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Puumala E, Fallah S, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Advancements and challenges in antifungal therapeutic development. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0014223. [PMID: 38294218 PMCID: PMC10938895 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00142-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Over recent decades, the global burden of fungal disease has expanded dramatically. It is estimated that fungal disease kills approximately 1.5 million individuals annually; however, the true worldwide burden of fungal infection is thought to be higher due to existing gaps in diagnostics and clinical understanding of mycotic disease. The development of resistance to antifungals across diverse pathogenic fungal genera is an increasingly common and devastating phenomenon due to the dearth of available antifungal classes. These factors necessitate a coordinated response by researchers, clinicians, public health agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry to develop new antifungal strategies, as the burden of fungal disease continues to grow. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the new antifungal therapeutics currently in clinical trials, highlighting their spectra of activity and progress toward clinical implementation. We also profile up-and-coming intracellular proteins and pathways primed for the development of novel antifungals targeting their activity. Ultimately, we aim to emphasize the importance of increased investment into antifungal therapeutics in the current continually evolving landscape of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Puumala
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Fallah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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The Trisubstituted Isoxazole MMV688766 Exerts Broad-Spectrum Activity against Drug-Resistant Fungal Pathogens through Inhibition of Lipid Homeostasis. mBio 2022; 13:e0273022. [PMID: 36300931 PMCID: PMC9765174 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02730-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are among the most prevalent causes of systemic fungal infection, posing a growing threat to public health. While Candida albicans is the most common etiological agent of systemic candidiasis, the frequency of infections caused by non-albicans Candida species is rising. Among these is Candida auris, which has emerged as a particular concern. Since its initial discovery in 2009, it has been identified worldwide and exhibits resistance to all three principal antifungal classes. Here, we endeavored to identify compounds with novel bioactivity against C. auris from the Medicines for Malaria Venture's Pathogen Box library. Of the five hits identified, the trisubstituted isoxazole MMV688766 emerged as the only compound displaying potent fungicidal activity against C. auris, as well as other evolutionarily divergent fungal pathogens. Chemogenomic profiling, as well as subsequent metabolomic and phenotypic analyses, revealed that MMV688766 disrupts cellular lipid homeostasis, driving a decrease in levels of early sphingolipid intermediates and fatty acids and a concomitant increase in lysophospholipids. Experimental evolution to further probe MMV688766's mode of action in the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that loss of function of the transcriptional regulator HAL9 confers resistance to MMV688766, in part through the upregulation of the lipid-binding chaperone HSP12, a response that appears to assist in tolerating MMV688766-induced stress. The novel mode of action we have uncovered for MMV688766 against drug-resistant fungal pathogens highlights the broad utility of targeting lipid homeostasis to disrupt fungal growth and how screening structurally-diverse chemical libraries can provide new insights into resistance-conferring stress responses of fungi. IMPORTANCE As widespread antimicrobial resistance threatens to propel the world into a postantibiotic era, there is a pressing need to identify mechanistically distinct antimicrobial agents. This is of particular concern when considering the limited arsenal of drugs available to treat fungal infections, coupled with the emergence of highly drug-resistant fungal pathogens, including Candida auris. In this work, we demonstrate that existing libraries of drug-like chemical matter can be rich resources for antifungal molecular scaffolds. We discovered that the small molecule MMV688766, from the Pathogen Box library, displays previously undescribed broad-spectrum fungicidal activity through perturbation of lipid homeostasis. Characterization of the mode of action of MMV688766 provided new insight into the protective mechanisms fungi use to cope with the disruption of lipid homeostasis. Our findings highlight that elucidating the genetic circuitry required to survive in the presence of cellular stress offers powerful insights into the biological pathways that govern this important phenotype.
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3
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Chen C, Wang YX, Li SB, Wu QY. 3,5-Diaryl substituted sclerotiorin: a novel scaffold of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01869a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel and potent inhibitors targeting succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase were discovered from the natural product sclerotiorin for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Song-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Qiong-You Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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4
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Liu L, Wang Z. Azaphilone alkaloids: prospective source of natural food pigments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:469-484. [PMID: 34921328 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Azaphilone, biosynthesized by polyketide synthase, is a class of fungal metabolites. In this review, after brief introduction of the natural azaphilone diversity, we in detail discussed azaphilic addition reaction involving conversion of natural azaphilone into the corresponding azaphilone alkaloid. Then, setting red Monascus pigments (a traditional food colorant in China) as example, we presented a new strategy, i.e., interfacing azaphilic addition reaction with living microbial metabolism in a one-pot process, to produce azaphilone alkaloid with a specified amine residue (red Monascus pigments) during submerged culture. Benefit from the red Monascus pigments with a specified amine residue, the influence of primary amine on characteristics of the food colorant was highlighted. Finally, the progress for screening of alternative azaphilone alkaloids (production from interfacing azaphilic addition reaction with submerged culture of Talaromyces sp. or Penicillium sp.) as natural food colorant was reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Azaphilic addition reaction of natural azaphilone is biocompatible • Red Monascus pigment is a classic example of azaphilone alkaloids • Azaphilone alkaloids are alterative natural food colorant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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5
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DeJarnette C, Meyer CJ, Jenner AR, Butts A, Peters T, Cheramie MN, Phelps GA, Vita NA, Loudon-Hossler VC, Lee RE, Palmer GE. Identification of Inhibitors of Fungal Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3210-3223. [PMID: 34786940 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal fatty acid (FA) synthase and desaturase enzymes are essential for the growth and virulence of human fungal pathogens. These enzymes are structurally distinct from their mammalian counterparts, making them attractive targets for antifungal development. However, there has been little progress in identifying chemotypes that target fungal FA biosynthesis. To accomplish this, we applied a whole-cell-based method known as Target Abundance-based FItness Screening using Candida albicans. Strains with varying levels of FA synthase or desaturase expression were grown in competition to screen a custom small-molecule library. Hit compounds were defined as preferentially inhibiting the growth of the low target-expressing strains. Dose-response experiments confirmed that 16 hits (11 with an acyl hydrazide core) differentially inhibited the growth of strains with an altered desaturase expression, indicating a specific chemical-target interaction. Exogenous unsaturated FAs restored C. albicans growth in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of the most potent acyl hydrazides, further supporting the primary mechanism being inhibition of FA desaturase. A systematic analysis of the structure-activity relationship confirmed the acyl hydrazide core as essential for inhibitory activity. This collection demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against Candida auris and mucormycetes and retained the activity against azole-resistant candida isolates. Finally, a preliminary analysis of toxicity to mammalian cells identified potential lead compounds with desirable selectivities. Collectively, these results establish a scaffold that targets fungal FA biosynthesis with a potential for development into novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian DeJarnette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Chris J. Meyer
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Alexander R. Jenner
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Arielle Butts
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Tracy Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Martin N. Cheramie
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Gregory A. Phelps
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Nicole A. Vita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Victoria C. Loudon-Hossler
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Glen E. Palmer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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6
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Pyser JB, Baker Dockrey SA, Benítez AR, Joyce LA, Wiscons RA, Smith JL, Narayan ARH. Stereodivergent, Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Azaphilone Natural Products. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18551-18559. [PMID: 31692339 PMCID: PMC7029798 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selective access to a targeted isomer is often critical in the synthesis of biologically active molecules. Whereas small-molecule reagents and catalysts often act with anticipated site- and stereoselectivity, this predictability does not extend to enzymes. Further, the lack of access to catalysts that provide complementary selectivity creates a challenge in the application of biocatalysis in synthesis. Here, we report an approach for accessing biocatalysts with complementary selectivity that is orthogonal to protein engineering. Through the use of a sequence similarity network (SSN), a number of sequences were selected, and the corresponding biocatalysts were evaluated for reactivity and selectivity. With a number of biocatalysts identified that operate with complementary site- and stereoselectivity, these catalysts were employed in the stereodivergent, chemoenzymatic synthesis of azaphilone natural products. Specifically, the first syntheses of trichoflectin, deflectin-1a, and lunatoic acid A were achieved. In addition, chemoenzymatic syntheses of these azaphilones supplied enantioenriched material for reassignment of the absolute configuration of trichoflectin and deflectin-1a based on optical rotation, CD spectra, and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Pyser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Summer A. Baker Dockrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Attabey Rodríguez Benítez
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Leo A. Joyce
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Ren A. Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Janet L. Smith
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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7
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Cao F, Meng ZH, Mu X, Yue YF, Zhu HJ. Absolute Configuration of Bioactive Azaphilones from the Marine-Derived Fungus Pleosporales sp. CF09-1. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:386-392. [PMID: 30724084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the marine-derived fungus Pleosporales sp. CF09-1 cultured in modified PDB medium led to the isolation of six new azaphilone derivatives, pleosporalones B and C (1 and 2) and pleosporalones E-H (4-7), and one known analogue (3). The absolute configurations of C-2' and C-3' in 3 were assigned by a vibrational circular dichroism method. The C-11 relative configurations for the pair of C-11 epimers (4 and 5) were established by comparing the magnitude of the computed 13C NMR chemical shifts (Δδcalcd) with the experimental 13C NMR values (Δδexp) for the epimers. Antiphytopathogenic and anti- Vibrio activities were evaluated for 1-7. Pleosporalone B (1) exhibited potent antifungal activities against the fungi Alternaria brassicicola and Fusarium oxysporum with the same MIC value of 1.6 μg/mL, which were stronger than the positive control ketoconazole among these compounds. Additionally, pleosporalone C (2) displayed significant activity against the fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea (MIC, 3.1 μg/mL). Compounds 6 and 7 displayed moderate anti- Vibrio activities against Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio parahemolyticus, with MIC values of 13 and 6.3 μg/mL for 6 and 6.3 and 25 μg/mL for 7, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China , Hebei University , Baoding 071002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hui Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China , Hebei University , Baoding 071002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Mu
- College of Life Sciences , Hebei University , Baoding 071002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fei Yue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China , Hebei University , Baoding 071002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Jie Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China , Hebei University , Baoding 071002 , People's Republic of China
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8
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Jiang H, Gan T, Zhang J, Ma Q, Liang Y, Zhao Y. The Structures and Bioactivities of Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:7081-7101. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190507105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS or FASN) is a vital enzyme which catalyzes
the de novo synthesis of long chain fatty acids. A number of studies have recently been reported
that FAS was combined targets for the discovery of anti-obesity and anti-cancer drugs. Great interest
has been developed in finding novel FAS inhibitors, and result in more than 200 inhibitors being
reported.
Methods:
The reported research literature about the FAS inhibitors was collected and analyzedsised
through major databases including Web of Science, and PubMed. Then the chemical stractures,
FAS inhibitory activities, and Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) were summarized
focused on all these reported FAS inhibitors.
Results:
The 248 FAS inhibitors, which were reported during the past 20 years, could be divided
into thiolactone, butyrolactone and butyrolactam, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and other
structures, in view of their structure characteristics. And the SAR of high inhibitory structures of
each type was proposed in this paper.
Conclusion:
A series of synthetic quinolinone derivatives show strongest inhibitory activity in the
reported FAS inhibitors. Natural polyphenols, existing in food and herbs, show more adaptive in
medicine exploration because of their safety and efficiency. Moreover, screening the FAS inhibitors
from microorganism and marine natural products could be the hot research directions in the
future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Tian Gan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jiasui Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qingyun Ma
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Youxing Zhao
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Nalli Y, Mirza DN, Wani ZA, Wadhwa B, Mallik FA, Raina C, chaubey A, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S, Ali A. Phialomustin A–D, new antimicrobial and cytotoxic metabolites from an endophytic fungus, Phialophora mustea. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18121f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phialomustin A–D (1–4), four new azaphilone derived bioactive metabolites, were isolated from an endophytic fungus Phialophora mustea associated in nature with Crocus sativus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedukondalu Nalli
- Natural Product Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu 180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Dania N. Mirza
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi-110001
- India
- Microbial Biotechnology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
| | - Zahoor A. Wani
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi-110001
- India
- Microbial Biotechnology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
| | - Bhumika Wadhwa
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi-110001
- India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)
| | - Fayaz A. Mallik
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi-110001
- India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)
| | - Chand Raina
- Fermentation Division
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)
- Jammu-180001
- India
| | - Asha chaubey
- Fermentation Division
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)
- Jammu-180001
- India
| | - Syed Riyaz-Ul-Hassan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi-110001
- India
- Microbial Biotechnology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
| | - Asif Ali
- Natural Product Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu 180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry & Sustainable Utilization, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Lin L, Mulholland N, Huang SW, Beattie D, Irwin D, Gu YC, Clough J, Wu QY, Yang GF. Design, Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of Novel Sclerotiorin Derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:682-92. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Lin L, Mulholland N, Wu QY, Beattie D, Huang SW, Irwin D, Clough J, Gu YC, Yang GF. Synthesis and antifungal activity of novel sclerotiorin analogues. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4480-4491. [PMID: 22439963 DOI: 10.1021/jf300610j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotiorin 1, first isolated from Penicillium sclerotiorum, has weak antifungal activity and belongs to the azaphilone-type family of natural products. Several series of sclerotiorin analogues were designed and synthesized with the aim of discovering novel fungicides with improved activity. The syntheses involved two key steps, cycloisomerization and then oxidation, and used a simple and efficient Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction to construct the required functionalized precursor. With sclerotiorin as a control, the activities of the newly synthesized analogues were evaluated against seven fungal pathogens, and several promising candidates (compounds 3a₁, 3d₂, 3e₂, 3f₂ and 3k₂) with greater activity and simpler structures than sclerotiorin were discovered. In addition, preliminary structure-activity relationships were studied, which revealed that not only the chlorine or bromine substituent at the 5-position of the nucleus but also the phenyl group at the 3-position and the substituent pattern on it contributed crucially to the observed antifungal activity. Analogues with a methyl substituent at the 1-position have reduced levels of activity, while those with a free hydroxyl group in place of acetoxy at the quaternary center of the bicyclic ring system retain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Lin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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13
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Zang LY, Wei W, Wang T, Guo Y, Tan RX, Ge HM. Isochromophilones from an endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2012; 2:117-120. [PMCID: PMC4131592 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-012-0023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three new azaphilone compounds, isochromophilones X–XII (1–3), together with two known ones sclerotioramine (4) and isochromophilone VI (5) were isolated from the cultures of an endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. The structures were elucidated by extensive HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic analyses. All compounds were tested for their cytotoxicities against five human cancer cell lines by MTT method, among which compound 1 showed moderate inhibitory effects on these cell lines. This was the first report of azaphilones isolated from Diaporthe sp. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yun Zang
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Ting Wang
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Ye Guo
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Ren-Xiang Tan
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Hui-Ming Ge
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
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14
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Sado-Kamdem SL, Vannini L, Guerzoni ME. Effect of α-linolenic, capric and lauric acid on the fatty acid biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 129:288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Heinisch JJ. Baker's yeast as a tool for the development of antifungal drugs which target cell integrity – an update. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:931-43. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.8.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen J Heinisch
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Genetik, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany ;
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16
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Dixon N, Wong LS, Geerlings TH, Micklefield J. Cellular targets of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:1288-310. [DOI: 10.1039/b616808f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Vinale F, Marra R, Scala F, Ghisalberti EL, Lorito M, Sivasithamparam K. Major secondary metabolites produced by two commercial Trichoderma strains active against different phytopathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:143-8. [PMID: 16869896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Trichoderma harzianum strains T22 and T39 are two micro-organisms used as active agents in a variety of commercial biopesticides and biofertilizers and widely applied amongst field and greenhouse crops. The production, isolation, biological and chemical characterization of the main secondary metabolites produced by these strains are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Of the three major compounds produced by strain T22, one is a new azaphilone that shows marked in vitro inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. In turn, filtrates from strain T39 were demonstrated to contain two compounds previously isolated from other T. harzianum strains and a new butenolide. The production of the isolated metabolites was also monitored by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry during in vitro interaction with R. solani. CONCLUSIONS This paper reports the isolation and characterization of the main secondary metabolites obtained from culture filtrates of two T. harzianum strains and their production during antagonistic interaction with the pathogen R. solani. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first work on secondary metabolites produced by the commercially applied strains T22 and T39. Our results provide a better understanding of the metabolism of these fungi, which are both widely used as biopesticides and/or biofertilizers in biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vinale
- Dipartimento di Arboricoltura, Botanica e Patologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici (Naples), Italy.
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Pauli A. Anticandidal low molecular compounds from higher plants with special reference to compounds from essential oils. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:223-68. [PMID: 16331694 DOI: 10.1002/med.20050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The most active low molecular weight compounds from higher plants against Candida species are compiled from a database of antimicrobials (Amicbase) to find out new hints on their mechanism of action. The selected compounds possess strong inhibitory activities in vitro against Candida species either in the agar diffusion test, bioautography, agar dilution test, serial dilution test, or activity in the vapour phase. The test conditions are listed thoroughly and aspects of the different methods and recent developments in the testing of anticandidal drugs are discussed. The anticandidal spectra of drugs, antiseptics, and disinfectants licensed on the major markets are given for comparison of activities with compounds from natural sources. So far known mechanisms of action are described and some new structure-activity relationships are deduced from relationships between biological activities and chemical and physical parameters. Main specific targets of natural anticandidals are the ergosterol pathway, respiratory chain, and chitin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pauli
- ReviewScience, 90513 Zirndorf, Germany.
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Wei WG, Qian WJ, Zhang YX, Yao ZJ. Bromoetherification-based strategy towards the spirocyclic chromophore of chlorofusin. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wei WG, Yao ZJ. Synthesis studies toward chloroazaphilone and vinylogous gamma-pyridones: two common natural product core structures. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4585-90. [PMID: 15932293 DOI: 10.1021/jo050414g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloroazaphilone is a common structure found in a number of natural products. Reported herein is a practical synthesis of a model chloroazaphilone that utilizes Pb(OAc)4 oxidation of HClO4/HOAc pyrinium salt in a key one-pot operation. Reaction of this chloroazaphilone with various primary amines to afford the corresponding vinylogous gamma-pyridones was also fully investigated. The isolation of stable enamine intermediates provided direct evidence of reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Guo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Abstract
Genomic-based methodologies are increasingly used at all stages of drug development. The most extensive applications have occurred in early drug discovery stages due to advances in technologies that allow for automated synthesis and characterization of organic compounds, and for high-throughput screening of these molecules against known drug targets. The adaptation of genomic-based methodologies in later stages of drug development presents a more difficult task. In this review we describe how genomics can be used to identify previously uncharacterized pharmacologic actions that provide a basis for the development of new classes of antimycotic agents or for adverse event aversion. Clinically, novel antimycotics are gravely needed. This review provides a perspective on new technologies that will bridge the gap between drug discovery and development that may enable more rapid access to new antimycotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Cleary
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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Zhang YM, Rock CO. Evaluation of epigallocatechin gallate and related plant polyphenols as inhibitors of the FabG and FabI reductases of bacterial type II fatty-acid synthase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:30994-1001. [PMID: 15133034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403697200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the major component of green tea extracts and possesses antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor activity. Our study focused on validating the inhibition of the bacterial type II fatty acid synthesis system as a mechanism for the antibacterial effects of EGCG and related plant polyphenols. EGCG and the related tea catechins potently inhibited both the FabG and FabI reductase steps in the fatty acid elongation cycle with IC(50) values between 5 and 15 microm. The presence of the galloyl moiety was essential for activity, and EGCG was a competitive inhibitor of FabI and a mixed type inhibitor of FabG demonstrating that EGCG interfered with cofactor binding in both enzymes. EGCG inhibited acetate incorporation into fatty acids in vivo, although it was much less potent than thiolactomycin, a validated fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, and overexpression of FabG, FabI, or both did not confer resistance. A panel of other plant polyphenols was screened for FabG/FabI inhibition and antibacterial activity. Most of these inhibited both reductase steps, possessed antibacterial activity, and inhibited cellular fatty acid synthesis. The ability of the plant secondary metabolites to interfere with the activity of multiple NAD(P)-dependent cellular processes must be taken into account when assessing the specificity of their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Zhang
- Protein Science Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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