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Healy LD, Fernández JA, Aiolfi R, Mosnier LO, Griffin JH. An orthosteric/allosteric bivalent peptide agonist comprising covalently linked protease activated receptor-derived peptides mimics in vitro and in vivo activities of activated protein C. J Thromb Haemost 2024:S1538-7836(24)00225-3. [PMID: 38670314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated protein C (APC) has anticoagulant and cytoprotective cell signaling activities which often require protease-activated receptor (PAR)1 and PAR3 and PAR cleavages at noncanonical sites (R46-N47 and R41-G42, respectively). Some PAR1-derived peptides(P1) and PAR3-derived peptides(P3), e.g., P1-47-66 and P3-42-65, mimic APC's cell signaling. In anti-inflammatory assays, these two peptides at low concentrations synergistically attenuate cellular inflammation. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a P1 peptide covalently linked to a P3 peptide mimics APC's anti-inflammatory and endothelial barrier stabilization activities. METHODS Anti-inflammatory assays employed stimulated THP-1 cells and caspase-1 measurements. Cultured human EAhy926 or murine aortic endothelial cells (EC) exposed to thrombin were monitored for transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Bivalent covalently-linked P1:P3 peptides were studied for APC-like activities. RESULTS In anti-inflammatory assays, P1-47-55 was as active as P1-47-66 and some P3 peptides (e.g., P3-44-54 and P3-51-65) were as active as P3-42-65. The bivalent P1:P3 peptide comprising P1-47-55-[Gly(10 residues)]-P3-51-65 (designated "G10 peptide") was more potently anti-inflammatory than the P1 or P3 peptide alone. In TEER studies of thrombin-challenged EC's, P1-47-55 and the G10 peptide mimicked APC's protective actions. In dose-response studies, the G10 peptide was more potent than the P1-47-55 peptide. In murine EC studies, the murine PAR-sequence-derived G10 peptide mimicked murine APC's activity. Anti-PAR1 and anti-PAR3 antibodies, but not anti-EPCR antibodies, abated G10's cytoprotection, showing G10's actions involve PAR1:PAR3. G10 significantly increased survival in murine endotoxemia. CONCLUSIONS The PAR-sequence-derived G10 peptide is a bivalent agonist that mimics APC's cytoprotective anti-inflammatory and endothelial barrier stabilizing actions and APC's protection against endotoxemic mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Healy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
| | - Roberto Aiolfi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
| | - Laurent O Mosnier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA.
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Deng L, Costa F, Blake KJ, Choi S, Chandrabalan A, Yousuf MS, Shiers S, Dubreuil D, Vega-Mendoza D, Rolland C, Deraison C, Voisin T, Bagood MD, Wesemann L, Frey AM, Palumbo JS, Wainger BJ, Gallo RL, Leyva-Castillo JM, Vergnolle N, Price TJ, Ramachandran R, Horswill AR, Chiu IM. S. aureus drives itch and scratch-induced skin damage through a V8 protease-PAR1 axis. Cell 2023; 186:5375-5393.e25. [PMID: 37995657 PMCID: PMC10669764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that evokes a desire to scratch. The skin barrier is constantly exposed to microbes and their products. However, the role of microbes in itch generation is unknown. Here, we show that Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial pathogen associated with itchy skin diseases, directly activates pruriceptor sensory neurons to drive itch. Epicutaneous S. aureus exposure causes robust itch and scratch-induced damage. By testing multiple isogenic bacterial mutants for virulence factors, we identify the S. aureus serine protease V8 as a critical mediator in evoking spontaneous itch and alloknesis. V8 cleaves proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on mouse and human sensory neurons. Targeting PAR1 through genetic deficiency, small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown, or pharmacological blockade decreases itch and skin damage caused by V8 and S. aureus exposure. Thus, we identify a mechanism of action for a pruritogenic bacterial factor and demonstrate the potential of inhibiting V8-PAR1 signaling to treat itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Deng
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Flavia Costa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kimbria J Blake
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samantha Choi
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Daniel Dubreuil
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniela Vega-Mendoza
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Celine Deraison
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Tiphaine Voisin
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michelle D Bagood
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lucia Wesemann
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abigail M Frey
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian J Wainger
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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3
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Shpakov AO. Allosteric Regulation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: From Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms to Multiple Allosteric Sites and Their Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6187. [PMID: 37047169 PMCID: PMC10094638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation is critical for the functioning of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Endogenous allosteric regulators of GPCRs are simple ions, various biomolecules, and protein components of GPCR signaling (G proteins and β-arrestins). The stability and functional activity of GPCR complexes is also due to multicenter allosteric interactions between protomers. The complexity of allosteric effects caused by numerous regulators differing in structure, availability, and mechanisms of action predetermines the multiplicity and different topology of allosteric sites in GPCRs. These sites can be localized in extracellular loops; inside the transmembrane tunnel and in its upper and lower vestibules; in cytoplasmic loops; and on the outer, membrane-contacting surface of the transmembrane domain. They are involved in the regulation of basal and orthosteric agonist-stimulated receptor activity, biased agonism, GPCR-complex formation, and endocytosis. They are targets for a large number of synthetic allosteric regulators and modulators, including those constructed using molecular docking. The review is devoted to the principles and mechanisms of GPCRs allosteric regulation, the multiplicity of allosteric sites and their topology, and the endogenous and synthetic allosteric regulators, including autoantibodies and pepducins. The allosteric regulation of chemokine receptors, proteinase-activated receptors, thyroid-stimulating and luteinizing hormone receptors, and beta-adrenergic receptors are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Jacenik D, Fichna J, Małecka-Wojciesko E, Mokrowiecka A. Protease-Activated Receptors - Key Regulators of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Progression. J Inflamm Res 2022; 14:7487-7497. [PMID: 35002281 PMCID: PMC8721023 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s335502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis and course of inflammatory bowel diseases are related to both immune system disorders and dysfunction of colon permeability. Moreover, co-existing diseases in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are identified. Currently, there are some therapeutic strategies that affect the function of cytokine/s causing inflammation in the intestinal wall. However, additional approaches which target other components of inflammatory bowel diseases pathogenesis are still needed. Accumulating evidence suggests that proteases and protease-activated receptors seem to be responsible for colitis progression. Experimental and observational studies showed alteration of protease-activated receptors expression in the colon of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, it was suggested that the expression of protease-activated receptors correlated with inflammatory bowel diseases activity. Moreover, regulation of protease-activated receptors seems to be responsible for the modulation of colitis and clinical manifestation of inflammatory bowel diseases. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge about the contribution of protease-activated receptors to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and its implications for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Mokrowiecka
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Hayashi T. [ Proteinase-activated Receptor 1 and 2 under Hypoxic Stress]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:1195-1204. [PMID: 34602516 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with sleep-disordered breathing exhibit intermittent hypoxia that causes increased oxidative stress, accelerates atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension, resulting in life-threatening arrhythmias and congestive heart failure. Hypoxic stress caused by intermittent hypoxia might be involved in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases, especially those involving atrial fibrillation, for which anti-coagulant therapy may be recommended. In this study, the inhibition of proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) 1/2 significantly reduced oxidative stress and fibrosis while suppressing the activation of MAPK or Smad pathways and the gene expression of molecules responsible for the pathways in the myocardium, consequently attenuating hypoxia-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. These findings suggest that the inhibition of PAR 1/2 could be a novel potential treatment option to prevent cardiac remodeling in patients with sleep apnea syndrome and atrial fibrillation or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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Li G, Wang Q, Lin T, Liu C. Effect of thrombin injection on cerebral vascular in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:2819-2831. [PMID: 31179838 PMCID: PMC6683912 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519851353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of thrombin (TM) injection via the cerebellomedullary cistern on cerebral vessels in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups. In the A1 group, physiological saline was injected via the cerebellomedullary cistern; in the A2 group, 3 U of TM was injected into the subarachnoid space; and in the A3 group, SAH models were established and 3 U of TM was injected with the first injection of whole blood. Three days later, basilar artery specimens were collected for pathological examination. Results The basilar arterial lumen cross-sectional area was significantly smaller in the A2 versus the A1 group, and proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α average optical densities were significantly higher (all P < 0.05). Basilar arterial lumen cross-sectional areas were significantly smaller in the A3 than the A2 group and average TNF-α optical densities were significantly lower (both P < 0.05), while those of PAR-1 did not differ significantly. Conclusions There was no significant difference in the extent of cerebral vasospasm between SAH and non-SAH model groups following TM injection into the subarachnoid space, so TM was considered to be an independent factor affecting cerebral vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, SanYa, Hainan Province, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Municipal Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Tingting Lin
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Municipal Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Chengye Liu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, SanYa, Hainan Province, China
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7
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Liu W, Hashimoto T, Yamashita T, Hirano K. Coagulation factor XI induces Ca 2+ response and accelerates cell migration in vascular smooth muscle cells via proteinase-activated receptor 1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C377-C392. [PMID: 30566391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00426.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activated coagulation factor XI (FXIa) is a serine proteinase that plays a key role in the intrinsic coagulation pathway. The analysis of FXI-knockout mice has indicated the contribution of FXI to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that FXIa exerts vascular smooth muscle effects via proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). Fura-2 fluorometry revealed that FXIa elicited intracellular Ca2+ signal in rat embryo aorta smooth muscle A7r5 cells. The influx of extracellular Ca2+ played a greater role in generating Ca2+ signal than the Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. The FXIa-induced Ca2+ signal was abolished by the pretreatment with atopaxar, an antagonist of PAR1, or 4-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (p-APMSF), an inhibitor of proteinase, while it was also lost in embryonic fibroblasts derived from PAR1-/- mice. FXIa cleaved the recombinant protein containing the extracellular region of PAR1 at the same site (R45/S46) as that of thrombin, a canonical PAR1 agonist. The FXIa-induced Ca2+ influx was inhibited by diltiazem, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, and by siRNA targeted to CaV1.2. The FXIa-induced Ca2+ influx was also inhibited by GF109203X and rottlerin, inhibitors of protein kinase C. In a wound healing assay, FXIa increased the rate of cell migration by 2.46-fold of control, which was partly inhibited by atopaxar or diltiazem. In conclusion, FXIa mainly elicits the Ca2+ signal via the PAR1/CaV1.2-mediated Ca2+ influx and accelerates the migration in vascular smooth muscle cells. The present study provides the first evidence that FXIa exerts a direct cellular effect on vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamashita
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
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8
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Luo J, Feng J, Liu S, Walters ET, Hu H. Molecular and cellular mechanisms that initiate pain and itch. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3201-23. [PMID: 25894692 PMCID: PMC4534341 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons mediate our sense of touch. They are critically involved in transducing pain and itch sensations under physiological and pathological conditions, along with other skin-resident cells. Tissue damage and inflammation can produce a localized or systemic sensitization of our senses of pain and itch, which can facilitate our detection of threats in the environment. Although acute pain and itch protect us from further damage, persistent pain and itch are debilitating. Recent exciting discoveries have significantly advanced our knowledge of the roles of membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels in the encoding of information leading to pain and itch sensations. This review focuses on molecular and cellular events that are important in early stages of the biological processing that culminates in our senses of pain and itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialie Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Hollenberg MD, Mihara K, Polley D, Suen JY, Han A, Fairlie DP, Ramachandran R. Biased signalling and proteinase-activated receptors (PARs): targeting inflammatory disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1180-94. [PMID: 24354792 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been known since the 1960s that trypsin and chymotrypsin can mimic hormone action in tissues, it took until the 1990s to discover that serine proteinases can regulate cells by cleaving and activating a unique four-member family of GPCRs known as proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). PAR activation involves the proteolytic exposure of its N-terminal receptor sequence that folds back to function as a 'tethered' receptor-activating ligand (TL). A key N-terminal arginine in each of PARs 1 to 4 has been singled out as a target for cleavage by thrombin (PARs 1, 3 and 4), trypsin (PARs 2 and 4) or other proteases to unmask the TL that activates signalling via Gq , Gi or G12 /13 . Similarly, synthetic receptor-activating peptides, corresponding to the exposed 'TL sequences' (e.g. SFLLRN-, for PAR1 or SLIGRL- for PAR2) can, like proteinase activation, also drive signalling via Gq , Gi and G12 /13 , without requiring receptor cleavage. Recent data show, however, that distinct proteinase-revealed 'non-canonical' PAR tethered-ligand sequences and PAR-activating agonist and antagonist peptide analogues can induce 'biased' PAR signalling, for example, via G12 /13 -MAPKinase instead of Gq -calcium. This overview summarizes implications of this 'biased' signalling by PAR agonists and antagonists for the recognized roles the PARs play in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Lu Z, Cui M, Zhao H, Wang T, Shen Y, Dong Q. Tissue kallikrein mediates neurite outgrowth through epidermal growth factor receptor and flotillin-2 pathway in vitro. Cell Signal 2014; 26:220-32. [PMID: 24211626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (TK) was previously shown to take most of its biological effects through bradykinin receptors. In this study, we assumed that TK mediated neurite outgrowth was independent of bradykinin receptors. To test the hypothesis, we investigated TK-induced neurite outgrowth and its signaling mechanisms in cultured primary neurons and human SH-SY5Y cells. We found that TK stimulation could increase the number of processes and mean process length of primary neurons, which were blocked by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or down-regulation, small interfering RNA for flotillin-2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, TK-induced neurite outgrowth was associated with EGFR and ERK1/2 activation, which were inhibited by EGFR antagonist or RNA interference and flotillin-2 knockdown. Interestingly, inhibition of bradykinin receptors had no significant effects on EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In the present research, our data also suggested that EGFR and flotillin-2 formed constitutive complex that translocated to around the nuclei in the TK stimulation. In sum, our findings provided evidence that TK could promote neurite outgrowth via EGFR, flotillin-2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro.
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11
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Ritchie E, Saka M, MacKenzie C, Drummond R, Wheeler-Jones C, Kanke T, Plevin R. Cytokine upregulation of proteinase-activated-receptors 2 and 4 expression mediated by p38 MAP kinase and inhibitory kappa B kinase beta in human endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:1044-54. [PMID: 17339845 PMCID: PMC2013917 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Up-regulation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is a factor in a number of disease states and we have therefore examined the signalling pathways involved in the expression of the receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), trypsin and the PAR2 activating peptide, 2-furoyl(2f)-LIGKV-OH on both mRNA and functional expression of PAR2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The effect of specific chemical inhibitors and dominant negative adenovirus constructs of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signalling pathway was assessed. Methods included semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR, [(3)H]inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation and Ca(2+)-dependent fluorescence. KEY RESULTS The above agonists induced both mRNA and functional expression of PAR2; PAR4 mRNA, but not that for PAR1 or PAR-3, also increased following TNFalpha treatment. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase reduced PAR2 and PAR4 expression, whilst inhibition of MEK1/ERK/JNK was without effect. A similar dependency upon p38 MAP kinase was observed for the expression of PAR4. TNFalpha -induced enhancement of PAR2 stimulated [(3)H]-inositol phosphate accumulation (IP) and Ca(2+) signalling was abolished following SB203580 pre-treatment. Infection with adenovirus encoding dominant-negative IKKbeta (Ad.IKKbeta(+/-)) and to a lesser extent dominant-negative IKKalpha (Ad.IKKalpha(+/-)), substantially reduced both control and IL-1beta- induced expression of both PAR2 and PAR4 mRNA and enhancement of PAR2-stimulated IP accumulation and Ca(2+) mobilisation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data reveal for the first time the signalling events involved in the upregulation of both PAR2 and PAR4 during pro-inflammatory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ritchie
- The Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences Glasgow, UK
| | - M Saka
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company Limited Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C MacKenzie
- The Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences Glasgow, UK
| | - R Drummond
- The Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences Glasgow, UK
| | - C Wheeler-Jones
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College London, UK
| | - T Kanke
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company Limited Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Plevin
- The Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
1. Rat proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) variants were stably expressed in rat KNRK cells: (a) wild-type (wt) - PAR2; (b) PAR2PRR, with the extracellular loop 2 (EL-2) sequence P231E232E233mutated to PRR and (c) PAR2NET, with the EL-2 sequence, PEEV changed to NETL. Cell lines were evaluated for their sensitivity (calcium signalling) towards trypsin and the receptor-activating peptides, SLIGRL-NH2, SLIGEL-NH2, trans-cinnamoyl(tc)-LIGRLO-NH2, and SFLLR-NH2. 2. SLIGEL-NH2 exhibited low potency (1 : 200 relative to SLIGRL-NH2) in wild-type PAR2. Its activity was increased 5 fold in PAR2PRR, but it was inactive in PAR2NET. 3. In PAR2PRR, the potencies of SLIGRL-NH2, tc-LIGRLO-NH2, and SFLLR-NH2 were decreased by 80 - 100 fold. But, the potency of trypsin was decreased by only 7 fold. 4. In PAR2NET, highly homologous in EL-2 with proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), the potency of the PAR1-derived peptide, SFLLR-NH2, was reduced by 100 fold compared with wt-PAR2, whereas the potency of the PAR2-derived AP, SLIGRL-NH2 was reduced 10 fold. In contrast, the potency of trypsin in PAR2NET was almost the same as in wt-PAR2. 5. We conclude that the acidic EL-2 tripeptide, PEE, in PAR2 plays an important role in governing agonist activity. 6. The data obtained with the PEEV-->NETL mutation suggested: (a) that SLIGRL-NH2 and SFLLR-NH2 interact in a distinct manner with PAR2 and (b) that SFLLR-NH2 may interact differently with PAR2 than it does with PAR1. 7 The differential reductions in the potencies of SLIGRL-NH2, compared with trypsin in the PAR2PRR and PAR2NET cell lines point to differences between the interactions of the trypsin-revealed tethered ligand and the free receptor-activating peptide with PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahjat Al-Ani
- Endocrine Research Group, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Endocrine Research Group, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Atsufumi Kawabata
- Endocrine Research Group, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Endocrine Research Group, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
- Author for correspondence:
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Vergnolle N, Hollenberg MD, Sharkey KA, Wallace JL. Characterization of the inflammatory response to proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2)-activating peptides in the rat paw. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:1083-90. [PMID: 10455252 PMCID: PMC1566112 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have observed the development of an inflammatory reaction in the rat hindpaw, following the injection of specific agonists of PAR2 (two PAR2 activating peptides). This inflammation was characterized by oedema and granulocyte infiltration. Two selective PAR2 activating peptides, SLGRL-NH2 and trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-NH2 induced significant oedema in the rat hindpaw from 1-6 h following subplantar injection. Six hours after the PAR2-activating peptide injection, the paw tissues showed a complete disruption of tissue architecture along with an inflammatory cell infiltrate. In the inflamed paw, PAR2-immunoreactivity was expressed on endothelial cells as well as on the infiltrating inflammatory cells. The oedema induced by the injection of the two PAR2 activating peptides was slightly reduced in rats pre-treated with compound 48/80, but was not modified by pre-treatment of rats with cromolyn, a mast cell stabilizer. Pre-treatment of rats with a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) or a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) had no effect on the oedema induced by the PAR2-activating peptides. These results demonstrate that the administration of PAR2-activating peptides into the rat paw induced an acute inflammatory response characterized by a persistent oedema (at least 6 h) and granulocyte infiltration. The PAR2-induced inflammatory response occurred through a mechanism largely independent of mast cell activation, and of the production of prostanoids and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vergnolle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John L Wallace
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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14
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Saifeddine M, Roy SS, Al-Ani B, Triggle CR, Hollenberg MD. Endothelium-dependent contractile actions of proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptides in human umbilical vein: release of a contracting factor via a novel receptor. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 125:1445-54. [PMID: 9884072 PMCID: PMC1565727 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile actions of the proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptides (PAR2APs), SLIGRL-NH2 (SL-NH2), SLIGKV-NH2 (KV-NH2), trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-NH2 (tc-NH2), and the PAR1-AP. TFLLR-NH2 (TF-NH2) as well as trypsin and thrombin were studied in endothelium-denuded and intact human umbilical vein (HUV) ring preparations. In HUV rings with, but not without an intact endothelium, PAR2APs caused a concentration-dependent contractile response, whereas LSIGRL-NH2 trypsin and PAR1APs were inactive. The contractile response was not affected by the endothelin ETA receptor antagonist, BQ123, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, the leukotriene synthesis inhibitor, MK886, or the epoxygenase/P450 inhibitor, SKF-525A. Other pharmacological antagonists (prazosin, Losartan") were similarly inactive. The order of potencies of the PAR2APs to cause a contraction in the endothelium-intact preparation was: SL-NH2 > > KV-NH2 > or = tc-NH2. Using an endothelium-free rat aorta ring as a reporter tissue, surrounded with endothelium-intact HUV as a donor tissue in a 'sandwich assay,' we also monitored the ability of SL-NH2, TF-NH2, trypsin and thrombin to release either contractile (EDCF) or relaxant (EDRF) factors. In the 'sandwich assay' done in the presence of L-NAME (0.1 mM), the endothelium-intact HUV tissue (but not endothelium-denuded HUV) released a contractile factor (EDCF) in response to SL-NH2 (50 microM) but not to trypsin or LSIGRL-NH2. The SL-NH2-mediated release/action of the EDCF was not affected by BQ123, indomethacin, MK886 or SKF-525A. In the 'sandwich assay', trypsin (4-10 nM), SL-NH2, KV-NH2 and tc-NH2 caused the release of a relaxant activity (EDRF) from the endothelium-intact (but not the denuded) HUV preparation. The release of EDRF was blocked by 0.1 mM (omega)nitro-L-arginine-methylester (L-NAME). Neither thrombin (10 u ml(-1), 100 nM) nor TF-NH2 (50 microM) were active in this EDRF-release assay. The relative potencies of the PAR2 agonists for causing the release of EDRF in the HUV sandwich assay were: trypsin> >SL-NH2> >tc-NH2>KV-NH2. This order of potencies differed from the one observed for the same agonists in the HUV contraction assay (above) and in an intracellular calcium signalling assay, conducted with cloned human PAR2 that was expressed in cultured rat kidney KNRK cells: trypsin > > SL-NH2 = tc-NH2 > KV-NH2. We conclude that PAR2APs (but not PAR1APs) via a receptor distinct from PAR2, can cause a contractile response in endothelium-intact HUV tissue via the release of a diffusable EDCF, that is different from previously recognized smooth muscle agonists (e.g. prostanoid metabolites, endothelin, noradrenaline, angiotensin-II, acetylcholine).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saifeddine
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, AB Canada
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