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Li H, Li D, Chen H, Yue X, Fan K, Dong L, Wang G. Application of Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistor (SiNW-FET) Biosensor with High Sensitivity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6808. [PMID: 37571591 PMCID: PMC10422280 DOI: 10.3390/s23156808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
As a new type of one-dimensional semiconductor nanometer material, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) possess good application prospects in the field of biomedical sensing. SiNWs have excellent electronic properties for improving the detection sensitivity of biosensors. The combination of SiNWs and field effect transistors (FETs) formed one special biosensor with high sensitivity and target selectivity in real-time and label-free. Recently, SiNW-FETs have received more attention in fields of biomedical detection. Here, we give a critical review of the progress of SiNW-FETs, in particular, about the reversible surface modification methods. Moreover, we summarized the applications of SiNW-FETs in DNA, protein, and microbial detection. We also discuss the related working principle and technical approaches. Our review provides an extensive discussion for studying the challenges in the future development of SiNW-FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, School of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dujuan Li
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, School of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huiyi Chen
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, School of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaojie Yue
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Kai Fan
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Linxi Dong
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, School of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, School of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Maity A, Pu H, Sui X, Chang J, Bottum KJ, Jin B, Zhou G, Wang Y, Lu G, Chen J. Scalable graphene sensor array for real-time toxins monitoring in flowing water. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4184. [PMID: 37443127 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk management for drinking water often requires continuous monitoring of various toxins in flowing water. While they can be readily integrated with existing water infrastructure, two-dimensional (2D) electronic sensors often suffer from device-to-device variations due to the lack of an effective strategy for identifying faulty devices from preselected uniform devices based on electronic properties alone, resulting in sensor inaccuracy and thus slowing down their real-world applications. Here, we report the combination of wet transfer, impedance and noise measurements, and machine learning to facilitate the scalable nanofabrication of graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) sensor arrays and the efficient identification of faulty devices. Our sensors were able to perform real-time detection of heavy-metal ions (lead and mercury) and E. coli bacteria simultaneously in flowing tap water. This study offers a reliable quality control protocol to increase the potential of electronic sensors for monitoring pollutants in flowing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Maity
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Haihui Pu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Sui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jingbo Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Kai J Bottum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Bing Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Guihua Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Yale Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Ganhua Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Junhong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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3
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Yang Z, Wang J, Yin B, Liu W, Yin D, Shen J, Wang W, Li L, Guo X. Stimuli-Induced Subconformation Transformation of the PSI-LHCI Protein at Single-Molecule Resolution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2205945. [PMID: 37114832 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a very important process for the current biosphere which can maintain such a subtle and stable circulatory ecosystem on earth through the transformation of energy and substance. Even though been widely studied in various aspects, the physiological activities, such as intrinsic structural vibration and self-regulation process to stress of photosynthetic proteins, are still not in-depth resolved in real-time. Herein, utilizing silicon nanowire biosensors with ultrasensitive temporal and spatial resolution, real-time responses of a single photosystem I-light harvesting complex I (PSI-LHCI) supercomplex of Pisum sativum to various conditions, including gradient variations in temperature, illumination, and electric field, are recorded. Under different temperatures, there is a bi-state switch process associated with the intrinsic thermal vibration behavior. When the variations of illumination and the bias voltage are applied, two additional shoulder states, probably derived from the self-conformational adjustment, are observed. Based on real-time monitoring of the dynamic processes of the PSI-LHCI supercomplex under various conditions, it is successively testified to promising nanotechnology for protein profiling and biological functional integration in photosynthesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Dongbao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jianren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Wenda Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Roy A, Datta S, Luthra R, Khan MA, Gacem A, Hasan MA, Yadav KK, Ahn Y, Jeon BH. Green synthesis of metalloid nanoparticles and its biological applications: A review. Front Chem 2022; 10:994724. [PMID: 36226118 PMCID: PMC9549281 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.994724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of metalloid nanoparticles using biological-based fabrication has become an efficient alternative surpassing the existing physical and chemical approaches because there is a need for developing safer, more reliable, cleaner, and more eco-friendly methods for their preparation. Over the last few years, the biosynthesis of metalloid nanoparticles using biological materials has received increased attention due to its pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental applications. Biosynthesis using bacterial, fungal, and plant agents has appeared as a faster developing domain in bio-based nanotechnology globally along with other biological entities, thus posing as an option for conventional physical as well as chemical methods. These agents can efficiently produce environment-friendly nanoparticles with the desired composition, morphology (shape as well as size), and stability, along with homogeneity. Besides this, metalloid nanoparticles possess various applications like antibacterial by damaging bacterial cell membranes, anticancer due to damaging tumour sites, targeted drug delivery, drug testing, and diagnostic roles. This review summarizes the various studies associated with the biosynthesis of metalloid particles, namely, tellurium, arsenic, silicon, boron, and antimony, along with their therapeutic, pharmaceutical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- *Correspondence: Arpita Roy, ; Byong-Hun Jeon,
| | | | | | - Muhammad Arshad Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amel Gacem
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 Août 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Mohd Abul Hasan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal, India
| | - Yongtae Ahn
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Arpita Roy, ; Byong-Hun Jeon,
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De Tommasi E, De Luca AC. Diatom biosilica in plasmonics: applications in sensing, diagnostics and therapeutics [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3080-3101. [PMID: 35774319 PMCID: PMC9203090 DOI: 10.1364/boe.457483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several living organisms are able to synthesize complex nanostructures provided with peculiar physical and chemical properties by means of finely-tuned, genetically controlled biomineralization processes. Frustules, in particular, are micro- and nano-structured silica shells produced by ubiquitous diatom microalgae, whose optical properties have been recently exploited in photonics, solar energy harvesting, and biosensing. Metallization of diatom biosilica, both in the shape of intact frustules or diatomite particles, can trigger plasmonic effects that in turn can find application in high-sensitive detection platforms, allowing to obtain effective nanosensors at low cost and on a large scale. The aim of the present review article is to provide a wide, complete overview on the main metallization techniques applied to diatom biosilica and on the principal applications of diatom-based plasmonic devices mainly but not exclusively in the fields of biochemical sensing, diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo De Tommasi
- National Research Council, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems "Eduardo Caianiello", Unit of Naples, Via P. Castellino 111, I-80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- National Research Council, Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", Unit of Naples, Via P. Castellino 111, I-80131, Naples, Italy
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6
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Manimekala T, Sivasubramanian R, Dharmalingam G. Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors using Field-Effect Transistors: A Review. JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2022; 51:1950-1973. [PMID: 35250154 PMCID: PMC8881998 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-022-09492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor biosensors (Bio-FET) have attracted great interest in recent years owing to their distinctive properties like high sensitivity, good selectivity, and easy integration into portable and wearable electronic devices. Bio-FET performance mainly relies on the constituent components such as the bio-recognition layer and the transducer, which ensures device stability, sensitivity, and lifetime. Nanomaterial-based Bio-FETs are excellent candidates for biosensing applications. This review discusses the basic concepts, function, and working principles of Bio-FETs, and focuses on the progress of recent research in Bio-FETs in the sensing of neurotransmitters, glucose, nucleic acids, proteins, viruses, and cancer biomarkers using nanomaterials. Finally, challenges in the development of Bio-FETs, as well as an outlook on the prospects of nano Bio-FET-based sensing in various fields, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Manimekala
- Plasmonic Nanomaterials Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641004 India
- Electrochemical Sensors and Energy Materials Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641004 India
| | - R. Sivasubramanian
- Electrochemical Sensors and Energy Materials Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641004 India
| | - Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam
- Plasmonic Nanomaterials Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641004 India
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7
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Wang X, Zhang H, Douglas JF. The initiation of shear band formation in deformed metallic glasses from soft localized domains. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204504. [PMID: 34852471 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been thought that shear band (SB) formation in amorphous solids initiates from relatively "soft" regions in the material in which large-scale non-affine deformations become localized. The test of this hypothesis requires an effective means of identifying "soft" regions and their evolution as the material is deformed to varying degrees, where the metric of "softness" must also account for the effect of temperature on local material stiffness. We show that the mean square atomic displacement on a caging timescale ⟨u2⟩, the "Debye-Waller factor," provides a useful method for estimating the shear modulus of the entire material and, by extension, the material stiffness at an atomic scale. Based on this "softness" metrology, we observe that SB formation indeed occurs through the strain-induced formation of localized soft regions in our deformed metallic glass free-standing films. Unexpectedly, the critical strain condition for SB formation occurs when the softness (⟨u2⟩) distribution within the emerging soft regions approaches that of the interfacial region in its undeformed state, initiating an instability with similarities to the transition to turbulence. Correspondingly, no SBs arise when the material is so thin that the entire material can be approximately described as being "interfacial" in nature. We also quantify relaxation in the glass and the nature and origin of highly non-Gaussian particle displacements in the dynamically heterogeneous SB regions at times longer than the caging time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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8
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Falina S, Syamsul M, Rhaffor NA, Sal Hamid S, Mohamed Zain KA, Abd Manaf A, Kawarada H. Ten Years Progress of Electrical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions (HMIs) Using Various Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Nanosensors: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:478. [PMID: 34940235 PMCID: PMC8699440 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution remains a major concern for the public today, in line with the growing population and global industrialization. Heavy metal ion (HMI) is a threat to human and environmental safety, even at low concentrations, thus rapid and continuous HMI monitoring is essential. Among the sensors available for HMI detection, the field-effect transistor (FET) sensor demonstrates promising potential for fast and real-time detection. The aim of this review is to provide a condensed overview of the contribution of certain semiconductor substrates in the development of chemical and biosensor FETs for HMI detection in the past decade. A brief introduction of the FET sensor along with its construction and configuration is presented in the first part of this review. Subsequently, the FET sensor deployment issue and FET intrinsic limitation screening effect are also discussed, and the solutions to overcome these shortcomings are summarized. Later, we summarize the strategies for HMIs' electrical detection, mechanisms, and sensing performance on nanomaterial semiconductor FET transducers, including silicon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, AlGaN/GaN, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), black phosphorus, organic and inorganic semiconductor. Finally, concerns and suggestions regarding detection in the real samples using FET sensors are highlighted in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Falina
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
| | - Mohd Syamsul
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Research and Technology (INOR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nuha Abd Rhaffor
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Sofiyah Sal Hamid
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Khairu Anuar Mohamed Zain
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Hiroshi Kawarada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- The Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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9
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Probing the electronic properties of the electrified silicon/water interface by combining simulations and experiments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2114929118. [PMID: 34750271 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114929118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is broadly used in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical devices, where the capacitive and Faradaic reactions at the Si/water interfaces are critical for signal transduction or noise generation. However, probing the electrified Si/water interface at the microscopic level remains a challenging task. Here we focus on hydrogenated Si surfaces in contact with water, relevant to transient electronics and photoelectrochemical modulation of biological cells and tissues. We show that by carrying out first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of the Si(100)/water interface in the presence of an electric field we can realistically correlate the computed flat-band potential and tunneling current images at the interface with experimentally measured capacitive and Faradaic currents. Specifically, we validate our simulations in the presence of bias by performing pulsed chronoamperometry measurements on Si wafers in solution. Consistent with prior experiments, our measurements and simulations indicate the presence of voltage-dependent capacitive currents at the interface. We also find that Faradaic currents are weakly dependent on the applied bias, which we relate to surface defects present in newly prepared samples.
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Zhang G, Zeng H, Liu J, Nagashima K, Takahashi T, Hosomi T, Tanaka W, Yanagida T. Nanowire-based sensor electronics for chemical and biological applications. Analyst 2021; 146:6684-6725. [PMID: 34667998 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Detection and recognition of chemical and biological species via sensor electronics are important not only for various sensing applications but also for fundamental scientific understanding. In the past two decades, sensor devices using one-dimensional (1D) nanowires have emerged as promising and powerful platforms for electrical detection of chemical species and biologically relevant molecules due to their superior sensing performance, long-term stability, and ultra-low power consumption. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the recent progress and achievements in 1D nanowire synthesis, working principles of nanowire-based sensors, and the applications of nanowire-based sensor electronics in chemical and biological analytes detection and recognition. In addition, some critical issues that hinder the practical applications of 1D nanowire-based sensor electronics, including device reproducibility and selectivity, stability, and power consumption, will be highlighted. Finally, challenges, perspectives, and opportunities for developing advanced and innovative nanowire-based sensor electronics in chemical and biological applications are featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhu Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jiangyang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
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11
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Sinha S, Pal T. A comprehensive review of FET‐based pH sensors: materials, fabrication technologies, and modeling. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soumendu Sinha
- CSIR – Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI) Pilani Rajasthan India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Tapas Pal
- CSIR – Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI) Pilani Rajasthan India
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12
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Lee D, Jung WH, Lee S, Yu ES, Lee T, Kim JH, Song HS, Lee KH, Lee S, Han SK, Choi MC, Ahn DJ, Ryu YS, Kim C. Ionic contrast across a lipid membrane for Debye length extension: towards an ultimate bioelectronic transducer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3741. [PMID: 34145296 PMCID: PMC8213817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite technological advances in biomolecule detections, evaluation of molecular interactions via potentiometric devices under ion-enriched solutions has remained a long-standing problem. To avoid severe performance degradation of bioelectronics by ionic screening effects, we cover probe surfaces of field effect transistors with a single film of the supported lipid bilayer, and realize respectable potentiometric signals from receptor-ligand bindings irrespective of ionic strength of bulky solutions by placing an ion-free water layer underneath the supported lipid bilayer. High-energy X-ray reflectometry together with the circuit analysis and molecular dynamics simulation discovered biochemical findings that effective electrical signals dominantly originated from the sub-nanoscale conformational change of lipids in the course of receptor-ligand bindings. Beyond thorough analysis on the underlying mechanism at the molecular level, the proposed supported lipid bilayer-field effect transistor platform ensures the world-record level of sensitivity in molecular detection with excellent reproducibility regardless of molecular charges and environmental ionic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggeun Lee
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyuk Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suho Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Sang Yu
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taikjin Lee
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hun Kim
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Hyi Lee
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Lee
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kook Han
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chul Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong June Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Sang Ryu
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chulki Kim
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Bellando F, Mele LJ, Palestri P, Zhang J, Ionescu AM, Selmi L. Sensitivity, Noise and Resolution in a BEOL-Modified Foundry-Made ISFET with Miniaturized Reference Electrode for Wearable Point-of-Care Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051779. [PMID: 33806584 PMCID: PMC7961866 DOI: 10.3390/s21051779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) form a high sensitivity and scalable class of sensors, compatible with advanced complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes. Despite many previous demonstrations about their merits as low-power integrated sensors, very little is known about their noise characterization when being operated in a liquid gate configuration. The noise characteristics in various regimes of their operation are important to select the most suitable conditions for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and power consumption. This work reports systematic DC, transient, and noise characterizations and models of a back-end of line (BEOL)-modified foundry-made ISFET used as pH sensor. The aim is to determine the sensor sensitivity and resolution to pH changes and to calibrate numerical and lumped element models, capable of supporting the interpretation of the experimental findings. The experimental sensitivity is approximately 40 mV/pH with a normalized resolution of 5 mpH per µm2, in agreement with the literature state of the art. Differences in the drain current noise spectra between the ISFET and MOSFET configurations of the same device at low currents (weak inversion) suggest that the chemical noise produced by the random binding/unbinding of the H+ ions on the sensor surface is likely the dominant noise contribution in this regime. In contrast, at high currents (strong inversion), the two configurations provide similar drain noise levels suggesting that the noise originates in the underlying FET rather than in the sensing region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellando
- Electronic Department, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.B.); (A.M.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0432-558-249
| | - Leandro Julian Mele
- DPIA Department, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0432-558-249
| | - Pierpaolo Palestri
- DPIA Department, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0432-558-249
| | - Junrui Zhang
- Xsensio SA Batiment A, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Adrian Mihai Ionescu
- Electronic Department, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.B.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Luca Selmi
- DIEF, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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14
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Sedki M, Shen Y, Mulchandani A. Nano-FET-enabled biosensors: Materials perspective and recent advances in North America. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 176:112941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Thomas S, Mallet J, Bahuleyan BK, Molinari M. Growth of Homogeneous Luminescent Silicon-Terbium Nanowires by One-Step Electrodeposition in Ionic Liquids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2390. [PMID: 33265958 PMCID: PMC7760834 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An electrodeposition method for the growth of homogeneous silicon-terbium nanowires (NWs) with green light emission is described. The method involves template-assisted electrochemical co-deposition of Si/Tb NWs with 90-nm diameter from an electrolyte bath containing Si and Tb precursors in an ionic liquid (IL). This method of deposition is advantageous over other conventional techniques as it is relatively simple and cost-effective and avoids harsh deposition conditions. The deposited NWs are of uniform dimensions with homogeneous composition incorporating 10% of Tb and exhibit intense room temperature (RT) luminescence in the visible range due to Tb emission. These results were confirmed by combining classical characterization such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL) performed on an assembly of NWs with spatially resolved experiments such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cathodoluminescence (CL). This electrodeposition method provides an alternative and extremely simple approach for depositing silicon-rare earth nanostructures for optical and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Thomas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Jeremy Mallet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Bijal K. Bahuleyan
- Department of General Studies, Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu Al Sinaiyah 41912, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Michael Molinari
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nanoobjects, CBMN UMR CNRS 5248, Université de Bordeaux, IPB Bordeaux, Allee Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
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16
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Guo J, Liang Z, Huang Y, Kim K, Vandeventer P, Fan D. Acceleration of Biomolecule Enrichment and Detection with Rotationally Motorized Opto-Plasmonic Microsensors and the Working Mechanism. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15204-15215. [PMID: 33095572 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vigorous research efforts have advanced the state-of-the-art nanosensors with ultrahigh sensitivity for bioanalysis. However, a dilemmatic challenge remains: it is extremely difficult to obtain nanosensors that are both sensitive and high-speed for the detection of low-concentration molecules in aqueous samples. Herein, we report how the controlled mechanical rotation (or rotary motorization) of designed opto-plasmonic microsensors can substantially and robustly accelerate the enrichment and detection speed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with retained high sensitivity. At least 4-fold augmentation of the capture speed of DNA molecules is obtained from a microsensor rotating at 1200 rpm. Theoretical analysis and modeling shed light on the underlying working mechanism, governed by the molecule-motor-flow interaction as well as its application range and limitation. This work provides a device scheme that alleviates the dilemmatic challenge in biomolecule sensing and offers the understanding of the complex interactions of molecules and moving microobjects in suspension. The results may assist the rational design of efficient microrobotic systems for the capture, translocation, sensing, and release of biocargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhe Guo
- Texas Materials Institute and Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zexi Liang
- Texas Materials Institute and Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yun Huang
- Texas Materials Institute and Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Peter Vandeventer
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, United States
| | - Donglei Fan
- Texas Materials Institute and Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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17
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Park SJ, Jeon DY, Sessi V, Trommer J, Heinzig A, Mikolajick T, Kim GT, Weber WM. Channel Length-Dependent Operation of Ambipolar Schottky-Barrier Transistors on a Single Si Nanowire. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43927-43932. [PMID: 32880433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For use in flexible, printable, wearable electronics, Schottky-barrier field-effect transistors (SB-FETs) with various channel materials including low-dimensional nanomaterials have been considered so far due to their comparatively simple and cost-effective integration scheme free of junction and channel dopants. However, the electric conduction mechanism and the scaling properties underlying their performance differ significantly from those of conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field-effect transistors. Indeed, an understanding of channel length scaling and drain bias impact has not been elucidated sufficiently. Here, multiple ambipolar SB-FETs with different channel lengths have been fabricated on a single silicon nanowire ensuring a constant nanowire diameter. Their length scaling behavior is analyzed through drain current and transconductance contour maps, each depending on the drain and gate bias. The reduced gate control and extended drain field effect on Schottky junctions were observed in short channels. Activation energy measurements showed lower sensitive behavior of the Schottky barrier to gate bias in the short-channel device and confirmed the thinning of Schottky barrier width for electrons at the source interface with drain bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jeong Park
- Chair of Nanoelectronic Materials, TU Dresden, Noethnitzer Strasse 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED), 01062 Dresden, Germany
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Young Jeon
- Chair of Nanoelectronic Materials, TU Dresden, Noethnitzer Strasse 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED), 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Joellabuk-do 55324, Korea
| | - Violetta Sessi
- Chair of Nanoelectronic Materials, TU Dresden, Noethnitzer Strasse 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED), 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Trommer
- Namlab gGmbH, Noethnitzer Strasse 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - André Heinzig
- Chair of Nanoelectronic Materials, TU Dresden, Noethnitzer Strasse 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Namlab gGmbH, Noethnitzer Strasse 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Mikolajick
- Chair of Nanoelectronic Materials, TU Dresden, Noethnitzer Strasse 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED), 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gyu-Tae Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Walter M Weber
- Namlab gGmbH, Noethnitzer Strasse 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED), 01062 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Su L, Mao J, Wang S, Hu Y. A bimodal electrochemiluminescence method based on dual-enhancement Ru(bpy)32+/CQDs/AA system combined with magnetic field enhanced solid-phase microextraction for the direct determination of ascorbic acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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19
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Sun Y, Dong T, Yu L, Xu J, Chen K. Planar Growth, Integration, and Applications of Semiconducting Nanowires. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903945. [PMID: 31746050 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicon and other inorganic semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have been extensively investigated in the last two decades for constructing high-performance nanoelectronics, sensors, and optoelectronics. For many of these applications, these tiny building blocks have to be integrated into the existing planar electronic platform, where precise location, orientation, and layout controls are indispensable. In the advent of More-than-Moore's era, there are also emerging demands for a programmable growth engineering of the geometry, composition, and line-shape of NWs on planar or out-of-plane 3D sidewall surfaces. Here, the critical technologies established for synthesis, transferring, and assembly of NWs upon planar surface are examined; then, the recent progress of in-plane growth of horizontal NWs directly upon crystalline or patterned substrates, constrained by using nanochannels, an epitaxial interface, or amorphous thin film precursors is discussed. Finally, the unique capabilities of planar growth of NWs in achieving precise guided growth control, programmable geometry, composition, and line-shape engineering are reviewed, followed by their latest device applications in building high-performance field-effect transistors, photodetectors, stretchable electronics, and 3D stacked-channel integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Taige Dong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Kunji Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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20
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Maity A, Sui X, Pu H, Bottum KJ, Jin B, Chang J, Zhou G, Lu G, Chen J. Sensitive field-effect transistor sensors with atomically thin black phosphorus nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1500-1512. [PMID: 31859311 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09354k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin black phosphorus (BP) field-effect transistors have excellent potential for sensing applications. However, commercial scaling of PFET sensors is still in the early stage due to various technical challenges, such as tedious fabrication, low response% caused by rapid oxidation, non-ideal response output (spike/bidirectional), and large device variation due to poor control over layer thickness among devices. Attempts have been made to address these issues. First, a theoretical model for response% dependence on the number of layers is developed to show the role of atomically thin BP for better responses. A position-tracked, selected-area-exfoliation method has been developed to rapidly produce thin BP layers with a narrow distribution (∼1-7 layers), which can harness excellent gate control over the PFET channel. The typical current on/off ratio is in the range of ∼300-500. The cysteine-modified Al2O3-gated PFET sensors show high responses (∼30-900%) toward a wide detection range (∼1-400 ppb) of lead ions in water with a typical response time of ∼10-30 s. A strategy to minimize device variation is proposed by correlating PFETs' on/off ratio with sensitivity parameters. The thickness variation of the gate oxide is investigated to explain non-ideal and ideal response transient kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Maity
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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21
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The influence of geometry and other fundamental challenges for bio-sensing with field effect transistors. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:757-763. [PMID: 31588960 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a review of field effect transistors (FET) from the point of view of their applications to label-free sensing in the era of genomics and proteomics. Here, rather than a collection of Bio-FET achievements, we propose an analysis of the different issues hampering the use of these devices into clinical applications. We make a particular emphasis on the influence of the sensor geometry in the phenomena of mass transport of analytes, which is a topic that has been traditionally overlooked in the analysis and design of biosensors, but that plays a central role in the achievement of low limits of detection. Other issues like the screening of charges by the ions in liquids with physiological ionic strength and the non-specific binding are also reviewed. In conclusion, we give an overview of different solutions that have been proposed to address all these challenges, demonstrating the potential of field effect transistors owing to their ease of integration with other semiconductor components for developing cost-effective, highly multiplexed sensors for next-generation medicines.
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22
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Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194214. [PMID: 31569330 PMCID: PMC6806101 DOI: 10.3390/s19194214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, field-effect transistor biosensors (Bio-FET) for biomedical applications have experienced a robust development with evolutions in FET characteristics as well as modification of bio-receptor structures. This review initially provides contemplation on this progress by analyzing and summarizing remarkable studies on two aforementioned aspects. The former includes fabricating unprecedented nanostructures and employing novel materials for FET transducers whereas the latter primarily synthesizes compact molecules as bio-probes (antibody fragments and aptamers). Afterwards, a future perspective on research of FET-biosensors is also predicted depending on current situations as well as its great demand in clinical trials of disease diagnosis. From these points of view, FET-biosensors with infinite advantages are expected to continuously advance as one of the most promising tools for biomedical applications.
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23
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Baraban L, Ibarlucea B, Baek E, Cuniberti G. Hybrid Silicon Nanowire Devices and Their Functional Diversity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900522. [PMID: 31406669 PMCID: PMC6685480 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the pool of nanostructured materials, silicon nanostructures are known as conventionally used building blocks of commercially available electronic devices. Their application areas span from miniaturized elements of devices and circuits to ultrasensitive biosensors for diagnostics. In this Review, the current trends in the developments of silicon nanowire-based devices are summarized, and their functionalities, novel architectures, and applications are discussed from the point of view of analog electronics, arisen from the ability of (bio)chemical gating of the carrier channel. Hybrid nanowire-based devices are introduced and described as systems decorated by, e.g., organic complexes (biomolecules, polymers, and organic films), aimed to substantially extend their functionality, compared to traditional systems. Their functional diversity is explored considering their architecture as well as areas of their applications, outlining several groups of devices that benefit from the coatings. The first group is the biosensors that are able to represent label-free assays thanks to the attached biological receptors. The second group is represented by devices for optoelectronics that acquire higher optical sensitivity or efficiency due to the specific photosensitive decoration of the nanowires. Finally, the so-called new bioinspired neuromorphic devices are shown, which are aimed to mimic the functions of the biological cells, e.g., neurons and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Baraban
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Eunhye Baek
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
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24
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Tran NHT, Trinh KTL, Lee JH, Yoon WJ, Ju H. Fluorescence Enhancement Using Bimetal Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission from 5-Carboxyfluorescein (FAM). MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E460. [PMID: 30424393 PMCID: PMC6187710 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the enhancement of fluorescence emission from a dye, 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM), which couples with surface plasmons at the spectral channels of excitation and emission. Experiments and calculations revealed that bimetallic (gold-silver) plasmon, as compared to the monometallic ones, allowed such coupling to be enhanced, at both the spectral channels. We achieved the maximum fluorescence enhancement level of 46.5-fold, with markedly high reproducibility (coefficient of variation ~ 0.5%) at a FAM concentration of 10 nM. We also found that higher fluorescence enhancement was more likely to be reproducible. This encourages the use of this technology for practical applications in fluorescence-based biochemical assays. Moreover, we investigated a FAM concentration-dependent enhancement of fluorescence. It was found that fluorescence enhancement decreased and saturated at above 10 nM concentration possibly due to partial photo-bleaching of FAM molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu Hoa Thi Tran
- Department of Nano-Physics, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
- Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
| | - Kieu The Loan Trinh
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- Laser & Opto-electronics Team, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13509, Korea.
| | - Won Jung Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Bio Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
| | - Heongkyu Ju
- Department of Nano-Physics, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
- Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
- Neuroscience Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 405-760, Korea.
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25
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Lowe BM, Sun K, Zeimpekis I, Skylaris CK, Green NG. Field-effect sensors - from pH sensing to biosensing: sensitivity enhancement using streptavidin-biotin as a model system. Analyst 2018; 142:4173-4200. [PMID: 29072718 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Field-Effect Transistor sensors (FET-sensors) have been receiving increasing attention for biomolecular sensing over the last two decades due to their potential for ultra-high sensitivity sensing, label-free operation, cost reduction and miniaturisation. Whilst the commercial application of FET-sensors in pH sensing has been realised, their commercial application in biomolecular sensing (termed BioFETs) is hindered by poor understanding of how to optimise device design for highly reproducible operation and high sensitivity. In part, these problems stem from the highly interdisciplinary nature of the problems encountered in this field, in which knowledge of biomolecular-binding kinetics, surface chemistry, electrical double layer physics and electrical engineering is required. In this work, a quantitative analysis and critical review has been performed comparing literature FET-sensor data for pH-sensing with data for sensing of biomolecular streptavidin binding to surface-bound biotin systems. The aim is to provide the first systematic, quantitative comparison of BioFET results for a single biomolecular analyte, specifically streptavidin, which is the most commonly used model protein in biosensing experiments, and often used as an initial proof-of-concept for new biosensor designs. This novel quantitative and comparative analysis of the surface potential behaviour of a range of devices demonstrated a strong contrast between the trends observed in pH-sensing and those in biomolecule-sensing. Potential explanations are discussed in detail and surface-chemistry optimisation is shown to be a vital component in sensitivity-enhancement. Factors which can influence the response, yet which have not always been fully appreciated, are explored and practical suggestions are provided on how to improve experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Lowe
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Ioannis Zeimpekis
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| | | | - Nicolas G Green
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
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26
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Lowe BM, Skylaris CK, Green NG, Shibuta Y, Sakata T. Molecular dynamics simulation of potentiometric sensor response: the effect of biomolecules, surface morphology and surface charge. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8650-8666. [PMID: 29700545 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00776d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The silica-water interface is critical to many modern technologies in chemical engineering and biosensing. One technology used commonly in biosensors, the potentiometric sensor, operates by measuring the changes in electric potential due to changes in the interfacial electric field. Predictive modelling of this response caused by surface binding of biomolecules remains highly challenging. In this work, through the most extensive molecular dynamics simulation of the silica-water interfacial potential and electric field to date, we report a novel prediction and explanation of the effects of nano-morphology on sensor response. Amorphous silica demonstrated a larger potentiometric response than an equivalent crystalline silica model due to increased sodium adsorption, in agreement with experiments showing improved sensor response with nano-texturing. We provide proof-of-concept that molecular dynamics can be used as a complementary tool for potentiometric biosensor response prediction. Effects that are conventionally neglected, such as surface morphology, water polarisation, biomolecule dynamics and finite-size effects, are explicitly modelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lowe
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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27
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Jung I, Yoo H, Jang HJ, Cho S, Lee K, Hong S, Park S. Fourier Transform Surface Plasmon Resonance (FTSPR) with Gyromagnetic Plasmonic Nanorods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1841-1845. [PMID: 29266670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented active and dynamic sensing platform based on a LSPR configuration that is modulated by using an external magnetic field is reported. Electrochemically synthesized Au/Fe/Au nanorods exhibited plasmonically active behavior through plasmonic coupling, and the middle ferromagnetic Fe block responded to a magnetic impetus, allowing the nanorods to be modulated. The shear force variation induced by the specific binding events between antigens and antibodies on the nanorod surface is used to enhance the sensitivity of detection of antigens in the plasmonics-based sensor application. As a proof-of-concept, influenza A virus (HA1) was used as a target protein. The limit of detection was enhanced by two orders of magnitude compared to that of traditional LSPR sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insub Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Haneul Yoo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Kyungeun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Sungho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
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28
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Jung I, Yoo H, Jang HJ, Cho S, Lee K, Hong S, Park S. Fourier Transform Surface Plasmon Resonance (FTSPR) with Gyromagnetic Plasmonic Nanorods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Insub Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 South Korea
| | - Haneul Yoo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-747 South Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 South Korea
| | - Kyungeun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 South Korea
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-747 South Korea
| | - Sungho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Science; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 South Korea
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29
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Liu M, Xu Y, Niu F, Gooding JJ, Liu J. Carbon quantum dots directly generated from electrochemical oxidation of graphite electrodes in alkaline alcohols and the applications for specific ferric ion detection and cell imaging. Analyst 2018; 141:2657-64. [PMID: 26878217 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02231b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are attracting tremendous interest owing to their low toxicity, water dispersibility, biocompatibility, optical properties and wide applicability. Herein, CQDs with an average diameter of (4.0 ± 0.2) nm and high crystallinity were produced simply from the electrochemical oxidation of a graphite electrode in alkaline alcohols. The as-formed CQDs dispersion was colourless but the dispersion gradually changed to bright yellow when stored in ambient conditions. Based on UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), this colour change appeared to be due to oxygenation of surface species over time. Furthermore, the CQDs were used in specific and sensitive detection of ferric ion (Fe(3+)) with broad linear ranges of 10-200 μM with a low limit of detection of 1.8 μM (S/N = 3). The application of the CQDs for Fe(3+) detection in tap water was demonstrated and the possible mechanism was also discussed. Finally, based on their good characteristics of low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility, the CQDs were successfully applied to cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Fushuang Niu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicineand ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jingquan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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30
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Li L, Lian Z, Yan X, Xia M, Zhang M. An evaporation induced self-assembly approach to prepare polymorphic carbon dot fluorescent nanoprobes for protein labelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13123-13126. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05860a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel route to prepare polymorphic carbon dot fluorescent probes via the evaporation-induced self-assembly of glutaraldehyde and carbon dots, which first usually form carbon nanoclusters which then could self-assemble to form carbon nanocrystals, nanospheres or nanofibers in different ionic strength solutions at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Chemo Biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
| | - Zhongyu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Chemo Biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
| | - Xi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Chemo Biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
| | - Meng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Chemo Biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
| | - Mingcui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Chemo Biosensing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
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31
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Li J, He G, Hiroshi U, Liu W, Noji H, Qi C, Guo X. Direct Measurement of Single-Molecule Adenosine Triphosphatase Hydrolysis Dynamics. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12789-12795. [PMID: 29215860 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
F1-ATPase (F1) is a bidirectional molecular motor that hydrolyzes nearly all ATPs to fuel the cellular processes. Optical observation of labeled F1 rotation against the α3β3 hexamer ring revealed the sequential mechanical rotation steps corresponding to ATP binding/ADP release and ATP hydrolysis/Pi release. These substeps originate from the F1 rotation but with heavy load on the γ shaft due to fluorescent labeling and the photophysical limitation of an optical microscope, which hampers better understanding of the intrinsic kinetic behavior of ATP hydrolysis. In this work, we present a method capable of electrically monitoring ATP hydrolysis of a single label-free F1 in real time by using a high-gain silicon nanowire-based field-effect transistor circuit. We reproducibly observe the regular current signal fluctuations with two distinct levels, which are induced by the binding dwell and the catalytic dwell, respectively, in both concentration- and temperature-dependent experiments. In comparison with labeled F1, the hydrolysis rate of nonlabeled F1 used in this study is 1 order of magnitude faster (1.69 × 108 M-1 s-1 at 20 °C), and the differences between two sequential catalytic rates are clearer, demonstrating the ability of nanowire nanocircuits to directly probe the intrinsic dynamic processes of the biological activities with single-molecule/single-event sensitivity. This approach is complementary to traditional optical methods, offering endless opportunities to unravel molecular mechanisms of a variety of dynamic biosystems under realistic physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Gen He
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ueno Hiroshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Chuanmin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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32
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Current advances and future visions on bioelectronic immunosensing for prostate-specific antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:267-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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33
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Evstrapov AA. Micro- and nanofluidic systems in devices for biological, medical and environmental research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/917/2/022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Setiadi A, Fujii H, Kasai S, Yamashita KI, Ogawa T, Ikuta T, Kanai Y, Matsumoto K, Kuwahara Y, Akai-Kasaya M. Room-temperature discrete-charge-fluctuation dynamics of a single molecule adsorbed on a carbon nanotube. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10674-10683. [PMID: 28616952 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02534c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detection and use of physical noise fluctuations in a signal provides significant advantages in the development of bio- and neuro-sensing and functional mimicking devices. Low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials are a good candidate for use in noise generation due to the high surface sensitivity of these materials, which may themselves serve as the main building blocks of these devices. Here, we demonstrate that the addition of a molecule with high redox activity to a carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistor provides tunable current fluctuation noise. A unique charge-trap state in the vicinity of the CNT surface due to the presence of the single molecule is the origin of the noise, which generates a prominent and unique slow discrete random telegraph signal in the device current. The power spectral density reveals the peculiar frequency limit of the fluctuation for different types of molecules depending on their redox activity and adsorption configuration. These results indicate that the detected noise will provide new opportunities to obtain electronic information for a single molecule combined with a nanotube surface, and that controllability of the noise may contribute to the expansion of noise utilization in future bio-inspired devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Setiadi
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan.
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35
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Ray SK, Katiyar AK, Raychaudhuri AK. One-dimensional Si/Ge nanowires and their heterostructures for multifunctional applications-a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:092001. [PMID: 28120815 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa565c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in the field of one-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures for electronic and photonic devices. Group-IV semiconductors and their heterostructures have dominated the years of success in microelectronic industry. However their use in photonic devices is limited since they exhibit poor optical activity due to indirect band gap nature of Si and Ge. Reducing their dimensions below a characteristic length scale of various fundamental parameters like exciton Bohr radius, phonon mean free path, critical size of magnetic domains, exciton diffusion length etc result in the significant modification of bulk properties. In particular, light emission from Si/Ge nanowires due to quantum confinement, strain induced band structure modification and impurity doping may lead to the integration of photonic components with mature silicon CMOS technology in near future. Several promising applications based on Si and Ge nanowires have already been well established and studied, while others are now at the early demonstration stage. The control over various forms of energy and carrier transport through the unconstrained dimension makes Si and Ge nanowires a promising platform to manufacture advanced solid-state devices. This review presents the progress of the research with emphasis on their potential application of Si/Ge nanowires and their heterostructures for electronic, photonic, sensing and energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit K Ray
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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36
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Anand A, Liu CR, Chou AC, Hsu WH, Ulaganathan RK, Lin YC, Dai CA, Tseng FG, Pan CY, Chen YT. Detection of K + Efflux from Stimulated Cortical Neurons by an Aptamer-Modified Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor. ACS Sens 2017; 2:69-79. [PMID: 28722429 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concentration gradient of K+ across the cell membrane of a neuron determines its resting potential and cell excitability. During neurotransmission, the efflux of K+ from the cell via various channels will not only decrease the intracellular K+ content but also elevate the extracellular K+ concentration. However, it is not clear to what extent this change could be. In this study, we developed a multiple-parallel-connected silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) modified with K+-specific DNA-aptamers (aptamer/SiNW-FET) for the real-time detection of the K+ efflux from cultured cortical neurons. The aptamer/SiNW-FET showed an association constant of (2.18 ± 0.44) × 106 M-1 against K+ and an either less or negligible response to other alkali metal ions. The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) stimulation induced an outward current and hyperpolarized the membrane potential in a whole-cell patched neuron under a Na+/K+-free buffer. When neurons were placed atop the aptamer/SiNW-FET in a Na+/K+-free buffer, AMPA (13 μM) stimulation elevated the extracellular K+ concentration to ∼800 nM, which is greatly reduced by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, an AMPA receptor antagonist. The EC50 of AMPA in elevating the extracellular K+ concentration was 10.3 μM. By stimulating the neurons with AMPA under a normal physiological buffer, the K+ concentration in the isolated cytosolic fraction was decreased by 75%. These experiments demonstrate that the aptamer/SiNW-FET is sensitive for detecting cations and the K+ concentrations inside and outside the neurons could be greatly changed to modulate the neuron excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Anand
- Nanoscience
and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Rung Liu
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Rajesh Kumar Ulaganathan
- Nanoscience
and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department
of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | | | - Yit-Tsong Chen
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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37
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Lim CM, Lee IK, Lee KJ, Oh YK, Shin YB, Cho WJ. Improved sensing characteristics of dual-gate transistor sensor using silicon nanowire arrays defined by nanoimprint lithography. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2017; 18:17-25. [PMID: 28179955 PMCID: PMC5256244 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2016.1253409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the construction of a sensitive, stable, and label-free sensor based on a dual-gate field-effect transistor (DG FET), in which uniformly distributed and size-controlled silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays by nanoimprint lithography act as conductor channels. Compared to previous DG FETs with a planar-type silicon channel layer, the constructed SiNW DG FETs exhibited superior electrical properties including a higher capacitive-coupling ratio of 18.0 and a lower off-state leakage current under high-temperature stress. In addition, while the conventional planar single-gate (SG) FET- and planar DG FET-based pH sensors showed the sensitivities of 56.7 mV/pH and 439.3 mV/pH, respectively, the SiNW DG FET-based pH sensors showed not only a higher sensitivity of 984.1 mV/pH, but also a lower drift rate of 0.8% for pH-sensitivity. This demonstrates that the SiNW DG FETs simultaneously achieve high sensitivity and stability, with significant potential for future biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Min Lim
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Hazards Monitoring BioNano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Joong Lee
- Hazards Monitoring BioNano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Oh
- Hazards Monitoring BioNano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Shin
- Hazards Monitoring BioNano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
| | - Won-Ju Cho
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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38
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Lowe BM, Maekawa Y, Shibuta Y, Sakata T, Skylaris CK, Green NG. Dynamic behaviour of the silica-water-bio electrical double layer in the presence of a divalent electrolyte. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:2687-2701. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation of the electric double layer at the silica-water-bio interface in mixed electrolyte. Water orientation and charge distribution showed a significant effect on the electrostatics at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Lowe
- Institute for Complex Systems Simulation and the Electronics and Computer Science Department
- University of Southampton
- UK
| | - Y. Maekawa
- Department of Materials Engineering School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Y. Shibuta
- Department of Materials Engineering School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - T. Sakata
- Department of Materials Engineering School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | | | - N. G. Green
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science
- Nano Research Group
- University of Southampton
- UK
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39
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Zhou W, Dai X, Lieber CM. Advances in nanowire bioelectronics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:016701. [PMID: 27823988 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/80/1/016701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires represent powerful building blocks for next generation bioelectronics given their attractive properties, including nanometer-scale footprint comparable to subcellular structures and bio-molecules, configurable in nonstandard device geometries readily interfaced with biological systems, high surface-to-volume ratios, fast signal responses, and minimum consumption of energy. In this review article, we summarize recent progress in the field of nanowire bioelectronics with a focus primarily on silicon nanowire field-effect transistor biosensors. First, the synthesis and assembly of semiconductor nanowires will be described, including the basics of nanowire FETs crucial to their configuration as biosensors. Second, we will introduce and review recent results in nanowire bioelectronics for biomedical applications ranging from label-free sensing of biomolecules, to extracellular and intracellular electrophysiological recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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40
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Kulkarni GS, Zang W, Zhong Z. Nanoelectronic Heterodyne Sensor: A New Electronic Sensing Paradigm. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2578-2586. [PMID: 27668314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoelectronic devices based on nanomaterials such as nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and other 2D nanomaterials offer extremely large surface-to-volume ratios, high carrier mobility, low power consumption, and high compatibility for integration with modern electronic technologies. These distinct advantages promise great potential for nanoelectronic devices as next generation chemical and biological sensors. Currently, majority of existing nanoelectronic sensors are direct current (DC) sensors, which rely ubiquitously on detection of conductance change associated with molecular adsorption. However, despite the simplicity of the conventional DC sensing technology, it also has severe limitations such as the Debye screening effect in ionic solutions, and the speed-sensitivity trade-off for the detection of charge-neutral molecules. Hence, the development of nanoelectronic sensors calls for new sensing platform technologies that can truly showcase the advantages of electronic sensors. In this Account, we will summarize recent efforts from our group on the development of a new electronic sensing paradigm, the nanoelectronic heterodyne sensors. Unlike conventional charge-detection based sensors, the heterodyne sensor explores the frequency mixing response between molecular dipoles and a nanoscale transistor. As an example, we first discuss the capability of heterodyne sensing in gas sensing applications by using graphene devices. Rapid (down to 0.1 s) and sensitive (down to 1 ppb) detection of a wide range of vapor analytes is achieved, representing orders of magnitude improvement over state-of-the-art nanoelectronic sensors. Furthermore, the heterodyne sensing technique enables electrical probing and tuning of the noncovalent physisorption of polar molecules on graphene surface for the first time. These results provide insight into small molecule-nanomaterial interaction dynamics and signify the ability to electrically tailor interactions, which can lead to rational designs of complex chemical processes for catalysis and drug discovery. Finally, we discuss the application of heterodyne sensing in solution for chemical and biological sensors by using carbon nanotube devices. The fundamental ionic screening effect can be mitigated by operating carbon nanotube field effect transistor as a heterodyne biosensor. Electrical detection of streptavidin binding to biotin in 100 mM buffer solution can be achieved at a frequency beyond 1 MHz. The results should promise a new biosensing platform for point-of-care detection, where biosensors functioning directly in physiologically relevant condition are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish S. Kulkarni
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Arborsense, Inc., 1600 Huron Pkwy,
Bldg. 520, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wenzhe Zang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhaohui Zhong
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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41
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Banerjee S, Hsieh YJ, Liu CR, Yeh NH, Hung HH, Lai YS, Chou AC, Chen YT, Pan CY. Differential Releases of Dopamine and Neuropeptide Y from Histamine-Stimulated PC12 Cells Detected by an Aptamer-Modified Nanowire Transistor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5524-5529. [PMID: 27551968 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowire field-effect transistors modified with specific aptamers can directly detect the minute dopamine and neuropeptide Y released from cells. The binding of these molecules to the aptamers results in a conductance change of the transistor biosensor and illustrates the differential releasing mechanisms of these molecules stored in various vesicle pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jhu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Rung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Hsing Yeh
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsing Hung
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yew-Seng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Chuan Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yit-Tsong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yuan Pan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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42
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Hölken I, Neubüser G, Postica V, Bumke L, Lupan O, Baum M, Mishra YK, Kienle L, Adelung R. Sacrificial Template Synthesis and Properties of 3D Hollow-Silicon Nano- and Microstructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20491-20498. [PMID: 27428091 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel three-dimensional (3D) hollow aero-silicon nano- and microstructures, namely, Si-tetrapods (Si-T) and Si-spheres (Si-S) were synthesized by a sacrificial template approach for the first time. The new Si-T and Si-S architectures were found as most temperature-stable hollow nanomaterials, up to 1000 °C, ever reported. The synthesized aero-silicon or aerogel was integrated into sensor structures based on 3D networks. A single microstructure Si-T was employed to investigate electrical and gas sensing properties. The elaborated hollow microstructures open new possibilities and a wide area of perspectives in the field of nano- and microstructure synthesis by sacrificial template approaches. The enormous flexibility and variety of the hollow Si structures are provided by the special geometry of the sacrificial template material, ZnO-tetrapods (ZnO-T). A Si layer was deposited onto the surface of ZnO-T networks by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. All samples demonstrated p-type conductivity; hence, the resistance of the sensor structure increased after introducing the reducing gases in the test chamber. These hollow structures and their unique and superior properties can be advantageous in different fields, such as NEMS/MEMS, batteries, dye-sensitized solar cells, gas sensing in harsh environment, and biomedical applications. This method can be extended for synthesis of other types of hollow nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Hölken
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University , Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gero Neubüser
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University , Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Vasile Postica
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova , 168 Stefan cel Mare Av, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Lars Bumke
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University , Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleg Lupan
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University , Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Baum
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University , Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University , Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University , Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University , Kaiser Str. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Sensitive and quantitative analysis of proteins and other biochemical species are central to disease diagnosis, drug screening and proteomic studies. Research advances exploiting SiNWs configured as FETs for biomolecule analysis have emerged as one of the most promising and powerful platforms for label-free, real-time, and sensitive electrical detection of proteins as well as many other biological species. In this chapter, we first briefly introduce the fundamental principle for semiconductor NW-FET sensors. Representative examples of semiconductor NW sensors are then summarized for sensitive chemical and biomolecule detection, including proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and small molecules. In addition, this chapter discusses several electrical and surface functionalization methods for enhancing the sensitivity of semiconductor NW sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Charles M. Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
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44
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Gül OT, Pugliese KM, Choi Y, Sims PC, Pan D, Rajapakse AJ, Weiss GA, Collins PG. Single Molecule Bioelectronics and Their Application to Amplification-Free Measurement of DNA Lengths. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6030029. [PMID: 27348011 PMCID: PMC5039648 DOI: 10.3390/bios6030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As biosensing devices shrink smaller and smaller, they approach a scale in which single molecule electronic sensing becomes possible. Here, we review the operation of single-enzyme transistors made using single-walled carbon nanotubes. These novel hybrid devices transduce the motions and catalytic activity of a single protein into an electronic signal for real-time monitoring of the protein’s activity. Analysis of these electronic signals reveals new insights into enzyme function and proves the electronic technique to be complementary to other single-molecule methods based on fluorescence. As one example of the nanocircuit technique, we have studied the Klenow Fragment (KF) of DNA polymerase I as it catalytically processes single-stranded DNA templates. The fidelity of DNA polymerases makes them a key component in many DNA sequencing techniques, and here we demonstrate that KF nanocircuits readily resolve DNA polymerization with single-base sensitivity. Consequently, template lengths can be directly counted from electronic recordings of KF’s base-by-base activity. After measuring as few as 20 copies, the template length can be determined with <1 base pair resolution, and different template lengths can be identified and enumerated in solutions containing template mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tolga Gül
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Physics, Polatlı Faculty of Science and Arts, Gazi University, Polatlı 06900, Turkey
| | - Kaitlin M Pugliese
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yongki Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Patrick C Sims
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Arith J Rajapakse
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Philip G Collins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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45
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Semiconductor Electronic Label-Free Assay for Predictive Toxicology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24982. [PMID: 27117746 PMCID: PMC4846994 DOI: 10.1038/srep24982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While animal experimentations have spearheaded numerous breakthroughs in biomedicine, they also have spawned many logistical concerns in providing toxicity screening for copious new materials. Their prioritization is premised on performing cellular-level screening in vitro. Among the screening assays, secretomic assay with high sensitivity, analytical throughput, and simplicity is of prime importance. Here, we build on the over 3-decade-long progress on transistor biosensing and develop the holistic assay platform and procedure called semiconductor electronic label-free assay (SELFA). We demonstrate that SELFA, which incorporates an amplifying nanowire field-effect transistor biosensor, is able to offer superior sensitivity, similar selectivity, and shorter turnaround time compared to standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We deploy SELFA secretomics to predict the inflammatory potential of eleven engineered nanomaterials in vitro, and validate the results with confocal microscopy in vitro and confirmatory animal experiment in vivo. This work provides a foundation for high-sensitivity label-free assay utility in predictive toxicology.
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46
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Abstract
Nano-bioelectronics represents a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field that combines nanomaterials with biology and electronics and, in so doing, offers the potential to overcome existing challenges in bioelectronics. In particular, shrinking electronic transducer dimensions to the nanoscale and making their properties appear more biological can yield significant improvements in the sensitivity and biocompatibility and thereby open up opportunities in fundamental biology and healthcare. This review emphasizes recent advances in nano-bioelectronics enabled with semiconductor nanostructures, including silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. First, the synthesis and electrical properties of these nanomaterials are discussed in the context of bioelectronics. Second, affinity-based nano-bioelectronic sensors for highly sensitive analysis of biomolecules are reviewed. In these studies, semiconductor nanostructures as transistor-based biosensors are discussed from fundamental device behavior through sensing applications and future challenges. Third, the complex interface between nanoelectronics and living biological systems, from single cells to live animals, is reviewed. This discussion focuses on representative advances in electrophysiology enabled using semiconductor nanostructures and their nanoelectronic devices for cellular measurements through emerging work where arrays of nanoelectronic devices are incorporated within three-dimensional cell networks that define synthetic and natural tissues. Last, some challenges and exciting future opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Charles M. Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
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47
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb.), is one of the most prevalent and serious infectious diseases worldwide with an estimated annual global mortality of 1.4 million in 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh K. Srivastava
- Plant Research International
- Wageningen UR
- 6708 PB Wageningen
- The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
| | - Cees J. M. van Rijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen UR
- 6703 HB Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A. Jongsma
- Plant Research International
- Wageningen UR
- 6708 PB Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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48
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Lu MP, Vire E, Montès L. Ionic screening effect on low-frequency drain current fluctuations in liquid-gated nanowire FETs. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:495501. [PMID: 26574477 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/49/495501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ionic screening effect plays an important role in determining the fundamental surface properties within liquid-semiconductor interfaces. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of low-frequency drain current noise in liquid-gated nanowire (NW) field effect transistors (FETs) to obtain physical insight into the effect of ionic screening on low-frequency current fluctuation. When the NW FET was operated close to the gate voltage corresponding to the maximum transconductance, the magnitude of the low-frequency noise for the NW exposed to a low-ionic-strength buffer (0.001 M) was approximately 70% greater than that when exposed to a high-ionic-strength buffer (0.1 M). We propose a noise model, considering the charge coupling efficiency associated with the screening competition between the electrolyte buffer and the NW, to describe the ionic screening effect on the low-frequency drain current noise in liquid-gated NW FET systems. This report not only provides a physical understanding of the ionic screening effect behind the low-frequency current noise in liquid-gated FETs but also offers useful information for developing the technology of NW FETs with liquid-gated architectures for application in bioelectronics, nanosensors, and hybrid nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Pei Lu
- National Nano Device Laboratories, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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49
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Heedt S, Otto I, Sladek K, Hardtdegen H, Schubert J, Demarina N, Lüth H, Grützmacher D, Schäpers T. Resolving ambiguities in nanowire field-effect transistor characterization. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:18188-18197. [PMID: 26482127 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have modeled InAs nanowires using finite element methods considering the actual device geometry, the semiconducting nature of the channel and surface states, providing a comprehensive picture of charge distribution and gate action. The effective electrostatic gate width and screening effects are taken into account. A pivotal aspect is that the gate coupling to the nanowire is compromised by the concurrent coupling of the gate electrode to the surface/interface states, which provide the vast majority of carriers for undoped nanowires. In conjunction with field-effect transistor (FET) measurements using two gates with distinctly dissimilar couplings, the study reveals the density of surface states that gives rise to a shallow quantum well at the surface. Both gates yield identical results for the electron concentration and mobility only at the actual surface state density. Our method remedies the flaws of conventional FET analysis and provides a straightforward alternative to intricate Hall effect measurements on nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heedt
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Isabel Otto
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Kamil Sladek
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Hilde Hardtdegen
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Schubert
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Natalia Demarina
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-2) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans Lüth
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Detlev Grützmacher
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schäpers
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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50
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Lee IK, Jeun M, Jang HJ, Cho WJ, Lee KH. A self-amplified transistor immunosensor under dual gate operation: highly sensitive detection of hepatitis B surface antigen. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16789-16797. [PMID: 26399739 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03146j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs), although they have attracted considerable attention as effective immunosensors, have still not been adopted for practical applications owing to several problems: (1) the poor sensitivity caused by the short Debye screening length in media with high ion concentration, (2) time-consuming preconditioning processes for achieving the highly-diluted media, and (3) the low durability caused by undesirable ions such as sodium chloride in the media. Here, we propose a highly sensitive immunosensor based on a self-amplified transistor under dual gate operation (immuno-DG ISFET) for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen. To address the challenges in current ISFET-based immunosensors, we have enhanced the sensitivity of an immunosensor by precisely tailoring the nanostructure of the transistor. In the pH sensing test, the immuno-DG ISFET showed superior sensitivity (2085.53 mV per pH) to both standard ISFET under single gate operation (58.88 mV per pH) and DG ISFET with a non-tailored transistor (381.14 mV per pH). Moreover, concerning the detection of hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) using the immuno-DG ISFET, we have successfully detected trace amounts of HBsAg (22.5 fg mL(-1)) in a non-diluted 1× PBS medium with a high sensitivity of 690 mV. Our results demonstrate that the proposed immuno-DG ISFET can be a biosensor platform for practical use in the diagnosis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-K Lee
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
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