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Yang Y, Li Y, Wang WD, He S, Yuan TF, Hu J, Peng DH. Altered N-linked glycosylation in depression: A pre-clinical study. J Affect Disord 2024; 359:333-341. [PMID: 38801920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimmune plays an important role in major depressive disorders (MDD). N-linked protein glycosylation (NLG) might contribute to depression by regulating the neuroinflammatory response. As microglia is the main executor of neuroimmune function in the central neural system (CNS), targeting the process of N-linked protein glycosylation of microglia in the mice used for studying depression might potentially offer new avenues for the strategy for MDD. METHODS The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model was established for the whole brain microglia isolating. Then, RNA samples of microglia were extracted for transcriptome sequencing and mRNA analysis. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to identify the expression level of NLG-related enzyme, B4galt1, in microglia. RESULTS The data showed that NLG was positively related to depression. Moreover, the NLG-related gene, B4galt1 increased expression in the microglia of CUMS mice. Then, the inhibition of NLG reversed the depressive behavior in CUMS mice. The expression level of B4galt1 in CUMS mice was upregulating following the NLG-inhibitor treatment. Similar results haven't been observed in neurons. Information obtained from these experiments showed increasing expression of B4galt1 in microglia following depressive-like behaviors. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that NLG in microglia is associated with MDD, and suggest that therapeutically targeting NLG might be an effective strategy for depression. LIMITATIONS How to modulate the B4galt1 or NLG pathways in microglia efficiently and economically request new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Di Wang
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen He
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dai-Hui Peng
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Krüger L, Biskup K, Schipke CG, Kochnowsky B, Schneider LS, Peters O, Blanchard V. The Cerebrospinal Fluid Free-Glycans Hex 1 and HexNAc 1Hex 1Neu5Ac 1 as Potential Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:512. [PMID: 38785920 PMCID: PMC11117705 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting a growing number of elderly people. In order to improve the early and differential diagnosis of AD, better biomarkers are needed. Glycosylation is a protein post-translational modification that is modulated in the course of many diseases, including neurodegeneration. Aiming to improve AD diagnosis and differential diagnosis through glycan analytics methods, we report the glycoprotein glycome of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) isolated from a total study cohort of 262 subjects. The study cohort consisted of patients with AD, healthy controls and patients suffering from other types of dementia. CSF free-glycans were also isolated and analyzed in this study, and the results reported for the first time the presence of 19 free glycans in this body fluid. The free-glycans consisted of complete or truncated N-/O-glycans as well as free monosaccharides. The free-glycans Hex1 and HexNAc1Hex1Neu5Ac1 were able to discriminate AD from controls and from patients suffering from other types of dementia. Regarding CSF N-glycosylation, high proportions of high-mannose, biantennary bisecting core-fucosylated N-glycans were found, whereby only about 20% of the N-glycans were sialylated. O-Glycans and free-glycan fragments were less sialylated in AD patients than in controls. To conclude, this comprehensive study revealed for the first time the biomarker potential of free glycans for the differential diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Krüger
- Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.)
- Department of Human Medicine, Medical School Berlin, Rüdesheimer Str. 50, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karina Biskup
- Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.)
- Department of Human Medicine, Medical School Berlin, Rüdesheimer Str. 50, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola G. Schipke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (C.G.S.); (B.K.); (L.-S.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Bianca Kochnowsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (C.G.S.); (B.K.); (L.-S.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Luisa-Sophie Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (C.G.S.); (B.K.); (L.-S.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (C.G.S.); (B.K.); (L.-S.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Véronique Blanchard
- Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.)
- Department of Human Medicine, Medical School Berlin, Rüdesheimer Str. 50, 14197 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Sandau US, Magaña SM, Costa J, Nolan JP, Ikezu T, Vella LJ, Jackson HK, Moreira LR, Palacio PL, Hill AF, Quinn JF, Van Keuren‐Jensen KR, McFarland TJ, Palade J, Sribnick EA, Su H, Vekrellis K, Coyle B, Yang Y, Falcón‐Perez JM, Nieuwland R, Saugstad JA. Recommendations for reproducibility of cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicle studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12397. [PMID: 38158550 PMCID: PMC10756860 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, transparent fluid derived from blood plasma that protects the brain and spinal cord against mechanical shock, provides buoyancy, clears metabolic waste and transports extracellular components to remote sites in the brain. Given its contact with the brain and the spinal cord, CSF is the most informative biofluid for studies of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to other components, CSF contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry bioactive cargoes (e.g., lipids, nucleic acids, proteins), and that can have biological functions within and beyond the CNS. Thus, CSF EVs likely serve as both mediators of and contributors to communication in the CNS. Accordingly, their potential as biomarkers for CNS diseases has stimulated much excitement for and attention to CSF EV research. However, studies on CSF EVs present unique challenges relative to EV studies in other biofluids, including the invasive nature of CSF collection, limited CSF volumes and the low numbers of EVs in CSF as compared to plasma. Here, the objectives of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles CSF Task Force are to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies by providing current reporting and best practices, and recommendations and reporting guidelines, for CSF EV studies. To accomplish this, we created and distributed a world-wide survey to ISEV members to assess methods considered 'best practices' for CSF EVs, then performed a detailed literature review for CSF EV publications that was used to curate methods and resources. Based on responses to the survey and curated information from publications, the CSF Task Force herein provides recommendations and reporting guidelines to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies in seven domains: (i) CSF Collection, Processing, and Storage; (ii) CSF EV Separation/Concentration; (iii) CSF EV Size and Number Measurements; (iv) CSF EV Protein Studies; (v) CSF EV RNA Studies; (vi) CSF EV Omics Studies and (vii) CSF EV Functional Studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S. Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Setty M. Magaña
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Júlia Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da RepúblicaOeirasPortugal
| | - John P. Nolan
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Laura J. Vella
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hannah K. Jackson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Exosis, Inc.Palm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Lissette Retana Moreira
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of MicrobiologyUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades TropicalesUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
| | - Paola Loreto Palacio
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Portland VA Medical CenterPortlandOregonUSA
| | | | - Trevor J. McFarland
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Joanna Palade
- Neurogenomics DivisionTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Eric A. Sribnick
- Department of NeurosurgeryNationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Huaqi Su
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of NottinghamNottinghamNottinghamshireUK
| | - You Yang
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juan M. Falcón‐Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasMadridSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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4
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Downs M, Zaia J, Sethi MK. Mass spectrometry methods for analysis of extracellular matrix components in neurological diseases. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1848-1875. [PMID: 35719114 PMCID: PMC9763553 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly glycosylated environment and plays important roles in many processes including cell communication, growth factor binding, and scaffolding. The formation of structures such as perineuronal nets (PNNs) is critical in neuroprotection and neural plasticity, and the formation of molecular networks is dependent in part on glycans. The ECM is also implicated in the neuropathophysiology of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Schizophrenia (SZ). As such, it is of interest to understand both the proteomic and glycomic makeup of healthy and diseased brain ECM. Further, there is a growing need for site-specific glycoproteomic information. Over the past decade, sample preparation, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic methods have been developed and refined to provide comprehensive information about the glycoproteome. Core ECM molecules including versican, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins, and tenascin are dysregulated in AD, PD, and SZ. Glycomic changes such as differential sialylation, sulfation, and branching are also associated with neurodegeneration. A more thorough understanding of the ECM and its proteomic, glycomic, and glycoproteomic changes in brain diseases may provide pathways to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Downs
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manveen K Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Costa J, Hayes C, Lisacek F. Protein glycosylation and glycoinformatics for novel biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101991. [PMID: 37348818 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification of brain proteins including cell surface adhesion molecules, synaptic proteins, receptors and channels, as well as intracellular proteins, with implications in brain development and functions. Using advanced state-of-the-art glycomics and glycoproteomics technologies in conjunction with glycoinformatics resources, characteristic glycosylation profiles in brain tissues are increasingly reported in the literature and growing evidence shows deregulation of glycosylation in central nervous system disorders, including aging associated neurodegenerative diseases. Glycan signatures characteristic of brain tissue are also frequently described in cerebrospinal fluid due to its enrichment in brain-derived molecules. A detailed structural analysis of brain and cerebrospinal fluid glycans collected in publications in healthy and neurodegenerative conditions was undertaken and data was compiled to create a browsable dedicated set in the GlyConnect database of glycoproteins (https://glyconnect.expasy.org/brain). The shared molecular composition of cerebrospinal fluid with brain enhances the likelihood of novel glycobiomarker discovery for neurodegeneration, which may aid in unveiling disease mechanisms, therefore, providing with novel therapeutic targets as well as diagnostic and progression monitoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Catherine Hayes
- Proteome Informatics Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- Proteome Informatics Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland; Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland; Section of Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Rømer TB, Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Benros ME. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2277-2290. [PMID: 37169812 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders with poorly understood etiology. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could provide etiological clues and diagnostic tools for psychosis; however, an unbiased overview of CSF alterations in individuals with psychotic disorders is lacking. The objective of this study was to summarize all quantifiable findings in CSF from individuals with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls (HC). Studies published before January 25th, 2023 were identified searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PsycINFO. Screening, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments were performed by two independent reviewers following PRISMA guidelines. Findings in patients and healthy controls were compared and summarized using random-effects analyses and assessment of publication bias, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. 145 studies, covering 197 biomarkers, were included, of which 163 biomarkers have not previously been investigated in meta-analyses. All studies showed some degree of bias. 55 biomarkers measured in CSF were associated with psychosis and of these were 15 biomarkers measured in ≥2 studies. Patients showed increased levels of noradrenaline (standardized mean difference/SMD, 0.53; 95% confidence interval/CI, 0.16 to 0.90) and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.55), the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (SMD, 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.21), the pro-inflammatory neurotransmitter kynurenic acid (SMD, 1.58; 95% CI: 0.34 to 2.81), its precursor kynurenine (SMD,0.99; 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.38), the cytokines interleukin-6 (SMD, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.77) and interleukin-8 (SMD, 0.43; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.62), the endocannabinoid anandamide (SMD, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.02), albumin ratio (SMD, 0.40; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.72), total protein (SMD, 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.43), immunoglobulin ratio (SMD, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.85) and glucose (SMD, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.94). Neurotensin (SMD, -0.67; 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.46) and γ-aminobutyric acid (SMD, -0.29; 95% CI: -0.50 to -0.09) were decreased. Most biomarkers showed no significant differences, including the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. These findings suggest that dysregulation of the immune and adrenergic system as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Boldt Rømer
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rose Jeppesen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Pradeep P, Kang H, Lee B. Glycosylation and behavioral symptoms in neurological disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:154. [PMID: 37156804 PMCID: PMC10167254 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation, the addition of glycans or carbohydrates to proteins, lipids, or other glycans, is a complex post-translational modification that plays a crucial role in cellular function. It is estimated that at least half of all mammalian proteins undergo glycosylation, underscoring its importance in the functioning of cells. This is reflected in the fact that a significant portion of the human genome, around 2%, is devoted to encoding enzymes involved in glycosylation. Changes in glycosylation have been linked to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. Despite its widespread occurrence, the role of glycosylation in the central nervous system remains largely unknown, particularly with regard to its impact on behavioral abnormalities in brain diseases. This review focuses on examining the role of three types of glycosylation: N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation, and O-GlcNAcylation, in the manifestation of behavioral and neurological symptoms in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajitha Pradeep
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
- IBS School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyeyeon Kang
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Boyoung Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea.
- IBS School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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Tudor L, Nedic Erjavec G, Nikolac Perkovic M, Konjevod M, Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Mimica N, Lauc G, Svob Strac D, Pivac N. The Association of the Polymorphisms in the FUT8-Related Locus with the Plasma Glycosylation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065706. [PMID: 36982780 PMCID: PMC10056189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular underpinnings of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are still unclear due to the complex interactions of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification of proteins, and different pathophysiological states, such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and mental disorders including PTSD, show altered N-glycome. Fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) is the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of core fucose on glycoproteins, and mutations in the FUT8 gene are associated with defects in glycosylation and functional abnormalities. This is the first study that investigated the associations of plasma N-glycan levels with FUT8-related rs6573604, rs11621121, rs10483776, and rs4073416 polymorphisms and their haplotypes in 541 PTSD patients and control participants. The results demonstrated that the rs6573604 T allele was more frequent in the PTSD than in the control participants. Significant associations of plasma N-glycan levels with PTSD and FUT8-related polymorphisms were observed. We also detected associations of rs11621121 and rs10483776 polymorphisms and their haplotypes with plasma levels of specific N-glycan species in both the control and PTSD groups. In carriers of different rs6573604 and rs4073416 genotypes and alleles, differences in plasma N-glycan levels were only found in the control group. These molecular findings suggest a possible regulatory role of FUT8-related polymorphisms in glycosylation, the alternations of which could partially explain the development and clinical manifestation of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Tudor
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.T.); (G.N.E.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.T.); (G.N.E.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.T.); (G.N.E.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.T.); (G.N.E.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Suzana Uzun
- Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatrics, University Hospital Vrapce, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.U.); (O.K.); (N.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Oliver Kozumplik
- Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatrics, University Hospital Vrapce, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.U.); (O.K.); (N.M.)
- Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ninoslav Mimica
- Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatrics, University Hospital Vrapce, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.U.); (O.K.); (N.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Glycobiology Laboratory, Genos Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.T.); (G.N.E.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Nela Pivac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.T.); (G.N.E.); (M.N.P.); (M.K.)
- University of Applied Sciences Hrvatsko Zagorje Krapina, 49000 Krapina, Croatia
- Correspondence: (D.S.S.); (N.P.)
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9
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Peng W, Kobeissy F, Mondello S, Barsa C, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics: An analytical tool to assess nervous system diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1000179. [PMID: 36408389 PMCID: PMC9671362 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases affect millions of peopleochemistryorldwide and are continuously increasing due to the globe's aging population. Such diseases affect the nervous system and are characterized by a progressive decline in brain function and progressive cognitive impairment, decreasing the quality of life for those with the disease as well as for their families and loved ones. The increased burden of nervous system diseases demands a deeper insight into the biomolecular mechanisms at work during disease development in order to improve clinical diagnosis and drug design. Recently, evidence has related glycosylation to nervous system diseases. Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification that mediates many biological functions, and aberrant glycosylation has been associated with a variety of diseases. Thus, the investigation of glycosylation in neurological diseases could provide novel biomarkers and information for disease pathology. During the last decades, many techniques have been developed for facilitation of reliable and efficient glycomic analysis. Among these, mass spectrometry (MS) is considered the most powerful tool for glycan analysis due to its high resolution, high sensitivity, and the ability to acquire adequate structural information for glycan identification. Along with MS, a variety of approaches and strategies are employed to enhance the MS-based identification and quantitation of glycans in neurological samples. Here, we review the advanced glycomic tools used in nervous system disease studies, including separation techniques prior to MS, fragmentation techniques in MS, and corresponding strategies. The glycan markers in common clinical nervous system diseases discovered by utilizing such MS-based glycomic tools are also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chloe Barsa
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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10
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Genetic and Epigenetic Association of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1α with Glycosylation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061063. [PMID: 35741825 PMCID: PMC9223288 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex trauma-related disorder, the etiology and underlying molecular mechanisms of which are still unclear and probably involve different (epi)genetic and environmental factors. Protein N-glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that has been associated with several pathophysiological states, including inflammation and PTSD. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF1A) is a transcriptional regulator of many genes involved in the inflammatory processes, and it has been identified as master regulator of plasma protein glycosylation. The aim of this study was to determine the association between N-glycan levels in plasma and immunoglobulin G, methylation at four CpG positions in the HNF1A gene, HNF1A antisense RNA 1 (HNF1A-AS1), rs7953249 and HNF1A rs735396 polymorphisms in a total of 555 PTSD and control subjects. We found significant association of rs7953249 and rs735396 polymorphisms, as well as HNF1A gene methylation at the CpG3 site, with highly branched, galactosylated and sialyated plasma N-glycans, mostly in patients with PTSD. HNF1A-AS1 rs7953249 polymorphism was also associated with PTSD; however, none of the polymorphisms were associated with HNF1A gene methylation. These results indicate a possible regulatory role of the investigated HNF1A polymorphisms with respect to the abundance of complex plasma N-glycans previously associated with proinflammatory response, which could contribute to the clinical manifestation of PTSD and its comorbidities.
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11
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Ronan R, Kshirsagar A, Rebelo AL, Sunny A, Kilcoyne M, Flaherty RO, Rudd PM, Schlosser G, Saldova R, Pandit A, McMahon SS. Distinct Glycosylation Responses to Spinal Cord Injury in Regenerative and Nonregenerative Models. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1449-1466. [PMID: 35506863 PMCID: PMC9171824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in disruption of tissue integrity and loss of function. We hypothesize that glycosylation has a role in determining the occurrence of regeneration and that biomaterial treatment can influence this glycosylation response. We investigated the glycosylation response to spinal cord transection in Xenopus laevis and rat. Transected rats received an aligned collagen hydrogel. The response compared regenerative success, regenerative failure, and treatment in an established nonregenerative mammalian system. In a healthy rat spinal cord, ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) N-glycoprofiling identified complex, hybrid, and oligomannose N-glycans. Following rat SCI, complex and outer-arm fucosylated glycans decreased while oligomannose and hybrid structures increased. Sialic acid was associated with microglia/macrophages following SCI. Treatment with aligned collagen hydrogel had a minimal effect on the glycosylation response. In Xenopus, lectin histochemistry revealed increased levels of N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in premetamorphic animals. The addition of GlcNAc is required for processing complex-type glycans and is a necessary foundation for additional branching. A large increase in sialic acid was observed in nonregenerative animals. This work suggests that glycosylation may influence regenerative success. In particular, loss of complex glycans in rat spinal cord may contribute to regeneration failure. Targeting the glycosylation response may be a promising strategy for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ronan
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
- Discipline
of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 W5P7, Ireland
| | - Aniket Kshirsagar
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Ana Lúcia Rebelo
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Abbah Sunny
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- Discipline
of Microbiology, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Roisin O’ Flaherty
- Department
of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co., Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
- The
National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research,
and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- The
National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research,
and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
- Conway
Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04
PR94, Ireland
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- School of
Natural Science, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Radka Saldova
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
- The
National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research,
and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
- UCD
School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science (CHAS), University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin D04 PR94, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Siobhan S. McMahon
- SFI
Research Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
- Discipline
of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 W5P7, Ireland
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12
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Klarić TS, Lauc G. The dynamic brain N-glycome. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:443-471. [PMID: 35334027 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of carbohydrates to other macromolecules, such as proteins or lipids, is an important regulatory mechanism termed glycosylation. One subtype of protein glycosylation is asparagine-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) which plays a key role in the development and normal functioning of the vertebrate brain. To better understand the role of N-glycans in neurobiology, it's imperative we analyse not only the functional roles of individual structures, but also the collective impact of large-scale changes in the brain N-glycome. The systematic study of the brain N-glycome is still in its infancy and data are relatively scarce. Nevertheless, the prevailing view has been that the neuroglycome is inherently restricted with limited capacity for variation. The development of improved methods for N-glycomics analysis of brain tissue has facilitated comprehensive characterisation of the complete brain N-glycome under various experimental conditions on a larger scale. Consequently, accumulating data suggest that it's more dynamic than previously recognised and that, within a general framework, it has a given capacity to change in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Here, we provide an overview of the many factors that can alter the brain N-glycome, including neurodevelopment, ageing, diet, stress, neuroinflammation, injury, and disease. Given this emerging evidence, we propose that the neuroglycome has a hitherto underappreciated plasticity and we discuss the therapeutic implications of this regarding the possible reversal of pathological changes via interventions. We also briefly review the merits and limitations of N-glycomics as an analytical method before reflecting on some of the outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Glycomic and Glycoproteomic Techniques in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: Towards Personalized Markers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030581. [PMID: 35159390 PMCID: PMC8834236 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteome represents all the proteins expressed by a genome, a cell, a tissue, or an organism at any given time under defined physiological or pathological circumstances. Proteomic analysis has provided unparalleled opportunities for the discovery of expression patterns of proteins in a biological system, yielding precise and inclusive data about the system. Advances in the proteomics field opened the door to wider knowledge of the mechanisms underlying various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including glycosylation. As of yet, the role of most of these PTMs remains unidentified. In this state-of-the-art review, we present a synopsis of glycosylation processes and the pathophysiological conditions that might ensue secondary to glycosylation shortcomings. The dynamics of protein glycosylation, a crucial mechanism that allows gene and pathway regulation, is described. We also explain how-at a biomolecular level-mutations in glycosylation-related genes may lead to neuropsychiatric manifestations and neurodegenerative disorders. We then analyze the shortcomings of glycoproteomic studies, putting into perspective their downfalls and the different advanced enrichment techniques that emanated to overcome some of these challenges. Furthermore, we summarize studies tackling the association between glycosylation and neuropsychiatric disorders and explore glycoproteomic changes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We finally conclude with the role of glycomics in the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and provide perspectives on the clinical application of glycoproteomics as potential diagnostic tools and their application in personalized medicine.
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14
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Degrandmaison J, Rochon-Haché S, Parent JL, Gendron L. Knock-In Mouse Models to Investigate the Functions of Opioid Receptors in vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:807549. [PMID: 35173584 PMCID: PMC8841419 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.807549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their low expression levels, complex multi-pass transmembrane structure, and the current lack of highly specific antibodies, the assessment of endogenous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remains challenging. While most of the research regarding their functions was performed in heterologous systems overexpressing the receptor, recent advances in genetic engineering methods have allowed the generation of several unique mouse models. These animals proved to be useful to investigate numerous aspects underlying the physiological functions of GPCRs, including their endogenous expression, distribution, interactome, and trafficking processes. Given their significant pharmacological importance and central roles in the nervous system, opioid peptide receptors (OPr) are often referred to as prototypical receptors for the study of GPCR regulatory mechanisms. Although only a few GPCR knock-in mouse lines have thus far been generated, OPr are strikingly well represented with over 20 different knock-in models, more than half of which were developed within the last 5 years. In this review, we describe the arsenal of OPr (mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid), as well as the opioid-related nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) receptor knock-in mouse models that have been generated over the past years. We further highlight the invaluable contribution of such models to our understanding of the in vivo mechanisms underlying the regulation of OPr, which could be conceivably transposed to any other GPCR, as well as the limitations, future perspectives, and possibilities enabled by such tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Degrandmaison
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Département de Médecine, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Quebec Network of Junior Pain Investigators, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel Rochon-Haché
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Département de Médecine, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Quebec Network of Junior Pain Investigators, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Département de Médecine, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Jean-Luc Parent,
| | - Louis Gendron
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Quebec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Louis Gendron,
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15
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Brandão-Teles C, Smith BJ, Carregari VC. PTMs: A Missing Piece for Schizophrenia Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1382:119-127. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05460-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Borovcanin MM, Vesic K, Jovanovic M, Mijailovic NR. Galectin-3 possible involvement in antipsychotic-induced metabolic changes of schizophrenia: A minireview. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1731-1739. [PMID: 34754374 PMCID: PMC8554363 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, specific immunometabolic profiles have been postulated in patients with schizophrenia, even before full-blown disease and independent of antipsychotic treatment. Proteomic profiling studies offer a promising potential for elucidating the cellular and molecular pathways that may be involved in the onset and progression of schizophrenia symptoms, and co-occurrent metabolic changes. In view of all this, we were intrigued to explore galectin-3 (Gal-3) as a glycan, and in our previous study, we measured its elevated levels in remission of schizophrenia. The finding may be a consequence of antipsychotic treatment and may have an impact on the onset of inflammation, the development of obesity, and the presumed cognitive changes in schizophrenia. In the animal study, it was shown that downregulation of Gal-3 was beneficial in insulin regulation of obesity and cognitive preservation. Strategies involving plasma exchange are discussed in this review, particularly in the context of Gal-3 elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica M Borovcanin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
| | - Katarina Vesic
- Department of Neurology, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
| | - Milena Jovanovic
- PhD Studies, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
- Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
| | - Natasa R Mijailovic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
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17
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Moh ESX, Nishtala K, Iqbal S, Staikopoulos V, Kapur D, Hutchinson MR, Packer NH. Long-term intrathecal administration of morphine vs. baclofen: Differences in CSF glycoconjugate profiles using multiglycomics. Glycobiology 2021; 32:50-59. [PMID: 34969075 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use for treatment of persistent pain has increased dramatically over the past two decades, but it has not resulted in improved pain management outcomes. To understand the molecular mechanisms of opioids, molecular signatures that arise from opioid exposure are often sought after, using various analytical methods. In this study, we performed proteomics, and multiglycomics via sequential analysis of polysialic acids, glycosaminoglycans, N-glycans and O-glycans, using the same cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) sample from patients that had long-term (>2 years), intrathecal morphine or baclofen administered via an indwelling pump. Proteomics and N-glycomics signatures between the two treatment groups were highly conserved, while significant differences were observed in polysialic acid, heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan and O-glycan profiles between the two treatment groups. This represents the first study to investigate the potential relationships between diverse CSF conjugated glycans and long-term intrathecal drug exposure. The unique changes, observed by a sequential analytical workflow, reflect previously undescribed molecular effects of opioid administration and pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S X Moh
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Krishnatej Nishtala
- Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Sameera Iqbal
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Vasiliki Staikopoulos
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Dilip Kapur
- Pain Management Unit, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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18
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Cho BG, Gutierrez Reyes CD, Mechref Y. N-Glycomics of Cerebrospinal Fluid: Method Comparison. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061712. [PMID: 33808573 PMCID: PMC8003558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains valuable biological and neurological information. However, its glycomics analysis is hampered due to the low amount of protein in the biofluid, as has been demonstrated by other glycomics studies using a substantial amount of CSF. In this work, we investigated different N-glycan sample preparation approaches to develop a more sensitive method. These methods, one with an increased amount of buffer solution during the N-glycan release step with a lower amount of sample volume and the other with Filter-Aided N-Glycan Separation (FANGS), were compared with recent work to demonstrate their effectiveness. It was demonstrated that an increased amount of buffer solution showed higher intensity in comparison to the previously published method and FANGS. This suggested that digestion efficiency during the N-glycan release step was not in an optimal condition from the previously published method, and that there is a substantial loss of sample with FANGS when preparing N-glycans from CSF.
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19
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Nedic Erjavec G, Sagud M, Nikolac Perkovic M, Svob Strac D, Konjevod M, Tudor L, Uzun S, Pivac N. Depression: Biological markers and treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110139. [PMID: 33068682 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays depression is considered as a systemic illness with different biological mechanisms involved in its etiology, including inflammatory response, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation and neurotransmitter and neurotrophic systems imbalance. Novel "omics" approaches, such as metabolomics and glycomics provide information about altered metabolic pathways and metabolites, as well as disturbances in glycosylation processes affected by or causing the development of depression. The clinical diagnosis of depression continues to be established based on the presence of the specific symptoms, but due to its heterogeneous underlying biological background, that differs according to the disease stage, there is an unmet need for treatment response biomarkers which would facilitate the process of appropriate treatment selection. This paper provides an overview of the role of major stress response system, the HPA axis, and its dysregulation in depression, possible involvement of neurotrophins, especially brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1, in the development of depression. Article discusses how activated inflammation processes and increased cytokine levels, as well as disturbed neurotransmitter systems can contribute to different stages of depression and could specific metabolomic and glycomic species be considered as potential biomarkers of depression. The second part of the paper includes the most recent findings about available medical treatment of depression. The described biological factors impose an optimistic conclusion that they could represent easy obtainable biomarkers potentially predicting more personalized treatment and diagnostic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- The University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Psychiatry, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Uzun
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, and Intensive Care, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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20
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Nikolac Perkovic M, Sagud M, Tudor L, Konjevod M, Svob Strac D, Pivac N. A Load to Find Clinically Useful Biomarkers for Depression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1305:175-202. [PMID: 33834401 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is heterogeneous and complex disease with diverse symptoms. Its neurobiological underpinning is still not completely understood. For now, there are still no validated, easy obtainable, clinically useful noninvasive biomarker(s) or biomarker panel that will be able to confirm a diagnosis of depression, its subtypes and improve diagnostic procedures. Future multimodal preclinical and clinical research that involves (epi)genetic, molecular, cellular, imaging, and other studies is necessary to advance our understanding of the role of monoamines, GABA, HPA axis, neurotrophins, metabolome, and glycome in the pathogenesis of depression and their potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment response biomarkers. These studies should be focused to include the first-episode depression and antidepressant drug-naïve patients with large sample sizes to reduce variability in different biological and clinical parameters. At present, metabolomics study revealed with high precision that a neurometabolite panel consisting of plasma metabolite biomarkers (GABA, dopamine, tyramine, kynurenine) might represent clinically useful biomarkers of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Aberrant glycosylation in schizophrenia: a review of 25 years of post-mortem brain studies. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3198-3207. [PMID: 32404945 PMCID: PMC8081047 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation, the enzymatic attachment of carbohydrates to proteins and lipids, regulates nearly all cellular processes and is critical in the development and function of the nervous system. Axon pathfinding, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, neurotransmission, and many other neuronal processes are regulated by glycans. Over the past 25 years, studies analyzing post-mortem brain samples have found evidence of aberrant glycosylation in individuals with schizophrenia. Proteins involved in both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission display altered glycans in the disease state, including AMPA and kainate receptor subunits, glutamate transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2, and the GABAA receptor. Polysialylated NCAM (PSA-NCAM) and perineuronal nets, highly glycosylated molecules critical for axonal migration and synaptic stabilization, are both downregulated in multiple brain regions of individuals with schizophrenia. In addition, enzymes spanning several pathways of glycan synthesis show differential expression in brains of individuals with schizophrenia. These changes may be due to genetic predisposition, environmental perturbations, medication use, or a combination of these factors. However, the recent association of several enzymes of glycosylation with schizophrenia by genome-wide association studies underscores the importance of glycosylation in this disease. Understanding how glycosylation is dysregulated in the brain will further our understanding of how this pathway contributes to the development and pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Li H, Patel V, DiMartino SE, Froehlich JW, Lee RS. An in-depth Comparison of the Pediatric and Adult Urinary N-glycomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1767-1776. [PMID: 32737218 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an in-depth characterization and comparison of the pediatric and adult urinary glycomes using a nanoLC-MS/MS based glycomics method, which included normal healthy pediatric (1-10 years, n = 21) and adult (21-50 years, n = 22) individuals. A total of 116 N-glycan compositions were identified, and 46 of them could be reproducibly quantified. We performed quantitative comparisons of the 46 glycan compositions between different age and sex groups. The results showed significant quantitative changes between the pediatric and adult cohorts. The pediatric urinary N-glycome was found to contain a higher level of high-mannose (HM), asialylated/afucosylated glycans (excluding HM), neutral fucosylated and agalactosylated glycans, and a lower level of trisialylated glycans compared with the adult. We further analyzed gender-associated glycan changes in the pediatric and adult group, respectively. In the pediatric group, there was almost no difference of glycan levels between males and females. In adult, the majority of glycans were more abundant in males than females, except the high-mannose and tetrasialylated glycans. These findings highlight the importance to consider age-matching and adult sex-matching for urinary glycan studies. The identified normal pediatric and adult urinary glycomes can serve as a baseline reference for comparisons to other disease states affected by glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Viral Patel
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannon E DiMartino
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John W Froehlich
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Richard S Lee
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
Glycosylation refers to the covalent attachment of sugar residues to a protein or lipid, and the biological importance of this modification has been widely recognized. While glycosylation in mammals is being extensively investigated, lower level animals such as invertebrates have not been adequately interrogated for their glycosylation. The rich diversity of invertebrate species, the increased database of sequenced invertebrate genomes and the time and cost efficiency of raising and experimenting on these species have enabled a handful of the species to become excellent model organisms, which have been successfully used as tools for probing various biologically interesting problems. Investigation on invertebrate glycosylation, especially on model organisms, not only expands the structural and functional knowledgebase, but also can facilitate deeper understanding on the biological functions of glycosylation in higher organisms. Here, we reviewed the research advances in invertebrate glycosylation, including N- and O-glycosylation, glycosphingolipids and glycosaminoglycans. The aspects of glycan biosynthesis, structures and functions are discussed, with a focus on the model organisms Drosophila and Caenorhabditis. Analytical strategies for the glycans and glycoconjugates are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhu
- 1 Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , People's Republic of China.,2 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- 1 Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , People's Republic of China
| | - Keping Chen
- 1 Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , People's Republic of China
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Post-translational protein modifications in schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32123175 PMCID: PMC7051976 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-020-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research investigating the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has not yet precisely defined the molecular phenotype of this disorder. Many studies have investigated cellular dysfunction by examining expression levels of molecular targets in postmortem patient brain; however, inconsistencies between transcript and protein measures in schizophrenia are common in the field and represent a challenge to the identification of a unified model of schizophrenia pathogenesis. In humans, >4800 unique proteins are expressed, and the majority of these are modified by glycans and/or lipids. Estimates indicate ~70% of all eukaryotic proteins are modified by at least one type of glycosylation, while nearly 20% of all proteins are known to be lipid-modified. Protein post-translational modification (PTM) by glycosylation and lipidation rely on the spatiotemporal colocalization of enzyme, substrate, and glycan or lipid donor molecule and do not require an upstream “blueprint” or specialized processing machinery for synthesis. Glycan and lipid PTMs can thus facilitate cellular adaptation to environmental signals more rapidly than changes of gene or protein expression, and can significantly impact the localization, function, and interactions of modified substrates, though relatively few studies in schizophrenia have evaluated the PTM status of target proteins. A growing body of literature reports glycosylation and lipidation abnormalities in schizophrenia brain as well as in patient peripheral fluids. In this review, we explain the functional significance of key glycan and lipid PTMs and summarize current findings associated with abnormal glycosylation and lipidation in this illness.
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N-glycomic Profile in Combat Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120834. [PMID: 31817821 PMCID: PMC6995522 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in a portion of individuals exposed to extreme trauma. Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that affects protein functions and is altered in various pathophysiological states and aging. There are still no validated biomarkers of PTSD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the N-glycomic profile in 543 male Caucasian individuals (299 veterans with PTSD and 244 control subjects). The study included discovery (N = 233) and replication (N = 310) cohort. Hydrophilic interaction HPLC and ultra-performance liquid chromatography were used to separate and detect 39 plasma and 24 IgG N-glycan species, respectively. All results were corrected for the effects of age and multiple testing. Significant results included only significantly altered N-glycans in cases/controls in both cohorts, in the same direction. Results showed that six plasma N-glycans (four increased and two decreased) were altered in PTSD vs. controls in both cohorts, but IgG N-glycans were similar between groups. The severity of PTSD was not associated with different plasma N-glycans. This is the first study detecting alterations in plasma N-glycans in PTSD. These N-glycans are also associated with other neuropsychiatric disorders and inflammation, suggesting possible shared glycosylation mechanisms.
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Ząbczyńska M, Link-Lenczowski P, Novokmet M, Martin T, Turek-Jabrocka R, Trofimiuk-Müldner M, Pocheć E. Altered N-glycan profile of IgG-depleted serum proteins in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129464. [PMID: 31669586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of thyroid gland. Although HT is the most common cause of hypothyroidism, the pathogenesis of this disease is not fully understood. Glycosylation of serum proteins was examined in HT only to a limited extent. The study was designed to determine the glycosylation pattern of IgG-depleted sera from HT patients. METHODS Serum N-glycans released by N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) digestion were analyzed by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC). N-glycan structures in each collected HPLC fraction were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and exoglycosidase digestion. Fucosylation and sialylation was also analyzed by lectin blotting. RESULTS The results showed an increase of monosialylated tri-antennary structure (A3G3S1) and disialylated diantennary N-glycan with antennary fucose (FA2G2S2). Subsequently, we analyzed the serum N-glycan profile by lectin blotting using lectins specific for fucose and sialic acid. We found a significant decrease of Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) staining in HT samples, which resulted from the reduction of α1,6-linked core fucose in HT serum. We also observed an increase of Maackia amurensis II lectin (MAL-II) reaction in HT due to the elevated level of α2,3-sialylation in HT sera. CONCLUSIONS The detected alterations of serum protein sialylation might be caused by chronic inflammation in HT. The obtained results complete our previous IgG N-glycosylation analysis in autoimmune thyroid patients and show that the altered N-glycosylation of serum proteins is characteristic for autoimmunity process in HT. General Significance Thyroid autoimmunity is accompanied by changes of serum protein sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ząbczyńska
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paweł Link-Lenczowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michałowskiego 12, 31-126 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Mislav Novokmet
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Borongajska cesta 83h, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tiphaine Martin
- Tisch Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 New York, NY, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029 New York, NY, USA.
| | - Renata Turek-Jabrocka
- Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Kopernika 17, 31-501 Kraków, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Pocheć
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Cho BG, Veillon L, Mechref Y. N-Glycan Profile of Cerebrospinal Fluids from Alzheimer's Disease Patients Using Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3770-3779. [PMID: 31437391 PMCID: PMC7027932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation, an essential post-translational protein modification, is known to be altered in a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders that results in cognitive and memory impairments. To investigate the progression of such a condition, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a unique biofluid that may possess significant biochemical and neurochemical changes due to the disease, is utilized. However, due to the low concentration of proteins in CSF, a large volume of the biofluid is often required to comprehensively characterize the glycome in CSF. In this work, a glycomic study of CSF was performed using as little as 10 μL of CSF. This approach was executed with permethylation of released N-glycans with minimal sample cleanup, in conjunction with an online purification system attached to liquid chromatography and a high-resolution mass spectrometer. This technique was then applied to clinical samples. Preliminary data suggest that fucosylated and bisecting GlcNAc structures were higher in abundances in females with AD, while both females and males exhibited lower abundances of high-mannose structures. Although there seems to be statistically significant differences between disease state and disease-free CSF, due to the lack of number of samples, further validation study should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Lucas Veillon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
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28
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Trbojevic-Akmacic I, Lauc G, Abdel-Mohsen M. Breaking the Glyco-Code of HIV Persistence and Immunopathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:151-168. [PMID: 30707400 PMCID: PMC6441623 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glycoimmunology is an emerging field focused on understanding how immune responses are mediated by glycans (carbohydrates) and their interaction with glycan-binding proteins called lectins. How glycans influence immunological functions is increasingly well understood. In a parallel way, in the HIV field, it is increasingly understood how the host immune system controls HIV persistence and immunopathogenesis. However, what has mostly been overlooked, despite its potential for therapeutic applications, is the role that the host glycosylation machinery plays in modulating the persistence and immunopathogenesis of HIV. Here, we will survey four areas in which the links between glycan-lectin interactions and immunology and between immunology and HIV are well described. For each area, we will describe these links and then delineate the opportunities for the HIV field in investigating potential interactions between glycoimmunology and HIV persistence/immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies show that the human glycome (the repertoire of human glycan structures) plays critical roles in driving or modulating several cellular processes and immunological functions that are central to maintaining HIV infection. Understanding the links between glycoimmunology and HIV infection may create a new paradigm for discovering novel glycan-based therapies that can lead to eradication, functional cure, or improved tolerance of lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83h, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovacica 1, Zagreb, Croatia
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Metabolomic and glycomic findings in posttraumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 88:181-193. [PMID: 30025792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stressor-related disorder that develops in a subset of individuals exposed to a traumatic experience. Factors associated with vulnerability to PTSD are still not fully understood. PTSD is frequently comorbid with various psychiatric and somatic disorders, moderate response to treatment and remission rates. The term "theranostics" combines diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy and offers targeted therapy based on specific analyses. Theranostics, combined with novel techniques and approaches called "omics", which integrate genomics, transcriptomic, proteomics and metabolomics, might improve knowledge about biological underpinning of PTSD, and offer novel therapeutic strategies. The focus of this review is on metabolomic and glycomic data in PTSD. Metabolomics evaluates changes in the metabolome of an organism by exploring the set of small molecules (metabolites), while glycomics studies the glycome, a complete repertoire of glycan structures with their functional roles in biological systems. Both metabolome and glycome reflect the physiological and pathological conditions in individuals. Only a few studies evaluated metabolic and glycomic changes in patients with PTSD. The metabolomics studies in PTSD patients uncovered different metabolites that might be associated with psychopathological alterations in PTSD. The glycomics study in PTSD patients determined nine N-glycan structures and found accelerated and premature aging in traumatized subjects and subjects with PTSD based on a GlycoAge index. Therefore, further larger studies and replications are needed. Better understanding of the biological basis of PTSD, including metabolomic and glycomic data, and their integration with other "omics" approaches, might identify new molecular targets and might provide improved therapeutic approaches.
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30
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Pascovici D, Wu JX, McKay MJ, Joseph C, Noor Z, Kamath K, Wu Y, Ranganathan S, Gupta V, Mirzaei M. Clinically Relevant Post-Translational Modification Analyses-Maturing Workflows and Bioinformatics Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E16. [PMID: 30577541 PMCID: PMC6337699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can occur soon after translation or at any stage in the lifecycle of a given protein, and they may help regulate protein folding, stability, cellular localisation, activity, or the interactions proteins have with other proteins or biomolecular species. PTMs are crucial to our functional understanding of biology, and new quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics workflows are maturing both in labelled multiplexed and label-free techniques, offering increasing coverage and new opportunities to study human health and disease. Techniques such as Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) are emerging as promising approaches due to their re-mining capability. Many bioinformatics tools have been developed to support the analysis of PTMs by mass spectrometry, from prediction and identifying PTM site assignment, open searches enabling better mining of unassigned mass spectra-many of which likely harbour PTMs-through to understanding PTM associations and interactions. The remaining challenge lies in extracting functional information from clinically relevant PTM studies. This review focuses on canvassing the options and progress of PTM analysis for large quantitative studies, from choosing the platform, through to data analysis, with an emphasis on clinically relevant samples such as plasma and other body fluids, and well-established tools and options for data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Pascovici
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Jemma X Wu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Matthew J McKay
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Zainab Noor
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Karthik Kamath
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Yunqi Wu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Shoba Ranganathan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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31
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Understanding cellular glycan surfaces in the central nervous system. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 47:89-100. [PMID: 30559272 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation, the enzymatic process by which glycans are attached to proteins and lipids, is the most abundant and functionally important type of post-translational modification associated with brain development, neurodegenerative disorders, psychopathologies and brain cancers. Glycan structures are diverse and complex; however, they have been detected and targeted in the central nervous system (CNS) by various immunohistochemical detection methods using glycan-binding proteins such as anti-glycan antibodies or lectins and/or characterized with analytical techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry. The glycan structures on glycoproteins and glycolipids expressed in neural stem cells play key roles in neural development, biological processes and CNS maintenance, such as cell adhesion, signal transduction, molecular trafficking and differentiation. This brief review will highlight some of the important findings on differential glycan expression across stages of CNS cell differentiation and in pathological disorders and diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia and brain cancer.
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32
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Zhong J, Banazadeh A, Peng W, Mechref Y. A carbon nanoparticles-based solid-phase purification method facilitating sensitive MALDI-MS analysis of permethylated N-glycans. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:3087-3095. [PMID: 30086189 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, MALDI-MS has been extensively used for the analysis of glycans. However, native glycans usually have low ionization efficiency in MS, which hinders the direct analysis. Permethylation of glycans is a solution for this issue, but a significant amount of salt is introduced during this process, which can further suppress the MS signals. Thus, it is necessary to purify the glycans prior to MALDI-MS analysis. In this study, we developed a carbon nanoparticles-based solid-phase purification method to enable direct MALDI-MS analysis of permethylated glycans. Two carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and graphene nanosheets (GNs), and two conventional carbon materials, activated charcoal and porous graphitic carbon (PGC), were investigated as sorbents to purify permethylated N-glycans derived from ribonuclease B and fetuin. The results confirmed the superior performance of CNPs over the other carbon materials. Additionally, our method was also employed to purify glycans released from human sera in different esophageal disease stages. The obtained data confirmed 16 and 18 structures in adenocarcinoma and Barret's sera with significantly different relative intensities versus disease-free sera. Comparing the performance of CNPs-based solid-phase purification method employed in this study to online purification suggested more than 97% recovery rate. The results of this study demonstrate that CNPs have the potential to be a better alternative to existing solid-phase purification sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alireza Banazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Veillon L, Fakih C, Abou-El-Hassan H, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y. Glycosylation Changes in Brain Cancer. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:51-72. [PMID: 28982002 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a posttranslational modification that affects more than half of all known proteins. Glycans covalently bound to biomolecules modulate their functions by both direct interactions, such as the recognition of glycan structures by binding partners, and indirect mechanisms that contribute to the control of protein conformation, stability, and turnover. The focus of this Review is the discussion of aberrant glycosylation related to brain cancer. Altered sialylation and fucosylation of N- and O-glycans play a role in the development and progression of brain cancer. Additionally, aberrant O-glycan expression has been implicated in brain cancer. This Review also addresses the clinical potential and applications of aberrant glycosylation for the detection and treatment of brain cancer. The viable roles glycans may play in the development of brain cancer therapeutics are addressed as well as cancer-glycoproteomics and personalized medicine. Glycoprotein alterations are considered as a hallmark of cancer while high expression in body fluids represents an opportunity for cancer assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Veillon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock Texas 79409, United States
| | - Christina Fakih
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock Texas 79409, United States
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Serum galectin-3, but not galectin-1, levels are elevated in schizophrenia: implications for the role of inflammation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2919-2927. [PMID: 28698921 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that galectin-3 is involved in inflammatory processes in the central nervous system and that neuroinflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, the link between schizophrenia and various galectins is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to determine whether galectin, a well-known lectin protein that binds to μ-galactoside, is associated with chronic schizophrenia. METHODS Thirty-six patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy controls participated in this study. Schizophrenia symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS). Serum galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels were evaluated using ELISA and compared between the participant groups. Correlation analyses were also performed to examine the relationship between BPRS scores and each galectin level. RESULTS Serum galectin-3 levels were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than they were in controls (p = 0.009, d = 0.640); however, serum galectin-1 levels were not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.513). No significant correlation was identified between serum galectin-3 level and the total BPRS score; however, a significant positive correlation was found between the serum galectin-3 level and the positive symptom score of the BPRS (ρ = 0.355; p = 0.033). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was identified between serum galectin-3 levels and the negative symptom score of the BPRS (ρ = -0.387; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Given the high serum levels of galectin-3 found in patients with schizophrenia compared with that in controls, these findings may support the inflammation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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Mueller TM, Yates SD, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH. Altered fucosyltransferase expression in the superior temporal gyrus of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 182:66-73. [PMID: 27773385 PMCID: PMC5376218 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that is an essential element in cell signaling and neurodevelopmental pathway regulation. Glycan attachment can influence the tertiary structure and molecular interactions of glycosylated substrates, adding an additional layer of regulatory complexity to functional mechanisms underlying central cell biological processes. One type of enzyme-mediated glycan attachment, fucosylation, can mediate glycoprotein and glycolipid cell surface expression, trafficking, secretion, and quality control to modulate a variety of inter- and intracellular signaling cascades. Building on prior reports of glycosylation abnormalities and evidence of dysregulated glycosylation enzyme expression in schizophrenia, we examined the protein expression of 5 key fucose-modifying enzymes: GDP-fucose:protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1), GDP-fucose:protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2), fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), fucosyltransferase 11 (FUT11), and plasma α-l-fucosidase (FUCA2) in postmortem superior temporal gyrus of schizophrenia (N=16) and comparison (N=14) subjects. We also used the fucose binding protein, Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL), to assess α-1,6-fucosylated N-glycoprotein abundance in the same subjects. In schizophrenia, we found increased expression of POFUT2, a fucosyltransferase uniquely responsible for O-fucosylation of thrombospondin-like repeat domains that is involved in a non-canonical endoplasmic reticulum quality control pathway. We also found decreased expression of FUT8 in schizophrenia. Given that FUT8 is the only α-1,6-fucosyltransferase expressed in mammals, the concurrent decrease in AAL binding in schizophrenia, particularly evident for N-glycoproteins in the ~52-58kDa and ~60-70kDa molecular mass ranges, likely reflects a consequence of abnormal FUT8 expression in the disorder. Dysregulated FUT8 and POFUT2 expression could potentially explain a variety of molecular abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M. Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA,Corresponding author: Toni M. Mueller, PhD, CIRC 593A, 1719 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA, Tel: +1 205 996 6164, Fax: + 1 205 975 4879,
| | - Stefani D. Yates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - James H. Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Galicia N, Dégano R, Díez P, González-González M, Góngora R, Ibarrola N, Fuentes M. CSF analysis for protein biomarker identification in patients with leptomeningeal metastases from CNS lymphoma. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:363-372. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1307106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Galicia
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R. Dégano
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - P. Díez
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine and General Service of Cytometry, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M. González-González
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine and General Service of Cytometry, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R. Góngora
- Department of Medicine and General Service of Cytometry, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - N. Ibarrola
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M. Fuentes
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine and General Service of Cytometry, Cancer Research Centre, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
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Sethi MK, Zaia J. Extracellular matrix proteomics in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:379-394. [PMID: 27601046 PMCID: PMC5203946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly organized system that consists of collagens, noncollagenous proteins, glycoproteins, hyaluronan, and proteoglycans. Recognized physiological roles of ECM include developmental regulation, tissue homeostasis, cell migration, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, neuronal plasticity, and neurite outgrowth. Aberrant ECM structure is associated with brain neurodegenerative conditions. This review focuses on two neurodegenerative conditions, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, and summarizes recent findings of altered ECM components, including proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, proteins, and glycoproteins, and proteins and genes related to other brain components. The scope includes immunohistochemical, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and glycomics studies, and a critical assessment of current state of proteomic studies for neurodegenerative disorders. The intent is to summarize the ECM molecular alterations associated with neurodegenerative pathophysiology. Graphical Abstract Brain extracellular matrix showing HSPGs, CSPGs, HA, collagens, and other glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Sethi
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Proteomic Biomarker Identification in Cerebrospinal Fluid for Leptomeningeal Metastases with Neurological Complications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 974:85-96. [PMID: 28353226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52479-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) from solid tumours, lymphoma and leukaemia are characterized by multifocal neurological deficits with a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment are essential to kerb neurological deterioration. However, this is not always possible as 25% of cerebrospinal fluid samples produce false-negative results at first cytological examination. The identification of biomarkers that allow stratification of individuals according to risk for developing LM would be a major benefit. Proteomic-based approaches are now in increasing use for this purpose, and these are reviewed in this chapter with a focus on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses. The construction of a CSF proteome disease database would also facilitate analysis of other neurological disorders.
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Mubarik A, Tohid H. Frontal lobe alterations in schizophrenia: a review. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016; 38:198-206. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2015-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objective: To highlight the changes in the frontal lobe of the human brain in people with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a qualitative review of the literature. Results: Many schizophrenic patients exhibit functional, structural, and metabolic abnormalities in the frontal lobe. Some patients have few or no alterations, while some have more functional and structural changes than others. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows structural and functional changes in volume, gray matter, white matter, and functional activity in the frontal lobe, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are not yet fully understood. Conclusion: When schizophrenia is studied as an essential topic in the field of neuropsychiatry, neuroscientists find that the frontal lobe is the most commonly involved area of the human brain. A clear picture of how this lobe is affected in schizophrenia is still lacking. We therefore recommend that further research be conducted to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of this psychiatric dilemma.
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Szabo R, Skropeta D. Advancement of Sialyltransferase Inhibitors: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:219-270. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Szabo
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
- Centre for Medical & Molecular Bioscience; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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Adamczyk B, Albrecht S, Stöckmann H, Ghoneim IM, Al-Eknah M, Al-Busadah KAS, Karlsson NG, Carrington SD, Rudd PM. Pregnancy-Associated Changes of IgG and Serum N-Glycosylation in Camel (Camelus dromedarius). J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3255-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Adamczyk
- GlycoScience
Group, NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine,
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Simone Albrecht
- GlycoScience
Group, NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henning Stöckmann
- GlycoScience
Group, NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Niclas G. Karlsson
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine,
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Stephen D. Carrington
- School
of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- GlycoScience
Group, NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Hu Y, Shihab T, Zhou S, Wooding K, Mechref Y. LC-MS/MS of permethylated N-glycans derived from model and human blood serum glycoproteins. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1498-505. [PMID: 26959726 PMCID: PMC4964794 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS/MS is one of the most powerful tools for N-glycan structure elucidation; however, it is still challenging to identify some glycan structures with low abundance. In this study, we investigated the chromatographic behavior of permethylated N-glycans. The relationship between retention times versus molecular weight of dextran, dextrin, and model glycans was investigated. Also, the nonpolar surface area of glycans was calculated and compared to their experimental retention times. Both retention time and nonpolar surface area trends are similar when the intermolecular interaction is included in the calculation. Moreover, retention time corresponds to glycan types and branch types. The N-glycans analysis model, which combines high mass accuracy and retention time, was applied to confirm serum N-glycans. In total, there were 78 N-glycan compositions identified. A linear relationship between retention times and molecular weights were observed for each subgroup of glycan structures, for example, R(2) value for complex N-glycans was determined to be > 0.98. Moreover, the retention time could be further applied to distinguish between structural isomers as well as linkage isomers. MS/MS data were used to confirm the structural isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Tarek Shihab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Kerry Wooding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
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Zaslavsky BY, Uversky VN, Chait A. Analytical applications of partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems: Exploring protein structural changes and protein–partner interactions in vitro and in vivo by solvent interaction analysis method. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:622-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gizaw ST, Ohashi T, Tanaka M, Hinou H, Nishimura SI. Glycoblotting method allows for rapid and efficient glycome profiling of human Alzheimer's disease brain, serum and cerebrospinal fluid towards potential biomarker discovery. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1716-27. [PMID: 26968461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of the significance of posttranslational glycosylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of growing importance for the investigation of the pathogenesis of AD as well as discovery research of the disease-specific serum biomarkers. METHODS We designed a standard protocol for the glycoblotting combined with MALDI-TOFMS to perform rapid and quantitative profiling of the glycan parts of glycoproteins (N-glycans) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) using human AD's post-mortem samples such as brain tissues (dissected cerebral cortices such as frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal domains), serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS The structural profiles of the major N-glycans released from glycoproteins and the total expression levels of the glycans were found to be mostly similar between the brain tissues of the AD patients and those of the normal control group. In contrast, the expression levels of the serum and CSF protein N-glycans such as bisect-type and multiply branched glycoforms were increased significantly in AD patient group. In addition, the levels of some gangliosides such as GM1, GM2 and GM3 appeared to alter in the AD patient brain and serum samples when compared with the normal control groups. CONCLUSION Alteration of the expression levels of major N- and GSL-glycans in human brain tissues, serum and CSF of AD patients can be monitored quantitatively by means of the glycoblotting-based standard protocols. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The changes in the expression levels of the glycans derived from the human post-mortem samples uncovered by the standardized glycoblotting method provides potential serum biomarkers in central nervous system disorders and can contribute to the insight into the molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and future drug discovery. Most importantly, the present preliminary trials using human post-mortem samples of AD patients suggest that large-scale serum glycomics cohort by means of various-types of human AD patients as well as the normal control sera can facilitate the discovery research of highly sensitive and reliable serum biomarkers for an early diagnosis of AD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon T Gizaw
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced Life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tetsu Ohashi
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd, N21 W12, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd, N21 W12, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hinou
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced Life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd, N21 W12, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Advanced Life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd, N21 W12, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
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45
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Zaslavsky BY, Uversky VN, Chait A. Solvent interaction analysis as a proteomic approach to structure-based biomarker discovery and clinical diagnostics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 13:9-17. [PMID: 26558960 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1116945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have several measurable features in biological fluids that may change under pathological conditions. The current disease biomarker discovery is mostly based on protein concentration in the sample as the measurable feature. Changes in protein structures, such as post-translational modifications and in protein-partner interactions are known to accompany pathological processes. Changes in glycosylation profiles are well-established for many plasma proteins in various types of cancer and other diseases. The solvent interaction analysis method is based on protein partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems and is highly sensitive to changes in protein structure and protein-protein- and protein-partner interactions while independent of the protein concentration in the biological sample. It provides quantitative index: partition coefficient representing changes in protein structure and interactions with partners. The fundamentals of the method are presented with multiple examples of applications of the method to discover and monitor structural protein biomarkers as disease-specific diagnostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Y Zaslavsky
- a Cleveland Diagnostics , 3615 Superior Avenue, Suite 4407B, Cleveland , OH 44114 , USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- b Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL 33612 , USA
| | - Arnon Chait
- a Cleveland Diagnostics , 3615 Superior Avenue, Suite 4407B, Cleveland , OH 44114 , USA
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Barone R, Sturiale L, Fiumara A, Palmigiano A, Bua RO, Rizzo R, Zappia M, Garozzo D. CSF N-glycan profile reveals sialylation deficiency in a patient with GM2 gangliosidosis presenting as childhood disintegrative disorder. Autism Res 2015; 9:423-8. [PMID: 26286102 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation consists in the synthesis and processing of the oligosaccharide moiety (N-glycan) linked to a protein and it serves several functions for the proper central nervous system (CNS) development and function. Previous experimental and clinical studies have shown the importance of proper glycoprotein sialylation for the synaptic function and the occurrence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the presence of sialylation deficiency in the CNS. Late-onset Tay Sachs disease (LOTSD) is a lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in the HEXA gene resulting in GM2-ganglioside storage in the CNS. It is characterized by progressive neurological impairment and high co-occurrence of psychiatric disturbances. We studied the N-glycome profile of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a 14 year-old patient with GM2-gangliosidosis (LOTSD). At the age of 4, the patient presented regressive autism fulfilling criteria for childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD). A CSF sample was obtained in the course of diagnostic work-up for the suspicion of an underlying neurodegenerative disorder. We found definite changes of CSF N-glycans due to a dramatic decrease of sialylated biantennary and triantennary structures and an increase of asialo-core fucosylated bisected N-glycans. No changes of total plasma N-glycans were found. Herein findings highlight possible relationships between the early onset psychiatric disturbance featuring CDD in the patient and defective protein sialylation in the CNS. In conclusion, the study first shows aberrant N-glycan structures of CSF proteins in LOTSD; unveils possible pathomechanisms of GM2-gangliosidosis; supports existing relationships between neuropsychiatric disorders and unproper protein glycosylation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Barone
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania
| | - Luisella Sturiale
- CNR-Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials IPCB, Catania
| | - Agata Fiumara
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania
| | - Angelo Palmigiano
- CNR-Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials IPCB, Catania
| | - Rosaria O Bua
- CNR-Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials IPCB, Catania
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania
| | - Mario Zappia
- Section of Neuroscience Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- CNR-Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials IPCB, Catania
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Defaus S, Gupta P, Andreu D, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Mammalian protein glycosylation--structure versus function. Analyst 2015; 139:2944-67. [PMID: 24779027 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02245e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates fulfil many common as well as extremely important functions in nature. They show a variety of molecular displays--e.g., free mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, glycolipids, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, etc.--with particular roles and localizations in living organisms. Structure-specific peculiarities are so many and diverse that it becomes virtually impossible to cover them all from an analytical perspective. Hence this manuscript, focused on mammalian glycosylation, rather than a complete list of analytical descriptors or recognized functions for carbohydrate structures, comprehensively reviews three central issues in current glycoscience, namely (i) structural analysis of glycoprotein glycans, covering both classical and novel approaches for teasing out the structural puzzle as well as potential pitfalls of these processes; (ii) an overview of functions attributed to carbohydrates, covering from monosaccharide to complex, well-defined epitopes and full glycans, including post-glycosylational modifications, and (iii) recent technical advances allowing structural identification of glycoprotein glycans with simultaneous assignation of biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Defaus
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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48
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Kippe JM, Mueller TM, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH. Abnormal N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase expression in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 166:219-24. [PMID: 26104473 PMCID: PMC4512847 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the extent of the posttranslational modification glycosylation have been previously reported in several brain regions in schizophrenia. Quality control within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, branching of glycans, intracellular trafficking and targeting, protein-protein interactions, and endocytosis are processes regulated by both N-linked and O-linked glycosylation. Previous studies in schizophrenia have found altered glycan biosynthesis and abnormal glycan levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, as well as altered expression in frontal cortex of glycosyltransferase transcripts encoding proteins associated with both N- and O-linked glycosylation. The N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases (GlcNAcTs) are glycosylating enzymes that play a key role in adding N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to substrates to facilitate their proper trafficking, intracellular targeting, and cellular function. Given previous results indicating abnormal glycosylation in schizophrenia, we hypothesized that these GlcNAcTs may be abnormally expressed in this illness. We measured protein expression of nine distinct GlcNAcTs by Western blot analysis in postmortem samples of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) from twelve pairs of elderly patients with schizophrenia and comparison subjects. We found decreased protein expression of UDP-GlcNAc:BetaGal Beta-1,3 GlcNAcT 8 (B3GNT8) and mannosyl (alpha-1,3-)-glycoprotein beta-1,4 GlcNAcT (MGAT4A) expression in schizophrenia. These data provide further evidence that glycosylation is dysregulated in schizophrenia, and suggest a potential mechanism associated with alterations in protein function, trafficking, and intracellular targeting in this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn M Kippe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA.
| | - Toni M Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - James H Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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49
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Bults P, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Quantification of biopharmaceuticals and biomarkers in complex biological matrices: a comparison of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and ligand binding assays. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:355-74. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Gu W, Fukuda T, Isaji T, Hang Q, Lee HH, Sakai S, Morise J, Mitoma J, Higashi H, Taniguchi N, Yawo H, Oka S, Gu J. Loss of α1,6-Fucosyltransferase Decreases Hippocampal Long Term Potentiation: IMPLICATIONS FOR CORE FUCOSYLATION IN THE REGULATION OF AMPA RECEPTOR HETEROMERIZATION AND CELLULAR SIGNALING. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17566-75. [PMID: 25979332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Core fucosylation is catalyzed by α1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8), which transfers a fucose residue to the innermost GlcNAc residue via α1,6-linkage on N-glycans in mammals. We previously reported that Fut8-knock-out (Fut8(-/-)) mice showed a schizophrenia-like phenotype and a decrease in working memory. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism, we analyzed early form long term potentiation (E-LTP), which is closely related to learning and memory in the hippocampus. The scale of E-LTP induced by high frequency stimulation was significantly decreased in Fut8(-/-) mice. Tetraethylammonium-induced LTP showed no significant differences, suggesting that the decline in E-LTP was caused by postsynaptic events. Unexpectedly, the phosphorylation levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), an important mediator of learning and memory in postsynapses, were greatly increased in Fut8(-/-) mice. The expression levels of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors (AMPARs) in the postsynaptic density were enhanced in Fut8(-/-) mice, although there were no significant differences in the total expression levels, implicating that AMPARs without core fucosylation might exist in an active state. The activation of AMPARs was further confirmed by Fura-2 calcium imaging using primary cultured neurons. Taken together, loss of core fucosylation on AMPARs enhanced their heteromerization, which increase sensitivity for postsynaptic depolarization and persistently activate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors as well as Ca(2+) influx and CaMKII and then impair LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gu
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology and
| | | | - Tomoya Isaji
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology and
| | - Qinglei Hang
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology and
| | - Ho-hsun Lee
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology and
| | - Seiichiro Sakai
- the Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577
| | - Jyoji Morise
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, and
| | - Junya Mitoma
- the Division of Glyco-Signal Research, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558
| | - Hideyoshi Higashi
- the Division of Glyco-Signal Research, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558
| | | | - Hiromu Yawo
- the Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577
| | - Shogo Oka
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, and
| | - Jianguo Gu
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology and
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