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Fernández DI, Troitiño S, Sobota V, Tullemans BME, Zou J, van den Hurk H, García Á, Honarnejad S, Kuijpers MJE, Heemskerk JWM. Ultra-high throughput-based screening for the discovery of antiplatelet drugs affecting receptor dependent calcium signaling dynamics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6229. [PMID: 38486006 PMCID: PMC10940705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Distinct platelet activation patterns are elicited by the tyrosine kinase-linked collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and the G-protein coupled protease-activated receptors (PAR1/4) for thrombin. This is reflected in the different platelet Ca2+ responses induced by the GPVI agonist collagen-related peptide (CRP) and the PAR1/4 agonist thrombin. Using a 96 well-plate assay with human Calcium-6-loaded platelets and a panel of 22 pharmacological inhibitors, we assessed the cytosolic Ca2+ signaling domains of these receptors and developed an automated Ca2+ curve algorithm. The algorithm was used to evaluate an ultra-high throughput (UHT) based screening of 16,635 chemically diverse small molecules with orally active physicochemical properties for effects on platelets stimulated with CRP or thrombin. Stringent agonist-specific selection criteria resulted in the identification of 151 drug-like molecules, of which three hit compounds were further characterized. The dibenzyl formamide derivative ANO61 selectively modulated thrombin-induced Ca2+ responses, whereas the aromatic sulfonyl imidazole AF299 and the phenothiazine ethopropazine affected CRP-induced responses. Platelet functional assays confirmed selectivity of these hits. Ethopropazine retained its inhibitory potential in the presence of plasma, and suppressed collagen-dependent thrombus buildup at arterial shear rate. In conclusion, targeting of platelet Ca2+ signaling dynamics in a screening campaign has the potential of identifying novel platelet-inhibiting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia I Fernández
- The Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Platelet Proteomics Group, CiMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Troitiño
- Platelet Proteomics Group, CiMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vladimír Sobota
- IHU-LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, 33604, Bordeaux, France
- Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux, UMR5251, University of Bordeaux, 33 405, Talence, France
| | - Bibian M E Tullemans
- The Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6217 KD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinmi Zou
- The Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6217 KD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ángel García
- Platelet Proteomics Group, CiMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- The Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Thrombosis Expertise Centre, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- The Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Synapse Research Institute, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6217 KD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Künze G, Isermann B. Targeting biased signaling by PAR1: function and molecular mechanism of parmodulins. Blood 2023; 141:2675-2684. [PMID: 36952648 PMCID: PMC10646804 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023019775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a therapeutic target that was originally pursued with the aim of restricting platelet activation and the burden of cardiovascular diseases. In clinical studies, the use of orthosteric PAR1 inhibitors was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage, including intracranial hemorrhage. Because (1) PAR1 is expressed by various cell types, including endothelial cells, (2) conveys in mice a physiological indispensable function for vascular development during embryogenesis, and (3) is subject to biased signaling dependent on the activating proteases, orthosteric PAR1 inhibition may be associated with unwanted side effects. Alternatively, the protease-activated protein C (aPC) and its variants can promote valuable anti-inflammatory signaling via PAR1. Most recently, small molecule allosteric modulators of PAR1 signaling, called parmodulins, have been developed. Parmodulins inhibit coagulation and platelet activation yet maintain cytoprotective effects typically provoked by PAR1 signaling upon the activation by aPC. In this study, we review the discovery of parmodulins and their preclinical data, summarize the current knowledge about their mode of action, and compare the structural interaction of parmodulin and PAR1 with that of other intracellularly binding allosteric GPCR modulators. Thus, we highlight the pharmaceutical potential and challenges associated with the future development of parmodulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Künze
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Shpakov AO. Allosteric Regulation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: From Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms to Multiple Allosteric Sites and Their Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6187. [PMID: 37047169 PMCID: PMC10094638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation is critical for the functioning of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Endogenous allosteric regulators of GPCRs are simple ions, various biomolecules, and protein components of GPCR signaling (G proteins and β-arrestins). The stability and functional activity of GPCR complexes is also due to multicenter allosteric interactions between protomers. The complexity of allosteric effects caused by numerous regulators differing in structure, availability, and mechanisms of action predetermines the multiplicity and different topology of allosteric sites in GPCRs. These sites can be localized in extracellular loops; inside the transmembrane tunnel and in its upper and lower vestibules; in cytoplasmic loops; and on the outer, membrane-contacting surface of the transmembrane domain. They are involved in the regulation of basal and orthosteric agonist-stimulated receptor activity, biased agonism, GPCR-complex formation, and endocytosis. They are targets for a large number of synthetic allosteric regulators and modulators, including those constructed using molecular docking. The review is devoted to the principles and mechanisms of GPCRs allosteric regulation, the multiplicity of allosteric sites and their topology, and the endogenous and synthetic allosteric regulators, including autoantibodies and pepducins. The allosteric regulation of chemokine receptors, proteinase-activated receptors, thyroid-stimulating and luteinizing hormone receptors, and beta-adrenergic receptors are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Rana R, Manoharan J, Gupta A, Gupta D, Elwakiel A, Khawaja H, Fatima S, Zimmermann S, Singh K, Ambreen S, Gadi I, Biemann R, Jiang S, Shahzad K, Kohli S, Isermann B. Activated Protein C Ameliorates Tubular Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Inflammation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153138. [PMID: 35956315 PMCID: PMC9370435 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is an emerging pandemic, paralleling the worldwide increase in obesity and diabetes mellitus. DKD is now the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease and is associated with an excessive risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. DKD is a consequence of systemic endothelial dysfunction. The endothelial-dependent cytoprotective coagulation protease activated protein C (aPC) ameliorates glomerular damage in DKD, in part by reducing mitochondrial ROS generation in glomerular cells. Whether aPC reduces mitochondrial ROS generation in the tubular compartment remains unknown. Here, we conducted expression profiling of kidneys in diabetic mice (wild-type and mice with increased plasma levels of aPC, APChigh mice). The top induced pathways were related to metabolism and in particular to oxidoreductase activity. In tubular cells, aPC maintained the expression of genes related to the electron transport chain, PGC1-α expression, and mitochondrial mass. These effects were associated with reduced mitochondrial ROS generation. Likewise, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and sterile inflammation, which are known to be linked to excess ROS generation in DKD, were reduced in diabetic APChigh mice. Thus, aPC reduces mitochondrial ROS generation in tubular cells and dampens the associated renal sterile inflammation. These studies support approaches harnessing the cytoprotective effects of aPC in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Berend Isermann
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)341-972-2200; Fax: 49-(0)341-972-2379
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Yang Q, Shang J, Chen Y, Tang D, Ouyang Y, Xiong B, Zhang X. Plasmonic Imaging of Dynamic Interactions between Membrane Receptor Clusters beyond the Diffraction Limit in Live Cells. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16571-16580. [PMID: 34847664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a general mechanism, ligand-induced receptor clustering on cell membrane plays determinative roles in pattern recognition and transmembrane signaling. Nevertheless, probing the dynamic characteristics for the complicated interactions between receptor clusters remains difficult because of the lack of strategy for receptor cluster labeling and long-term monitoring in live cells. Herein, we proposed a data-mining-integrated plasmon coupling microscopy to study the dynamic cluster-cluster interactions on cell surface. The receptor clusters were activated and labeled with multivalent plasmonic nanoprobes, which enables the real-time monitoring of individual receptor clusters and the measurement of cluster-cluster interactions from the analysis of plasmonic coupling for the nanoprobe pairs beyond the diffraction limit. Using this method, we found that the protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) clusters would experience an initial contact and then form a weakly bound cluster-cluster complex, followed by cluster fusion to generate large-sized signaling complexes. The underlying state transitions for the cluster-cluster fusion process were uncovered using a data-mining technique named the K-means-based hidden Markov model with the scattering intensity of coupled nanoprobe pairs as observations. All of the findings from single-particle analysis and bulk measurements suggested that the allosteric inhibitors could suppress the dynamic transitions from the weakly bound cluster-cluster complexes to fused signaling complexes, leading to the subsequent downregulation of intracellular calcium signaling pathways. We believe that this strategy is promising for imaging and monitoring receptor clustering as well as protein phase separation on the cell surface in various biological and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Shang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yancao Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Decui Tang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Ouyang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, P. R. China
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Which proteinase-activated receptor-1 antagonist is better?: Evaluation of vorapaxar and parmodulin-2 effects on human left internal mammary artery endothelial function. Life Sci 2021; 286:120045. [PMID: 34653426 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction occurs as an early event in cardiovascular disease. Previously, vorapaxar, a proteinase-activated receptor-1 antagonist, was shown to cause endothelial damage in a cell culture study. Therefore, our study aimed to compare the effects of vorapaxar and parmodulin-2, proteinase-activated receptor-1 biased agonist, on human left internal mammary artery endothelial function in vitro. METHOD Isolated arteries were hung in the organ baths. Acetylcholine responses (10-11-10-6 M) were obtained in endothelium-intact tissues the following incubation with vorapaxar/parmodulin-2 (10-6 M) to determine the effects of these molecules on the endothelium-dependent relaxation. Subsequently, endothelium-dependent relaxation responses of tissues were investigated in the presence of L-NAME (10-4 M), L-arginine (10-5 M), indomethacin (10-5 M), and charybdotoxin-apamin (10-7 M) in addition to vorapaxar/parmodulin-2 incubation. Besides, the effect of these molecules on endothelium-independent relaxation response was evaluated with sodium nitroprusside (10-11-10-6 M). Finally, the sections of human arteries were imaged using a transmission electron microscope, and the integrity of the endothelial layer was evaluated. RESULTS We found that vorapaxar caused significant endothelial dysfunction by disrupting nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-dependent relaxation mechanisms. Parmodulin-2 did not cause endothelial damage. Neither vorapaxar nor parmodulin-2 disrupted endothelium-independent relaxation responses. The effect of vorapaxar on the endothelial layer was supported by the transmission electron microscope images. CONCLUSION Parmodulin-2 may be a better option than vorapaxar in treating cardiovascular diseases since it can inhibit PAR-1 without caused endothelial dysfunction.
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7
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Festoff BW, Dockendorff C. The Evolving Concept of Neuro-Thromboinflammation for Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: A Rationale for PAR1-Targeting Therapies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1558. [PMID: 34827556 PMCID: PMC8615608 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the role of coagulation and fibrinolysis in the nervous system was active in several laboratories dating back before cloning of the functional thrombin receptor in 1991. As one of those, our attention was initially on thrombin and plasminogen activators in synapse formation and elimination in the neuromuscular system, with orientation towards diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and how clotting and fibrinolytic pathways fit into its pathogenesis. This perspective is on neuro-thromboinflammation, emphasizing this emerging concept from studies and reports over more than three decades. It underscores how it may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to treat the ravages of neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on PAR1, ALS, and parmodulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W. Festoff
- PHLOGISTIX LLC, Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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8
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Chandrabalan A, Ramachandran R. Molecular mechanisms regulating Proteinase‐Activated Receptors (PARs). FEBS J 2021; 288:2697-2726. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
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9
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Xie M, Hua Y, Hong D, Wan S, Tian Y. Physical insights into protection effect of conjugated polymers by natural antioxidants. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1614-1622. [PMID: 35424094 PMCID: PMC8693752 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) known as organic semiconductors have been broadly applied in photovoltaic and light emitting devices due to their easy fabrication and flexibility. However, one of the bottlenecks limiting the application of CPs is their poor photostability upon continuous excitation which is one of the crucial parameters of CPs. How to improve the photostability of CPs is always one of the key questions in this field. In this work, we found that the photostability of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) molecules can be largely improved by addition of vitamin E (VE) in bulk solution, solid films and single molecules. In solution and films, VE can not only significantly retard the photodegradation of P3HT but also enhance the fluorescence intensity. For individual P3HT molecules, with increasing VE concentrations, the on-time duration increases and the off-time duration becomes shorter. VE as natural antioxidants can not only donate electrons to the long-lived charged species but also quench the triplet states of CPs via energy transfer accelerating the depopulation process back to the ground state. The short duration time of the charged species and the triplet states provides higher fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, VE can also directly react with singlet oxygen or other reactive oxygen species (ROS) preventing them from reacting with CPs. These results not only provide an efficient strategy for improving the photostability of conjugated polymers in solution and films, but also shed light on better understanding the photophysics of conjugated polymers at single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcai Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Yan Hua
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Daocheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Sushu Wan
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Yuxi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University Nanjing China
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10
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Liu S, Li S, Yuan D, Wang E, Xie R, Zhang W, Kong Y, Zhu X. Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) antagonists: Research progress on small molecules in the field of antiplatelet agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112893. [PMID: 33049608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a key target in antiplatelet medication to reduce the risk of heart attack and thrombotic complications in stroke. PAR4 antagonists can prevent harmful and stable thrombus growth while retaining initial thrombus formation by acting on the late diffusion stage of platelet activation, which may provide a safer alternative than other antiplatelet agents. Currently, research on PAR4 antagonists is of increasing interest in the field of antiplatelet agents. This article provides an overview of the discovery and development of small-molecule antagonists of PAR4 as novel antiplatelet agents, including structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, progress of structure and bioassay optimization, and the latest structural and/or clinical information of representative small-molecule antagonists of PAR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangde Liu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Duo Yuan
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Enmao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Roujie Xie
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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Gandhi DM, Rosas R, Greve E, Kentala K, D-R Diby N, Snyder VA, Stephans A, Yeung THW, Subramaniam S, DiMilo E, Kurtenbach KE, Arnold LA, Weiler H, Dockendorff C. The parmodulin NRD-21 is an allosteric inhibitor of PAR1 Gq signaling with improved anti-inflammatory activity and stability. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3788-3796. [PMID: 31320211 PMCID: PMC6706283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel analogs of the allosteric, biased PAR1 ligand ML161 (parmodulin 2, PM2) were prepared in order to identify potential anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory compounds of the parmodulin class with improved properties. Investigations of structure-activity relationships of the western portion of the 1,3-diaminobenzene scaffold were performed using an intracellular calcium mobilization assay with endothelial cells, and several heterocycles were identified that inhibited PAR1 at sub-micromolar concentrations. The oxazole NRD-21 was profiled in additional detail, and it was confirmed to act as a selective, reversible, negative allosteric modulator of PAR1. In addition to inhibiting human platelet aggregation, it showed superior anti-inflammatory activity to ML161 in a qPCR assay measuring the expression of tissue factor in response to the cytokine TNF-alpha in endothelial cells. Additionally, NRD-21 is much more plasma stable than ML161, and is a promising lead compound for the parmodulin class for anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha M Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Eric Greve
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Kaitlin Kentala
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - N'Guessan D-R Diby
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Vladyslava A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Allison Stephans
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Teresa H W Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | | | - Elliot DiMilo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Khia E Kurtenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA.
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Park CM, Lee S, Song J, Lee J. Discovery of ( E)‐5,5‐Difluoro‐1‐[2‐[5‐(3‐fluorophenyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]vinyl]octahydrospiro(indene‐2,5′‐oxazolidin)‐2′‐one as a PAR1 Antagonist. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chul Min Park
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Sunkyung Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology Daejeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Jong‐Hwan Song
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Joo‐Youn Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
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13
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Flaumenhaft R. Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Signaling: The Big Picture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 37:1809-1811. [PMID: 28954808 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Flaumenhaft
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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14
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Majewski MW, Gandhi DM, Rosas R, Kodali R, Arnold LA, Dockendorff C. Design and Evaluation of Heterobivalent PAR1-PAR2 Ligands as Antagonists of Calcium Mobilization. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:121-126. [PMID: 30655958 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of bivalent ligands targeting putative protease-activated receptor (PAR) heteromers has been prepared based upon reported antagonists for the subtypes PAR1 and PAR2. Modified versions of the PAR1 antagonist RWJ-58259 containing alkyne adapters were connected via cycloaddition reactions to azide-capped polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers attached to imidazopyridazine-based PAR2 antagonists. Initial studies of the PAR1-PAR2 antagonists indicated that they inhibited G alpha q-mediated calcium mobilization in endothelial and cancer cells driven by both PAR1 and PAR2 agonists. Compounds of this novel class hold promise for the prevention of restenosis, cancer cell metastasis, and other proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Disha M. Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
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16
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Martins Lima A, Bragina ME, Burri O, Bortoli Chapalay J, Costa-Fraga FP, Chambon M, Fraga-Silva RA, Stergiopulos N. An optimized and validated 384-well plate assay to test platelet function in a high-throughput screening format. Platelets 2018; 30:563-571. [PMID: 30183501 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1514106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, antiplatelet therapies are still associated with a high risk of hemorrhage. In order to develop new drugs, methods to measure platelet function must be adapted for the high-throughput screening (HTS) format. Currently, all assays capable of assessing platelet function are either expensive, complex, or not validated, which makes them unsuitable for drug discovery. Here, we propose a simple, low-cost, and high-throughput-compatible platelet function assay, validated for the 384-well plate. In the proposed assay, agonist-induced platelet activity was assessed by three different methods: (i) measurement of light absorbance, which decreases with platelet aggregation; (ii) luminescence measurement, based on ATP release from activated platelets and luciferin-luciferase reaction; and (iii) automated bright-field microscopy of the wells and further quantification of platelet image area, described here for the first time. Brightfield imaging results were validated by demonstrating the similarity of dose-response curves obtained with absorbance and luminescence measurements after stimulating platelets, pre-incubated with prostaglandin E1 or tirofiban, and demonstrating the similarity of dose-response curves obtained with agonists. Assay quality was confirmed using the Z'-factor, a statistical parameter used to validate the robustness and suitability of an HTS assay. The results showed that, under high rotations per minute (1200 RPM), an acceptable Z'-factor score is reached for absorbance measurements (Z'-factor - 0.58) and automated brightfield imaging (Z'-factor - 0.52), without the need of replicates, while triplicates must be used to achieve an acceptable Z'-factor score (0.54) for luminescence measurements. Using low platelet concentration (4 × 104/μl - 10 μl), the brightfield imaging test was further validated using washed platelets. Furthermore, drug screening was performed with compounds selected by structure-based virtual screening. Taken together, this study presents an optimized and validated assay for HTS to be used as a tool for antiplatelet drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Martins Lima
- a Institute of Bioengineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Maiia E Bragina
- a Institute of Bioengineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Olivier Burri
- b BioImaging and Optics Core Facility , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Julien Bortoli Chapalay
- c Biomolecular Screening Facility , École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Fabiana P Costa-Fraga
- a Institute of Bioengineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Marc Chambon
- c Biomolecular Screening Facility , École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo A Fraga-Silva
- a Institute of Bioengineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Stergiopulos
- a Institute of Bioengineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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17
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Gandhi DM, Majewski MW, Rosas R, Kentala K, Foster TJ, Greve E, Dockendorff C. Characterization of Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) ligands: Parmodulins are reversible allosteric inhibitors of PAR1-driven calcium mobilization in endothelial cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2514-2529. [PMID: 29685684 PMCID: PMC5937995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of ligands for Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) have shown impressive anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities, including PAR2 antagonists and the PAR1-targeting parmodulins. In order to support medicinal chemistry studies with hundreds of compounds and to perform detailed mode-of-action studies, it became important to develop a reliable PAR assay that is operational with endothelial cells, which mediate the cytoprotective effects of interest. We report a detailed protocol for an intracellular calcium mobilization assay with adherent endothelial cells in multiwell plates that was used to study a number of known and new PAR1 and PAR2 ligands, including an alkynylated version of the PAR1 antagonist RWJ-58259 that is suitable for the preparation of tagged or conjugate compounds. Using the cell line EA.hy926, it was necessary to perform media exchanges with automated liquid handling equipment in order to obtain optimal and reproducible antagonist concentration-response curves. The assay is also suitable for study of PAR2 ligands; a peptide antagonist reported by Fairlie was synthesized and found to inhibit PAR2 in a manner consistent with reports using epithelial cells. The assay was used to confirm that vorapaxar acts as an irreversible antagonist of PAR1 in endothelium, and parmodulin 2 (ML161) and the related parmodulin RR-90 were found to inhibit PAR1 reversibly, in a manner consistent with negative allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha M Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Mark W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Kaitlin Kentala
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Trevor J Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Eric Greve
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA.
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18
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PAR1 agonists stimulate APC-like endothelial cytoprotection and confer resistance to thromboinflammatory injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E982-E991. [PMID: 29343648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718600115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on endothelium by activated protein C (APC) is protective in several animal models of disease, and APC has been used clinically in severe sepsis and wound healing. Clinical use of APC, however, is limited by its immunogenicity and its anticoagulant activity. We show that a class of small molecules termed "parmodulins" that act at the cytosolic face of PAR1 stimulates APC-like cytoprotective signaling in endothelium. Parmodulins block thrombin generation in response to inflammatory mediators and inhibit platelet accumulation on endothelium cultured under flow. Evaluation of the antithrombotic mechanism showed that parmodulins induce cytoprotective signaling through Gβγ, activating a PI3K/Akt pathway and eliciting a genetic program that includes suppression of NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activation and up-regulation of select cytoprotective transcripts. STC1 is among the up-regulated transcripts, and knockdown of stanniocalin-1 blocks the protective effects of both parmodulins and APC. Induction of this signaling pathway in vivo protects against thromboinflammatory injury in blood vessels. Small-molecule activation of endothelial cytoprotection through PAR1 represents an approach for treatment of thromboinflammatory disease and provides proof-of-principle for the strategy of targeting the cytoplasmic surface of GPCRs to achieve pathway selective signaling.
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19
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van den Eshof BL, Hoogendijk AJ, Simpson PJ, van Alphen FPJ, Zanivan S, Mertens K, Meijer AB, van den Biggelaar M. Paradigm of Biased PAR1 (Protease-Activated Receptor-1) Activation and Inhibition in Endothelial Cells Dissected by Phosphoproteomics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1891-1902. [PMID: 28818855 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thrombin is the key serine protease of the coagulation cascade and mediates cellular responses by activation of PARs (protease-activated receptors). The predominant thrombin receptor is PAR1, and in endothelial cells (ECs), thrombin dynamically regulates a plethora of phosphorylation events. However, it has remained unclear whether thrombin signaling is exclusively mediated through PAR1. Furthermore, mechanistic insight into activation and inhibition of PAR1-mediated EC signaling is lacking. In addition, signaling networks of biased PAR1 activation after differential cleavage of the PAR1 N terminus have remained an unresolved issue. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we used a quantitative phosphoproteomics approach to show that classical and peptide activation of PAR1 induce highly similar signaling, that low thrombin concentrations initiate only limited phosphoregulation, and that the PAR1 inhibitors vorapaxar and parmodulin-2 demonstrate distinct antagonistic properties. Subsequent analysis of the thrombin-regulated phosphosites in the presence of PAR1 inhibitors revealed that biased activation of PAR1 is not solely linked to a specific G-protein downstream of PAR1. In addition, we showed that only the canonical thrombin PAR1 tethered ligand induces extensive early phosphoregulation in ECs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides detailed insight in the signaling mechanisms downstream of PAR1. Our data demonstrate that thrombin-induced EC phosphoregulation is mediated exclusively through PAR1, that thrombin and thrombin-tethered ligand peptide induce similar phosphoregulation, and that only canonical PAR1 cleavage by thrombin generates a tethered ligand that potently induces early signaling. Furthermore, platelet PAR1 inhibitors directly affect EC signaling, indicating that it will be a challenge to design a PAR1 antagonist that will target only those pathways responsible for tissue pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L van den Eshof
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Arie J Hoogendijk
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Pelle J Simpson
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Floris P J van Alphen
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Sara Zanivan
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Koen Mertens
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Alexander B Meijer
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.)
| | - Maartje van den Biggelaar
- From the Department Plasma Proteins (B.L.v.d.E., A.J.H., P.J.S., K.M., A.B.M., M.v.d.B.), Department of Research Facilities (F.P.J.v.A., A.B.M.), Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Tumour Microenvironment and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.); Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (K.M., A.B.M.).
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20
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Cytoprotective activated protein C averts Nlrp3 inflammasome-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury via mTORC1 inhibition. Blood 2017; 130:2664-2677. [PMID: 28882883 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-782102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoprotection by activated protein C (aPC) after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is associated with apoptosis inhibition. However, IRI is hallmarked by inflammation, and hence, cell-death forms disjunct from immunologically silent apoptosis are, in theory, more likely to be relevant. Because pyroptosis (ie, cell death resulting from inflammasome activation) is typically observed in IRI, we speculated that aPC ameliorates IRI by inhibiting inflammasome activation. Here we analyzed the impact of aPC on inflammasome activity in myocardial and renal IRIs. aPC treatment before or after myocardial IRI reduced infarct size and Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in mice. Kinetic in vivo analyses revealed that Nlrp3 inflammasome activation preceded myocardial injury and apoptosis, corroborating a pathogenic role of the Nlrp3 inflammasome. The constitutively active Nlrp3A350V mutation abolished the protective effect of aPC, demonstrating that Nlrp3 suppression is required for aPC-mediated protection from IRI. In vitro aPC inhibited inflammasome activation in macrophages, cardiomyocytes, and cardiac fibroblasts via proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Accordingly, inhibiting PAR-1 signaling, but not the anticoagulant properties of aPC, abolished the ability of aPC to restrict Nlrp3 inflammasome activity and tissue damage in myocardial IRI. Targeting biased PAR-1 signaling via parmodulin-2 restricted mTORC1 and Nlrp3 inflammasome activation and limited myocardial IRI as efficiently as aPC. The relevance of aPC-mediated Nlrp3 inflammasome suppression after IRI was corroborated in renal IRI, where the tissue protective effect of aPC was likewise dependent on Nlrp3 inflammasome suppression. These studies reveal that aPC protects from IRI by restricting mTORC1-dependent inflammasome activation and that mimicking biased aPC PAR-1 signaling using parmodulins may be a feasible therapeutic approach to combat IRI.
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21
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Flaumenhaft R, De Ceunynck K. Targeting PAR1: Now What? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:701-716. [PMID: 28558960 PMCID: PMC5580498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a ubiquitously expressed class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that enable cells to respond to proteases in the extracellular environment in a nuanced and dynamic manner. PAR1 is the archetypal family member and has been the object of large-scale drug development programs since the 1990s. Vorapaxar and drotrecogin-alfa are approved PAR1-targeted therapeutics, but safety concerns have limited the clinical use of vorapaxar and questions regarding the efficacy of drotrecogin-alfa led to its withdrawal from the market. New understanding of mechanisms of PAR1 function, discovery of improved strategies for modifying PAR1 function, and identification of novel indications for PAR1 modulators have provided new opportunities for therapies targeting PAR1. In this review, we critically evaluate prospects for the next generation of PAR1-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Karen De Ceunynck
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Ray T, Pal A. PAR-1 mediated apoptosis of breast cancer cells by V. cholerae hemagglutinin protease. Apoptosis 2016; 21:609-20. [PMID: 26897170 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial toxins have emerged as promising agents in cancer treatment strategy. Hemagglutinin (HAP) protease secreted by Vibrio cholerae induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells and regresses tumor growth in mice model. The success of novel cancer therapies depends on their selectivity for cancer cells with limited toxicity for normal tissues. Increased expression of Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) has been reported in different malignant cells. In this study we report that HAP induced activation and over expression of PAR-1 in breast cancer cells (EAC). Immunoprecipitation studies have shown that HAP specifically binds with PAR-1. HAP mediated activation of PAR-1 caused nuclear translocation of p50-p65 and the phosphorylation of p38 which triggered the activation of NFκB and MAP kinase signaling pathways. These signaling pathways enhanced the cellular ROS level in malignant cells that induced the intrinsic pathway of cell apoptosis. PAR-1 mediated apoptosis by HAP of malignant breast cells without effecting normal healthy cells in the same environment makes it a good therapeutic agent for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanusree Ray
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Amit Pal
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India.
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23
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Bekendam RH, Bendapudi PK, Lin L, Nag PP, Pu J, Kennedy DR, Feldenzer A, Chiu J, Cook KM, Furie B, Huang M, Hogg PJ, Flaumenhaft R. A substrate-driven allosteric switch that enhances PDI catalytic activity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12579. [PMID: 27573496 PMCID: PMC5013553 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an oxidoreductase essential for folding proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. The domain structure of PDI is a–b–b′–x–a′, wherein the thioredoxin-like a and a′ domains mediate disulfide bond shuffling and b and b′ domains are substrate binding. The b′ and a′ domains are connected via the x-linker, a 19-amino-acid flexible peptide. Here we identify a class of compounds, termed bepristats, that target the substrate-binding pocket of b′. Bepristats reversibly block substrate binding and inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in vivo. Ligation of the substrate-binding pocket by bepristats paradoxically enhances catalytic activity of a and a′ by displacing the x-linker, which acts as an allosteric switch to augment reductase activity in the catalytic domains. This substrate-driven allosteric switch is also activated by peptides and proteins and is present in other thiol isomerases. Our results demonstrate a mechanism whereby binding of a substrate to thiol isomerases enhances catalytic activity of remote domains. Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) is a prothrombotic, multidomain enzyme with separate substrate binding and catalytic domains. Here, the authors identify a new class of compounds that target the PDI substrate binding site, inducing a conformational change in the catalytic domains and inhibiting thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof H Bekendam
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pavan K Bendapudi
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Partha P Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, The Broad Institute Probe Development Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, The Broad Institute Probe Development Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Daniel R Kennedy
- College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts 01119, USA
| | - Alexandra Feldenzer
- College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts 01119, USA
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia.,National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Kristina M Cook
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Bruce Furie
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mingdong Huang
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Philip J Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia.,National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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24
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Wang Y, Liu J, Zhu T, Zhang L, He X, Zhang JZ. Predicted PAR1 inhibitors from multiple computational methods. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyridine and octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran analogues as a protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) antagonist. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:2029-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chobanian HR, Pio B, Guo Y, Shen H, Huffman MA, Madeira M, Salituro G, Terebetski J, Ormes J, Jochnowitz N, Hoos L, Zhou Y, Lewis D, Hawes B, Mitnaul L, O’Neill K, Ellsworth K, Wang L, Biftu T, Duffy JL. Improved Stability of Proline-Derived Direct Thrombin Inhibitors through Hydroxyl to Heterocycle Replacement. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:553-7. [PMID: 26005532 PMCID: PMC4434479 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modification of the previously disclosed (S)-N-(2-(aminomethyl)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1-((R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide 2 by optimization of the P3 group afforded novel, low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors. Heterocycle replacement of the hydroxyl functional group helped maintain thrombin in vitro potency while improving the chemical stability and pharmacokinetic profile. These modifications led to the identification of compound 10, which showed excellent selectivity over related serine proteases as well as in vivo efficacy in the rat arteriovenous shunt. Compound 10 exhibited significantly improved chemical stability and pharmacokinetic properties over 2 and may be utilized as a structurally differentiated preclinical tool comparator to dabigatran etexilate (Pro-1) to interrogate the on- and off-target effects of oral direct thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R. Chobanian
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yan Guo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hong Shen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark A. Huffman
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria Madeira
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jenna
L. Terebetski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James Ormes
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nina Jochnowitz
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lizbeth Hoos
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dale Lewis
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian Hawes
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lyndon Mitnaul
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kim O’Neill
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kenneth Ellsworth
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tesfaye Biftu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph L. Duffy
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Process Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Development, Pharmacology, and Thrombosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Parmodulins inhibit thrombus formation without inducing endothelial injury caused by vorapaxar. Blood 2015; 125:1976-85. [PMID: 25587041 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-599910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) couples the coagulation cascade to platelet activation during myocardial infarction and to endothelial inflammation during sepsis. This receptor demonstrates marked signaling bias. Its activation by thrombin stimulates prothrombotic and proinflammatory signaling, whereas its activation by activated protein C (APC) stimulates cytoprotective and antiinflammatory signaling. A challenge in developing PAR1-targeted therapies is to inhibit detrimental signaling while sparing beneficial pathways. We now characterize a novel class of structurally unrelated small-molecule PAR1 antagonists, termed parmodulins, and compare the activity of these compounds to previously characterized compounds that act at the PAR1 ligand-binding site. We find that parmodulins target the cytoplasmic face of PAR1 without modifying the ligand-binding site, blocking signaling through Gαq but not Gα13 in vitro and thrombus formation in vivo. In endothelium, parmodulins inhibit prothrombotic and proinflammatory signaling without blocking APC-mediated pathways or inducing endothelial injury. In contrast, orthosteric PAR1 antagonists such as vorapaxar inhibit all signaling downstream of PAR1. Furthermore, exposure of endothelial cells to nanomolar concentrations of vorapaxar induces endothelial cell barrier dysfunction and apoptosis. These studies demonstrate how functionally selective antagonism can be achieved by targeting the cytoplasmic face of a G-protein-coupled receptor to selectively block pathologic signaling while preserving cytoprotective pathways.
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28
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Zhao Z, Haynes MK, Ursu O, Edwards BS, Sklar LA, Zweifach A. A high-throughput phenotypic screen of cytotoxic T lymphocyte lytic granule exocytosis reveals candidate immunosuppressants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:359-71. [PMID: 25381253 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114557620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We screened the National Institutes of Health's Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository for inhibitors of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lytic granule exocytosis by measuring binding of an antibody in the extracellular solution to a lysosomal membrane protein (LAMP-1) that is transferred to the plasma membrane by exocytosis. We used TALL-104 human leukemic CTLs stimulated with soluble chemicals. Using high-throughput cluster cytometry to screen 364,202 compounds in a 1536-well plate format, we identified 2404 initial hits: 161 were confirmed on retesting, and dose-response measurements were performed. Seventy-five of those compounds were obtained, and 48 were confirmed active. Experiments were conducted to determine the molecular mechanism of action (MMOA) of the active compounds. Fifteen blocked increases in intracellular calcium >50%. Seven blocked phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases >50%. One completely blocked the activity of the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. None blocked ERK catalytic activity. Eight blocked more than one pathway. For 8 compounds, we were unable to determine an MMOA. The activity of 1 of these compounds was confirmed from powder resupply. We conclude that a screen based on antibody binding to CTLs is a good means of identifying novel candidate immunosuppressants with either known or unknown MMOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut at Storrs, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Mark K Haynes
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Oleg Ursu
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bruce S Edwards
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Larry A Sklar
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Adam Zweifach
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut at Storrs, Storrs, CT, USA
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Lee S, Song JH, Park CM, Kim JS, Jeong JH, Cho WY, Lim DC. Discovery of Octahydroindenes as PAR1 Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1054-8. [PMID: 24900604 DOI: 10.1021/ml400235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Octahydroindene was identified as a novel scaffold for protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) antagonists. Herein, the 2-position (C2) was explored for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Compounds 14, 19, and 23b showed IC50 values of 1.3, 8.6, and 2.7 nM in a PAR1 radioligand binding assay, respectively, and their inhibitory activities on platelet activation were comparable to that of vorapaxar in a platelet rich plasma (PRP) aggregation assay. This series of compounds showed high potency and no significant cytotoxicity; however, the compounds were metabolically unstable in both human and rat liver microsomes. Current research efforts are focused on optimizing the compounds to improve metabolic stability and physicochemical properties as well as potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Lee
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Song
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Kim
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Jeong
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Woo-Young Cho
- R&D Park, LG Life Sciences, 104-1 Munji-Dong, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Dong-Chul Lim
- R&D Park, LG Life Sciences, 104-1 Munji-Dong, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-380, Korea
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Chumachenko SA, Shablykin OV, Vasilenko AN, Brovarets VS. Recyclization of 2-methoxy-5-morpholino-1,3-oxazole-4-carbonitrile by benzylamine, phenethylamine, and phenylhydrazine. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363213090144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Bacillus anthracis peptidoglycan activates human platelets through FcγRII and complement. Blood 2013; 122:571-9. [PMID: 23733338 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-486613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation frequently accompanies sepsis and contributes to the sepsis-associated vascular leakage and coagulation dysfunction. Our previous work has implicated peptidoglycan (PGN) as an agent causing systemic inflammation in gram-positive sepsis. We used flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy to define the effects of PGN on the activation of human platelets. PGN induced platelet aggregation, expression of the activated form of integrin αIIbβ3, and exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS). These changes were dependent on immunoglobulin G and were attenuated by the Fcγ receptor IIa-blocking antibody IV.3, suggesting they are mediated by PGN-anti-PGN immune complexes signaling through Fcγ receptor IIa. PS exposure was not blocked by IV.3 but was sensitive to inhibitors of complement activation. PGN was a potent activator of the complement cascade in human plasma and caused deposition of C5b-9 on the platelet surface. Platelets with exposed PS had greatly accelerated prothrombinase activity. We conclude that PGN derived from gram-positive bacteria is a potent platelet agonist when complexed with anti-PGN antibody and could contribute to the coagulation dysfunction accompanying gram-positive infections.
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