, Wei W, Cao Y, Huang W. Hyperbranched framework of interrupted π‐conjugated polymers end‐capped with high carrier‐mobility moieties for stable light‐emitting materials with low driving voltage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 2100046, China
| | - Ju‐Qing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 2100046, China
| | - Ran‐Ran Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 2100046, China
| | - Xiao‐Ya Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 2100046, China
| | - Ling‐Hai Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 2100046, China
| | - Hong‐Bin Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 2100046, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 2100046, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 2100046, China
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20
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Abbel R, van der Weegen R, Pisula W, Surin M, Leclère P, Lazzaroni R, Meijer E, Schenning A. Multicolour Self-Assembled Fluorene Co-Oligomers: From Molecules to the Solid State via White-Light-Emitting Organogels. Chemistry 2009; 15:9737-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Abbel R, Schenning APHJ, Meijer E. Fluorene-based materials and their supramolecular properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Faria GC, Plivelic TS, Cossiello RF, Souza AA, Atvars TDZ, Torriani IL, deAzevedo ER. A Multitechnique Study of Structure and Dynamics of Polyfluorene Cast Films and the Influence on Their Photoluminescence. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:11403-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9043368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. C. Faria
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6165, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, and MAXLab, Lund University, P.O Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - T. S. Plivelic
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6165, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, and MAXLab, Lund University, P.O Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - R. F. Cossiello
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6165, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, and MAXLab, Lund University, P.O Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. A. Souza
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6165, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, and MAXLab, Lund University, P.O Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - T. D. Z. Atvars
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6165, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, and MAXLab, Lund University, P.O Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - I. L. Torriani
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6165, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, and MAXLab, Lund University, P.O Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - E. R. deAzevedo
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, Instituto de Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6165, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil, and MAXLab, Lund University, P.O Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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23
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Liquid crystalline conjugated polymers and their applications in organic electronics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Su CH, Jeng U, Chen SH, Cheng CY, Lee JJ, Lai YH, Su WC, Tsai JC, Su AC. Thermodynamic Characterization of Polymorphs in Bulk-Crystallized Syndiotactic Polystyrene via Small/Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900384b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Science-based Industrial Park, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - U. Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Science-based Industrial Park, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - S. H. Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - C.-Y. Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Science-based Industrial Park, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - J.-J. Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Science-based Industrial Park, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Y.-H. Lai
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Science-based Industrial Park, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - W. C. Su
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - J. C. Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
| | - A. C. Su
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Lakhwani
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan C. J. Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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26
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Abbel R, Schenning APHJ, Meijer EW. Molecular Weight Optimum in the Mesoscopic Order of Chiral Fluorene (Co)polymer Films. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8014855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Abbel
- Molecular Science and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus P. H. J. Schenning
- Molecular Science and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Molecular Science and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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27
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28
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Knaapila M, Stepanyan R, Torkkeli M, Garamus VM, Galbrecht F, Nehls BS, Preis E, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Control over phase behavior and solution structure of hairy-rod polyfluorene by means of side-chain length and branching. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:051803. [PMID: 18643093 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present guidelines on how the solution structure of pi -conjugated hairy-rod polyfluorenes is controlled by the side-chain length and branching. First, the semiquantitative mean-field theory is formulated to predict the phase behavior of the system as a function of side-chain beads (N). The phase transition at N=N{ *} separates a lyotropic phase with solvent coexistence (N<N{ *}) and a metastable membrane phase (N>N{ *}). The membrane phase transforms into the isotropic phase of dissolved rodlike polymers at the temperature T_{mem}{ *}(N), which decreases both with N and with the degree of side-chain branching. This picture is complemented by polymer demixing with the transition temperature T_{IN}{ *}(N), which decreases with N . For N<N{ *}, the lyotropic phase turns isotropic with increasing T at T_{IN}{ *} . For N>N{ *}, stable membranes are predicted for T_{IN}{ *}<T<T_{mem}{ *} and metastable membranes with nematic coexistence for T<T_{IN}{ *}. Second, in experiment, samples of poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene) with N=6-10 were mixed in methylcyclohexane. For N=8 the side-chain branching was controlled by (9,9-dioctylfluorene)/(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene) (F8/F2/6) random copolymers. The proportion of F8 to F2/6 repeat units was 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 50:50, and 0:100. In accordance with the theory, lyotropic, membrane, and isotropic phases with the corresponding phase transitions were observed. For N<N{ *} approximately 6 only the lyotropic phase is present for attainable temperatures. The membrane and isotropic phases are present for N>N{ *}. T_{mem}{ *}(N) decreases from 340 K to 280 K for N > or = 8 . For copolymers, the membrane phase is found when the fraction of F8 units is at least 90%, T_{mem}{ *} decreasing with this fraction. The membrane phase contains three material types: loose sheets of two polymer layers, a better packed beta phase, and dissolved polymer. For N > or = 7 and T<T_{mem}{ *} the tendency for membrane formation becomes stronger with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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29
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Pu KY, Qi XY, Yang YL, Lu XM, Li TC, Fan QL, Wang C, Liu B, Chan H, Huang W. Supramolecule-Regulated Photophysics of Oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)-Based Rod–Coil Block Copolymers: Effect of Molecular Architecture. Chemistry 2008; 14:1205-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Knaapila M, Dias FB, Garamus VM, Almásy L, Torkkeli M, Leppänen K, Galbrecht F, Preis E, Burrows HD, Scherf U, Monkman AP. Influence of Side Chain Length on the Self-Assembly of Hairy-Rod Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s in the Poor Solvent Methylcyclohexane. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0715728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Knaapila
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - F. B. Dias
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - V. M. Garamus
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - L. Almásy
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - M. Torkkeli
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - K. Leppänen
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - F. Galbrecht
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - E. Preis
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - H. D. Burrows
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - U. Scherf
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
| | - A. P. Monkman
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, GKSS Research Centre, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, POB 2200, FI-02015 TKK, Finland, Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Fachbereich Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097
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Sović T, Kappaun S, Koppitz A, Zojer E, Saf R, Bartl K, Fodor-Csorba K, Vajda A, Diele S, Pelzl G, Slugovc C, Stelzer F. Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers Based on Bis-Etherified 9,9-Dihexyl-2,7-bis(4′-hydroxy-1,1′-biphen-4-yl)fluorenes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yang GZ, Wang WZ, Wang M, Liu T. Side-Chain Effect on the Structural Evolution and Properties of Poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene-alt-2,5-dialkoxybenzene) Copolymers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:7747-55. [PMID: 17571873 DOI: 10.1021/jp0704620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural evolution and properties of poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene-alt-2,5-dialkoxybenzene) with different lengths of alkoxy side chains on phenylene have been systematically investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing light microscopy (PLM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The polymer self-organizes into a lamellar structure consisting of both two- and one-layer packing, and the two-layer packing style is the dominant structure. In addition, the two-layer and one-layer packing structures also accompany the presence of planar stacking and/or crystalline and noncrystalline structures, thus maintaining the stability of the packing. PF6OC6 shows three ordered phases (two crystalline phases and one nematic phase) during the heating process. With further increase of the length of alkoxy side chains, only two ordered phases (one crystalline phase and one nematic phase) are observed and the polymers show a melting-recrystallization phenomenon, which is steadily inhibited as the length of the alkoxy side chains increases. The optical and electrochemical properties of the polymers do not exhibit noticeable dependence on the length of the alkoxy side chains. However, the thermal stability, the vibronic structures, and the full width at half-maximum (fwhm) in photoluminescence spectra of the films gradually decrease, and the oxidation onset potentials and the corresponding HOMO energy levels slightly increase with increasing length of alkoxy side chains on phenylene. These results indicate that the length variation of alkoxy side chains does not change the electronic structure of the polymer backbones, but remarkably affects the microphase separation between the flexible side chains and the conjugated backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Zhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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Knaapila M, Torkkeli M, Monkman AP. Evidence for 21-Helicity of Poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl]. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0626665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mika Torkkeli
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- MAX-lab, Lund University, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Physical Sciences, POB 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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