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Salehi M, Moieni A, Safaie N. Elicitors Derived from Hazel (Corylus avellana L.) Cell Suspension Culture Enhance Growth and Paclitaxel Production of Epicoccum nigrum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12053. [PMID: 30104672 PMCID: PMC6089963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial fermentation is considered as the potential source for large-scale production of paclitaxel. Since co-cultivation/mixed fermentation strategy has been reported as a yield enhancement strategy for paclitaxel production, investigation of fungal endophyte response to plant culture medium, plant cell extract (CE) and medium filtrate (MF) of plant cell suspension culture in terms of growth and paclitaxel production is interesting. In this study, 35 endophytic fungi were isolated from Taxus baccata and Corylus avellana grown in Iran. The analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that one isolate (YEF2) produced paclitaxel. The isolate YEF2 was identified as Epicoccum nigrum by sequencing of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region and actin gene. YEF2 was slow-growing in Murashige and Skoog medium, but the synergistic interaction of gibberellic acid (GA3) and CE of C. avellana enhanced the growth of YEF2. The highest total yield of paclitaxel (314.7 µg/l; 11.5-folds) of E. nigrum strain YEF2 was obtained by using 28% (v/v) filter sterilized CE of C. avellana and 2 µg ml-1 GA3 that was significantly higher than the control. In this study, the effects of the plant cell extract on growth and paclitaxel production of paclitaxel producing endophytic fungus were studied for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Salehi
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-336, Iran
| | - Ahmad Moieni
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-336, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-336, Iran.
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2
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Molecularly imprinted ultrafiltration polysulfone membrane with specific nano-cavities for selective separation and enrichment of paclitaxel from plant extract. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Li BJ, Wang H, Gong T, Chen JJ, Chen TJ, Yang JL, Zhu P. Improving 10-deacetylbaccatin III-10-β-O-acetyltransferase catalytic fitness for Taxol production. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15544. [PMID: 28516951 PMCID: PMC5454391 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural concentration of the anticancer drug Taxol is about 0.02% in yew trees, whereas that of its analogue 7-β-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol is up to 0.5%. While this compound is not an intermediate in Taxol biosynthetic route, it can be converted into Taxol by de-glycosylation and acetylation. Here, we improve the catalytic efficiency of 10-deacetylbaccatin III-10-O-acetyltransferase (DBAT) of Taxus towards 10-deacetyltaxol, a de-glycosylated derivative of 7-β-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol to generate Taxol using mutagenesis. We generate a three-dimensional structure of DBAT and identify its active site using alanine scanning and design a double DBAT mutant (DBATG38R/F301V) with a catalytic efficiency approximately six times higher than that of the wild-type. We combine this mutant with a β-xylosidase to obtain an in vitro one-pot conversion of 7-β-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol to Taxol yielding 0.64 mg ml−1 Taxol in 50 ml at 15 h. This approach represents a promising environmentally friendly alternative for Taxol production from an abundant analogue. Taxol is a widely used anticancer drug that is found in very low amounts in the bark of Taxus plants. Here, the authors improve the catalytic fitness of DBAT, an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of tree by products into taxol, enabling the design of an in vitro biochemical systems for taxol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.,Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, National Health and Family Planning Commission of PRC, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.,Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, National Health and Family Planning Commission of PRC, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.,Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, National Health and Family Planning Commission of PRC, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing-Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.,Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, National Health and Family Planning Commission of PRC, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.,Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, National Health and Family Planning Commission of PRC, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.,Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, National Health and Family Planning Commission of PRC, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.,Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, National Health and Family Planning Commission of PRC, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
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Abstract
A 2-year-old bay Thoroughbred colt was found dead overnight in its stall without a known history of any illness, existing disease, or toxicant exposure. No information on the clinical signs before this animal's death was reported. A full necropsy was performed the next morning and revealed a mild to moderate degree of endocardial hemorrhages in both ventricles. Microscopic examination of the heart showed an acute mild mutifocal necrosis of papillary muscles and ventricles. The stomach content contained approximately 2% Taxus alkaloids as determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In the past, diagnosis of Taxus poisoning has been mainly based on history of exposure and the presence of plant parts in the gastrointestinal tract. Pathological lesions associated with Taxus poisoning have not been published for horses. Therefore, this is the first report of cardiac lesions in a horse after lethal exposure to Taxus. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that Taxus exposure needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of horses that die suddenly or have cardiac lesions suggestive of Taxus exposure, even if intact plant parts are not identified in the stomach by the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh K Tiwary
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, West Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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5
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Vaniya A, Fiehn O. Using fragmentation trees and mass spectral trees for identifying unknown compounds in metabolomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2015; 69:52-61. [PMID: 26213431 PMCID: PMC4509603 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of unknown metabolites is the bottleneck in advancing metabolomics, leaving interpretation of metabolomics results ambiguous. The chemical diversity of metabolism is vast, making structure identification arduous and time consuming. Currently, comprehensive analysis of mass spectra in metabolomics is limited to library matching, but tandem mass spectral libraries are small compared to the large number of compounds found in the biosphere, including xenobiotics. Resolving this bottleneck requires richer data acquisition and better computational tools. Multi-stage mass spectrometry (MSn) trees show promise to aid in this regard. Fragmentation trees explore the fragmentation process, generate fragmentation rules and aid in sub-structure identification, while mass spectral trees delineate the dependencies in multi-stage MS of collision-induced dissociations. This review covers advancements over the past 10 years as a tool for metabolite identification, including algorithms, software and databases used to build and to implement fragmentation trees and mass spectral annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Vaniya
- University of California Davis, Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- University of California Davis, West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- University of California Davis, West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Biochemistry Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Gallego A, Jáuregui O, Moyano E, Palazón J, Casals I, Bonfill M. Optimization of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of traces of taxanes in a Corylus avellana cell suspension medium. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00803d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a reliable HPLC-MS/MS method to quantify five of the most commercially important taxanes in a C. avellana cell suspension medium. Its linearity, intra- and inter-day precision, recovery, accuracy, LOD/LOQ and matrix effect were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gallego
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Olga Jáuregui
- Scientific & Technological Centers
- Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB)
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Elisabeth Moyano
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Javier Palazón
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Isidre Casals
- Scientific & Technological Centers
- Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB)
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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7
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Xiao L, Lao WG, Tan Y, Qu X. In Vitro Investigation of Anti-Diabetic Effect of Taxus cuspidate Extracts by Ultrasound Assisted Method. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:1205-15. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracting active components from Chinese medicinal herbs efficiently is a key step in the investigation of their pharmacological effects and modes of action. In this project, we compared the ultrasound-assisted method and the conventional solvent method for extracting the active compound of Taxus cuspidate (dong bei hong dou shan). Through the analysis of various extractions with a quadruple time-of-fight (Q-TOF) LC/MS, we demonstrated that the ultrasound-assisted method reduced solvent consumption and had shorter extraction time, while the extraction yields of the active compound (taxol) were equivalent to or even higher than those obtained with the conventional solvent extraction method. Through the comparison of Taxus cuspidate extracts (TCEs) with different concentrations of acetone and ethanol, we proved that 50% ethanol was an optimal solvent for extracting taxol from Taxus cuspidate. Based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) literature, we further determined whether TCEs possess antidiabetic effects by testing glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with TCEs from Taxus cuspidate bark and twigs under insulin stimulation (100 nM). The results showed that neither taxol (10 μg/ml) nor TCEs (1 and 0.1 mg/ml) changed glucose uptake significantly compared with insulin alone. This study demonstrated that the ultrasound-assisted method with 50% ethanol is a highly efficient approach for extracting Taxus cuspidate, which may be applicable for extraction of other Chinese medicinal herbs. Extracts of Taxus cuspidate bark and twigs had no effect on insulin stimulated-glucose uptake in vitro. This result conflicts with the description in TCM literature. Further in vivo study to clarify Taxus cuspidate's metabolic actions is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Xiao
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wei-Guo Lao
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yi Tan
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xianqin Qu
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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8
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Ernsting MJ, Tang WL, MacCallum N, Li SD. Synthetic modification of carboxymethylcellulose and use thereof to prepare a nanoparticle forming conjugate of docetaxel for enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2474-86. [PMID: 22014112 DOI: 10.1021/bc200284b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A nanoparticle formulation of docetaxel (DTX) was designed to address the strengths and limitations of current taxane delivery systems: PEGylation, high drug conjugation efficiency (>30 wt %), a slow-release mechanism, and a well-defined and stable nanoparticle identity were identified as critical design parameters. The polymer conjugate was synthesized with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), an established pharmaceutical excipient characterized by a high density of carboxylate groups permitting increased conjugation of a drug. CMC was chemically modified through acetylation to eliminate its gelling properties and to improve solvent solubility, enabling high yield and reproducible conjugation of DTX and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The optimal conjugate formulation (Cellax) contained 37.1 ± 1.5 wt % DTX and 4.7 ± 0.8 wt % PEG, exhibited a low critical aggregation concentration of 0.6 μg/mL, and formed 118-134 nm spherical nanoparticles stable against dilution. Conjugate compositions with a DTX degree of substitution (DS) outside the 12.3-20.8 mol % range failed to form discrete nanoparticles, emphasizing the importance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic balance in molecular design. Cellax nanoparticles released DTX in serum with near zero order kinetics (100% in 3 weeks), was internalized in murine and human cancer cells, and induced significantly higher toxic effects against a panel of tumor cell lines (2- to 40-fold lower IC50 values) compared to free DTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ernsting
- Medicinal Chemistry Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Zhang P, Zhou PP, Yu LJ. An Endophytic Taxol-Producing Fungus from Taxus media, Cladosporium cladosporioides MD2. Curr Microbiol 2009; 59:227-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Ghassempour A, Rezadoost H, Ahmadi M, Aboul-Enein HY. Seasons Study of Four Important Taxanes and Purification of 10-Deacetylbaccatin III from the Needles of Taxus baccata L. by Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902901184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghassempour
- a Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University , Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rezadoost
- a Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University , Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Ahmadi
- a Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University , Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- b Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Li S, Fu Y, Zu Y, Sun R, Wang Y, Zhang L, Luo H, Gu C, Efferth T. Determination of paclitaxel and other six taxoids in Taxus species by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Taxol Production by Fusarium Arthrosporioides Isolated from Yew, Taxus CuspidataA taxol-producing endophyte wasFusarium arthrosporioides.As a novel taxol resource, a taxol-producing endophyte was successfully isolated from the yew tree,Taxus cuspidataSieb. et Zucc. According to the morphological characterization and the ITS4-ITS5 sequences, the isolated endophytic fungus was identified asFusarium arthrosporioides.Fermentation conditions for taxol production were optimized with the isolated strain (F-40) ofF. arthrosporioides.The fungal taxol was analytically confirmed by TLC, RP-HPLC, LC-MS and NMR.F. arthrosporioidesisolated from yew was found to produce taxol with a maximum yield of 131 μg/L. Precise methods were established for detecting the fungal taxol and its derivatives.
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14
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Vas G, Alquier L, Maryanoff CA, Cohen J, Reed G. Investigation of mass-balance issue in e-beam sterilized paclitaxel eluting coronary stents by SPME/GC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:568-72. [PMID: 18617351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel eluting coronary stents were sterilized by e-beam in a closed system, to investigate sterilization related mass-balance issues and evaluate potential volatile paclitaxel degradation products. A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method utilizing a polydimethyl-siloxane/divinyl-benzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber was optimized for extracting the volatiles from the head-space of the sterilized stents. GC-MS was used for separation, identification, and quantitation of the components. Benzaldehyde and benzoic acid were identified as paclitaxel related volatile degradation products. Three groups of stents were included in the study, a control group (not exposed to e-beam), a group sterilized at 25 kGy, and a final group sterilized at 75 kGy. The stents sterilized by e-beam at 75 kGy contained significantly higher levels of benzoic acid relative to the controls and the stents at 25 kGy contained intermediate levels of benzoic acid. The benzaldehyde levels increased in the 25 kGy e-beam sterilized stents relative to the control but remained fairly constant in the 75 kGy e-beam sterilized stents relative to the 25 kGy e-beam results. Mechanism for the formation of benzoic acid and benzaldehyde from paclitaxel was proposed. The levels of benzoic acid and benzaldehyde observed on the stents did not resolve the original mass-balance issue, but most likely contribute to the lack of mass balance observed for paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Vas
- Cordis Corporation, Convergent Product Development, Analytical Technologies, Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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15
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Konishi Y, Kiyota T, Draghici C, Gao JM, Yeboah F, Acoca S, Jarussophon S, Purisima E. Molecular formula analysis by an MS/MS/MS technique to expedite dereplication of natural products. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1187-97. [PMID: 17263353 DOI: 10.1021/ac061391o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile and sensitive mass spectrometric method has been developed for the dereplication of natural products. The method provides information about the molecular formula and substructure of a precursor molecule and its fragments, which are invaluable aids in dereplication of natural products at their early stages of purification and characterization. Collision-induced MS/MS technique is used to fragment a precursor ion into several product ions, and individual product ions are selected and subjected to collision-induced MS/MS/MS analysis. This method enables the identification of the fragmentation pathway of a precursor molecule from its first-generation fragments (MS/MS), through to the nth generation product ions (MSn). It also allows for the identification of the corresponding neutral products released (neutral losses). Elements used in the molecular formula analysis include C, H, N, O, and S, as most natural products are constituted by these five elements. High-resolution mass separation and accurate mass measurements afforded the unique identification of molecular formula of small neutral products. Through sequential add-up of the molecular formulas of the small neutral products, the molecular formula of the precursor ion and its productions were uniquely determined. The molecular formula of the precursor molecule was then reversely used to identify or confirm the molecular formula of the neutral products and that of the productions. The molecular formula of the neutral fragments allowed for the identification of substructures, leading to a rapid and efficient characterization of precursor natural product. The method was applied to paclitaxel (C47H51NO14; 853 amu) to identify its molecular formula and its substructures, and to characterize its potential fragmentation pathways. The method was further validated by correctly identifying the molecular formula of minocycline (C23H27N3O7; 457 amu) and piperacillin (C23H27N5O7S; 517 amu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Konishi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2.
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16
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Głowniak K, Mroczek T. INVESTIGATIONS ON PREPARATIVE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF TAXOIDS FROM TAXUS BACCATA L. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazimierz Głowniak
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , Medical University , Peowiaków 12 St., 20-007, Lublin , Poland
| | - Tomasz Mroczek
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , Medical University , Peowiaków 12 St., 20-007, Lublin , Poland
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17
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Frommherz L, Kintz P, Kijewski H, Köhler H, Lehr M, Brinkmann B, Beike J. Quantitative determination of taxine B in body fluids by LC–MS–MS. Int J Legal Med 2006; 120:346-51. [PMID: 16397807 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-005-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new specific and sensitive LC-MS-MS method for the detection of taxine B and isotaxine B, the main toxic pseudo-alkaloids from yew (Taxus sp.), in biological samples (blood, urine, gastric content) was developed. Biological samples were prepared for LC-MS-MS by means of solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure and yielded a recovery of 86%. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an RP(18) column. Detection of taxine B and isotaxine B was performed using multiple reaction monitoring with m/z 584.2 as precursor ion, i.e. [M+H](+), of both isomers and m/z 194.3 and m/z 107.1 as product ions after collision-induced dissociation. Docetaxel was applied as internal standard. The method was fully validated for the analysis of blood samples. Linearity was proven in the range from 0.1-500 ng/g. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation are 0.4 and 2 ng/g, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of taxine B and isotaxine B in four fatal cases (two humans, two horses) with suspected yew intoxication. Blood levels were 105, 168, 174 and 212 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Frommherz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstrasse, Münster, Germany
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18
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An NMR and LC–MS based approach for Mixture Analysis involving Taxoid molecules from Taxus wallichiana. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(02)00576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Madhusudanan KP, Chattopadhyay SK, Tripathi VK, Sashidhara KV, Kukreja AK, Jain SP. LC-ESI-MS analysis of taxoids from the bark of Taxus wallichiana. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:343-55. [PMID: 12210508 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
LC-ESI-MS analysis was carried out for taxoid profiling of partially purified methanol extracts of the stem bark of Taxus wallichiana growing in different regions of the Himalayas (Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, UP hills, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh). Cone voltage fragmentation of the protonated, ammonium or sodium cationized molecular species resulted in diagnostic fragment ions. Thus, information about the number and nature of substituents and the taxane skeleton (whether it is normal or rearranged) was readily available from the LC-ESI-MS spectra. The rearranged 11(15-->1)-abeo-taxanes showed a characteristic elimination of the hydroxyisopropyl along with an acetoxy group. The identification of the taxoids was achieved by comparison of the ESI mass spectra with those of the authentic taxoids available to us or by interpreting the ESI mass spectra. The results were also corroborated by MS/MS analysis of the partially purified extract injected directly into the ESI source. Paclitaxel, its analogues and their xylosides are present in samples from all the regions. An interesting observation is the detection of a large number of basic taxoids having nitrogen-containing side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Madhusudanan
- Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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20
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Prasain JK, Ueki M, Stefanowicz P, Osada H. Rapid screening and identification of cytochalasins by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:283-91. [PMID: 11921369 DOI: 10.1002/jms.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cytochalasin class of fungal metabolites was analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) with the aim of developing a methodology for their rapid identification in microbial extracts. ESI-MS analyses of reference cytochalasins were performed and several product ions were produced in MS/MS experiments on parent ions that are structurally characteristic. A precursor ion search was performed to detect cytochalasins in an ethyl acetate extract of fungal strain RK97-F21. Three cytochalasins were detected and one of the components was identified as epoxycytochalasin H by comparing the tandem mass spectra of the product ions with those of reference compounds. This finding was further validated by LC/MS and LC/MS/MS experiments.
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Madhusudanan KP, Chattopadhyay SK, Tripathi V, Sashidhara KV, Kumar S. MS/MS profiling of taxoids from the needles of Taxus wallichiana. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:18-30. [PMID: 11899602 DOI: 10.1002/pca.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium cationisation has been used for taxoid profiling of partially purified methanolic extracts of needles of Taxus wallichiana growing in different regions of the Himalayas (Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, UP Hills, Darjeeling, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh) by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The MS/MS spectra of the [M + NH4]+ or [M + H]+ ions gave structurally diagnostic fragment ions which revealed information about the taxane skeleton as well as the number and nature of the substituents. The rearranged 11(15-->1)-abeo-taxanes showed a characteristic elimination of the hydroxyisopropyl group with an acetoxy/benzoyloxy group from C-9. The identification of the taxoids was achieved by comparison of the MS/MS spectra with those of authentic taxoids or was based on biogenetic grounds. The results were corroborated by liquid chromatography-MS analysis. Out of the 50 taxoids identified, 21 belonged to the rearranged class. The presence of paclitaxel in the samples from four regions was confirmed: the study also revealed the occurrence of several basic taxoids in these samples. MS/MS profiling by electrospray ionisation was shown to be a fast and reliable technique for the analysis of taxoid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Madhusudanan
- Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, India.
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22
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Madhusudanan KP, Chattopadhyay SK, Srivastava S. Elimination of 118 Da: a characteristic fragmentation in the tandem mass spectra of 11(15 --> 1)-abeo-taxanes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:91-98. [PMID: 11813316 DOI: 10.1002/jms.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the elimination of 118 Da from 11(15-->1)-abeo-taxanes was elucidated with the help of the tandem mass spectra of [M + NH(4)](+) and [M + Li](+) ions and the corresponding D-exchanged species. The fragmentation is triggered by the initial loss of the C-10 substituent. Evidence was also obtained for the stepwise elimination of acetone and acetic acid. Acetone is eliminated from the C-1 hydroxyisopropyl group and acetic acid from either the C-9 or C-7 acetoxy groups. The presence of an additional acetoxy group at C-13 leads to the direct elimination of 118 Da from [M + NH(4)](+) and [M + Li](+) ions involving the C-13 acetoxy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Madhusudanan
- Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, India.
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23
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Stefanowicz P, Prasain JK, Yeboah KF, Konishi Y. Detection and partial structure elucidation of basic taxoids from Taxus wallichiana by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3583-9. [PMID: 11510822 DOI: 10.1021/ac010254i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the detection and characterization of basic taxoids from the ethyl acetate extract of Taxus wallichiana has been described. A combined analysis of the fragmentation spectra of 3 purified standard basic taxoids and the substructure analysis of 139 previously reported taxoids provided information on typical primary and secondary product ions that are generated by CID mass spectrometry of basic taxoids. Precursor-scan analysis of selected product ions allowed for the detection of 57 basic taxoids from the ethyl acetate extract of T. wallichiana, 45 of which have not been reported. The method describe in this paper provides a fast method for the "dereplication" of natural products. The mass spectrometric data derived by this method was sufficient for the partial structure elucidation of novel basic taxoids. The method presented in this paper can be easily adapted into a high-throughput screening protocol for the identification and characterization of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stefanowicz
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec
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24
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Mroczek T, Glowniak K. Solid-phase extraction and simplified high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 10-deacetylbaccatin III and related taxoids in yew species. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:89-102. [PMID: 11451646 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction was accomplished with specially prepared cartridges filled with silanised silica gel (RP-2) for the purpose of 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB III) and related taxoids extracts purification obtained from different yew materials. In the first method, the analysed taxoids eluted in 75% methanol, but in the second method, the preliminary elution with 30% methanol was made. DAB III and its six derivatives were separated from co-extractives in merely acetonitrile-water gradient mode during 25 min on Waters Symmetry C-18 column with photodiode array (PDA) detection. The total recoveries for 10-DAB III and paclitaxel in the first SPE method (all compounds were applied in amounts of 80 microg) were about 98 and 94%, respectively. Almost 100% recoveries for paclitaxel and baseline separation of 10-DAB III and co-extracted compounds were obtained when preliminary elution with 30% methanol was performed. This method can be applied as a routine, inexpensive and uncomplicated procedure for 10-DAB III and related taxoids determination in yew material.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mroczek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University, Peowiakow 12 St., 20007 Lublin, Poland
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25
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Wang J, Li G, Lu H, Zheng Z, Huang Y, Su W. Taxol from Tubercularia sp. strain TF5, an endophytic fungus of Taxus mairei. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 193:249-53. [PMID: 11111032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The diterpenoid taxol is an important anticancer agent used widely in the clinic. The purpose of this work was to identify a taxol-producing endophytic fungus (strain TF5) isolated from Taxus mairei and study its anticancer activities. Strain TF5 was identified as a Tubercularia sp. according to the morphology of the fungal culture, the mechanism of spore production and the characteristics of the spores. Strain TF5 produced taxol, when grown in potato dextrose liquid medium and analyzed by thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet and mass spectrometry. The fungal taxol, which was isolated from the organic extract of the TF5 culture, had strong cytotoxic activity towards KB and P388 cancer cells in vitro, tested by the MTT assay. Observed with immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, the fungal taxol enhanced microtubule stability and bundling in culture cells and induced tubulin polymerization in vitro similar to the authentic taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell, Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, PR China
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26
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Mroczek T, Glowniak K, Hajnos M. Screening for pharmaceutically important taxoids in Taxus baccata var. Aurea corr. with CC/SPE/HPLC-PDA procedure. Biomed Chromatogr 2000; 14:516-29. [PMID: 11113935 DOI: 10.1002/1099-0801(200012)14:8<516::aid-bmc15>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Needles of 'the golden yew' Taxus baccata var. Aurea Corr. were extracted with methanol followed by pre-purification of the crude extract and column chromatographic (CC) separation on florisil in gradient mode (an increasing concentration of acetone in dichloromethane). The obtained fractions were concentrated and purified on silanized silica gel SPE cartridges and taxoids eluted with 75% methanol were analysed by HPLC-PDA procedure using Waters Symmetry C(18) column with gradient elution. The applied method enabled not only determination of four taxoids commonly occurring in yew extracts (10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, paclitaxel and cephalomannine), but also, on the basis of chromatographic behaviour and UV spectrum, 10-deacetylated taxoids (10-deacetylpaclitaxel, 10-deacetylcephalomannine, 7-xyloside-10-deacetylpaclitaxel and 10-deacetyltaxol C) could be detected together with 7-epi-10-deacetylpaclitaxel. From the needles of Taxus baccata var. Aurea Corr. the largest amounts isolated were of 10-deacetylbaccatin III, then 10-deacetylpaclitaxel and 7-xyloside-10-deacetylpaclitaxel, all compounds considered to be paclitaxel precursors in semisynthesis. The efficient mechanism of the separation of 10-acetylated taxoids from their 10-deacetylated derivatives on florisil on the basis of electron acceptor-electron donor interactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mroczek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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27
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Chang Y, Abliz Z, Li LJ, Fang QC, Takayama M. Study on fragmentation behavior of 5/7/6-type taxoids by tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1207-1214. [PMID: 11110093 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200010)35:10<1207::aid-jms52>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrometric behaviors of seven compounds, namely four 4beta(20),5-oxetane 5/7/6-type taxoids (i.e. taxayuntin A, taxayuntin B, taxayuntin and taxayuntin C) and three 4(20)-methylene 5/7/6-type taxoids (i.e. brevifoliol, taxchinin A and 7-acetyl-10-deacetyl-7-debenzoylbrevifoliol) have been investigated by the positive ion FAB-MS/MS technique. The fragmentation has been correlated with the types and positions of substituents of these compounds. It has been found that with the OH group at the C-10 position, taxayuntin A, taxayuntin B and 7-acetyl-10-deacetyl-7-debenzoylbrevifoliol are dominated by the loss of H2O, while with the BzO group at the C-10 position, taxayuntin, taxayuntin C, brevifoliol and taxchinin A preferentially eliminate the BzO group. In addition, C-2 is an active site, and neutral loss from the C-2 position readily occurs. The four 4beta(20),5-oxetane 5/7/6-type taxoids produce the terminal product ion with a stable conjugated system at m/z 311, while the 4(20)-methylene 5/7/6-type taxoids brevifoliol and 7-acetyl-10-deacetyl-7-debenzoylbrevifoliol produce this ion at m/z 237, and taxchinin A at m/z 253. Interestingly, characteristic fragment ions involving the loss of a 118 u group were observed for taxayuntin, and a possible fragmentation mechanism is given. The major fragmentation pathways and mechanisms of ion formation for the compounds are proposed on the basis of CID spectra and accurate mass measurements. The results of this paper will be helpful for structural analysis of analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Bogusz MJ. Hyphenated liquid chromatographic techniques in forensic toxicology. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:65-91. [PMID: 10572975 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prerequisite of applicability of hyphenated methods in forensic analysis is the achievement of a stage of "final maturity". In the field of liquid chromatography, HPLC coupled with diode array detection (DAD) seems to fulfill this criterion, whilst the combination with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-API-MS) is still in a development stage. HPLC-DAD is broadly used as identification tool in forensic and in emergency toxicology. Two main approaches were observed; development of retention index scales for intra-laboratory exchange of data and establishing of databases only for intra-laboratory use. Using these approaches, several databases were established for toxicological relevant substances (illicit and therapeutic drugs and their metabolites, environmental poisons etc.) in biological fluids. Also, complete HPLC-DAD identification systems are commercially available. Further possibility of progress depends on the on-line combination ("triple hyphenation") with other detection methods, preferably API-MS. HPLC-API-MS, both in electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) options, underwent dramatic development in the last decade and is reaching its final shape. The method was broadly applied for various groups of toxicologically relevant substances, a lot of them unaccessible for other techniques, including GC-MS. Particularly important was application of HPLC-API-MS for detection and quantitation of active, polar metabolites of various drugs and for analysis of macromolecules. APCI seems to be more useful for analysis of less polar compounds, whereas ESI is particularly valuable for determination of polar, large molecules (e.g., toxic peptides, polar metabolites etc.) Up to now, HPLC-API-MS has been mainly applied for dedicated analyses, but the introduction of APCI or ESI in systematic toxicological screening may be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bogusz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Germany.
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29
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Kerns EH, Volk KJ, Klohr SE, Lee MS. Monitoring in vitro experiments using microdialysis sampling on-line with mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:115-28. [PMID: 10704015 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the real-time analysis of components in in vitro reactions by the on-line combination of microdialysis sampling (MD) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and single stage mass spectrometry (MS). Apparatus and parameters associated with the integration have been studied. Analytical figures of merit for the drug gepirone have been determined. The qualitative 'limit of identification' was found to be 100 ng/ml and 200 ng/ml for methods using thermospray and electrospray MS interfaces, respectively. Using this approach, monitoring of in vitro experiments involving drug metabolites, enzymatic reactions, and ligand-protein binding interactions were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Kerns
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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30
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Abstract
The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has had a significant impact on drug development over the past decade. Continual improvements in LC/MS interface technologies combined with powerful features for structure analysis, qualitative and quantitative, have resulted in a widened scope of application. These improvements coincided with breakthroughs in combinatorial chemistry, molecular biology, and an overall industry trend of accelerated development. New technologies have created a situation where the rate of sample generation far exceeds the rate of sample analysis. As a result, new paradigms for the analysis of drugs and related substances have been developed. The growth in LC/MS applications has been extensive, with retention time and molecular weight emerging as essential analytical features from drug target to product. LC/MS-based methodologies that involve automation, predictive or surrogate models, and open access systems have become a permanent fixture in the drug development landscape. An iterative cycle of "what is it?" and "how much is there?" continues to fuel the tremendous growth of LC/MS in the pharmaceutical industry. During this time, LC/MS has become widely accepted as an integral part of the drug development process. This review describes the utility of LC/MS techniques for accelerated drug development and provides a perspective on the significant changes in strategies for pharmaceutical analysis. Future applications of LC/MS technologies for accelerated drug development and emerging industry trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lee
- Milestone Development Services, Pennington, New Jersey 08534-0813, USA
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31
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Lignans from Torreya jackii identified by stopped-flow high-performance liquid chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Kerns EH, Volk KJ, Whitney JL, Rourick RA, Lee MS. Chemical Identification of Botanical Components Using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1177/009286159803200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Theodoridis G, Laskaris G, de Jong C, Hofte A, Verpoorte R. Determination of paclitaxel and related diterpenoids in plant extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection in high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Miketova P, Schram KH, Whitney JL, Kerns EH, Valcic S, Timmermann BN, Volk KJ. Mass spectrometry of selected components of biological interest in green tea extracts. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1998; 61:461-467. [PMID: 9584400 DOI: 10.1021/np9703959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric methods including EIMS, FABMS, and LC/ESIMS have been surveyed as tools for the detection of catechins in extracts of green tea (Camellia sinensis). EIMS provide both molecular weight and structure information, including epimer differentiation, on compounds 1, 2, and 4 and some structural information with compounds 5 and 6. FABMS gives both molecular weight and structure information, by an retro-Diels-Alder mechanism, on all compounds. LC/ESIMS provides unambiguous molecular weight information on all compounds and some additional structural data are evident in the mass spectra of 5 and 6. LC/ESIMS is, thus, shown to be an appropriate method for the direct analysis of crude extracts of green tea. The information obtained in this work will be of importance in future studies involving identification of the components of green tea and for characterization of synthetic analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Miketova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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35
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36
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Van Middlesworth F, Cannell RJP. Dereplication and Partial Identification of Natural Products. NATURAL PRODUCTS ISOLATION 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-256-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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37
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Kerns EH, Rourick RA, Volk KJ, Lee MS. Buspirone metabolite structure profile using a standard liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric protocol. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 698:133-45. [PMID: 9367201 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and systematic LC-MS protocol is utilized to profile buspirone metabolites. Analysis of rat bile, urine and liver S9 samples using a standard LC-MS method provides structural information for 25 metabolites. The resulting buspirone metabolite structure database contains characteristic retention time, molecular mass and MS-MS product ion information for each compound. Metabolites are categorized according to profile groups, which illustrate that substitution reactions are primarily associated with the azaspirone decane dione and pyrimidine substructures. Structures of new buspirone metabolites are reported and include the despyrimidinyl, despyrimidinylpiperazine, glucuronide, hydroxyglucuronide (four isomers), methoxyglucuronide and hydroxymethoxyglucuronide (two isomers) buspirone metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Kerns
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0191, USA
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38
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Volk KJ, Hill SE, Kerns EH, Lee MS. Profiling degradants of paclitaxel using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry substructural techniques. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 696:99-115. [PMID: 9300914 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and systematic strategy based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) substructural techniques was utilized to elucidate the degradation products of paclitaxel, the active ingredient in Taxol. This strategy integrates, in a single instrumental approach, analytical HPLC, UV detection, full-scan electrospray MS, and MS-MS to rapidly and accurately elucidate structures of impurities and degradants. In these studies, degradants induced by acid, base, peroxide, and light were profiled using LC-MS and LC-MS-MS methodologies resulting in an LC-MS degradant database which includes information on molecular structures, chromatographic behavior, molecular mass, and MS-MS substructural information. The stressing conditions which may cause drug degradation are utilized to validate the analytical monitoring methods and serve as predictive tools for future formulation and packaging studies. Degradation products formed upon exposure to basic conditions included baccatin III, paclitaxel sidechain methyl ester, 10-deacetylpaclitaxel, and 7-epipaclitaxel. Degradation products formed upon exposure to acidic conditions included 10-deacetylpaclitaxel and the oxetane ring opened product. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide produced only 10-deacetylpaclitaxel. Exposure to high intensity ligh produced a number of degradants. The most abundant photodegradant of paclitaxel corresponded to an isomer which contains a C3-C11 bridge. These methodologies are applicable at any stage of the drug product cycle from discovery through development. This library of paclitaxel degradants provides a foundation for future development work regarding product monitoring, as well as use as a diagnostic tool for new degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Volk
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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Liu J, Volk KJ, Mata MJ, Kerns EH, Lee MS. Miniaturized HPLC and ionspray mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of Paclitaxel and taxanes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 15:1729-39. [PMID: 9260670 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(96)01969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the antitumor agent Paclitaxel, related taxane analogues and yew tree bark extracts has been carried out using an HPLC system capable of performing chromatographic separations with conventional, small-bore, and micro-bore columns. Both diode array detector and mass spectrometry were incorporated into this system, providing additional spectral and structural information for identification of unknown samples. In conjunction with some basic theoretical studies dealing with miniaturized HPLC systems, experiments were designed to minimize the contribution of extra-column variances. Three chromatographic columns, 4.6, 2 and 1 mm i.d., were elevated using a standard mixture consisting of Paclitaxel and three analogues. The experimental results obtained in these columns demonstrated good correlation with theoretical calculations with respect to the sensitivity enhancement. Studies on the combination of miniaturized HPLC with ionspray mass spectrometry for Paclitaxel samples showed dramatic improvement of MS performance as compared to conventional LC/MS. The advantages of this miniaturized LC/MS system are evidenced by enhanced mass sensitivity, which was more that two order of magnitude higher when changed from a 4.6 mm i.d. column to a 2.0 mm i.d. column, greatly improved peak shape, and the potential gain of efficiency. These studies demonstrate great potential of miniaturized HPLC/MS systems for structural characterization and confirmation of various pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06421, USA
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40
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Volk KJ, Klohr SE, Rourick RA, Kerns EH, Lee MS. Profiling impurities and degradants of butorphanol tartrate using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry substructural techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996; 14:1663-74. [PMID: 8887713 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(96)01841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and systemic strategy based on liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) profiling and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) substructural techniques was utilized to elucidate the degradation products of butorphanol, the active ingredient in stadol NS. This strategy integrates, in a single instrumental approach, analytical HPLC, UV detection, full-scan electrospray mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry to rapidly and accurately elucidate structures of impurities and degradants. In these studies, several low-level degradation products were observed in long-term storage stability samples of bulk butorphanol. The resulting analytical profile includes information on five degradants including molecular structures, chromatographic behavior, molecular weight, UV data, and MS/MS substructural information. The degradation products formed during long-term storage of butorphanol tartrate included oxidative products proposed as 9-hydroxy-and 9-keto-butorphanol, norbutorphanol, a ring-contraction degradant, and delta 1, 10 a-butorphanol. These methodologies are applicable at any stage of the drug product cycle from discovery through to development. This library of butorphanol degradants provides a foundation for future development work regarding product monitoring, as well as a useful diagnostic tool for new degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Volk
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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41
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Rourick RA, Volk KJ, Klohr SE, Spears T, Kerns EH, Lee MS. Predictive strategy for the rapid structure elucidation of drug degradants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996; 14:1743-52. [PMID: 8887722 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(96)01843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Structural information on drug degradants and impurities can serve to accelerate the drug discovery and development cycle. Traditional structure elucidation methodologies for obtaining this information are often slow and resource-consuming; therefore, LC/MS profiling and LC/MS/MS substructural analysis methodologies have been developed to rapidly and accurately elucidate structures of impurities and degradants. This work is a further development of methodologies used for the elucidation of degradation products of paclitaxel [K.J. Volk et al., Proc. 9th AAPS Ann. Meeting, 1994, p.29]. In this study cefadroxil was used as a model compound for the evaluation of a predictive strategy for the production and elucidation of impurities and degradants induced by acid, base, and heat, using LC/MS and LC/MS/MS profiling methodology, resulting in an LC/MS degradant database which includes information on molecular structures, chromatographic behavior, molecular weight, UV data, and MS/MS substructural information. Furthermore, libraries such as this can provide a predictive foundation for pre-clinical development work involving drug stability, synthesis, and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rourick
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Analytical Research and Development Department, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
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Royer I, Alvinerie P, Armand JP, Ho LK, Wright M, Monsarrat B. Paclitaxel metabolites in human plasma and urine: identification of 6 alpha-hydroxytaxol, 7-epitaxol and taxol hydrolysis products using liquid chromatography/atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1995; 9:495-502. [PMID: 7606045 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1290090605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), with an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface, has been applied to the identification of metabolites and derivatives of paclitaxel (taxol) in plasma and urine of patients treated with this new anticancer drug. Protonated molecules with substantial fragmentation were obtained using this ionization technique. The three ion series observed are characteristic of the intact molecule, the taxane ring, and the side chain at C13. Their analysis gives information about chemical modifications of the taxane structure at different positions of the molecule. Urine and plasma extracts were evaluated using the capacity to perform MS analysis directly on the entire effluent from conventional LC columns. Excellent spectra were obtained with 50 pmol of separated compounds in full scan mode. This technique allowed highly sensitive identification of 6 alpha-hydroxytaxol, the major human biliary metabolite, and of 7-epitaxol in extracts of plasma and urine from patients. Taxol hydrolysis derivatives were observed for the first time in urine 24 hours after the end of the infusion period. Sensitivity could be increased further using single ion monitoring (SIM) mode, once a target derivative was identified. These results demonstrate that LC/MS with an APCI interface is useful for the characterization and pharmacokinetic analysis of taxoids in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Royer
- CNRS Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie Fondamentales, Toulouse, France
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