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Gulati K, Adachi T. Profiling to Probing: Atomic force microscopy to characterize nano-engineered implants. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:15-38. [PMID: 37562516 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of implants in the nanoscale or implant nano-engineering has been recognized as a strategy for augmenting implant bioactivity and achieving long-term implant success. Characterizing and optimizing implant characteristics is crucial to achieving desirable effects post-implantation. Modified implant enables tailored, guided and accelerated tissue integration; however, our understanding is limited to multicellular (bulk) interactions. Finding the nanoscale forces experienced by a single cell on nano-engineered implants will aid in predicting implants' bioactivity and engineering the next generation of bioactive implants. Atomic force microscope (AFM) is a unique tool that enables surface characterization and understanding of the interactions between implant surface and biological tissues. The characterization of surface topography using AFM to gauge nano-engineered implants' characteristics (topographical, mechanical, chemical, electrical and magnetic) and bioactivity (adhesion of cells) is presented. A special focus of the review is to discuss the use of single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) employing AFM to investigate the minute forces involved with the adhesion of a single cell (resident tissue cell or bacterium) to the surface of nano-engineered implants. Finally, the research gaps and future perspectives relating to AFM-characterized current and emerging nano-engineered implants are discussed towards achieving desirable bioactivity performances. This review highlights the use of advanced AFM-based characterization of nano-engineered implant surfaces via profiling (investigating implant topography) or probing (using a single cell as a probe to study precise adhesive forces with the implant surface). STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nano-engineering is emerging as a surface modification platform for implants to augment their bioactivity and achieve favourable treatment outcomes. In this extensive review, we closely examine the use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to characterize the properties of nano-engineered implant surfaces (topography, mechanical, chemical, electrical and magnetic). Next, we discuss Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy (SCFS) via AFM towards precise force quantification encompassing a single cell's interaction with the implant surface. This interdisciplinary review will appeal to researchers from the broader scientific community interested in implants and cell adhesion to implants and provide an improved understanding of the surface characterization of nano-engineered implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Gulati
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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2
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Cheong LZ, Zhao W, Song S, Shen C. Lab on a tip: Applications of functional atomic force microscopy for the study of electrical properties in biology. Acta Biomater 2019; 99:33-52. [PMID: 31425893 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrical properties, such as charge propagation, dielectrics, surface potentials, conductivity, and piezoelectricity, play crucial roles in biomolecules, biomembranes, cells, tissues, and other biological samples. However, characterizing these electrical properties in delicate biosamples is challenging. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), the so called "Lab on a Tip" is a powerful and multifunctional approach to quantitatively study the electrical properties of biological samples at the nanometer level. Herein, the principles, theories, and achievements of various modes of AFM in this area have been reviewed and summarized. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Electrical properties such as dielectric and piezoelectric forces, charge propagation behaviors play important structural and functional roles in biosystems from the single molecule level, to cells and tissues. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as an ideal toolkit to study electrical property of biology. Herein, the basic principles of AFM are described. We then discuss the multiple modes of AFM to study the electrical properties of biological samples, including Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM), Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (CAFM), Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) and Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy (SECM). Finally, the outlook, prospects, and challenges of the various AFM modes when studying the electrical behaviour of the samples are discussed.
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3
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Apter B, Lapshina N, Handelman A, Fainberg BD, Rosenman G. Peptide Nanophotonics: From Optical Waveguiding to Precise Medicine and Multifunctional Biochips. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801147. [PMID: 30027685 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optical waveguiding phenomena found in bioinspired chemically synthesized peptide nanostructures are a new paradigm which can revolutionize emerging fields of precise medicine and health monitoring. A unique combination of their intrinsic biocompatibility with remarkable multifunctional optical properties and developed nanotechnology of large peptide wafers makes them highly promising for new biomedical light therapy tools and implantable optical biochips. This Review highlights a new field of peptide nanophotonics. It covers peptide nanotechnology and the fabrication process of peptide integrated optical circuits, basic studies of linear and nonlinear optical phenomena in biological and bioinspired nanostructures, and their passive and active optical waveguiding. It is shown that the optical properties of this generation of bio-optical materials are governed by fundamental biological processes. Refolding the peptide secondary structure is followed by wideband optical absorption and visible tunable fluorescence. In peptide optical waveguides, such a bio-optical effect leads to switching from passive waveguiding mode in native α-helical phase to an active one in the β-sheet phase. The found active waveguiding effect in β-sheet fiber structures below optical diffraction limit opens an avenue for the future development of new bionanophotonics in ultrathin peptide/protein fibrillar structures toward advanced biomedical nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Apter
- Faculty of Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, 5810201, Israel
| | - Nadezda Lapshina
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amir Handelman
- Faculty of Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, 5810201, Israel
| | - Boris D Fainberg
- Faculty of Science, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, 5810201, Israel
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Gil Rosenman
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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4
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Collins L, Kilpatrick JI, Kalinin SV, Rodriguez BJ. Towards nanoscale electrical measurements in liquid by advanced KPFM techniques: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:086101. [PMID: 29990308 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aab560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental mechanisms of energy storage, corrosion, sensing, and multiple biological functionalities are directly coupled to electrical processes and ionic dynamics at solid-liquid interfaces. In many cases, these processes are spatially inhomogeneous taking place at grain boundaries, step edges, point defects, ion channels, etc and possess complex time and voltage dependent dynamics. This necessitates time-resolved and real-space probing of these phenomena. In this review, we discuss the applications of force-sensitive voltage modulated scanning probe microscopy (SPM) for probing electrical phenomena at solid-liquid interfaces. We first describe the working principles behind electrostatic and Kelvin probe force microscopies (EFM & KPFM) at the gas-solid interface, review the state of the art in advanced KPFM methods and developments to (i) overcome limitations of classical KPFM, (ii) expand the information accessible from KPFM, and (iii) extend KPFM operation to liquid environments. We briefly discuss the theoretical framework of electrical double layer (EDL) forces and dynamics, the implications and breakdown of classical EDL models for highly charged interfaces or under high ion concentrations, and describe recent modifications of the classical EDL theory relevant for understanding nanoscale electrical measurements at the solid-liquid interface. We further review the latest achievements in mapping surface charge, dielectric constants, and electrodynamic and electrochemical processes in liquids. Finally, we outline the key challenges and opportunities that exist in the field of nanoscale electrical measurements in liquid as well as providing a roadmap for the future development of liquid KPFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Collins
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America. Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
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5
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Wei G, Su Z, Reynolds NP, Arosio P, Hamley IW, Gazit E, Mezzenga R. Self-assembling peptide and protein amyloids: from structure to tailored function in nanotechnology. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4661-4708. [PMID: 28530745 PMCID: PMC6364806 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00542j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled peptide and protein amyloid nanostructures have traditionally been considered only as pathological aggregates implicated in human neurodegenerative diseases. In more recent times, these nanostructures have found interesting applications as advanced materials in biomedicine, tissue engineering, renewable energy, environmental science, nanotechnology and material science, to name only a few fields. In all these applications, the final function depends on: (i) the specific mechanisms of protein aggregation, (ii) the hierarchical structure of the protein and peptide amyloids from the atomistic to mesoscopic length scales and (iii) the physical properties of the amyloids in the context of their surrounding environment (biological or artificial). In this review, we will discuss recent progress made in the field of functional and artificial amyloids and highlight connections between protein/peptide folding, unfolding and aggregation mechanisms, with the resulting amyloid structure and functionality. We also highlight current advances in the design and synthesis of amyloid-based biological and functional materials and identify new potential fields in which amyloid-based structures promise new breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wei
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen,
Germany
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing
University of Chemical Technology, China
| | - Nicholas P. Reynolds
- ARC Training Centre for Biodevices, Swinburne University of
Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zurich,
Switzerland
| | | | - Ehud Gazit
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH-Zurich,
Switzerland
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6
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Kalinin SV, Strelcov E, Belianinov A, Somnath S, Vasudevan RK, Lingerfelt EJ, Archibald RK, Chen C, Proksch R, Laanait N, Jesse S. Big, Deep, and Smart Data in Scanning Probe Microscopy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9068-9086. [PMID: 27676453 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques have opened the door to nanoscience and nanotechnology by enabling imaging and manipulation of the structure and functionality of matter at nanometer and atomic scales. Here, we analyze the scientific discovery process in SPM by following the information flow from the tip-surface junction, to knowledge adoption by the wider scientific community. We further discuss the challenges and opportunities offered by merging SPM with advanced data mining, visual analytics, and knowledge discovery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chaomei Chen
- College of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Roger Proksch
- Asylum Research, an Oxford Instruments Company , Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
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7
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Ryan K, Beirne J, Redmond G, Kilpatrick JI, Guyonnet J, Buchete NV, Kholkin AL, Rodriguez BJ. Nanoscale Piezoelectric Properties of Self-Assembled Fmoc-FF Peptide Fibrous Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12702-12707. [PMID: 25994251 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous peptide networks, such as the structural framework of self-assembled fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) nanofibrils, have mechanical properties that could successfully mimic natural tissues, making them promising materials for tissue engineering scaffolds. These nanomaterials have been determined to exhibit shear piezoelectricity using piezoresponse force microscopy, as previously reported for FF nanotubes. Structural analyses of Fmoc-FF nanofibrils suggest that the observed piezoelectric response may result from the noncentrosymmetric nature of an underlying β-sheet topology. The observed piezoelectricity of Fmoc-FF fibrous networks is advantageous for a range of biomedical applications where electrical or mechanical stimuli are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Ryan
- †School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- ‡Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jason Beirne
- §School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gareth Redmond
- §School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jason I Kilpatrick
- ‡Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jill Guyonnet
- †School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- ‡Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nicolae-Viorel Buchete
- †School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- ∥Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrei L Kholkin
- #Ural Federal University, Lenin Ave. 51, Ekaterinburg 620083, Russia
| | - Brian J Rodriguez
- †School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- ‡Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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8
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Belianinov A, Vasudevan R, Strelcov E, Steed C, Yang SM, Tselev A, Jesse S, Biegalski M, Shipman G, Symons C, Borisevich A, Archibald R, Kalinin S. Big data and deep data in scanning and electron microscopies: deriving functionality from multidimensional data sets. ADVANCED STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL IMAGING 2015; 1:6. [PMID: 27547705 PMCID: PMC4977326 DOI: 10.1186/s40679-015-0006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of electron and scanning probe microscopies in the second half of the twentieth century has produced spectacular images of the internal structure and composition of matter with nanometer, molecular, and atomic resolution. Largely, this progress was enabled by computer-assisted methods of microscope operation, data acquisition, and analysis. Advances in imaging technology in the beginning of the twenty-first century have opened the proverbial floodgates on the availability of high-veracity information on structure and functionality. From the hardware perspective, high-resolution imaging methods now routinely resolve atomic positions with approximately picometer precision, allowing for quantitative measurements of individual bond lengths and angles. Similarly, functional imaging often leads to multidimensional data sets containing partial or full information on properties of interest, acquired as a function of multiple parameters (time, temperature, or other external stimuli). Here, we review several recent applications of the big and deep data analysis methods to visualize, compress, and translate this multidimensional structural and functional data into physically and chemically relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Belianinov
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Rama Vasudevan
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Evgheni Strelcov
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Chad Steed
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sang Mo Yang
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-747 South Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747 South Korea
| | - Alexander Tselev
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Michael Biegalski
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Galen Shipman
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - Christopher Symons
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Albina Borisevich
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Rick Archibald
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sergei Kalinin
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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9
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Jesse S, Vasudevan R, Collins L, Strelcov E, Okatan M, Belianinov A, Baddorf A, Proksch R, Kalinin S. Band Excitation in Scanning Probe Microscopy: Recognition and Functional Imaging. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2014; 65:519-36. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - R.K. Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - L. Collins
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - E. Strelcov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - M.B. Okatan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - A. Belianinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - A.P. Baddorf
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
| | - R. Proksch
- Asylum Research, an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, California 93117
| | - S.V. Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831; ,
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10
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Gramse G, Edwards MA, Fumagalli L, Gomila G. Theory of amplitude modulated electrostatic force microscopy for dielectric measurements in liquids at MHz frequencies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:415709. [PMID: 24061045 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/41/415709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical analysis of amplitude modulated electrostatic force microscopy (AM-EFM) in liquid media at MHz frequencies, based on a simple tip-sample parallel plate model, is presented. The model qualitatively explains the main features of AM-EFM in liquid media and provides a simple explanation of how the measured electric forces are affected by: the frequency of the applied voltage, the tip-sample distance, the ionic concentration, the relative dielectric constant of the solution, and the relative dielectric constant and thickness of the sample. These results provide a simple framework for the design of AM-EFM measurements for localized dielectric characterization in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gramse
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), C/Baldiri i Reixac 15-21, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Departament d'Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Li T, Chen L, Zeng K. In situ studies of nanoscale electromechanical behavior of nacre under flexural stresses using band excitation PFM. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5903-12. [PMID: 23305937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have studied the electromechanical coupling behaviors of nacre under non-destructive flexural stresses. Band excitation piezoresponse force microscopy is used as the primary tool to characterize the piezoelectric properties of nacre. This method can differentiate various constituents in nacre at the nanoscale and track their in situ responses under tensile and compressive stresses. The local ferroelectric hysteresis behaviors of nacre are also studied. Based on the hysteresis loops observed under different stress states, various phenomena, including the stress-induced internal field and energy loss, are revealed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Nikiforov MP, Darling SB. Concurrent quantitative conductivity and mechanical properties measurements of organic photovoltaic materials using AFM. J Vis Exp 2013:50293. [PMID: 23380988 DOI: 10.3791/50293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. Thus, understanding of spatial variations in composition as well as electrical properties of OPV materials is of paramount importance for moving PV technology forward. In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution. Currently, materials properties measurements performed using commercially available AFM-based techniques (PeakForce, conductive AFM) generally provide only qualitative information. The values for resistance as well as Young's modulus measured using our method on the prototypical ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC(61)BM system correspond well with literature data. The P3HT:PC(61)BM blend separates onto PC(61)BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains. Mechanical properties of PC(61)BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains are different, which allows for domain attribution on the surface of the film. Importantly, combining mechanical and electrical data allows for correlation of the domain structure on the surface of the film with electrical properties variation measured through the thickness of the film.
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13
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Sweers KKM, van der Werf KO, Bennink ML, Subramaniam V. Atomic force microscopy under controlled conditions reveals structure of C-terminal region of α-synuclein in amyloid fibrils. ACS NANO 2012; 6:5952-5960. [PMID: 22695112 DOI: 10.1021/nn300863n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is widely used to measure morphological and mechanical properties of biological materials at the nanoscale. AFM is able to visualize and measure these properties in different environmental conditions. However, these conditions can influence the results considerably, rendering their interpretation a matter of some subtlety. We demonstrate this by imaging ~10 nm diameter α-synuclein amyloid fibrils, focusing specifically on the structure of the C-terminal part of the protein monomers incorporated into fibrils. Despite these influences leading to variations in fibril heights, we have shown that by maintaining careful control of AFM settings we can quantitatively compare the morphological parameters of fibrils imaged in air or in buffer conditions. From this comparison we were able to deduce the semiflexible character of this C-terminal region. Fibril height differences measured in air and liquid indicate that the C-terminal region collapses onto the fibril core upon drying. The fibril heights decrease upon increasing ion concentration in solution, suggesting that the C-terminal tails collapse into more compact structures as a result of charge screening. Finally, PeakForce QNM measurements show an apparent heterogeneity of C-terminal packing along the fibril length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim K M Sweers
- Nanobiophysics, MESA, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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14
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Thompson G, Reukov V, Nikiforov M, Jesse S, Kalinin S, Vertegel A. Electromechanical and elastic probing of bacteria in a cell culture medium. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:245705. [PMID: 22641388 PMCID: PMC3409894 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/24/245705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapid phenotype characterization and identification of cultured cells, which is needed for progress in tissue engineering and drug testing, requires an experimental technique that measures physical properties of cells with sub-micron resolution. Recently, band excitation piezoresponse force microscopy (BEPFM) has been proven useful for recognition and imaging of bacteria of different types in pure water. Here, the BEPFM method is performed for the first time on physiologically relevant electrolyte media, such as Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). Distinct electromechanical responses for Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Gram-negative) bacteria in DPBS are demonstrated. The results suggest that mechanical properties of the outer surface coating each bacterium, as well as the electrical double layer around them, are responsible for the BEPFM image formation mechanism in electrolyte media.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.L. Thompson
- Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - V.V. Reukov
- Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC 29634
| | | | - S. Jesse
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - S.V. Kalinin
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - A.A. Vertegel
- Clemson University, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC 29634
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15
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Stan G, King SW, Cook RF. Nanoscale mapping of contact stiffness and damping by contact resonance atomic force microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:215703. [PMID: 22551825 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/21/215703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new procedure is demonstrated to retrieve the conservative and dissipative contributions to contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) measurements from the contact resonance frequency and resonance amplitude. By simultaneously tracking the CR-AFM frequency and amplitude during contact AFM scanning, the contact stiffness and damping were mapped with nanoscale resolution on copper (Cu) interconnects and low-k dielectric materials. A detailed surface mechanical characterization of the two materials and their interfaces was performed in terms of elastic moduli and contact damping coefficients by considering the system dynamics and included contact mechanics. Using Cu as a reference material, the CR-AFM measurements on the patterned structures showed a significant increase in the elastic modulus of the low-k dielectric material compared with that of a blanket pristine film. Such an increase in the elastic modulus suggests an enhancement in the densification of low-k dielectric films during patterning. In addition, the subsurface response of the materials was investigated in load-dependent CR-AFM point measurements and in this way a depth dimension was added to the common CR-AFM surface characterization. With the new proposed measurement procedure and analysis, the present investigation provides new insights into characterization of surface and subsurface mechanical responses of nanoscale structures and the integrity of their interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Stan
- Nanomechanical Properties Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Kareem AU, Solares SD. Characterization of surface stiffness and probe-sample dissipation using the band excitation method of atomic force microscopy: a numerical analysis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:015706. [PMID: 22155951 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/1/015706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently Jesse and co-workers introduced the band excitation atomic force microscopy (BE-AFM) method (Jesse et al 2007 Nanotechnology 18 435503), in which the cantilever probe is excited in a continuum frequency band in order to measure its response at all frequencies in the band. Analysis of the cantilever response using the damped harmonic oscillator model provides information on the stiffness and level of dissipation at the tip-sample junction as the sample is scanned. Since its introduction, this method has been used in magnetic, electromechanical, thermal and molecular unfolding applications, among others, and has given rise to a new family of scanning probe microscopy techniques. Additionally, the concept is applicable to any field in which measurement of the frequency response of harmonic oscillators is relevant. In this paper we present an analytical and numerical analysis of the excitation signals used in BE-AFM, as well as of the cantilever response under different conditions. Our analysis is performed within the context of viscoelastic characterization. We discuss subtleties in the cantilever dynamics, provide guidelines for implementing the method effectively and illustrate the use of simulation in interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam U Kareem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Handelman A, Beker P, Amdursky N, Rosenman G. Physics and engineering of peptide supramolecular nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6391-408. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rosenman G, Beker P, Koren I, Yevnin M, Bank-Srour B, Mishina E, Semin S. Bioinspired peptide nanotubes: deposition technology, basic physics and nanotechnology applications. J Pept Sci 2010; 17:75-87. [PMID: 21234978 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic peptide monomers can self-assemble into PNM such as nanotubes, nanospheres, hydrogels, etc. which represent a novel class of nanomaterials. Molecular recognition processes lead to the formation of supramolecular PNM ensembles containing crystalline building blocks. Such low-dimensional highly ordered regions create a new physical situation and provide unique physical properties based on electron-hole QC phenomena. In the case of asymmetrical crystalline structure, basic physical phenomena such as linear electro-optic, piezoelectric, and nonlinear optical effects, described by tensors of the odd rank, should be explored. Some of the PNM crystalline structures permit the existence of spontaneous electrical polarization and observation of ferroelectricity. The PNM crystalline arrangement creates highly porous nanotubes when various residues are packed into structural network with specific wettability and electrochemical properties. We report in this review on a wide research of PNM intrinsic physical properties, their electronic and optical properties related to QC effect, unique SHG, piezoelectricity and ferroelectric spontaneous polarization observed in PNT due to their asymmetric structure. We also describe PNM wettability phenomenon based on their nanoporous structure and its influence on electrochemical properties in PNM. The new bottom-up large scale technology of PNT physical vapor deposition and patterning combined with found physical effects at nanoscale, developed by us, opens the avenue for emerging nanotechnology applications of PNM in novel fields of nanophotonics, nanopiezotronics and energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rosenman
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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