1
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Pettine J, Padmanabhan P, Shi T, Gingras L, McClintock L, Chang CC, Kwock KWC, Yuan L, Huang Y, Nogan J, Baldwin JK, Adel P, Holzwarth R, Azad AK, Ronning F, Taylor AJ, Prasankumar RP, Lin SZ, Chen HT. Light-driven nanoscale vectorial currents. Nature 2024; 626:984-989. [PMID: 38326619 PMCID: PMC10901733 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Controlled charge flows are fundamental to many areas of science and technology, serving as carriers of energy and information, as probes of material properties and dynamics1 and as a means of revealing2,3 or even inducing4,5 broken symmetries. Emerging methods for light-based current control5-16 offer particularly promising routes beyond the speed and adaptability limitations of conventional voltage-driven systems. However, optical generation and manipulation of currents at nanometre spatial scales remains a basic challenge and a crucial step towards scalable optoelectronic systems for microelectronics and information science. Here we introduce vectorial optoelectronic metasurfaces in which ultrafast light pulses induce local directional charge flows around symmetry-broken plasmonic nanostructures, with tunable responses and arbitrary patterning down to subdiffractive nanometre scales. Local symmetries and vectorial currents are revealed by polarization-dependent and wavelength-sensitive electrical readout and terahertz (THz) emission, whereas spatially tailored global currents are demonstrated in the direct generation of elusive broadband THz vector beams17. We show that, in graphene, a detailed interplay between electrodynamic, thermodynamic and hydrodynamic degrees of freedom gives rise to rapidly evolving nanoscale driving forces and charge flows under the extremely spatially and temporally localized excitation. These results set the stage for versatile patterning and optical control over nanoscale currents in materials diagnostics, THz spectroscopies, nanomagnetism and ultrafast information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pettine
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Prashant Padmanabhan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Teng Shi
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Luke McClintock
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Chieh Chang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Kevin W C Kwock
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Long Yuan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - John Nogan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jon K Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Filip Ronning
- Institute for Materials Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Antoinette J Taylor
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Rohit P Prasankumar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Intellectual Ventures, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Shi-Zeng Lin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
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2
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Zhang Y, Meng Y, Wang L, Lan C, Quan Q, Wang W, Lai Z, Wang W, Li Y, Yin D, Li D, Xie P, Chen D, Yang Z, Yip S, Lu Y, Wong CY, Ho JC. Pulse irradiation synthesis of metal chalcogenides on flexible substrates for enhanced photothermoelectric performance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:728. [PMID: 38272917 PMCID: PMC10810900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
High synthesis temperatures and specific growth substrates are typically required to obtain crystalline or oriented inorganic functional thin films, posing a significant challenge for their utilization in large-scale, low-cost (opto-)electronic applications on conventional flexible substrates. Here, we explore a pulse irradiation synthesis (PIS) to prepare thermoelectric metal chalcogenide (e.g., Bi2Se3, SnSe2, and Bi2Te3) films on multiple polymeric substrates. The self-propagating combustion process enables PIS to achieve a synthesis temperature as low as 150 °C, with an ultrafast reaction completed within one second. Beyond the photothermoelectric (PTE) property, the thermal coupling between polymeric substrates and bismuth selenide films is also examined to enhance the PTE performance, resulting in a responsivity of 71.9 V/W and a response time of less than 50 ms at 1550 nm, surpassing most of its counterparts. This PIS platform offers a promising route for realizing flexible PTE or thermoelectric devices in an energy-, time-, and cost-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - You Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China.
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Changyong Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P.R. China
| | - Quan Quan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxun Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Yezhan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Di Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Dengji Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Pengshan Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - SenPo Yip
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816 8580, Japan
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yuen Wong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China.
| | - Johnny C Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China.
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816 8580, Japan.
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3
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Semkin VA, Shabanov AV, Mylnikov DA, Kashchenko MA, Domaratskiy IK, Zhukov SS, Svintsov DA. Zero-Bias Photodetection in 2D Materials via Geometric Design of Contacts. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37220075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Structural or crystal asymmetry is a necessary condition for the emergence of zero-bias photocurrent in light detectors. Structural asymmetry has been typically achieved via p-n doping, which is a technologically complex process. Here, we propose an alternative approach to achieve zero-bias photocurrent in two-dimensional (2D) material flakes exploiting the geometrical nonequivalence of source and drain contacts. As a prototypical example, we equip a square-shaped flake of PdSe2 with mutually orthogonal metal leads. Upon uniform illumination with linearly polarized light, the device demonstrates nonzero photocurrent which flips its sign upon 90° polarization rotation. The origin of zero-bias photocurrent lies in a polarization-dependent lightning-rod effect. It enhances the electromagnetic field at one contact from the orthogonal pair and selectively activates the internal photoeffect at the respective metal-PdSe2 Schottky junction. The proposed technology of contact engineering is independent of a particular light-detection mechanism and can be extended to arbitrary 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Semkin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Aleksandr V Shabanov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Mylnikov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Kashchenko
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Ivan K Domaratskiy
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Sergey S Zhukov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Svintsov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
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4
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Wang J, Xie Z, Liu JA, Zhou R, Lu G, Yeow JTW. System design of large-area vertical photothermoelectric detectors based on carbon nanotube forests with MXene electrodes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1133-1140. [PMID: 36798493 PMCID: PMC9926910 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00895e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photothermoelectric (PTE) detectors that combine photothermal and thermoelectric conversion have emerged in recent years. They can overcome bandgap limitations and achieve effective infrared detection. However, the development of PTE detectors and the related system design are in the early phases. Herein, we present vertical PTE detectors utilizing the active layer of carbon nanotube forests with MXenes acting as top electrodes. The detector demonstrates its capacity for sensitive infrared detection and rapid infrared response. We also investigated the relationship between photoresponse and different MXene electrode types as well as their thickness, which guides the PTE detector configuration design. Furthermore, we packed the PTE detectors with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) cavity. The photoresponse is improved and the degradation is significantly delayed. We also applied this PTE detector system for non-destructive tracking (NDT) applications, where the photovoltage mapping pattern proves the viability of the imaging track. This work paves the way toward infrared energy harvesters and customized industrial NDT measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada +1-519-888-4567 ext. 32152
| | - Zhemiao Xie
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada +1-519-888-4567 ext. 32152
| | - Jiayu Alexander Liu
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada +1-519-888-4567 ext. 32152
| | - Rui Zhou
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada +1-519-888-4567 ext. 32152
| | - Guanxuan Lu
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada +1-519-888-4567 ext. 32152
| | - John T W Yeow
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada +1-519-888-4567 ext. 32152
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5
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Sakong W, Gul HZ, Ahn B, Oh S, Kim G, Sim E, Bahng J, Yi H, Kim M, Yun M, Lim SC. Optical Duality of Molybdenum Disulfide: Metal and Semiconductor. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5207-5213. [PMID: 35729739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The two different light-matter interactions between visible and infrared light are not switchable because control mechanisms have not been elucidated so far, which restricts the effective spectral range in light-sensing devices. In this study, modulation of the effective spectral range is demonstrated using the metal-insulator transition of MoS2. Nondegenerate MoS2 exhibits a photoconductive effect in detecting visible light. In contrast, degenerate MoS2 responds only to mid-infrared (not visible) light by displaying a photoinduced heating effect via free carrier absorption. Depending on the doping level, the optical behavior of MoS2 simulates the photoconductivity of either the semiconductor or the metal, further indicating that the optical metal-insulator transition is coherent with its electrical counterpart. The electrical switchability of MoS2 enables the development of an unprecedented and novel design optical sensor that can detect both visible and mid-IR (wavelength of 9.6 μm) ranges with a singular optoelectronic device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamza Zad Gul
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Namal University, 30 Km Talagang Road, Mianwali 42250, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Eunji Sim
- Department of Smart Fabrication Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeuk Bahng
- Department of Smart Fabrication Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Minhee Yun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Seong Chu Lim
- Department of Smart Fabrication Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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6
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Vangelidis I, Bellas DV, Suckow S, Dabos G, Castilla S, Koppens FHL, Ferrari AC, Pleros N, Lidorikis E. Unbiased Plasmonic-Assisted Integrated Graphene Photodetectors. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1992-2007. [PMID: 35726242 PMCID: PMC9204831 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for next-generation optical communication interconnects and all-optical signal processing require efficient (∼A/W) and fast (≥25 Gbs-1) light detection at low (<pJbit-1) power consumption, in devices compatible with Si processing, so that the monolithic integration of electro-optical materials and electronics can be achieved consistently at the wafer scale. Graphene-based photodetectors can meet these criteria, thanks to their broadband absorption, ultra-high mobility, ultra-fast electron interactions, and strong photothermoelectric effect. High responsivities (∼ 1 A/W), however, have only been demonstrated in biased configurations, which introduce dark current, noise, and power consumption, while unbiased schemes, with low noise and zero consumption, have remained in the ∼ 0.1 A/W regime. Here, we consider the unbiased asymmetric configuration and show that optimized plasmonic enhanced devices can reach for both transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic modes (at λ = 1550 nm), ∼A/W responsivity, and ∼ 100 GHz operation speed at zero power consumption. We validate the model and material parameters by simulating experimental devices and derive analytical expressions for the responsivity. Our comprehensive modeling paves the way for efficient, fast, and versatile optical detection in PICs with zero power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Vangelidis
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Dimitris V. Bellas
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Department
of Informatics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Stephan Suckow
- AMO
GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 25, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - George Dabos
- Department
of Informatics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Sebastián Castilla
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Frank H. L. Koppens
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
- ICREA
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Nikos Pleros
- Department
of Informatics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Elefterios Lidorikis
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- University
Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science
and Computing, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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7
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Okda HA, Rabia SI, Shalaby HMH. Performance enhancement of an ultrafast graphene photodetector via simultaneous two-mode absorption in a hybrid plasmonic waveguide. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:3165-3173. [PMID: 35471294 DOI: 10.1364/ao.454607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An ultrafast, compact, zero-biased, and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-compatible graphene photodetector (PD) based on a silicon-on-insulator hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPWG) is proposed. Lumerical MODE solver is employed to investigate the modal characteristics of TM-polarized modes in the HPWG composing the PD. It is shown that the input light can be completely coupled into the photonic-like and plasmonic-like fundamental TM modes at the PD section. These two modes are exploited together in the photodetection process to enhance the PD performance. A rigorous analysis is performed in order to extract the optoelectronic characteristics of the single-layer graphene (SLG) used in the proposed structure. Lumerical 3D-FDTD solver is then employed to quantify the light interaction of the two aforementioned optical modes with the SLG. With a proper design at a wavelength of 1550 nm, the PD voltage responsivity reaches 2.8 V/W, and the photocurrent responsivity is obtained as 18.5 mA/W, while the corresponding absorption length is kept below 8µm and the noise equivalent power is limited to 3.7pW/Hz. Moreover, as the PD operates under zero bias, its photoresponse is predominated by the photothermoelectric mechanism, exhibiting a bandwidth that exceeds 180 GHz while avoiding the dark current.
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8
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Wang F, Lv Y, Xu Y, Cao L, Chen L, Zhang C, Yao S, Xu J, Zhou J, Chen Y. Enhanced photothermoelectric detection in Co:BiCuSeO crystals with tunable Seebeck effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:8356-8365. [PMID: 35299578 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BiCuSeO is a widely-used thermoelectric material recently proved to be an appealing candidate for broadband photothermoelectric (PTE) detection. Developing a simple and scalable route for advancing PTE properties is therefore essential to explore the full potential of BiCuSeO. Here we systematically demonstrated that Co3+ atomic doping strategies in BiCuSeO single crystals (Co concentration of 1%, 2% and 4%) could modulate the Seebeck coefficient and thus strongly improve the performance of BiCuSeO PTE photodetectors across visible to infrared spectral regions. Benefiting from these strategies, a large enhancement on photovoltage responsivity is achieved and the response time of a 4% Co:BiCuSeO PTE photodetector is one order of magnitude faster than those in most of PTE photodetectors. Also, Co:BiCuSeO PTE photodetectors show good stability with changeless photoresponse after being exposed to air for three months. Therefore, the controllable atomic doping of BiCuSeO with tunable PTE properties as well as fast and broadband photodetection provides the feasibility for facilitating ongoing research toward PTE devices.
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9
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Rathore S, Patel DK, Thakur MK, Haider G, Kalbac M, Kruskopf M, Liu CI, Rigosi AF, Elmquist RE, Liang CT, Hong PD. Highly sensitive broadband binary photoresponse in gateless epitaxial graphene on 4H-SiC. CARBON 2021; 184:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.07.098. [PMID: 37200678 PMCID: PMC10190169 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to weak light-matter interaction, standard chemical vapor deposition (CVD)/exfoliated single-layer graphene-based photodetectors show low photoresponsivity (on the order of mA/W). However, epitaxial graphene (EG) offers a more viable approach for obtaining devices with good photoresponsivity. EG on 4H-SiC also hosts an interfacial buffer layer (IBL), which is the source of electron carriers applicable to quantum optoelectronic devices. We utilize these properties to demonstrate a gate-free, planar EG/4H-SiC-based device that enables us to observe the positive photoresponse for (405-532) nm and negative photoresponse for (632-980) nm laser excitation. The broadband binary photoresponse mainly originates from the energy band alignment of the IBL/EG interface and the highly sensitive work function of the EG. We find that the photoresponsivity of the device is > 10 A/W under 405 nm of power density 7.96 mW/cm2 at 1 V applied bias, which is three orders of magnitude greater than the obtained values of CVD/exfoliated graphene and higher than the required value for practical applications. These results path the way for selective light-triggered logic devices based on EG and can open a new window for broadband photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivi Rathore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Dinesh Kumar Patel
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg MD, 20899, USA
| | - Mukesh Kumar Thakur
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Golam Haider
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author. (G. Haider)
| | - Martin Kalbac
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mattias Kruskopf
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Chieh-I Liu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg MD, 20899, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Albert F. Rigosi
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg MD, 20899, USA
| | - Randolph E. Elmquist
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg MD, 20899, USA
| | - Chi-Te Liang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. (C.-T. Liang)
| | - Po-Da Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. (P.-D. Hong)
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10
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Massicotte M, Soavi G, Principi A, Tielrooij KJ. Hot carriers in graphene - fundamentals and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8376-8411. [PMID: 33913956 PMCID: PMC8118204 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hot charge carriers in graphene exhibit fascinating physical phenomena, whose understanding has improved greatly over the past decade. They have distinctly different physical properties compared to, for example, hot carriers in conventional metals. This is predominantly the result of graphene's linear energy-momentum dispersion, its phonon properties, its all-interface character, and the tunability of its carrier density down to very small values, and from electron- to hole-doping. Since a few years, we have witnessed an increasing interest in technological applications enabled by hot carriers in graphene. Of particular interest are optical and optoelectronic applications, where hot carriers are used to detect (photodetection), convert (nonlinear photonics), or emit (luminescence) light. Graphene-enabled systems in these application areas could find widespread use and have a disruptive impact, for example in the field of data communication, high-frequency electronics, and industrial quality control. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the most relevant physics and working principles that are relevant for applications exploiting hot carriers in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Massicotte
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena07743 JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena07745 JenaGermany
| | | | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST & CSIC, Campus UAB08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
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11
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Wang Z, Wang X, Chen Q, Wang X, Huang X, Huang W. Core@shell and lateral heterostructures composed of SnS and NbS 2. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5489-5496. [PMID: 33687419 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08415h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The spatial arrangement of heterostructures based on two-dimensional layered materials is important in controlling their electronic and optoelectronic properties. In this contribution, by controlling the reaction kinetics and thus the nucleation and growth sequence of p-type SnS and metallic NbS2, controllable preparation of both SnS@NbS2 core@shell and SnS/NbS2 lateral heterostructures was realized. The SnS@NbS2 core@shell heterostructures were further applied in photodetectors, and interestingly, a negative photoresponse was observed due to the Seebeck effect exerted on the NbS2 shell. Compared with the pure metallic NbS2, the SnS@NbS2 core@shell heterostructures showed a 15 times increased signal-to-noise ratio and much improved photocurrent stability, largely due to the charge and heat transfer between the SnS core and NbS2 shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China. and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Qian Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China. and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Xiao Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China. and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China. and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
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12
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Abbasi M, Evans CI, Chen L, Natelson D. Single Metal Photodetectors Using Plasmonically-Active Asymmetric Gold Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2020; 14:17535-17542. [PMID: 33270432 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic-based photodetectors are receiving increased attention because simple structural changes can make the photodetectors spectrally sensitive. In this study, asymmetric gold nanostructures are used as simple structures for photodetection via the photothermoelectric response. These single metal photodetectors use localized optical absorption from plasmon resonances of gold nanowires at desired wavelengths to generate temperature gradients. Combined with a geometry-dependent Seebeck coefficient, the result is a net electrical signal when the whole geometry is illuminated, with spectral sensitivity and polarization dependence from the plasmon resonances. We show experimental results and simulations of single-wavelength photodetectors at two wavelengths in the near IR range: 785 and 1060 nm. Based on simulation results and a model for the geometry-dependent Seebeck response, we demonstrate a photodetector structure that generates polarization-sensitive responses of opposite signs for the two wavelengths. The experimental photothermoelectric results are combined with simulations to infer the geometry dependence of the Seebeck response. These results can be used to increase the responsivity of these photodetectors further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Abbasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Charlotte I Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Liyang Chen
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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13
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Mišeikis V, Marconi S, Giambra MA, Montanaro A, Martini L, Fabbri F, Pezzini S, Piccinini G, Forti S, Terrés B, Goykhman I, Hamidouche L, Legagneux P, Sorianello V, Ferrari AC, Koppens FHL, Romagnoli M, Coletti C. Ultrafast, Zero-Bias, Graphene Photodetectors with Polymeric Gate Dielectric on Passive Photonic Waveguides. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11190-11204. [PMID: 32790351 PMCID: PMC7513472 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report compact, scalable, high-performance, waveguide integrated graphene-based photodetectors (GPDs) for telecom and datacom applications, not affected by dark current. To exploit the photothermoelectric (PTE) effect, our devices rely on a graphene/polymer/graphene stack with static top split gates. The polymeric dielectric, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), allows us to preserve graphene quality and to generate a controllable p-n junction. Both graphene layers are fabricated using aligned single-crystal graphene arrays grown by chemical vapor deposition. The use of PVA yields a low charge inhomogeneity ∼8 × 1010 cm-2 at the charge neutrality point, and a large Seebeck coefficient ∼140 μV K-1, enhancing the PTE effect. Our devices are the fastest GPDs operating with zero dark current, showing a flat frequency response up to 67 GHz without roll-off. This performance is achieved on a passive, low-cost, photonic platform, and does not rely on nanoscale plasmonic structures. This, combined with scalability and ease of integration, makes our GPDs a promising building block for next-generation optical communication devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidotas Mišeikis
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Simone Marconi
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- TeCIP
Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco A. Giambra
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- TeCIP
Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Montanaro
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Martini
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fabbri
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Pezzini
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Piccinini
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stiven Forti
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bernat Terrés
- ICFO
- Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Ilya Goykhman
- Technion
- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Louiza Hamidouche
- Thales
Research and Technology, 1, Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre Legagneux
- Thales
Research and Technology, 1, Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Vito Sorianello
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, Cambridge University, 9 J.J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 OFA, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H. L. Koppens
- ICFO
- Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA,
Institució Catalana de Recerça i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Photonic
Networks and Technologies Lab, CNIT, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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14
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Junaid M, Md Khir MH, Witjaksono G, Ullah Z, Tansu N, Saheed MSM, Kumar P, Hing Wah L, Magsi SA, Siddiqui MA. A Review on Graphene-Based Light Emitting Functional Devices. Molecules 2020; 25:E4217. [PMID: 32937975 PMCID: PMC7571148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the field of nanophotonics has progressively developed. However, constant demand for the development of new light source still exists at the nanometric scale. Light emissions from graphene-based active materials can provide a leading platform for the development of two dimensional (2-D), flexible, thin, and robust light-emitting sources. The exceptional structure of Dirac's electrons in graphene, massless fermions, and the linear dispersion relationship with ultra-wideband plasmon and tunable surface polarities allows numerous applications in optoelectronics and plasmonics. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of recent developments in graphene-based light-emitting devices. Light emissions from graphene-based devices have been evaluated with different aspects, such as thermal emission, electroluminescence, and plasmons assisted emission. Theoretical investigations, along with experimental demonstration in the development of graphene-based light-emitting devices, have also been reviewed and discussed. Moreover, the graphene-based light-emitting devices are also addressed from the perspective of future applications, such as optical modulators, optical interconnects, and optical sensing. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive discussion on current technological issues and challenges related to the potential applications of emerging graphene-based light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan; (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - M. H. Md Khir
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Gunawan Witjaksono
- BRI Institute, Jl. Harsono RM No.2, Ragunan, Passsar Minggu, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia;
| | - Zaka Ullah
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Nelson Tansu
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, 7 Asa Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA;
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Lee Hing Wah
- Flexible Electronics R&D Lab, MIMOS BERHAD, Technology Park Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Saeed Ahmed Magsi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan; (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Aadil Siddiqui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan; (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.)
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15
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Cheng H, Liu Q, Han S, Zhang S, Ouyang X, Wang X, Duan Z, Wei H, Zhang X, Ma N, Xue M. Highly Efficient Photothermal Conversion of Ti 3C 2T x/Ionic Liquid Gel Pen Ink for Smoothly Writing Ultrasensitive, Wide-Range Detecting, and Flexible Thermal Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:37637-37646. [PMID: 32705862 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal conversion behavior has a vital application to disease therapy, water purification, or uncontacted heaters. The fabrication of high-performance photothermal conversion materials especially for near-infrared (NIR) light and microstructures has attracted a great deal of attention. Among numerous substances, MXene as a new type of 2D material with semi-metallic and unique electromagnetic properties presents a broader absorption of light and even a typical plasmonic absorption near the NIR-I area (808 nm), which has made it suitable for photothermal conversion. Here, we propose a facile approach for preparing a Ti3C2Tx/ionic liquid ink with a high photothermal conversion efficiency. The as-prepared ink has showed good wettability of various substrates as well as the high sensitivity of 808 nm NIR light irradiation and a wide range of thermal variation. After packing the ink into a gel pen refill, the flexible thermal chips could be easily obtained just by pen writing on the soft surface with the designed size, which also have become an optimal candidate for the thermal alarm system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoge Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qiongxia Liu
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shengpeng Han
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiao Ouyang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhilong Duan
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hao Wei
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mianqi Xue
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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16
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Monshat H, Wu Z, Pang J, Zhang Q, Lu M. Integration of plasmonic heating and on-chip temperature sensor for nucleic acid amplification assays. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000060. [PMID: 32176462 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid tests have been widely used for diagnosis of diseases by detecting the relevant genetic markers that are usually amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This work reports the use of a plasmonic device as an efficient and low-cost PCR thermocycler to facilitate nucleic acid-based diagnosis. The thermoplasmonic device, consisting of a one-dimensional metal grating, exploited the strong light absorption of plasmonic resonance modes to heat up PCR reagents using a near-infrared laser source. The plasmonic device also integrated a thin-film thermocouple on the metal grating to monitor the sample temperature. The plasmonic thermocycler is capable of performing a PCR amplification cycle in ~2.5 minutes. We successfully demonstrated the multiplex and real-time PCR amplifications of the antibiotic resistance genes using the genomic DNAs extracted from Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Monshat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Black Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jinji Pang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Black Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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17
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Zhang T, Liu Q, Dan Y, Yu S, Han X, Dai J, Xu K. Machine learning and evolutionary algorithm studies of graphene metamaterials for optimized plasmon-induced transparency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:18899-18916. [PMID: 32672179 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning and optimization algorithms have been widely applied in the design and optimization for photonics devices. We briefly review recent progress of this field of research and show data-driven applications, including spectrum prediction, inverse design and performance optimization, for novel graphene metamaterials (GMs). The structure of the GMs is well-designed to achieve the wideband plasmon induced transparency (PIT) effect, which can be theoretically demonstrated by using the transfer matrix method. Some traditional machine learning algorithms, including k nearest neighbour, decision tree, random forest and artificial neural networks, are utilized to equivalently substitute the numerical simulation in the forward spectrum prediction and complete the inverse design for the GMs. The calculated results demonstrate that all algorithms are effective and the random forest has advantages in terms of accuracy and training speed. Moreover, evolutionary algorithms, including single-objective (genetic algorithm) and multi-objective optimization (NSGA-II), are used to achieve the steep transmission characteristics of PIT effect by synthetically taking many different performance metrics into consideration. The maximum difference between the transmission peaks and dips in the optimized transmission spectrum reaches 0.97. In comparison to previous works, we provide a guidance for intelligent design of photonics devices based on machine learning and evolutionary algorithms and a reference for the selection of machine learning algorithms for simple inverse design problems.
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18
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Dai Z, Hu G, Ou Q, Zhang L, Xia F, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Qiu CW, Bao Q. Artificial Metaphotonics Born Naturally in Two Dimensions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6197-6246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Fisica Teorica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia−San Sebastian E-20018, Spain
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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19
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Graphene Plasmonic Fractal Metamaterials for Broadband Photodetectors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6882. [PMID: 32327667 PMCID: PMC7181626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials have recently established a new paradigm for enhanced light absorption in state-of-the-art photodetectors. Here, we demonstrate broadband, highly efficient, polarization-insensitive, and gate-tunable photodetection at room temperature in a novel metadevice based on gold/graphene Sierpinski carpet plasmonic fractals. We observed an unprecedented internal quantum efficiency up to 100% from the near-infrared to the visible range with an upper bound of optical detectivity of 1011 Jones and a gain up to 106, which is a fingerprint of multiple hot carriers photogenerated in graphene. Also, we show a 100-fold enhanced photodetection due to highly focused (up to a record factor of |E/E0| ≈ 20 for graphene) electromagnetic fields induced by electrically tunable multimodal plasmons, spatially localized in self-similar fashion on the metasurface. Our findings give direct insight into the physical processes governing graphene plasmonic fractal metamaterials. The proposed structure represents a promising route for the realization of a broadband, compact, and active platform for future optoelectronic devices including multiband bio/chemical and light sensors.
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20
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Li D, Gong Y, Chen Y, Lin J, Khan Q, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Xie H. Recent Progress of Two-Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:36. [PMID: 34138247 PMCID: PMC7770719 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-0374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric generators have attracted a wide research interest owing to their ability to directly convert heat into electrical power. Moreover, the thermoelectric properties of traditional inorganic and organic materials have been significantly improved over the past few decades. Among these compounds, layered two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides, IVA-VIA compounds, and MXenes, have generated a large research attention as a group of potentially high-performance thermoelectric materials. Due to their unique electronic, mechanical, thermal, and optoelectronic properties, thermoelectric devices based on such materials can be applied in a variety of applications. Herein, a comprehensive review on the development of 2D materials for thermoelectric applications, as well as theoretical simulations and experimental preparation, is presented. In addition, nanodevice and new applications of 2D thermoelectric materials are also introduced. At last, current challenges are discussed and several prospects in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Youning Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexing Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qasim Khan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Ceramics, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heping Xie
- Shenzhen Clean Energy Research Institute, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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21
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Wang R, Bi F, Lu W, Yam C. Tunable Photoresponse by Gate Modulation in Bilayer Graphene Nanoribbon Devices. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7719-7724. [PMID: 31777243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Control of absorption and photocurrent conversion is of practical importance for the design of photoelectric devices. In this paper, using simulations, we demonstrate that the photoresponse of a bilayer graphene nanoribbon (GNR) device can be controlled by gate voltage modulation. A vertical gate field shifts the potential on the top and bottom layers in opposite directions, resulting in a continuous change of band gap with applied gate voltage. This field simultaneously facilitates separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs and gives rise to a photocurrent in a selected photon energy range. The photoresponse of a bilayer GNR device can thus be tuned by adjusting the applied gate voltage. In addition, the light frequency range can be changed by using nanoribbons of different widths. These findings provide a basis for the design of adjustable optoelectronic devices using two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulin Wang
- College of Physics , Qingdao University , No. 308 Ningxia Road , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Fuzhen Bi
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101 , China
| | - Wencai Lu
- College of Physics , Qingdao University , No. 308 Ningxia Road , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - ChiYung Yam
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , China
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22
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Lu X, Sun L, Jiang P, Bao X. Progress of Photodetectors Based on the Photothermoelectric Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902044. [PMID: 31483546 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-performance uncooled photodetectors operating in the long-wavelength infrared and terahertz regimes are highly demanded in the military and civilian fields. Photothermoelectric (PTE) detectors, which combine photothermal and thermoelectric conversion processes, can realize ultra-broadband photodetection without the requirement of a cooling unit and external bias. In the last few decades, the responsivity and speed of PTE-based photodetectors have made impressive progress with the discovery of novel thermoelectric materials and the development of nanophotonics. In particular, by introducing hot-carrier transport into low-dimensional material-based PTE detectors, the response time has been successfully pushed down to the picosecond level. Furthermore, with the assistance of surface plasmon, antenna, and phonon absorption, the responsivity of PTE detectors can be significantly enhanced. Beyond the photodetection, PTE effect can also be utilized to probe exotic physical phenomena in spintronics and valleytronics. Herein, recent advances in PTE detectors are summarized, and some potential strategies to further improve the performance are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
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23
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Muench JE, Ruocco A, Giambra MA, Miseikis V, Zhang D, Wang J, Watson HFY, Park GC, Akhavan S, Sorianello V, Midrio M, Tomadin A, Coletti C, Romagnoli M, Ferrari AC, Goykhman I. Waveguide-Integrated, Plasmonic Enhanced Graphene Photodetectors. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7632-7644. [PMID: 31536362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a micrometer-scale, on-chip integrated, plasmonic enhanced graphene photodetector (GPD) for telecom wavelengths operating at zero dark current. The GPD is designed to directly generate a photovoltage by the photothermoelectric effect. It is made of chemical vapor deposited single layer graphene, and has an external responsivity ∼12.2 V/W with a 3 dB bandwidth ∼42 GHz. We utilize Au split-gates to electrostatically create a p-n-junction and simultaneously guide a surface plasmon polariton gap-mode. This increases the light-graphene interaction and optical absorption and results in an increased electronic temperature and steeper temperature gradient across the GPD channel. This paves the way to compact, on-chip integrated, power-efficient graphene based photodetectors for receivers in tele- and datacom modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob E Muench
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso Ruocco
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Marco A Giambra
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Vaidotas Miseikis
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , 56124 Pisa , Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 56127 Pisa , Italy
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Dengke Zhang
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Junjia Wang
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Hannah F Y Watson
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Gyeong C Park
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Shahab Akhavan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Vito Sorianello
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Michele Midrio
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , University of Udine , 33100 Udine , Italy
| | - Andrea Tomadin
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Pisa , Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3 , 56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 56127 Pisa , Italy
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Ilya Goykhman
- Micro Nanoelectronics Research Center , Technion , Haifa 320000 , Israel
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24
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Liu S, Zhang XD, Gu X, Ming D. Photodetectors based on two dimensional materials for biomedical application. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Chaves FA, Jiménez D, Santos JE, Bøggild P, Caridad JM. Electrostatics of metal-graphene interfaces: sharp p-n junctions for electron-optical applications. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10273-10281. [PMID: 31086868 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Creation of sharp lateral p-n junctions in graphene devices, with transition widths w well below the Fermi wavelength λF of graphene's charge carriers, is vital to study and exploit these electronic systems for electron-optical applications. The achievement of such junctions is, however, not trivial due to the presence of a considerable out-of-plane electric field in lateral p-n junctions, resulting in large widths. Metal-graphene interfaces represent a novel, promising and easy to implement technique to engineer such sharp lateral p-n junctions in graphene field-effect devices, in clear contrast to the much wider (i.e. smooth) junctions achieved via conventional local gating. In this work, we present a systematic and robust investigation of the electrostatic problem of metal-induced lateral p-n junctions in gated graphene devices for electron-optics applications, systems where the width w of the created junctions is not only determined by the metal used but also depends on external factors such as device geometries, dielectric environment and different operational parameters such as carrier density and temperature. Our calculations demonstrate that sharp junctions (w ≪ λF) can be achieved via metal-graphene interfaces at room temperature in devices surrounded by dielectric media with low relative permittivity (<10). In addition, we show how specific details such as the separation distance between metal and graphene and the permittivity of the gap in-between plays a critical role when defining the p-n junction, not only defining its width w but also the energy shift of graphene underneath the metal. These results can be extended to any two-dimensional (2D) electronic system doped by the presence of metal clusters and thus are relevant for understanding interfaces between metals and other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferney A Chaves
- Department d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Escola d'Enginyeria, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Jiménez
- Department d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Escola d'Enginyeria, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime E Santos
- Centro de Física, Universidade do Minho, P-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Peter Bøggild
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - José M Caridad
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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26
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Abstract
Graphene has emerged as a promising material for optoelectronics due to its potential for ultrafast and broad-band photodetection. The photoresponse of graphene junctions is characterized by two competing photocurrent generation mechanisms: a conventional photovoltaic effect and a more dominant hot-carrier-assisted photothermoelectric (PTE) effect. The PTE effect is understood to rely on variations in the Seebeck coefficient through the graphene doping profile. A second PTE effect can occur across a homogeneous graphene channel in the presence of an electronic temperature gradient. Here, we study the latter effect facilitated by strongly localised plasmonic heating of graphene carriers in the presence of nanostructured electrical contacts resulting in electronic temperatures of the order of 2000 K. At certain conditions, the plasmon-induced PTE photocurrent contribution can be isolated. In this regime, the device effectively operates as a sensitive electronic thermometer and as such represents an enabling technology for development of hot carrier based plasmonic devices. The photoresponse of graphene-based photodetectors is dominated by photovoltaic and photothermoelectric effects. Here, the authors leverage strongly localised plasmonic heating of graphene carriers to detect a second photothermoelectric effect occurring across a homogeneous channel in the presence of an electronic temperature gradient.
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27
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De Sanctis A, Mehew JD, Craciun MF, Russo S. Graphene-Based Light Sensing: Fabrication, Characterisation, Physical Properties and Performance. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091762. [PMID: 30231517 PMCID: PMC6163333 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene-based materials exhibit exceptional optical and electrical properties with great promise for novel applications in light detection. However, several challenges prevent the full exploitation of these properties in commercial devices. Such challenges include the limited linear dynamic range (LDR) of graphene-based photodetectors, the lack of efficient generation and extraction of photoexcited charges, the smearing of photoactive junctions due to hot-carriers effects, large-scale fabrication and ultimately the environmental stability of the constituent materials. In order to overcome the aforementioned limits, different approaches to tune the properties of graphene have been explored. A new class of graphene-based devices has emerged where chemical functionalisation, hybridisation with light-sensitising materials and the formation of heterostructures with other 2D materials have led to improved performance, stability or versatility. For example, intercalation of graphene with FeCl 3 is highly stable in ambient conditions and can be used to define photo-active junctions characterized by an unprecedented LDR while graphene oxide (GO) is a very scalable and versatile material which supports the photodetection from UV to THz frequencies. Nanoparticles and quantum dots have been used to enhance the absorption of pristine graphene and to enable high gain thanks to the photogating effect. In the same way, hybrid detectors made from stacked sequences of graphene and layered transition-metal dichalcogenides enabled a class of devices with high gain and responsivity. In this work, we will review the performance and advances in functionalised graphene and hybrid photodetectors, with particular focus on the physical mechanisms governing the photoresponse, the performance and possible future paths of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo De Sanctis
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Jake D Mehew
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Monica F Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
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28
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Liu Y, Liu C, Wang X, He L, Wan X, Xu Y, Shi Y, Zhang R, Wang F. Photoresponsivity of an all-semimetal heterostructure based on graphene and WTe 2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12840. [PMID: 30150760 PMCID: PMC6110789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterostructures based on two-dimensional (2D) materials have sparked wide interests in both fundamental physics and applied devices. Recently, Dirac/Weyl semimetals are emerging as capable functional materials for optoelectronic devices. However, thus far the interfacial coupling of an all-semimetal 2D heterostructure has not been investigated, and its effects on optoelectronic properties remain less well understood. Here, a heterostructure comprising of all semi-metallic constituents, namely graphene and WTe2, is fabricated. Standard photocurrent measurements on a graphene/WTe2 phototransistor reveal a pronounced photocurrent enhancement (a photoresponsivity ~8.7 A/W under 650 nm laser illumination). Transport and photocurrent mapping suggest that both photovoltaic and photothermoelectric effects contribute to the enhanced photoresponse of the hybrid system. Our results help to enrich the understanding of new and emerging device concepts based on 2D layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaomu Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Liang He
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiangang Wan
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yongbing Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Fengqiu Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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29
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NaBH4 assisted scalable graphene production: A bottom-up preparative strategy without external energy input. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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30
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Zhang Y, Zheng H, Wang Q, Cong C, Hu L, Tian P, Liu R, Zhang SL, Qiu ZJ. Competing Mechanisms for Photocurrent Induced at the Monolayer-Multilayer Graphene Junction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800691. [PMID: 29766647 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is characterized by demonstrated unique properties for potential novel applications in photodetection operated in the frequency range from ultraviolet to terahertz. To date, detailed work on identifying the origin of photoresponse in graphene is still ongoing. Here, scanning photocurrent microscopy to explore the nature of photocurrent generated at the monolayer-multilayer graphene junction is employed. It is found that the contributing photocurrent mechanism relies on the mismatch of the Dirac points between the monolayer and multilayer graphene. For overlapping Dirac points, only photothermoelectric effect (PTE) is observed at the junction. When they do not coincide, a different photocurrent due to photovoltaic effect (PVE) appears and becomes more pronounced with larger separation of the Dirac points. While only PTE is reported for a monolayer-bilayer graphene junction in the literature, this work confirms the coexistence of PTE and PVE, thereby extending the understanding of photocurrent in graphene-based heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Solid-State Electronics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hemei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chunxiao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Laigui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Pengfei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shi-Li Zhang
- Solid-State Electronics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Jun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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31
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Autere A, Jussila H, Dai Y, Wang Y, Lipsanen H, Sun Z. Nonlinear Optics with 2D Layered Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705963. [PMID: 29575171 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
2D layered materials (2DLMs) are a subject of intense research for a wide variety of applications (e.g., electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics) due to their unique physical properties. Most recently, increasing research efforts on 2DLMs are projected toward the nonlinear optical properties of 2DLMs, which are not only fascinating from the fundamental science point of view but also intriguing for various potential applications. Here, the current state of the art in the field of nonlinear optics based on 2DLMs and their hybrid structures (e.g., mixed-dimensional heterostructures, plasmonic structures, and silicon/fiber integrated structures) is reviewed. Several potential perspectives and possible future research directions of these promising nanomaterials for nonlinear optics are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Autere
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Henri Jussila
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Yunyun Dai
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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32
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Optoelectronics Based Dynamic Advancement of Graphene: Characteristics and Applications. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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33
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Suzuki D, Ochiai Y, Kawano Y. Thermal Device Design for a Carbon Nanotube Terahertz Camera. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3540-3547. [PMID: 31458605 PMCID: PMC6641297 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) wave detectors are increasingly expected to serve as key components of powerful nondestructive and noncontact inspection tools in a large variety of fields. In contrast to conventional THz detectors based on rigid solid materials, we previously developed an uncooled and bendable THz camera based on the THz-induced photothermoelectric effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) array devices and demonstrated omnidirectional THz imaging of three-dimensional curved samples. Although this development opened a pathway to flexible THz electronics, the physical parameters that determine the performance of the CNT THz camera have not been fully investigated. As a result, the thermal device design has not been optimized in terms of the camera sensitivity and spatial resolution. In this work, we studied the underlying mechanism of the THz-induced photothermoelectric effect of the CNT camera and found physical factors related to the detector performance. Through simulation and experiments, we observed that the detection sensitivity and response time strongly depend on the CNT channel width and film thickness. We further identified that the irradiated wave penetration into the CNT film through the electrode materials deteriorates the detection area, which is directly linked to the camera spatial resolution. By utilizing the improved CNT device design fabricated based on these findings, we eliminated undesired signals generated via thermal diffusion and THz wave penetration and achieved higher-sensitivity THz detection and higher imaging resolution compared to our previously reported THz camera. The presented technologies are expected to contribute to future flexible THz imaging applications and will also be applicable to other types of photothermoelectric devices.
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34
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Selvi H, Unsuree N, Whittaker E, Halsall MP, Hill EW, Thomas A, Parkinson P, Echtermeyer TJ. Towards substrate engineering of graphene-silicon Schottky diode photodetectors. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3399-3409. [PMID: 29388650 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09591k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-silicon Schottky diode photodetectors possess beneficial properties such as high responsivities and detectivities, broad spectral wavelength operation and high operating speeds. Various routes and architectures have been employed in the past to fabricate devices. Devices are commonly based on the removal of the silicon-oxide layer on the surface of silicon by wet-etching before deposition of graphene on top of silicon to form the graphene-silicon Schottky junction. In this work, we systematically investigate the influence of the interfacial oxide layer, the fabrication technique employed and the silicon substrate on the light detection capabilities of graphene-silicon Schottky diode photodetectors. The properties of devices are investigated over a broad wavelength range from near-UV to short-/mid-infrared radiation, radiation intensities covering over five orders of magnitude as well as the suitability of devices for high speed operation. Results show that the interfacial layer, depending on the required application, is in fact beneficial to enhance the photodetection properties of such devices. Further, we demonstrate the influence of the silicon substrate on the spectral response and operating speed. Fabricated devices operate over a broad spectral wavelength range from the near-UV to the short-/mid-infrared (thermal) wavelength regime, exhibit high photovoltage responses approaching 106 V W-1 and short rise- and fall-times of tens of nanoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Selvi
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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35
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Seifert P, Vaklinova K, Ganichev S, Kern K, Burghard M, Holleitner AW. Spin Hall photoconductance in a three-dimensional topological insulator at room temperature. Nat Commun 2018; 9:331. [PMID: 29362413 PMCID: PMC5780383 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional topological insulators are a class of Dirac materials, wherein strong spin-orbit coupling leads to two-dimensional surface states. The latter feature spin-momentum locking, i.e., each momentum vector is associated with a spin locked perpendicularly to it in the surface plane. While the principal spin generation capability of topological insulators is well established, comparatively little is known about the interaction of the spins with external stimuli like polarized light. We observe a helical, bias-dependent photoconductance at the lateral edges of topological Bi2Te2Se platelets for perpendicular incidence of light. The same edges exhibit also a finite bias-dependent Kerr angle, indicative of spin accumulation induced by a transversal spin Hall effect in the bulk states of the Bi2Te2Se platelets. A symmetry analysis shows that the helical photoconductance is distinct to common longitudinal photoconductance and photocurrent phenomena, but consistent with optically injected spins being transported in the side facets of the platelets. While the spin generation in topological insulators is well studied, little is known about the interaction of the spins with external stimuli. Here, Seifert et al. observe a helical, bias-dependent photoconductance at the lateral edges of topological Bi2Te2Se platelets for perpendicular incidence of light, distinct to common longitudinal photoconductance phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Seifert
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Kristina Vaklinova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sergey Ganichev
- Terahertz Center, University of Regensburg, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institut de Physique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marko Burghard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander W Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
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36
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Yang R, Feng S, Xiang J, Jia Z, Mu C, Wen F, Liu Z. Ultrahigh-Gain and Fast Photodetectors Built on Atomically Thin Bilayer Tungsten Disulfide Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42001-42010. [PMID: 29119781 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The low responsivity observed in photodetectors based on monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides has encouraged the pursuit of approaches that can efficiently enhance the external quantum efficiency, which relies predominantly on the light absorption, the lifetime of the excess carriers, and the charge collection efficiency. Here, we demonstrate that phototransistors fabricated on large-area bilayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) grown by chemical vapor deposition exhibit remarkable performance with photoresponsivity, photogain, and detectivity of up to ∼3 × 103 A/W, 1.4 × 104, and ∼5 × 1012 Jones, respectively. These figures of merit of bilayer WS2 provide a significant advantage over monolayer WS2 due to the greatly improved carrier mobility and significantly reduced contact resistance. The photoresponsivity of bilayer WS2 phototransistor can be further improved to up to 1 × 104 A/W upon biasing a gate voltage of 60 V, without evident reduction in detectivity. Moreover, the bilayer WS2 phototransistor exhibits a high response speed of less than 100 μs, large bandwidth of 4 kHz, high cycling reliability of over 105 cycles, and spatially homogeneous photoresponse. These outstanding figures of merit make WS2 bilayer a highly promising candidate for the design of high-performance optoelectronics in the visible regime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianyong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
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Limpert S, Burke A, Chen IJ, Anttu N, Lehmann S, Fahlvik S, Bremner S, Conibeer G, Thelander C, Pistol ME, Linke H. Bipolar Photothermoelectric Effect Across Energy Filters in Single Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4055-4060. [PMID: 28598628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The photothermoelectric (PTE) effect uses nonuniform absorption of light to produce a voltage via the Seebeck effect and is of interest for optical sensing and solar-to-electric energy conversion. However, the utility of PTE devices reported to date has been limited by the need to use a tightly focused laser spot to achieve the required, nonuniform illumination and by their dependence upon the Seebeck coefficients of the constituent materials, which exhibit limited tunability and, generally, low values. Here, we use InAs/InP heterostructure nanowires to overcome these limitations: first, we use naturally occurring absorption "hot spots" at wave mode maxima within the nanowire to achieve sharp boundaries between heated and unheated subwavelength regions of high and low absorption, allowing us to use global illumination; second, we employ carrier energy-filtering heterostructures to achieve a high Seebeck coefficient that is tunable by heterostructure design. Using these methods, we demonstrate PTE voltages of hundreds of millivolts at room temperature from a globally illuminated nanowire device. Furthermore, we find PTE currents and voltages that change polarity as a function of the wavelength of illumination due to spatial shifting of subwavelength absorption hot spots. These results indicate the feasibility of designing new types of PTE-based photodetectors, photothermoelectrics, and hot-carrier solar cells using nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Limpert
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , 2052 Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam Burke
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - I-Ju Chen
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Anttu
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lehmann
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Fahlvik
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen Bremner
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , 2052 Sydney, Australia
| | - Gavin Conibeer
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales , 2052 Sydney, Australia
| | - Claes Thelander
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats-Erik Pistol
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Sarker BK, Cazalas E, Chung TF, Childres I, Jovanovic I, Chen YP. Position-dependent and millimetre-range photodetection in phototransistors with micrometre-scale graphene on SiC. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:668-674. [PMID: 28396604 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary optical and electronic properties of graphene make it a promising component of high-performance photodetectors. However, in typical graphene-based photodetectors demonstrated to date, the photoresponse only comes from specific locations near graphene over an area much smaller than the device size. For many optoelectronic device applications, it is desirable to obtain the photoresponse and positional sensitivity over a much larger area. Here, we report the spatial dependence of the photoresponse in backgated graphene field-effect transistors (GFET) on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates by scanning a focused laser beam across the GFET. The GFET shows a nonlocal photoresponse even when the SiC substrate is illuminated at distances greater than 500 µm from the graphene. The photoresponsivity and photocurrent can be varied by more than one order of magnitude depending on the illumination position. Our observations are explained with a numerical model based on charge transport of photoexcited carriers in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biddut K Sarker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Edward Cazalas
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ting-Fung Chung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Isaac Childres
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Igor Jovanovic
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yong P Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of lobetyolin via magnetic functionalized reduced graphene oxide film fabricated electrochemical sensor. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 74:515-524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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40
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Lee JH, Gul HZ, Kim H, Moon BH, Adhikari S, Kim JH, Choi H, Lee YH, Lim SC. Photocurrent Switching of Monolayer MoS 2 Using a Metal-Insulator Transition. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:673-678. [PMID: 28029262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We achieve switching on/off the photocurrent of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by controlling the metal-insulator transition (MIT). N-type semiconducting MoS2 under a large negative gate bias generates a photocurrent attributed to the increase of excess carriers in the conduction band by optical excitation. However, under a large positive gate bias, a phase shift from semiconducting to metallic MoS2 is caused, and the photocurrent by excess carriers in the conduction band induced by the laser disappears due to enhanced electron-electron scattering. Thus, no photocurrent is detected in metallic MoS2. Our results indicate that the photocurrent of MoS2 can be switched on/off by appropriately controlling the MIT transition by means of gate bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamza Zad Gul
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Hee Moon
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Subash Adhikari
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Homin Choi
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Chu Lim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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41
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Graphene-based mid-infrared room-temperature pyroelectric bolometers with ultrahigh temperature coefficient of resistance. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14311. [PMID: 28139766 PMCID: PMC5290316 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing number of applications demanding highly sensitive photodetectors in the mid-infrared. Thermal photodetectors, such as bolometers, have emerged as the technology of choice, because they do not need cooling. The performance of a bolometer is linked to its temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR, ∼2–4% K−1 for state-of-the-art materials). Graphene is ideally suited for optoelectronic applications, with a variety of reported photodetectors ranging from visible to THz frequencies. For the mid-infrared, graphene-based detectors with TCRs ∼4–11% K−1 have been demonstrated. Here we present an uncooled, mid-infrared photodetector, where the pyroelectric response of a LiNbO3 crystal is transduced with high gain (up to 200) into resistivity modulation for graphene. This is achieved by fabricating a floating metallic structure that concentrates the pyroelectric charge on the top-gate capacitor of the graphene channel, leading to TCRs up to 900% K−1, and the ability to resolve temperature variations down to 15 μK. There is emerging interest in photodetectors in the mid-infrared driven by increasing need to monitor the environment for security and healthcare purposes. Sassi et al. show a thermal photodetector, based on the coupling between graphene and a pyroelectric crystal, which shows high temperature sensitivity.
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Fang J, Wang D, DeVault CT, Chung TF, Chen YP, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM, Kildishev AV. Enhanced Graphene Photodetector with Fractal Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:57-62. [PMID: 27966986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been demonstrated to be a promising photodetection material because of its ultrabroadband optical absorption, compatibility with CMOS technology, and dynamic tunability in optical and electrical properties. However, being a single atomic layer thick, graphene has intrinsically small optical absorption, which hinders its incorporation with modern photodetecting systems. In this work, we propose a gold snowflake-like fractal metasurface design to realize broadband and polarization-insensitive plasmonic enhancement in graphene photodetector. We experimentally obtain an enhanced photovoltage from the fractal metasurface that is an order of magnitude greater than that generated at a plain gold-graphene edge and such an enhancement in the photovoltage sustains over the entire visible spectrum. We also observed a relatively constant photoresponse with respect to polarization angles of incident light, as a result of the combination of two orthogonally oriented concentric hexagonal fractal geometries in one metasurface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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43
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Tian H, Cao Y, Sun J, He J. Enhanced broadband photoresponse of substrate-free reduced graphene oxide photodetectors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09826j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadband responsivity enhancement of substrate-free device is achieved from the ultraviolet to near-infrared range just by removing the substrate of rGO film device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory
- Center for Micro/Nanomaterials and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yang Cao
- Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory
- Center for Micro/Nanomaterials and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jialin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics
- Department of Physics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Junhui He
- Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory
- Center for Micro/Nanomaterials and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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44
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Jadidi MM, Suess RJ, Tan C, Cai X, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Sushkov AB, Mittendorff M, Hone J, Drew HD, Fuhrer MS, Murphy TE. Tunable Ultrafast Thermal Relaxation in Graphene Measured by Continuous-Wave Photomixing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:257401. [PMID: 28036204 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.257401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hot electron effects in graphene are significant because of graphene's small electronic heat capacity and weak electron-phonon coupling, yet the dynamics and cooling mechanisms of hot electrons in graphene are not completely understood. We describe a novel photocurrent spectroscopy method that uses the mixing of continuous-wave lasers in a graphene photothermal detector to measure the frequency dependence and nonlinearity of hot-electron cooling in graphene as a function of the carrier concentration and temperature. The method offers unparalleled sensitivity to the nonlinearity, and probes the ultrafast cooling of hot carriers with an optical fluence that is orders of magnitude smaller than in conventional time-domain methods, allowing for accurate characterization of electron-phonon cooling near charge neutrality. Our measurements reveal that near the charge neutral point the nonlinear power dependence of the electron cooling is dominated by disorder-assisted collisions, while at higher carrier concentrations conventional momentum-conserving cooling prevails in the nonlinear dependence. The relative contribution of these competing mechanisms can be electrostatically tuned through the application of a gate voltage-an effect that is unique to graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mehdi Jadidi
- Institute for Research in Electronics & Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Ryan J Suess
- Institute for Research in Electronics & Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Cheng Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Xinghan Cai
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Andrei B Sushkov
- Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Martin Mittendorff
- Institute for Research in Electronics & Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - H Dennis Drew
- Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Michael S Fuhrer
- Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas E Murphy
- Institute for Research in Electronics & Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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45
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Urcuyo R, Duong DL, Sailer P, Burghard M, Kern K. Hot Carrier Extraction from Multilayer Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6761-6766. [PMID: 27696882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hot carriers in semiconductor or metal nanostructures are relevant, for instance, to enhance the activity of oxide-supported metal catalysts or to achieve efficient photodetection using ultrathin semiconductor layers. Moreover, rapid collection of photoexcited hot carriers can improve the efficiency of solar cells, with a theoretical maximum of 85%. Because of the long lifetime of secondary excited electrons, graphene is an especially promising two-dimensional material to harness hot carriers for solar-to-electricity conversion. However, the photoresponse of thus far realized graphene photoelectric devices is mainly governed by thermal effects, which yield only a very small photovoltage. Here, we report a Gr-TiOx-Ti heterostructure wherein the photovoltaic effect is predominant. By doping the graphene, the open circuit voltage reaches values up to 0.30 V, 2 orders of magnitude larger than for devices relying upon the thermoelectric effect. The photocurrent turned out to be limited by trap states in the few-nanometer-thick TiOx layer. Our findings represent a first valuable step toward the integration of graphene into third-generation solar cells based upon hot carrier extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Urcuyo
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dinh Loc Duong
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Sailer
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marko Burghard
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut de Physique , Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Guo N, Hu W, Jiang T, Gong F, Luo W, Qiu W, Wang P, Liu L, Wu S, Liao L, Chen X, Lu W. High-quality infrared imaging with graphene photodetectors at room temperature. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:16065-16072. [PMID: 27548266 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04607j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a two-dimensional material, is expected to enable broad-spectrum and high-speed photodetection because of its gapless band structure, ultrafast carrier dynamics and high mobility. We demonstrate a multispectral active infrared imaging by using a graphene photodetector based on hybrid response mechanisms at room temperature. The high-quality images with optical resolutions of 418 nm, 657 nm and 877 nm and close-to-theoretical-limit Michelson contrasts of 0.997, 0.994, and 0.996 have been acquired for 565 nm, 1550 nm, and 1815 nm light imaging measurements by using an unbiased graphene photodetector, respectively. Importantly, by carefully analyzing the results of Raman mapping and numerical simulations for the response process, the formation of hybrid photocurrents in graphene detectors is attributed to the synergistic action of photovoltaic and photo-thermoelectric effects. The initial application to infrared imaging will help promote the development of high performance graphene-based infrared multispectral detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China.
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47
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König-Otto JC, Mittendorff M, Winzer T, Kadi F, Malic E, Knorr A, Berger C, de Heer WA, Pashkin A, Schneider H, Helm M, Winnerl S. Slow Noncollinear Coulomb Scattering in the Vicinity of the Dirac Point in Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:087401. [PMID: 27588881 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.087401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Coulomb scattering dynamics in graphene in energetic proximity to the Dirac point is investigated by polarization resolved pump-probe spectroscopy and microscopic theory. Collinear Coulomb scattering rapidly thermalizes the carrier distribution in k directions pointing radially away from the Dirac point. Our study reveals, however, that, in almost intrinsic graphene, full thermalization in all directions relying on noncollinear scattering is much slower. For low photon energies, carrier-optical-phonon processes are strongly suppressed and Coulomb mediated noncollinear scattering is remarkably slow, namely on a ps time scale. This effect is very promising for infrared and THz devices based on hot carrier effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C König-Otto
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Mittendorff
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - T Winzer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Kadi
- Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Malic
- Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A Knorr
- Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Berger
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Institut Néel, CNRS-Université Alpes, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - W A de Heer
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Pashkin
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - H Schneider
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Helm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - S Winnerl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
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48
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Hafner J. Imaging Art and Facts. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6417-6419. [PMID: 27457026 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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49
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Xu Y, Cheng C, Du S, Yang J, Yu B, Luo J, Yin W, Li E, Dong S, Ye P, Duan X. Contacts between Two- and Three-Dimensional Materials: Ohmic, Schottky, and p-n Heterojunctions. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4895-919. [PMID: 27132492 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
After a decade of intensive research on two-dimensional (2D) materials inspired by the discovery of graphene, the field of 2D electronics has reached a stage with booming materials and device architectures. However, the efficient integration of 2D functional layers with three-dimensional (3D) systems remains a significant challenge, limiting device performance and circuit design. In this review, we investigate the experimental efforts in interfacing 2D layers with 3D materials and analyze the properties of the heterojunctions formed between them. The contact resistivity of metal on graphene and related 2D materials deserves special attention, while the Schottky junctions formed between metal/2D semiconductor or graphene/3D semiconductor call for careful reconsideration of the physical models describing the junction behavior. The combination of 2D and 3D semiconductors presents a form of p-n junctions that have just marked their debut. For each type of the heterojunctions, the potential applications are reviewed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Cheng Cheng
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Sichao Du
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Jianyi Yang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Bin Yu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Jack Luo
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Wenyan Yin
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Erping Li
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Shurong Dong
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Peide Ye
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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50
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Lai YS, Tsai CY, Chang CK, Huang CY, Hsiao VKS, Su YO. Photothermoelectric Effects in Nanoporous Silicon. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2644-2648. [PMID: 26821828 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The first observation of the photothermoelectric effect in a nanoporous silicon (NPSi) device indicates that the photocurrent is dependent on the position of light-induced local heating from illumination at the Au-electrode/NPSi interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Lai
- National Nano Device Laboratories, National Applied Research Laboratories, 26, Prosperity Road I, Hsinchu, 30078, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yang Tsai
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, No. 1, University Road, Puli, NanTou, 54561, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kai Chang
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, No. 1, University Road, Puli, NanTou, 54561, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yin Huang
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, No. 1, University Road, Puli, NanTou, 54561, Taiwan
| | - Vincent K S Hsiao
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, No. 1, University Road, Puli, NanTou, 54561, Taiwan
| | - Yuhlong Oliver Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1, University Road, Puli, NanTou, 54561, Taiwan
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