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Kimpel J, Kim Y, Asatryan J, Martín J, Kroon R, Müller C. High-mobility organic mixed conductors with a low synthetic complexity index via direct arylation polymerization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7679-7688. [PMID: 38784738 PMCID: PMC11110131 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Through direct arylation polymerization, a series of mixed ion-electron conducting polymers with a low synthetic complexity index is synthesized. A thieno[3,2-b]thiophene monomer with oligoether side chains is used in direct arylation polymerization together with a wide range of aryl bromides with varying electronic character from electron-donating thiophene to electron-accepting benzothiadiazole. The obtained polymers are less synthetically complex than other mixed ion-electron conducting polymers due to higher yield, fewer synthetic steps and less toxic reagents. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on a newly synthesized copolymer comprising thieno[3,2-b]thiophene with oligoether side chains and bithiophene exhibit excellent device performance. A high charge-carrier mobility of up to μ = 1.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 was observed, obtained by dividing the figure of merit [μC*] from OECT measurements by the volumetric capacitance C* from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which reached a value of more than 215 F cm-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jesika Asatryan
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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2
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Gonev H, Jones E, Chang CY, Ie Y, Chatterjee S, Clarke TM. Invariant Charge Carrier Dynamics Using a Non-Planar Non-Fullerene Acceptor across Multiple Processing Solvents. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:6758-6766. [PMID: 38690536 PMCID: PMC11056975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Conventional non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) typically have planar structures that can enable improved electron mobility and produce more efficient organic photovoltaic devices. A relatively simple A-D-A'-D-A type NFA specifically designed to match with poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) for green-absorbing agrivoltaic applications has been examined using a variety of techniques: microsecond transient absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and photoluminescence. Relatively invariant charge carrier decay dynamics are observed in the blend films across a variety of processing solvents. Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with computational studies reveals that this NFA is non-planar and that multiple conformations are present in films, while preserving the crystalline nature of P3HT. The non-planarity of the NFA therefore creates a dispersive acceptor environment, irrespective of processing solvent, and this leads to the observed relative invariance in charge carrier decay dynamics and high tolerance to morphological variation. The findings presented in this work highlight the potential of non-planar materials as acceptors in organic photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo
Ivov Gonev
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tracey M. Clarke
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
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3
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Zhang X, Gu X, Huang H. Low-Cost Nonfused-Ring Electron Acceptors Enabled by Noncovalent Conformational Locks. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:981-991. [PMID: 38431881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusSince the first bilayer-structured organic solar cells (OSCs) in 1986, fullerenes and their derivatives have dominated the landscape for two decades due to their unique properties. In recent years, the breakthrough in nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) was mainly attributed to the development of fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs), whose photovoltaic performance surpassed that of fullerene derivatives. Through the unremitting efforts of the whole community, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) have surpassed 19% in FREA-based OSCs. However, FREAs generally suffered from complex synthetic approaches and high product costs, which hindered large-scale production. Therefore, many researchers are seeking a new type of NFA to achieve cost-effective, highly efficient OSCs.In collaboration with Marks and Facchetti in 2012, Huang et al. (Huang, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 10966-10973, 10.1021/ja303401s) proposed the concept of "noncovalent conformational locks" (NoCLs). In the following years, our group has been focusing on the theoretical and experimental exploration of NoCLs, revealing their fundamental nature, formulating a simple descriptor for quantifying their strength, and employing this approach to achieve high-performance organic/polymeric semiconductors for optoelectronics, such as OSCs, thin-film transistors, room-temperature phosphorescence, and photodetectors. The NoCLs strategy has been proven to be a simple and effective approach for enhancing molecular rigidity and planarity, thus improving the charge transport mobilities of organic/polymeric semiconductors, attributed to reduced reorganization energy and suppressed nonradiative decay.In 2018, Chen et al. (Li, S. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1705208, 10.1002/adma.201705208) reported the first example of nonfused-ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) with intramolecular noncovalent F···H interactions. The NoCLs strategy is essential in NFREAs, as it simplifies the conjugated structures while maintaining high coplanarity comparable to that of FREAs. Due to their simple structures and concise synthesis routes, NFREAs show great potential for achieving cost-effective and highly efficient OSCs. In this Account, we provide an overview of our efforts in developing NFREAs with the NoCLs strategy. We begin with a discussion on the distinct features of NFREAs compared with FREAs, and the structural simplification from FREAs to NFREAs to completely NFREAs. Next, we examine several selected typical examples of NFREAs with remarkable photovoltaic performance, aiming to provide an in-depth exploration of the molecular design principle and structure-property-performance relationships. Then, we discuss how to achieve a balance among efficiency, stability, and cost through a two-in-one strategy of polymerized NFREAs (PNFREAs). Finally, we offer our views on the current challenges and future prospects of NFREAs. We hope this Account will trigger intensive research interest in this field, thus propelling OSCs into a new stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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4
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Xiao L, Gao S, Liao R, Zhou Y, Kong Q, Hu G. C 3N 5-based nanomaterials and their applications in heterogeneous catalysts, energy harvesting, and environmental remediation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38445393 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh02092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the global reliance on fossil fuels and the exponential growth of human population have escalated global energy consumption and environmental issues. To tackle these dual challenges, metal catalysts, in particular precious metal ones, have emerged as pivotal players in the fields of environment and energy. Among the numerous metal-free and organic catalyst materials, C3N5-based materials have a major advantage over their carbon nitride (CxNy) counterparts owing to the abundant availability of raw materials, non-toxicity, non-hazardous nature, and exceptional performance. Although significant efforts have been dedicated to synthesising and optimising the applicable properties of C3N5-based materials in recent years, a comprehensive summary of the immediate parameters of this promising material is still lacking. Given the rapid development of C3N5-based materials, a timely review is essential for staying updated on their strengths and weaknesses across various applications, as well as providing guidance for designing efficient catalysts. In this study, we present an extensive overview of recent advancements in C3N5-based materials, encompassing their physicochemical properties, major synthetic methods, and applications in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and adsorption, among others. This systematic review effectively summarises both the advantages and shortcomings associated with C3N5-based materials for energy and environmental applications, thus offering researchers focussed on CxNy-materials an in-depth understanding of those based on C3N5. Finally, considering the limitations and deficiencies of C3N5-based materials, we have proposed enhancement schemes and strategies, while presenting personal perspectives on the challenges and future directions for C3N5. Our ultimate aim is to provide valuable insights for the research community in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Xiao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen 333403, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Sanshuang Gao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Runhua Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen 333403, China.
| | - Yingtang Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Qingquan Kong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Guangzhi Hu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
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5
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Riera-Galindo S, Sanz-Lleó M, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Ramos N, Mas-Torrent M, Martín J, López-Mir L, Campoy-Quiles M. High Polymer Molecular Weight Yields Solar Cells with Simultaneously Improved Performance and Thermal Stability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311735. [PMID: 38279561 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Simple synthetic routes, high active layer thickness tolerance as well as stable organic solar cells are relentlessly pursued as key enabling traits for the upscaling of organic photovoltaics. Here, the potential to address these issues by tuning donor polymer molecular weight is investigated. Specifically, the focus is on PTQ10, a polymer with low synthetic complexity, with number average molecular weights of 2.4, 6.2, 16.8, 52.9, and 54.4 kDa, in combination with three different non-fullerene acceptors, namely Y6, Y12, and IDIC. Molecular weight, indeed, unlocks a threefold increase in power conversion efficiency for these blends. Importantly, efficiencies above 10% for blade coated devices with thicknesses between 200 and 350 nm for blends incorporating high molecular weight donor are shown. Spectroscopic, GIWAXS and charge carrier mobility data suggest that the strong photocurrent improvement with molecular weight is related to both, improved electronic transport and polymer contribution to exciton generation. Moreover, it is demonstrated that solar cells based on high molecular weight PTQ10 are more thermally stable due to a higher glass transition temperature, thus also improving device stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Riera-Galindo
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sanz-Lleó
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Eurecat Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unit of Printed Electronics & Embedded Devices, Av. d'Ernest Lluch 36, Mataró, 08302, Spain
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez-Fernández
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ramos
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Esteiro, Ferrol, 15403, Spain
| | - Laura López-Mir
- Eurecat Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unit of Printed Electronics & Embedded Devices, Av. d'Ernest Lluch 36, Mataró, 08302, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Bartlett KA, Charland-Martin A, Lawton J, Tomlinson AL, Collier GS. Azomethine-Containing Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole Copolymers for Simple and Degradable Conjugated Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300220. [PMID: 37449343 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have received significant attention as potentially lightweight and highly tailorable alternatives to inorganic semiconductors, but their synthesis is often complex, produces toxic byproducts, and they are not typically designed to be degradable or recyclable. These drawbacks necessitate dedicated efforts to discover materials with design motifs that enable targeted and efficient degradation of conjugated polymers. In this vein, the synthetic simplicity of 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles (DHPPs) is exploited to access azomethine-containing copolymers via a benign acid-catalyzed polycondensation protocol. Polymerizations involve reacting a dialdehyde-functionalized dihydropyrrolopyrrole with p-phenylenediamine as the comonomer using p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst. The inherent dynamic equilibrium of the azomethine bonds subsequently enabled the degradation of the polymers in solution in the presence of acid. Degradation of the polymers is monitored via NMR, UV-vis absorbance, and fluorescence spectroscopies, and the polymers are shown to be fully degradable. Notably, while absorbance measurements reveal a continued shift to higher energies with extended exposure to acid, fluorescence measurements show a substantial increase in the fluorescence response upon degradation. Results from this study encourage the continued development of environmentally-conscious polymerizations to attain polymeric materials with useful properties while simultaneously creating polymers with structural handles for end-of-life management or/and recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Bartlett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | - Ariane Charland-Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | - Jonathan Lawton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, 30597, USA
| | - Aimée L Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, 30597, USA
| | - Graham S Collier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
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7
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Yang X, Shao Y, Wang S, Chen M, Xiao B, Sun R, Min J. Processability Considerations for Next-Generation Organic Photovoltaic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307863. [PMID: 38048536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of organic semiconductors for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has resulted in unforeseen outcomes. This has provided substitute choices of photoactive layer materials, which effectively convert sunlight into electricity. Recently developed OPV materials have narrowed down the gaps in efficiency, stability, and cost in devices. Records now show power conversion efficiency in single-junction devices closing to 20%. Despite this, there is still a gap between the currently developed OPV materials and those that meet the requirements of practical applications, especially the solution processability issue widely concerned in the field of OPVs. Based on the general rule that structure determines properties, methodologies to enhance the processability of OPV materials are reviewed and explored from the perspective of material design and views on the further development of processable OPV materials are presented. Considering the current dilemma that the existing evaluation indicators cannot reflect the industrial processability of OPV materials, a more complete set of key performance indicators are proposed for their processability considerations. The purpose of this perspective is to raise awareness of the boundary conditions that exist in industrial OPV manufacturing and to provide guidance for academic research that aspires to contribute to technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mingxia Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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8
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Rimmele M, Qiao Z, Panidi J, Furlan F, Lee C, Tan WL, McNeill CR, Kim Y, Gasparini N, Heeney M. A polymer library enables the rapid identification of a highly scalable and efficient donor material for organic solar cells. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4202-4212. [PMID: 37599602 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic improvement of the PCE (power conversion efficiency) of organic photovoltaic devices in the past few years has been driven by the development of new polymer donor materials and non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). In the design of such materials synthetic scalability is often not considered, and hence complicated synthetic protocols are typical for high-performing materials. Here we report an approach to readily introduce a variety of solubilizing groups into a benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole acceptor comonomer. This allowed for the ready preparation of a library of eleven donor polymers of varying side chains and comonomers, which facilitated a rapid screening of properties and photovoltaic device performance. Donor FO6-T emerged as the optimal material, exhibiting good solubility in chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents and achieving 15.4% PCE with L8BO as the acceptor (15.2% with Y6) and good device stability. FO6-T was readily prepared on the gram scale, and synthetic complexity (SC) analysis highlighted FO6-T as an attractive donor polymer for potential large scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Zhuoran Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Julianna Panidi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Francesco Furlan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Chulyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Youngkyoo Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Fu H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Xu Z, Zhou Q, Li Z, Bai Y, Li Y, Zhang ZG. Modular-Approach Synthesis of Giant Molecule Acceptors via Lewis-Acid-Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation for Stable Polymer Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306303. [PMID: 37322862 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The operational stability of polymer solar cells is a critical concern with respect to the thermodynamic relaxation of acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) or A-DA'D-A structured small-molecule acceptors (SMAs) within their blends with polymer donors. Giant molecule acceptors (GMAs) bearing SMAs as subunits offer a solution to this issue, while their classical synthesis via the Stille coupling suffers from low reaction efficiency and difficulty in obtaining mono-brominated SMA, rendering the approach impractical for their large-scale and low-cost preparation. In this study, we present a simple and cost-effective solution to this challenge through Lewis acid-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation with boron trifluoride etherate (BF3 ⋅ OEt2 ) as catalyst. We demonstrated that the coupling of the monoaldehyde-terminated A-D-CHO unit and the methylene-based A-link-A (or its silyl enol ether counterpart) substrates can be quantitatively achieved within 30 minutes in the presence of acetic anhydride, affording a variety of GMAs connected via the flexible and conjugated linkers. The photophysical properties was fully studied, yielding a high device efficiency of over 18 %. Our findings offer a promising alternative for the modular synthesis of GMAs with high yields, easier work up, and the widespread application of such methodology will undoubtedly accelerate the progress of stable polymer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Youdi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Green Functional Materials, Changchun Normal University, 130032, Changchun, China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng'ao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuju Zhou
- Analysis & Testing Center, Xinyang Normal University, 464000, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhengkai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
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10
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Li Y, Yuan X, Kim S, Zhang Y, Xie D, Tan X, Yang C, Huang X, Huang F, Cao Y, Duan C. Revealing the Molecular Weight Effect on Highly Efficient Polythiophene Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37294863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polythiophenes (PTs) are promising electron donors in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their simple structures and excellent synthetic scalability. Benefiting from the rational molecular design, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PT solar cells has been greatly improved. Herein, five batches of the champion PT (P5TCN-F25) with molecular weights ranging from 30 to 87 kg mol-1 were prepared, and the effect of the molecular weight on the blend film morphology and photovoltaic performance of PT solar cells was systematically investigated. The results showed that the PCEs of the devices improved first and then maintained a high value with the increase of molecular weight, and the highest PCE of 16.7% in binary PT solar cells was obtained. Further characterizations revealed that the promotion in photovoltaic performance mainly comes from finer phase separation structures and more compact molecular packing in the blend film. The best device stabilities were also achieved by polymers with high molecular weights. Overall, this study highlights the importance of optimizing the molecular weight for PTs and offers directions to further improve the PCE of PT solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youle Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyue Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Seoyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongsheng Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxin Tan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Changduk Yang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Xuelong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
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11
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Yang Q, Chen H, Lv J, Huang P, Han D, Deng W, Sun K, Kumar M, Chung S, Cho K, Hu D, Dong H, Shao L, Zhao F, Xiao Z, Kan Z, Lu S. Balancing the Efficiency and Synthetic Accessibility of Organic Solar Cells with Isomeric Acceptor Engineering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2207678. [PMID: 37171812 PMCID: PMC10369256 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous development of organic semiconductor materials and on-going improvement of device technology, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs) have surpassed the threshold of 19%. Now, the low production cost of organic photovoltaic materials and devices have become an imperative demand for its practical application and future commercialization. Herein, the feasibility of simplified synthesis for cost-effective small-molecule acceptors via end-cap isomeric engineering is demonstrated, and two constitutional isomers, BTP-m-4Cl and BTP-o-4Cl, are synthesized and compared in parallel. These two non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have very similar optoelectronic properties but nonuniform morphological and crystallographic characteristics. Consequently, the OSCs composed of PM6:BTP-m-4Cl realize PCE of 17.2%, higher than that of the OSCs with PM6:BTP-o-4Cl (≈16%). When ternary OSCs are fabricated with PM6:BTP-m-4Cl:BTP-o-4Cl, the averaged PCE value reaches 17.95%, presenting outstanding photovoltaic performance. Most excitingly, the figure of merit (FOM) values of PM6:BTP-m-4Cl, PM6:BTP-o-4Cl, and PM6:BTP-m-4Cl:BTP-o-4Cl based devices are 0.190, 0.178, and 0.202 respectively. The FOM values of these systems are all among the top ones of the current high-efficiency OSC systems, revealing high cost-effectiveness of the two NFAs. This work provides a general but accessible strategy to minimize the efficiency-cost gap and promises the economic prospects of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianguang Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jie Lv
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Peihao Huang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
| | - Deman Han
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, P. R. China
| | - Wanyuan Deng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou, Beijing, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Kuan Sun
- Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Manish Kumar
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, North Korea
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Dingqin Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Dong
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
| | - Li Shao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Fuqing Zhao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
| | - Zeyun Xiao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Shirong Lu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, P. R. China
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12
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Liang S, Xiao C, Xie C, Liu B, Fang H, Li W. 13% Single-Component Organic Solar Cells based on Double-Cable Conjugated Polymers with Pendent Y-Series Acceptors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300629. [PMID: 36814317 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Double-cable conjugated polymers with pendent electron acceptors, including fullerene, rylene diimides, and nonfused acceptors, have been developed for application in single-component organic solar cells (SCOSCs) with efficiencies approaching 10%. In this work, Y-series electron acceptors have been firstly incorporated into double-cable polymers in order to further improve the efficiencies of SCOSCs. A highly crystalline Y-series acceptor based on quinoxaline core and the random copolymerized strategy are used to optimize the ambipolar charge transport and the nanophase separation of the double-cable polymers. As a result, an efficiency of 13.02% is obtained in the random double-cable polymer, representing the highest performance in SCOSCs, while the regular double-cable polymer only provides a low efficiency of 2.75%. The significantly enhanced efficiencies are attributed to higher charge carrier mobilities, better ordering conjugated backbones and Y-series acceptors in random double-cable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Xie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Baiqiao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Haisheng Fang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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13
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Shao Y, Sun R, Wang W, Yang X, Sun C, Li Y, Min J. Low-cost organic photovoltaic materials with great application potentials enabled by developing isomerized non-fused ring acceptors. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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14
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He J, Liang Z, Lin L, Liang S, Xu J, Ni W, Li M, Geng Y. Polythiophenes with alkylthiophene side chains for efficient polymer solar cells. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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15
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Camaioni N, Carbonera C, Ciammaruchi L, Corso G, Mwaura J, Po R, Tinti F. Polymer Solar Cells with Active Layer Thickness Compatible with Scalable Fabrication Processes: A Meta-Analysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210146. [PMID: 36609981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPV) has been considered for a long time a promising emerging solar technology. Currently, however, market shares of OPV are practically non-existent. A detailed meta-analysis of the literature published until mid-2021 is presented, focusing on one of the remaining issues that need to be addressed to translate the recent remarkable progress, obtained in devices' performance at lab-scale level, into the requirements able to boost the manufacturing-scale production. Namely, the active layer's thickness is referred to, which, together with device efficiency and stability, represents one of the biggest challenges of this technological research field. Papers describing solar cells containing non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) binary and ternary blends, as well as NFA plus fullerene acceptor (FA) ternary blends are reviewed. The common ground of all analyzed devices is their high-thickness active layers, compatible with large-area deposition techniques. By defining a new figure of merit to discuss the OPV thickness (thickness tolerance, TT), it is found that this parameter is not affected by the chemical family's nature of the active blend components. On the other hand, the analysis suggests that there are promising strategies to improve the TT, which are discussed in the conclusion section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Camaioni
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Chiara Carbonera
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Material Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via G. Fauser 4, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Laura Ciammaruchi
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Material Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via G. Fauser 4, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Gianni Corso
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Material Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via G. Fauser 4, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Jeremiah Mwaura
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Riccardo Po
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Material Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via G. Fauser 4, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Francesca Tinti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
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16
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Oh S, Amjad M, Ahn T, Lee SK. Rational design of the S,
N‐heteroacene‐based nonfullerene
by introducing the fluorine atom for efficient
high‐performance
organic solar cells. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sora Oh
- Advanced Materials Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Yuseong, Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Mufarah Amjad
- Advanced Materials Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Yuseong, Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering University of Science and Technology (UST) Yuseong, Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Kyungsung University Nam‐gu, Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Lee
- Advanced Materials Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Yuseong, Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering University of Science and Technology (UST) Yuseong, Daejeon Republic of Korea
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17
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Sundaresan C, Vebber MC, Brusso JL, Tao Y, Alem S, Lessard BH. Low-Cost Silicon Phthalocyanine as a Non-Fullerene Acceptor for Flexible Large Area Organic Photovoltaics. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:1588-1596. [PMID: 36643570 PMCID: PMC9835793 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate large-area (1 cm2) organic photovoltaic (OPVs) devices based on bis(tri-n-butylsilyl oxide) silicon phthalocyanine (3BS)2-SiPc as a non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) with low synthetic complexity paired with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as a donor polymer. Environment-friendly nonhalogenated solvents were used to process large area OPVs on flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. An alternate sequentially (Alt-Sq) blade-coated active layer with bulk heterojunction-like morphology is obtained when using (3BS)2-SiPc processing with o-xylene/1,3,5-trimethylbenzene solvents. The sequential (Sq) active layer is prepared by first blade-coating (3BS)2-SiPc solution followed by P3HT coated on the top without any post-treatment. The conventional sequentially (Sq) blade-coated active layer presents very low performance due to the (3BS)2-SiPc bottom layer being partially washed off by processing the top layer of P3HT. In contrast, alternate sequentially (Alt-Sq) blade-coated layer-by-layer film shows even better device performance compared to the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveal that the Alt-Sq processing of the active layer leads to a BHJ-like morphology with a well-intermixed donor-acceptor component in the active layer while providing a simpler processing approach to low-cost and large-scale OPV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithiravel Sundaresan
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
- Advanced
Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ONK1A
0R6, Canada
| | - Mário C. Vebber
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jaclyn L. Brusso
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University
of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ye Tao
- Advanced
Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ONK1A
0R6, Canada
| | - Salima Alem
- Advanced
Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ONK1A
0R6, Canada
| | - Benoît H. Lessard
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward AvenueOttawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
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18
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4,4-Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-6-(9-(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-carbazol-6-yl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-carbaldehyde. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyes with a donor–π–spacer–acceptor (D-π-A) structure containing a dicyanovinyl group as an acceptor have recently been of interest for the production of single-component organic solar cells. The most convenient precursors for their synthesis are the corresponding aldehydes. In this communication, 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-6-(9-(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-carbazol-6-yl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-carbaldehyde was synthesized by the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-dicarbaldehyde and 9-(2-ethylhexyl)-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-carbazole in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). The structure of the newly synthesized compound was established by means of high-resolution mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy.
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19
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Direct arylation polycondensation for the synthesis of medium-bandgap polymer donors (PBDB-T) for organic photovoltaics. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Jeon SJ, Yang NG, Kim YH, Yun JH, Moon DK. Bihalogenated Thiophene-Based Terpolymers for High-Performance Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells Processed by an Eco-Friendly Solvent and Layer-by-Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38031-38047. [PMID: 35960878 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of photoactive materials simultaneously satisfying high performance, low cost, and eco-friendly processability remains challenging in organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, a synergistic strategy is proposed to design three terpolymers (PM7(ClCl = 0.2), PM7(ClBr = 0.2), and PM7(BrBr = 0.2)) based on bihalogenated thiophenes with relatively low cost, for improving the optical and electrochemical properties, solubility in nontoxic solvents, and crystallinity and miscibility balance. In summary, a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ)-processed device based on PM7(ClCl = 0.2) with 20% dichlorinated thiophene achieves the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.2% using toluene (best PCE ≈ 15.8% on the ternary blend). Moreover, high-performance semitransparent OSCs (ST-OSCs) were fabricated by a combination of layer-by-layer (LBL) and sequential dynamic and static spin-coating techniques according to the molecular weight of PM7(ClCl = 0.2). Using this unique LBL strategy, the PM7(ClCl = 0.2)-MW (H; high molecular weight)-processed ST-OSCs yield a high PCE of 11.5% and an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 27.1% with outstanding tolerance to device reproducibility. By optimizing ST-OSCs with tungsten trioxide as a distributed Bragg reflector, a light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 3.61% is realized with a PCE of 10.8% and an AVT of 33.4% (certified PCE ≈ 11.157%; LUE ≈ 3.73%). This study provides a novel perspective for designing and developing actual photoactive materials for OSC commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jae Jeon
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Yang
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Yun
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Doo Kyung Moon
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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21
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Zhu XM, Bao SN, Yang H, Fan HY, Fan CL, Li XX, Hu KW, Cao HY, Cui CH, Li YF. Nonfused-Core-Small-Molecule-Acceptor-Based Polymer Acceptors for All-Polymer Solar Cells. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Rodríguez-Martínez X, Riera-Galindo S, Cong J, Österberg T, Campoy-Quiles M, Inganäs O. Matching electron transport layers with a non-halogenated and low synthetic complexity polymer:fullerene blend for efficient outdoor and indoor organic photovoltaics. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:10768-10779. [PMID: 35706705 PMCID: PMC9113214 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta01205g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The desired attributes of organic photovoltaics (OPV) as a low cost and sustainable energy harvesting technology demand the use of non-halogenated solvent processing for the photoactive layer (PAL) materials, preferably of low synthetic complexity (SC) and without compromising the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Despite their record PCEs, most donor-acceptor conjugated copolymers in combination with non-fullerene acceptors are still far from upscaling due to their high cost and SC. Here we present a non-halogenated and low SC ink formulation for the PAL of organic solar cells, comprising PTQ10 and PC61BM as donor and acceptor materials, respectively, showing a record PCE of 7.5% in blade coated devices under 1 sun, and 19.9% under indoor LED conditions. We further study the compatibility of the PAL with 5 different electron transport layers (ETLs) in inverted architecture. We identify that commercial ZnO-based formulations together with a methanol-based polyethyleneimine-Zn (PEI-Zn) chelated ETL ink are the most suitable interlayers for outdoor conditions, providing fill factors as high as 74% and excellent thickness tolerance (up to 150 nm for the ETL, and >200 nm for the PAL). In indoor environments, SnO2 shows superior performance as it does not require UV photoactivation. Semi-transparent devices manufactured entirely in air via lamination show indoor PCEs exceeding 10% while retaining more than 80% of the initial performance after 400 and 350 hours of thermal and light stress, respectively. As a result, PTQ10:PC61BM combined with either PEI-Zn or SnO2 is currently positioned as a promising system for industrialisation of low cost, multipurpose OPV modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Rodríguez-Martínez
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | - Sergi Riera-Galindo
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | - Jiayan Cong
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
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23
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Yuan Y, Kumar P, Ngai JHL, Gao X, Li X, Liu H, Wang J, Li Y. Wide Bandgap Polymer Donor with Acrylate Side Chains for Non-Fullerene Acceptor-based Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200325. [PMID: 35524946 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors inherently have a low dielectric constant and hence high exciton binding energy, which is largely responsible for the rather low power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells as well as the requirements to achieve delicate bulk-heterojunction nanophase separation in the active layer. In this study, we use methyl acrylate as a weakly electron-withdrawing side chain for the electron rich thiophene to prepare a new building block, methyl thiophene-3-acrylate (TA), with increased polarity. A wide bandgap polymer PBDT-TA synthesized using TA and a benzodithiophene (BDT) monomer shows increased dielectric constant and reduced exciton binding energy compared to the analogous polymer PBDT-TC, which is made of BDT and methyl thiophene-3-carboxylate (TC). An organic solar cell device based on PBDT-TA:ITIC also achieves a higher power conversion efficiency of 10.47% than that of the PBDT-TC:ITIC based solar cell (9.68%). This work demonstrates the effectiveness of using acrylate side chains to increase the dielectric constant, reduce the exciton binding energy, and enhance the solar cell efficiency of polymer semiconductors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jenner H L Ngai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiguang Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Liu M, Zheng Z, Jiang X, Guo F, Mola GT, Gao S, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Fluorinated phenanthrenequinoxaline-based D-A type copolymers for non-fullerene polymer solar cells. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Zhang X, Qin L, Li L, Liu X, Wei Y, Huang H. A New Noncovalently Fused-Ring Electron Acceptor Based on 3,7-Dialkyloxybenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene for Low-Cost and High-Performance Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200085. [PMID: 35298056 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The innovation of high-performance fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs) has carried the field of organic solar cells (OSCs) towards a new stage of development. However, due to high synthetic complexity and production costs, FREAs may be not the most promising candidates for future commercialization applications. To address these disadvantages of FREAs, a series of low-cost acceptors, named as noncovalently fused-ring electron acceptors (NFREAs), has been successfully constructed by employing the strategy of noncovalently conformational locks (NoCLs). Herein, a novel NFREA (BDTO-4F) based on 3,7-dialkyloxybenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene is synthesized and fully characterized. Benefiting from the complementary absorption of the donor and acceptor, balanced charge transport, and favorable film morphology, J52:BDTO-4F based OSCs afforded a satisfied power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.09%, much higher than PBDB-T:BDTO-4F-based devices (8.30%). It is worth mentioning that BDTO-4F possesses a higher figure-of-merit (FOM) value of 55.65 in comparison with several representative FREAs based on a cost-efficiency evaluation. This work demonstrates the potential of the novel BDT derivative for constructing low-cost and high-performance NFREAs, providing a valuable insight on the materials design. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linqing Qin
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Laiyang Li
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xingzheng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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26
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Ceriani C, Pallini F, Mezzomo L, Sassi M, Mattiello S, Beverina L. Micellar catalysis beyond the hydrophobic effect: Efficient palladium catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of water and organic solvent insoluble pigments with food grade surfactants. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Zhou Y, Li M, Yu N, Shen S, Song J, Ma Z, Bo Z. Simple Tricyclic-Based A-π-D-π-A-Type Nonfullerene Acceptors for High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6039-6047. [PMID: 35061346 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonfused-ring electron acceptors have attracted much attention in recent years due to their advantages of simple synthetic routes, high yields, low costs, reasonable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), and so on. Herein, three simple A-π-D-π-A-type acceptors (DTC-BO-4F, DTS-BO-4F, and DTP-BO-4F) comprising a tricyclic fused-ring core, two 2,5-bis(alkyloxy)phenylene spacers, and two difluorinated terminal groups (DF-IC) were developed. Compared with DTS-BO-4F, DTC-BO-4F and DTP-BO-4F exhibit higher molar extinction coefficients, stronger crystallinity, and more orderly stacking. The PBDB-T:DTC-BO-4F-based blend film shows suitable phase separation and higher and more balanced charge mobilities. Finally, the photovoltaic devices based on DTC-BO-4F give an outstanding PCE of 13.26% with a small nonradiative voltage loss of 0.23 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Miao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Na Yu
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620 Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaishuai Shen
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinsheng Song
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zaifei Ma
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhishan Bo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Gao Y, Cui M, Qu S, Zhao H, Shen Z, Tan F, Dong Y, Qin C, Wang Z, Zhang W, Wang Z, Lei Y. Efficient Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Simple Non-Fused Electron Donors with Low Synthetic Complexity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104623. [PMID: 34837464 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fused-ring electron donors boost the efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs), but they suffer from high cost and low yield for their large synthetic complexity (SC > 30%). Herein, the authors develop a series of simple non-fused-ring electron donors, PF1 and PF2, which alternately consist of furan-3-carboxylate and 2,2'-bithiophene. Note that PF1 and PF2 present very small SC of 9.7% for their inexpensive raw materials, facile synthesis, and high synthetic yield. Compared to their all-thiophene-backbone counterpart PT-E, two new polymers feature larger conjugated plane, resulting in higher hole mobility for them, especially a value up to ≈10-4 cm2 V-1 ·s for PF2 with longer alkyl side chain. Meanwhile, PF1 and PF2 exhibit larger dielectric constant and deeper electronic energy level versus PT-E. Benefiting from the better physicochemical properties, the efficiencies of PF1- and PF2-based devices are improved by ≈16.7% and ≈71.3% relative to that PT-E-based devices, respectively. Furthermore, the optimized PF2-based devices with introducing PC71 BM as the third component deliver a higher efficiency of 12.40%. The work not only indicates that furan-3-carboxylate is a simple yet efficient building block for constructing non-fused-ring polymers but also provides a promising electron donor PF2 for the low-cost production of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Minghuan Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Spectrum Measures and Applications, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Huaping Zhao
- Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Zhitao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Furui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yulian Dong
- Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Chaochao Qin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials & Spectrum Measures and Applications, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhangguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yong Lei
- Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractInstalling fluoroalkyl chains on a molecule by the Heck reaction is a versatile method to transform the molecule’s properties that enable unique materials applications. This work further expands the scope of this reaction to thiophenes, which were able to undergo further functionalization and polymerization, highlighting the potential of these molecules in conjugated organic materials.
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Wang R, Lüer L, Langner S, Heumueller T, Forberich K, Zhang H, Hauch J, Li N, Brabec CJ. Understanding the Microstructure Formation of Polymer Films by Spontaneous Solution Spreading Coating with a High-Throughput Engineering Platform. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3590-3598. [PMID: 34236142 PMCID: PMC8518985 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An important step of the great achievement of organic solar cells in power conversion efficiency is the development of low-band gap polymer donors, PBDB-T derivatives, which present interesting aggregation effects dominating the device performance. The aggregation of polymers can be manipulated by a series of variables from a materials design and processing conditions perspective; however, optimization of film quality is a time- and energy-consuming work. Here, we introduce a robot-based high-throughput platform (HTP) that is offering automated film preparation and optical spectroscopy thin-film characterization in combination with an analysis algorithm. PM6 films are prepared by the so-called spontaneous film spreading (SFS) process, where a polymer solution is coated on a water surface. Automated acquisition of UV/Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectra and automated extraction of morphological features is coupled to Gaussian Process Regression to exploit available experimental evidence for morphology optimization but also for hypothesis formulation and testing with respect to the underlying physical principles. The integrated spectral modeling workflow yields quantitative microstructure information by distinguishing amorphous from ordered phases and assesses the extension of amorphous versus the ordered domains. This research provides an easy to use methodology to analyze the exciton coherence length in conjugated semiconductors and will allow to optimize exciton splitting in thin film organic semiconductor layers as a function of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)Paul-Gordan-Straße 691052ErlangenGermany
| | - Larry Lüer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Stefan Langner
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Thomas Heumueller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Karen Forberich
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Heyi Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)Paul-Gordan-Straße 691052ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Hauch
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyZhengzhou University450002ZhengzhouP. R. China
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
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31
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Rech JJ, Neu J, Qin Y, Samson S, Shanahan J, Josey RF, Ade H, You W. Designing Simple Conjugated Polymers for Scalable and Efficient Organic Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3561-3568. [PMID: 34008311 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have a long history of exploration and use in organic solar cells, and over the last twenty-five years, marked increases in the solar cell efficiency have been achieved. However, the synthetic complexity of these materials has also drastically increased, which makes the scalability of the highest-efficiency materials difficult. If conjugated polymers could be designed to exhibit both high efficiency and straightforward synthesis, the road to commercial reality would be more achievable. For that reason, a new synthetic approach was designed towards PTQ10 (=poly[(thiophene)-alt-(6,7-difluoro-2-(2-hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline)]). The new synthetic approach to make PTQ10 brought a significant reduction in cost (1/7th the original) and could also easily accommodate different side chains to move towards green processing solvents. Furthermore, high-efficiency organic solar cells were demonstrated with a PTQ10:Y6 blend exhibiting approximately 15 % efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeromy James Rech
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27510, USA
| | - Justin Neu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27510, USA
| | - Yunpeng Qin
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Stephanie Samson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27510, USA
| | - Jordan Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27510, USA
| | - Richard F Josey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27510, USA
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27510, USA
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32
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Vebber MC, Rice NA, Brusso JL, Lessard BH. Variance-resistant PTB7 and axially-substituted silicon phthalocyanines as active materials for high-Voc organic photovoltaics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15347. [PMID: 34321540 PMCID: PMC8319386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While the efficiency of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has improved drastically in the past decade, such devices rely on exorbitantly expensive materials that are unfeasible for commercial applications. Moreover, examples of high voltage single-junction devices, which are necessary for several applications, particularly low-power electronics and rechargeable batteries, are lacking in literature. Alternatively, silicon phthalocyanines (R2-SiPc) are inexpensive, industrially scalable organic semiconductors, having a minimal synthetic complexity (SC) index, and are capable of producing high voltages when used as acceptors in OPVs. In the present work, we have developed high voltage OPVs composed of poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl] thieno [3,4 b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7) and an SiPc derivative ((3BS)2-SiPc). While changes to the solvent system had a strong effect on performance, interestingly, the PTB7:(3BS)2-SiPc active layer were robust to spin speed, annealing and components ratio. This invariance is a desirable characteristic for industrial production. All PTB7:(3BS)2-SiPc devices produced high open circuit voltages between 1.0 and 1.07 V, while maintaining 80% of the overall efficiency, when compared to their fullerene-based counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C Vebber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicole A Rice
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jaclyn L Brusso
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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33
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He K, Kumar P, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Li X, Liu H, Wang J, Li Y. A Wide Bandgap Polymer Donor Composed of Benzodithiophene and Oxime-Substituted Thiophene for High-Performance Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26441-26450. [PMID: 34034487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxime-substituted thiophene (TO) is used as an acceptor (A) unit to copolymerize with the benzodithiophene (BDT) donor (D) unit to form a novel D-A polymer donor, PBDTTO, which has a low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital energy level (EHOMO) of -5.60 eV and a wide bandgap of 2.03 eV, forming complementary absorption and matching energy levels with the narrow bandgap nonfullerene acceptors. Organic solar cells using PBDTTO and Y6 as the donor and acceptor, respectively, exhibited a JSC of 27.03 mA cm-2, a VOC of 0.83 V, and a fill factor of 0.59, reaching a high power conversion efficiency of 13.29%. The unencapsulated devices show good long-term stability in ambient air. Compared with the acceptor monomers used in other high-performance BDT-based D-A polymer donors, which are synthesized tediously in low yields, the TO acceptor monomer can be conveniently synthesized in only two steps with a high overall yield of 70%. These results demonstrate that TO unit can be used as a promising acceptor unit for developing BDT-based D-A polymer donors at low cost while maintaining high photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang He
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002A, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002A, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002A, China
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Xiao J, Jia X, Duan C, Huang F, Yip HL, Cao Y. Surpassing 13% Efficiency for Polythiophene Organic Solar Cells Processed from Nonhalogenated Solvent. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008158. [PMID: 33969562 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from low cost and simple synthesis, polythiophene (PT) derivatives are one of the most popular donor materials for organic solar cells (OSCs). However, polythiophene-based OSCs still suffer from inferior power conversion efficiency (PCE) than those based on donor-acceptor (D-A)-type conjugated polymers. Herein, a fluorinated polythiophene derivative, namely P4T2F-HD, is introduced to modulate the miscibility and morphology of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ)-active layer, leading to a significant improvement of the OSC performance. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameters calculated from the surface energy and differential scanning calorimetry results suggest that P4T2F-HD shows moderate miscibility with the popular nonfullerene acceptor Y6-BO (2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-butyloctyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2',3':4',5']thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile), while poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is very miscible with Y6-BO. As a result, the P4T2F-HD case forms desired nanoscale phase separation in the BHJ film while the P3HT case forms a completely mixed BHJ film, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). By optimizing the cathode interface and the morphology of the P4T2F-HD:Y6-BO films processed from nonhalogenated solvents, a new record PCE of 13.65% for polythiophene-based OSCs is demonstrated. This work highlights the importance of controlling D/A interactions for achieving desired morphology and also demonstrates a promising OSC system for potential cost-effective organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiao'e Jia
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
- Innovation Center of Printed Photovoltaics, South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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35
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Rodríguez-Martínez X, Pascual-San-José E, Campoy-Quiles M. Accelerating organic solar cell material's discovery: high-throughput screening and big data. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2021; 14:3301-3322. [PMID: 34211582 PMCID: PMC8209551 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee00559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of novel high-performing materials such as non-fullerene acceptors and low band gap donor polymers underlines the steady increase of record efficiencies in organic solar cells witnessed during the past years. Nowadays, the resulting catalogue of organic photovoltaic materials is becoming unaffordably vast to be evaluated following classical experimentation methodologies: their requirements in terms of human workforce time and resources are prohibitively high, which slows momentum to the evolution of the organic photovoltaic technology. As a result, high-throughput experimental and computational methodologies are fostered to leverage their inherently high exploratory paces and accelerate novel materials discovery. In this review, we present some of the computational (pre)screening approaches performed prior to experimentation to select the most promising molecular candidates from the available materials libraries or, alternatively, generate molecules beyond human intuition. Then, we outline the main high-throuhgput experimental screening and characterization approaches with application in organic solar cells, namely those based on lateral parametric gradients (measuring-intensive) and on automated device prototyping (fabrication-intensive). In both cases, experimental datasets are generated at unbeatable paces, which notably enhance big data readiness. Herein, machine-learning algorithms find a rewarding application niche to retrieve quantitative structure-activity relationships and extract molecular design rationale, which are expected to keep the material's discovery pace up in organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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36
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Pallini F, Sangalli E, Sassi M, Roth PMC, Mattiello S, Beverina L. Selective photoredox direct arylations of aryl bromides in water in a microfluidic reactor. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3016-3023. [PMID: 33885555 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Carrying out photoredox direct arylation couplings between aryl halides and aryls in aqueous solutions of surfactants enables unprecedented selectivity with respect to the competing dehalogenation process, thanks to the partition coefficient of the selected sacrificial base. The use of a microfluidic reactor dramatically improves the reaction time, without eroding the yields and selectivity. The design of a metal free sensitizer, which also acts as the surfactant, sizeably improves the overall sustainability of arylation reactions and obviates the need for troublesome purification from traces of metal catalysts. The generality of the method is investigated over a range of halides carrying a selection of electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pallini
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Materials Science, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
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37
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Pang S, Wang Z, Yuan X, Pan L, Deng W, Tang H, Wu H, Chen S, Duan C, Huang F, Cao Y. A Facile Synthesized Polymer Featuring B‐N Covalent Bond and Small Singlet‐Triplet Gap for High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8813-8817. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Pang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Xiyue Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Langheng Pan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Wanyuan Deng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory School of Energy & Power Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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38
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A Facile Synthesized Polymer Featuring B‐N Covalent Bond and Small Singlet‐Triplet Gap for High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Ren J, Bi P, Zhang J, Liu J, Wang J, Xu Y, Wei Z, Zhang S, Hou J. Molecular design revitalizes the low-cost PTV-polymer for highly efficient organic solar cells. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab031. [PMID: 35371513 PMCID: PMC8966978 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing photovoltaic materials with simple chemical structures and easy synthesis
still remains a major challenge in the industrialization process of organic solar cells
(OSCs). Herein, an ester substituted poly(thiophene vinylene) derivative, PTVT-T, was
designed and synthesized in very few steps by adopting commercially available raw
materials. The ester groups on the thiophene units enable PTVT-T to have a planar and
stable conformation. Moreover, PTVT-T presents a wide absorption band and strong
aggregation effect in solution, which are the key characteristics needed to realize high
performance in non-fullerene-acceptor (NFA)-based OSCs. We then prepared OSCs by blending
PTVT-T with three representative fullerene- and NF-based acceptors, PC71BM,
IT-4F and BTP-eC9. It was found that PTVT-T can work well with all the acceptors, showing
great potential to match new emerging NFAs. Particularly, a remarkable power conversion
efficiency of 16.20% is achieved in a PTVT-T:BTP-eC9-based device, which is the highest
value among the counterparts based on PTV derivatives. This work demonstrates that PTVT-T
shows great potential for the future commercialization of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhen Ren
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pengqing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ye Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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40
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Li H, Sun R, Wang W, Wu Y, Wang T, Min J. Simple (thienylmethylene)oxindole‐based polymer materials as donors for efficient non‐fullerene polymer solar cells. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongneng Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yao Wu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Tao Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University) Zhengzhou 450002 China
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41
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Xie Z, Wei Q, Shan T, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Zhong H. Preparing polythiophene derivative with alternating alkyl and thioalkyl side chains via Kumada coupling for efficient organic solar cells. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01051d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A polythiophene, namely PTST with alternating alkyl and thioalkyl side chains, is prepared by Kumada catalyst-transfer polycondensation. PTST can hierarchically pre-aggregate in solution, and then form a favorable morphology in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingyun Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tong Shan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongliang Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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42
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Lu C, Wang C, Jimenez JC, Rheingold AL, Sauvé G. Large Non-planar Conjugated Molecule with Strong Intermolecular Interactions Achieved with Homoleptic Zn(II) Complex of Di(5-quinolylethynyl)-tetraphenylazadipyrromethene. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31467-31472. [PMID: 33324859 PMCID: PMC7726932 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc(II) complexes of tetraphenylazadipyrromethenes are potential non-planar n-type conjugated materials. To tune the properties, we installed 5-quinolylethynyl groups at the pyrrolic positions. Compared to the complex with 1-napthylethynyl, we found evidence for stronger intermolecular interactions in the new complex, including much higher overlap integrals in crystals. X-ray analysis revealed unconventional C-H···N hydrogen bonding between two quinolyls of neighboring molecules, pointing to a new strategy for the development of non-planar molecular semiconductors with stronger intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, United States
| | - Chunlai Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, United States
| | - Jayvic C. Jimenez
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla California, 92093, United States
| | - Genevieve Sauvé
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, United States
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43
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Rahmanudin A, Marcial‐Hernandez R, Zamhuri A, Walton AS, Tate DJ, Khan RU, Aphichatpanichakul S, Foster AB, Broll S, Turner ML. Organic Semiconductors Processed from Synthesis-to-Device in Water. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002010. [PMID: 33173736 PMCID: PMC7610335 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) promise to deliver next-generation electronic and energy devices that are flexible, scalable and printable. Unfortunately, realizing this opportunity is hampered by increasing concerns about the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly toxic halogenated solvents that are detrimental to the environment and human health. Here, a cradle-to-grave process is reported to achieve high performance p- and n-type OSC devices based on indacenodithiophene and diketopyrrolopyrrole semiconducting polymers that utilizes aqueous-processes, fewer steps, lower reaction temperatures, a significant reduction in VOCs (>99%) and avoids all halogenated solvents. The process involves an aqueous mini-emulsion polymerization that generates a surfactant-stabilized aqueous dispersion of OSC nanoparticles at sufficient concentration to permit direct aqueous processing into thin films for use in organic field-effect transistors. Promisingly, the performance of these devices is comparable to those prepared using conventional synthesis and processing procedures optimized for large amounts of VOCs and halogenated solvents. Ultimately, the holistic approach reported addresses the environmental issues and enables a viable guideline for the delivery of future OSC devices using only aqueous media for synthesis, purification and thin-film processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Rahmanudin
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Raymundo Marcial‐Hernandez
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Adibah Zamhuri
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Alex S. Walton
- Photon Science Institute and the Department of ChemistryAlan Turing BuildingUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PYUK
| | - Daniel J. Tate
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Raja U. Khan
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Suphaluk Aphichatpanichakul
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Sebastian Broll
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Michael L. Turner
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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44
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Forti G, Nitti A, Osw P, Bianchi G, Po R, Pasini D. Recent Advances in Non-Fullerene Acceptors of the IDIC/ITIC Families for Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8085. [PMID: 33138257 PMCID: PMC7662271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of the IDIC/ITIC families of non-fullerene acceptors has boosted the photovoltaic performances of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. The fine tuning of the photophysical, morphological and processability properties with the aim of reaching higher and higher photocurrent efficiencies has prompted uninterrupted worldwide research on these peculiar families of organic compounds. The main strategies for the modification of IDIC/ITIC compounds, described in several contributions published in the past few years, can be summarized and classified into core modification strategies and end-capping group modification strategies. In this review, we analyze the more recent advances in this field (last two years), and we focus our attention on the molecular design proposed to increase photovoltaic performance with the aim of rationalizing the general properties of these families of non-fullerene acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Forti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.F.); (A.N.); (P.O.)
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.F.); (A.N.); (P.O.)
| | - Peshawa Osw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.F.); (A.N.); (P.O.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Iraq
| | - Gabriele Bianchi
- Research Center for Renewable Energies and Environment, Istituto Donegani, Eni Spa, Via Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Riccardo Po
- Research Center for Renewable Energies and Environment, Istituto Donegani, Eni Spa, Via Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.F.); (A.N.); (P.O.)
- INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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45
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He K, Kumar P, Abd-Ellah M, Liu H, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang J, Li Y. Alkyloxime Side Chain Enabled Polythiophene Donors for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang He
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marwa Abd-Ellah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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46
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Raboui H, Josey DS, Jin Y, Bender TP. Initial Engineering and Outdoor Stability Assessment of "Gray/Black" Fullerene-Free Organic Photovoltaics Based on Only Two Complementary Absorbing Materials: A Tetrabenzotriazacorrole and a Subphthalocyanine. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25264-25272. [PMID: 33043204 PMCID: PMC7542850 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Broad absorption is a desired characteristic of materials employed in the photoactive layers of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Here, we have identified tetrabenzotriazacorroles (Tbcs) as complementary absorbing chromophores and electron donors to the promising nonfullerene acceptors boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs). These two materials, which can be utilized as donor-acceptor pairs within fullerene-free OPVs, yield spectral coverage over the entire visible range of 300-750 nm. Oxy phosphorus Tbc derivative (POTbc) was employed as an electron donor and paired initially with multiple BsubPc derivatives having a distribution of highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels in planar heterojunction OPVs. These devices were "gray/black" due to the broad absorption across the visible spectrum. Upon screening, the partially halogenated chloro hexachloro BsubPc (Cl-Cl6BsubPc) showed the greatest promise for coupling with POTbc. The thickness ratio and total thickness of the active layer were then probed in order to identify the optical and electrical limitations on the POTbc/Cl-Cl6BsubPc-based OPV device. A maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.13% was achieved at 60 nm total thickness of the active layer and 1 to 3 (POTbc to Cl-Cl6BsubPc) thickness ratio. Outdoor stability of the champion device was evaluated using protocols established by International Summits on OPV Stability and was found to be on par with an α-sexithiophene/Cl-Cl6BsubPc baseline OPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Raboui
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - David S. Josey
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yin Jin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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47
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Pankow RM, Thompson BC. The development of conjugated polymers as the cornerstone of organic electronics. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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48
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Calascibetta AM, Mattiello S, Sanzone A, Facchinetti I, Sassi M, Beverina L. Sustainable Access to π-Conjugated Molecular Materials via Direct (Hetero)Arylation Reactions in Water and under Air. Molecules 2020; 25:E3717. [PMID: 32824058 PMCID: PMC7465621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct (hetero)arylation (DHA) is playing a key role in improving the efficiency and atom economy of C-C cross coupling reactions, so has impacts in pharmaceutical and materials chemistry. Current research focuses on further improving the generality, efficiency and selectivity of the method through careful tuning of the reaction conditions and the catalytic system. Comparatively fewer studies are dedicated to the replacement of the high-boiling-point organic solvents dominating the field and affecting the overall sustainability of the method. We show herein that the use of a 9:1 v/v emulsion of an aqueous Kolliphor 2 wt% solution while having toluene as the reaction medium enables the preparation of relevant examples of thiophene-containing π-conjugated building blocks in high yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiel Mauro Calascibetta
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (I.F.)
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sanzone
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (I.F.)
| | - Irene Facchinetti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (I.F.)
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Via R. Cozzi, 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.S.)
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49
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He K, Li X, Liu H, Zhang Z, Kumar P, Ngai JHL, Wang J, Li Y. D‐A Polymer with a Donor Backbone ‐ Acceptor‐side‐chain Structure for Organic Solar Cells. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang He
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
- Institute of ChemistryHenan Academy of Sciences 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District Zhengzhou Henan 450002 China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
- Institute of ChemistryHenan Academy of Sciences 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District Zhengzhou Henan 450002 China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jenner H. L. Ngai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Institute of ChemistryHenan Academy of Sciences 56 Hongzhuan Road, Jinshui District Zhengzhou Henan 450002 China
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology (WIN)University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
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Mayhugh AL, Luscombe CK. Room-temperature Pd/Ag direct arylation enabled by a radical pathway. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:384-390. [PMID: 32256854 PMCID: PMC7082708 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct arylation is an appealing method for preparing π-conjugated materials, avoiding the prefunctionalization required for traditional cross-coupling methods. A major effort in organic electronic materials development is improving the environmental and economic impact of production; direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is an effective method to achieve these goals. Room-temperature polymerization would further improve the cost and energy efficiencies required to prepare these materials. Reported herein is new mechanistic work studying the underlying mechanism of room temperature direct arylation between iodobenzene and indole. Results indicate that room-temperature, Pd/Ag-catalyzed direct arylation systems are radical-mediated. This is in contrast to the commonly proposed two-electron mechanisms for direct arylation and appears to extend to other substrates such as benzo[b]thiophene and pentafluorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Mayhugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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