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Sambyal V, Guleria K, Kapahi R, Manjari M, Sudan M, Uppal MS, Singh NR. Association of VEGF haplotypes with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:209. [PMID: 34429108 PMCID: PMC8386001 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is a complex and coordinated process regulated by different growth factors and is one of the hallmark features of cancer. VEGF is one of the most important endothelial cell mitogen and has a critical role in normal physiological and tumor angiogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential association of haplotypes of six VEGF polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. METHODS Samples of 250 breast cancer patients and 250 age and sex matched controls were genotyped for VEGF -2578C/A, -2549I/D, -460T/C, +405C/G, -7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms. Haplotypes were generated to determine the better contribution of VEGF polymorphisms to breast cancer risk. RESULTS Haplotypes CDTCCC (OR = 0.56, 95%CI, 0.38-0.81; p = 0.003) and CDTGCC (OR = 0.63, 95%CI, 0.44-0.92; p = 0.018) of VEGF -2578C/A, -2549I/D, -460T/C, +405C/G, -7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms were significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. CDTCCC haplotype was also significantly associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in pre and post menopausal as well as both obese and non obese patients. Haplotype CDTGCC was marginally associated (p = 0.07) with reduced risk of breast cancer in non-obese patients as compared with non-obese controls where as haplotype AICGTC was marginally associated (p = 0.09) with reduced risk of breast cancer in obese patients when compared with non-obese patients. The CDTGCC haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal obese patients (OR = 1.98, 95%CI, 1.10-3.56; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that CDTCCC and CDTGCC haplotypes of VEGF -2578C/A, -2549I/D, -460T/C, +405C/G, -7C/T and +936C/T polymorphisms were significantly associated with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. Further studies on multiethnic groups with larger sample size are required to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Sambyal
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Kamlesh Guleria
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Ruhi Kapahi
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Mridu Manjari
- Department of Pathology, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Meena Sudan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Manjit Singh Uppal
- Department of Surgery, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Neeti Rajan Singh
- Department of Surgery, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Zapata-Bustos R, Finlayson J, Langlais PR, Coletta DK, Luo M, Grandjean D, De Filippis EA, Mandarino L. Altered Transcription Factor Expression Responses to Exercise in Insulin Resistance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649461. [PMID: 33897458 PMCID: PMC8058368 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin resistant muscle is resistant to gene expression changes induced by acute exercise. This study was undertaken to identify transcription factors that differentially respond to exercise in insulin resistance. Candidate transcription factors were identified from analysis of 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) of exercise responsive genes and from analysis of the 5'-UTRs of genes coding for proteins that differ in abundance in insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty participants took part in this study. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by an euglycemic clamp. Participants were matched for aerobic capacity and performed a single 48 min bout of exercise with sets at 70 and 90% of maximum heart rate. Muscle biopsies were obtained at resting conditions, 30 min and 24 h after exercise. Global proteomics analysis identified differentially abundant proteins in muscle. The 5'-UTRs of genes coding for significant proteins were subjected to transcription factor enrichment analysis to identify candidate transcription factors. Q-rt-PCR to determine expression of candidate transcription factors was performed on RNA from resting and post-exercise muscle biopsies; immunoblots quantified protein abundance. RESULTS Proteins involved in mitochondrial function, protein targeting and translation, and metabolism were among those significantly different between lean and obese groups. Transcription factor enrichment analysis of genes coding for these proteins revealed new candidate transcription factors to be evaluated along the previously identified factors. Q-rt-PCR analysis of RNA and immunoblot analysis from pre- and post-exercise muscle biopsies revealed several transcription and growth factors that had altered responses to exercise in insulin resistant participants. A significant increase (EGR3 and CTGF) and decrease (RELA and ATF2) in the mRNA expression of transcription and growth factors was found after exercise in the lean group, but not in the obese participants. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm findings of an association between insulin sensitivity and transcription factor mRNA response to exercise and show that obesity also may be a sufficient prerequisite for exercise resistance. Analysis of the muscle proteome together with determination of effects of exercise on expression of transcription factors suggests that abnormal responses of transcription factors to exercise may be responsible for differences in protein abundances in insulin resistant muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Zapata-Bustos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jean Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Paul R. Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Dawn K. Coletta
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Moulun Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | | | - Lawrence Mandarino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Nicotinamide Inhibits Self-renewal and Induces Granulocyte Differentiation of Multipotent Progenitor Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:1335-1342. [PMID: 32789803 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM) a form of vitamin B3, is an essential precursor of NAD. This dinucleotide (pyridine nucleotide) participates in the regulation of fundamental processes including transcription, cell cycle progression and DNA repair. Here we assessed the effect of NAM on myeloid differentiation of the IL-3 dependent, multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell line FDCP-Mix. We found that NAM reduces the pSTAT5 signaling response, cell cycling and self-renewal potential. It initiates an atypical program of myeloid differentiation that results in the emergence of granulocytic cells in the absence of added myeloid differentiation factors. NAM did not affect the expression the of cell surface granulocyte marker GR1 but led to a strong downregulation of MHC-II molecules. Taken together our data show that NAM induces a differentiation program in hematopoietic progenitors prompting them to undergo differentiation along the granulocyte path without reaching the status of fully developed granulocytes. Graphical abstract.
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Gerhards C, Uhlig S, Etemad M, Christodoulou F, Bieback K, Klüter H, Bugert P. Expression of ADP receptor P2Y 12, thromboxane A 2 receptor and C-type lectin-like receptor 2 in cord blood-derived megakaryopoiesis. Platelets 2020; 32:618-625. [PMID: 32619120 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1782868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ADP receptor P2Y12, the thromboxane A2 receptor (TXA2R) and the C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) mediate platelet activation by different mechanisms. Only little is known about the expression of the receptors in human megakaryopoiesis. Our study aimed to establish a flow cytometry (FC) method for the measurement of P2Y12, TXA2R, and CLEC-2 on platelets of healthy donors and to monitor receptor expression in ex vivo megakaryopoiesis. We determined mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values of FITC, PE, or APC labeled antibodies binding to the receptors on platelets of 90 healthy donors. For cord blood-derived megakaryopoiesis (CBMK) differentiation of CD34+ cells was induced by IL-3, SCF, and TPO. At 6 time points between day 0 and day 21 of cell culture the MFI values for CD34, CD41, CD61, P2Y12, TXA2R, and CLEC-2 were measured. Quantitative PCR was used for relative quantification of the corresponding mRNA. Transcription factor (TF) binding sites were predicted by in silico analysis of the genes. Platelets showed expectable high MFI values for the platelet marker CD41 (13,716 median MFI). Lower MFI was found for P2Y12 (2,847 median MFI) and CLEC-2 (1,211 median MFI), whereas, binding of the TXA2R antibody revealed even higher values (21,458 median MFI) than CD41. In CBMK the CD34+ cells were negative for P2Y12, TXA2R, and CLEC-2 at day 0. A maximum of 21-fold and 6-fold increase of P2Y12 and TXA2R MFI values, respectively, was found on day 14 to 17. MFI for CLEC-2 increased by 58-fold within the first week and reached a maximum of 1,572-fold increase within the first two weeks of CBMK. Very similar results were obtained on the RNA level. The differential regulation of receptor expression in CBMK was further supported by significant differences in the numbers and types of TF binding sites. P2Y12 and TXA2R, both upregulated only to a low extent in CBMK, probably, are dispensable for megakaryopoiesis. Furthermore, we speculate that CLEC-2 strongly upregulated in early CMBK is important for megakaryopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Gerhards
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Uhlig
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mani Etemad
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Foteini Christodoulou
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harald Klüter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Krüger M, Metzger C, Al-Nawas B, Kämmerer PW, Brieger J. Cigarette smoke modulates binding of the transcription factor MZF1 to the VEGF promoter and regulates VEGF expression in dependence of genetic variation SNP 405. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:780-786. [PMID: 32449233 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) affects carcinogenesis of the upper aerodigestive tract. Cigarette smoke (CSE) influences VEGF-gene regulation. The single nucleotide polymorphism +405 G/C (SNP +405 G/C) and the transcriptional factor (TF) myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1) are endogenic regulators of the VEGFpromoter as the polymorphism 405 potentially affects binding of the transcription factor MZF1. Therefore, this in vitro study analysed cancer cells of the upper aerodigestive tract after CSE incubation concerning MZF1-binding specificity and VEGF expression in dependency of VEGF polymorphism +405 G/C compared to wild type (wt). METHODS In human alveolar epithelial-like type-II cells (A549) and oral squamous cell cancer cells (HNSCCUM-02T) SNP +405 G/C- and MZF1-dependent VEGF promoter activity and VEGF expression were analysed by qRT-PCR and Western blot after incubation with 10% CSE. Temporary knock-down of MZF1 was performed using siRNA. MZF1 binding was analysed by Co-Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation (Co-ChiP) (each test n = 3). RESULTS We found a stronger MZF1 binding to VEGF polymorphism 405 in A549 cells (P < .05) compared to HNSCCUM-02T cells (P = .02), where MZF1 binding was reduced. MZF1 knock out reduced VEGF promoter activity in HNSCCUM-02T cells, showing the relevance of the factor for transcriptional activation of the VEGF promoter. Finally, we found that CSE increases promoter activity in both cell lines and no significant differences between the two analysed polymorphisms concerning their activating capacity. CONCLUSION In summary, both VEGF promoter polymorphisms are similar effective in terms of transcriptional activity, and MZF1 is a transcriptional activator of VEGF promoter. Moreover, cigarette smoke increases MZF1 binding of VEGF-promoter and directly affects VEGF-gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Krüger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carmen Metzger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peer W Kämmerer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Bozduman T, Ersoy Evans S, Karahan S, Hayran Y, Akbiyik F, Lay I. Genetic Risk Factors for Psoriasis in Turkish Population: -1540 C/A, -1512 Ins18, and +405 C/G Polymorphisms within the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:30-9. [PMID: 26848216 PMCID: PMC4737833 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence regarding the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) as a potent mediator of angiogenesis and inflammation in psoriasis has revealed variations in this gene as surrogate markers of psoriasis. Objective VEGFA gene polymorphisms (-1540 C/A, -1512 Ins18, -460 T/C, and +405 C/G) in psoriasis susceptibility in Turkish population were investigated. Methods A total of 200 age, sex and ethnicity-matched psoriatic and healthy individuals were examined for clinical type, response to therapy, serum VEGFA and its receptor levels, genotypes and haplotypes. Results The +405 GG, +405 CG, -1540 CA, and -1512 +Ins18 genotypes conferred a significant risk for developing psoriasis. The C-InsTC haplotype in the controls and C+InsTG, A+InsTC, and A-InsTG haplotypes in psoriatic patients were observed to be significantly high. Increased serum levels of VEGFA were detected in psoriatic patients with the C-InsTC haplotype than that in the controls. The +405 GG genotype was significantly more frequent in psoriatic patients with a positive family history, and the moderate form of psoriasis was more frequent among C+InsTG haplotype carriers than that among the other patients. The +405 GG genotype was found to be more frequent in patients responding to oral retinoids. Serum VEGFR1/FLT1 and VEGFR2/KDR levels were not significantly different when psoriatic patients and controls were stratified based on the risk polymorphic variants. Conclusion VEGFA gene +405 GG and CG, -1512+Ins18, and -1540 CA genotypes are associated with an increased risk of psoriasis in Turkish population. The G allele at +405 and an 18-bp insertion at -1512 are primarily the risk factors for psoriasis, and this risk is potentiated by the presence of the A allele at the -1540 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Bozduman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ersoy Evans
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevilay Karahan
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Hayran
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Akbiyik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.; Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Hacettepe University Hospitals, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Incilay Lay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.; Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Hacettepe University Hospitals, Ankara, Turkey
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Havixbeck JJ, Barreda DR. Neutrophil Development, Migration, and Function in Teleost Fish. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:715-34. [PMID: 26561837 PMCID: PMC4690015 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely recognized that neutrophils are sophisticated cells that are critical to host defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. In addition, concepts such as neutrophil plasticity are helping to define the range of phenotypic profiles available to cells in this group and the physiological conditions that contribute to their differentiation. Herein, we discuss key features of the life of a teleost neutrophil including their development, migration to an inflammatory site, and contributions to pathogen killing and the control of acute inflammation. The potent anti-microbial mechanisms elicited by these cells in bony fish are a testament to their long-standing evolutionary contributions in host defense. In addition, recent insights into their active roles in the control of inflammation prior to induction of apoptosis highlight their importance to the maintenance of host integrity in these early vertebrates. Overall, our goal is to summarize recent progress in our understanding of this cell type in teleost fish, and to provide evolutionary context for the contributions of this hematopoietic lineage in host defense and an efficient return to homeostasis following injury or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Havixbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2P5, Canada.
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2P5, Canada.
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Imran M, Park JS, Lim IK. Stress-induced NF-κB activation differentiates promyelocytic leukemia cells to macrophages in response to all-trans-retinoic acid. Cell Signal 2015; 27:694-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gutknecht MF, Bouton AH. Functional significance of mononuclear phagocyte populations generated through adult hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:969-80. [PMID: 25225678 PMCID: PMC4226790 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ri0414-195r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires a complete repertoire of functional macrophages in peripheral tissues. Recent evidence indicates that many resident tissue macrophages are seeded during embryonic development and persist through adulthood as a consequence of localized proliferation. Mononuclear phagocytes are also produced during adult hematopoiesis; these cells are then recruited to sites throughout the body, where they function in tissue repair and remodeling, resolution of inflammation, maintenance of homeostasis, and disease progression. The focus of this review is on mononuclear phagocytes that comprise the nonresident monocyte/macrophage populations in the body. Key features of monocyte differentiation are presented, focusing primarily on the developmental hierarchy that is established through this process, the markers used to identify discrete cell populations, and novel, functional attributes of these cells. These features are then explored in the context of the tumor microenvironment, where mononuclear phagocytes exhibit extensive plasticity in phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Gutknecht
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amy H Bouton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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10
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Liu SV, Lenkiewicz E, Evers L, Holley T, Kiefer J, Ruiz C, Glatz K, Bubendorf L, Demeure MJ, Eng C, Ramanathan RK, Von Hoff DD, Barrett MT. Genomic analysis and selected molecular pathways in rare cancers. Phys Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/6/065004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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A common 5'-UTR variant in MATE2-K is associated with poor response to metformin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90:674-84. [PMID: 21956618 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug and toxin extrusion 2 (MATE2-K (SLC47A2)), a polyspecific organic cation exporter, facilitates the renal elimination of the antidiabetes drug metformin. In this study, we characterized genetic variants of MATE2-K, determined their association with metformin response, and elucidated their impact by means of a comparative protein structure model. Four nonsynonymous variants and four variants in the MATE2-K basal promoter region were identified from ethnically diverse populations. Two nonsynonymous variants-c.485C>T and c.1177G>A-were shown to be associated with significantly lower metformin uptake and reduction in protein expression levels. MATE2-K basal promoter haplotypes containing the most common variant, g.-130G>A (>26% allele frequency), were associated with a significant increase in luciferase activities and reduced binding to the transcriptional repressor myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF-1). Patients with diabetes who were homozygous for g.-130A had a significantly poorer response to metformin treatment, assessed as relative change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (-0.027 (-0.076, 0.033)), as compared with carriers of the reference allele, g.-130G (-0.15 (-0.17, -0.13)) (P=0.002). Our study showed that MATE2-K plays a role in the antidiabetes response to metformin.
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Cai R, Cai X, Chen B, Xu W, Lu J. C/EBPε participates in all-trans retinoic acid induction of PI3Kγ in U937 cells via an intronic matrix attachment region sequence. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3795-800. [PMID: 20661648 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ATRA (all-trans retinoic acid) regulates gene expression by binding as a ligand to its specific receptors like C/EBPε which is directly induced. In the U937 cell line, PI3Kγ is selectively induced over other PI3Ks by ATRA, although the mechanism is still unclear. Here, we show that C/EBPε and PI3Kγ are induced in U937 cells by ATRA both in levels of mRNA and protein. Reporter gene assay revealed that C/EBPε is able to interact with a previously identified 2 kb MAR (matrix attachment region) sequence in the last intron of PI3Kγ gene, and increases its linked heterogeneous reporter gene expression. ChIP assay showed that induction of endogenous PI3Kγ is at least partially caused by enhanced, direct C/EBPε binding to a 15 bp sequence at nucleotides 1428-1442 within this MAR sequence, and EMSA analysis confirmed this binding in vitro. The results above collectively show that C/EBPε participates in ATRA induction of PI3Kγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280# Chongqing Road(S), Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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The vascular endothelial growth factor +405 G/C polymorphism in psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 57:62-3. [PMID: 19931423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pedrosa E, Nolan KA, Stefanescu R, Hershcovitz P, Novak T, Zukov I, Stopkova P, Lachman HM, Lachman HM. Analysis of a promoter polymorphism in the SMDF neuregulin 1 isoform in Schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2009; 59:205-12. [PMID: 19521112 PMCID: PMC2790772 DOI: 10.1159/000223732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a positional candidate gene in schizophrenia (SZ). Two major susceptibility loci in the NRG1 gene approximately one million nucleotides apart have been identified in genetic studies. Several candidate functional allelic variants have been described that might be involved in disease susceptibility. However, the findings are still preliminary. We recently mapped active promoters and other regulatory domains in several SZ and bipolar disorder (BD) candidate genes using ChIP-chip (chromatin immunoprecipitation hybridized to microarrays). One was the promoter for the NRG1 isoform, SMDF, which maps to the 3' end of the gene complex. Analysis of the SNP database revealed several polymorphisms within the approximate borders of the region immunoprecipitated in our ChIP-chip experiments, one of which is rs7825588. METHODS This SNP was analyzed in patients with SZ and BD and its effect on promoter function was assessed by electromobility gel shift assays and luciferase reporter constructs. RESULTS A significant increase in homozygosity for the minor allele was found in patients with SZ (genotype distribution chi(2) = 7.32, p = 0.03) but not in BD (genotype distribution chi(2) = 0.52, p = 0.77). Molecular studies demonstrated modest, but statistically significant allele-specific differences in protein binding and promoter function. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that homozygosity for rs725588 could be a risk genotype for SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pedrosa
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y., USA
| | - Karen A. Nolan
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, N.Y., and Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, N.Y., USA
| | - Radu Stefanescu
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y., USA
| | - Pnina Hershcovitz
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y., USA
| | - Tomas Novak
- Prague Psychiatric Center, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilja Zukov
- Psychiatric Clinic, First Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Stopkova
- Prague Psychiatric Center, Prague, Czech Republic,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Herbert M. Lachman
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y., USA,*Dr. H. Lachman, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461 (USA), Tel. +1 718 430 2428, Fax +1 718 430 8772, E-Mail
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Hanington PC, Tam J, Katzenback BA, Hitchen SJ, Barreda DR, Belosevic M. Development of macrophages of cyprinid fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:411-429. [PMID: 19063916 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune responses of early vertebrates, such as bony fishes, play a central role in host defence against infectious diseases and one of the most important effector cells of innate immunity are macrophages. In order for macrophages to be effective in host defence they must be present at all times in the tissues of their host and importantly, the host must be capable of rapidly increasing macrophage numbers during times of need. Hematopoiesis is a process of formation and development of mature blood cells, including macrophages. Hematopoiesis is controlled by soluble factors known as cytokines, that influence changes in transcription factors within the target cells, resulting in cell fate changes and the final development of specific effector cells. The processes involved in macrophage development have been largely derived from mammalian model organisms. However, recent advancements have been made in the understanding of macrophage development in bony fish, a group of organisms that rely heavily on their innate immune defences. Our understanding of the growth factors involved in teleost macrophage development, as well as the receptors and regulatory mechanisms in place to control them has increased substantially. Furthermore, model organisms such as the zebrafish have emerged as important instruments in furthering our understanding of the transcriptional control of cell development in fish as well as in mammals. This review highlights the recent advancements in our understanding of teleost macrophage development. We focused on the growth factors identified to be important in the regulation of macrophage development from a progenitor cell into a functional macrophage and discuss the important transcription factors that have been identified to function in teleost hematopoiesis. We also describe the findings of in vivo studies that have reinforced observations made in vitro and have greatly improved the relevance and importance of using teleost fish as model organisms for studying developmental processes.
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16
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Skokowa J, Lan D, Thakur BK, Wang F, Gupta K, Cario G, Brechlin AM, Schambach A, Hinrichsen L, Meyer G, Gaestel M, Stanulla M, Tong Q, Welte K. NAMPT is essential for the G-CSF-induced myeloid differentiation via a NAD(+)-sirtuin-1-dependent pathway. Nat Med 2009; 15:151-8. [PMID: 19182797 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We identified nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), also known as pre-B cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF), as an essential enzyme mediating granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-triggered granulopoiesis in healthy individuals and in individuals with severe congenital neutropenia. Intracellular NAMPT and NAD(+) amounts in myeloid cells, as well as plasma NAMPT and NAD(+) levels, were increased by G-CSF treatment of both healthy volunteers and individuals with congenital neutropenia. NAMPT administered both extracellularly and intracellularly induced granulocytic differentiation of CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells and of the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. Treatment of healthy individuals with high doses of vitamin B3 (nicotinamide), a substrate of NAMPT, induced neutrophilic granulocyte differentiation. The molecular events triggered by NAMPT include NAD(+)-dependent sirtuin-1 activation, subsequent induction of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta, and, ultimately, upregulation of G-CSF synthesis and G-CSF receptor expression. G-CSF, in turn, further increases NAMPT levels. These results reveal a decisive role of the NAD(+) metabolic pathway in G-CSF-triggered myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Skokowa
- Department of Molecular Hematopoiesis, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Engel ME, Hiebert SW. Proleukemic RUNX1 and CBFbeta mutations in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 145:127-47. [PMID: 20306249 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69259-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The existence of non-random mutations in critical regulators of cell growth and differentiation is a recurring theme in cancer pathogenesis and provides the basis for our modern, molecular approach to the study and treatment of malignant diseases. Nowhere is this more true than in the study of leukemogenesis, where research has converged upon a critical group of genes involved in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell self-renewal and fate specification. Prominent among these is the heterodimeric transcriptional regulator, RUNX1/CBFbeta. RUNX1 is a site-specific DNA-binding protein whose consensus response element is found in the promoters of many hematopoietically relevant genes. CBFbeta interacts with RUNX1, stabilizing its interaction with DNA to promote the actions of RUNX1/CBFbeta in transcriptional control. Both the RUNX1 and the CBFbeta genes participate in proleukemic chromosomal alterations. Together they contribute to approximately one-third of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and one-quarter of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases, making RUNX1 and CBFbeta the most frequently affected genes known in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia. Investigating the mechanisms by which RUNX1, CBFbeta, and their proleukemic fusion proteins influence leukemogenesis has contributed greatly to our understanding of both normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Here we present an overview of the structural features of RUNX1/CBFbeta and their derivatives, their roles in transcriptional control, and their contributions to normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Engel
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN, USA.
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18
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Park MH, Park SY, Kim Y. Induction of proline-rich tyrosine kinase2 (Pyk2) through C/EBPbeta is involved in PMA-induced monocyte differentiation. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:415-22. [PMID: 18198130 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase2 (Pyk2) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase related to focal adhesion kinase. Pyk2 expression has been known to be restricted to neuronal and hematopoietic cells and Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation and its kinase activity is important for the function of monocytes/macrophages. In NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells, the expression of Pyk2 was increased in parallel with differentiation, and inhibited by PD98059, indicating Pyk2 expression is regulated through MAPK/ERK pathway. Dominant-negative kinase-deficient mutant of Pyk2 reduced the differentiation of NB4 cells in response to phorbol 12-mystate 13-acetate. Transcription factor CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) beta was required to induce Pyk2 expression in promoter analysis. These results suggest that Pyk2 is induced and involved in monocyte differentiation and C/EBPbeta is a critical regulator of the Pyk2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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19
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms of VEGF gene and Psoriasis risk. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 49:263-5. [PMID: 18054203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Zineh I, Aquilante CL, Langaee TY, Beitelshees AL, Arant CB, Wessel TR, Schofield RS. CXCL5 gene polymorphisms are related to systemic concentrations and leukocyte production of epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA-78). Cytokine 2006; 33:258-63. [PMID: 16567110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Data exist linking elevated epithelial neutrophil activating peptide (ENA-78) concentrations with myriad inflammatory conditions. ENA-78 is encoded by the CXCL5 gene which has recently been shown to be polymorphic in nature (rs352046 and rs425535). No functional data on these polymorphisms exist. We investigated whether CXCL5 polymorphisms are associated with differences in plasma ENA-78 concentrations or leukocyte production of ENA-78 from cultured leukocytes in relatively healthy adults. We genotyped 114 adults for the above polymorphisms. Variant alleles at both loci were highly linked (D'=1, r2=0.94). The rs352046 variant allele was associated with significantly higher ENA-78 plasma concentrations. A genotype effect was also demonstrated for this polymorphism and leukocyte production of ENA-78. Both polymorphisms were predicted to have functional consequences by in silico analyses, with the rs352046 polymorphism found to occur at a transcription factor binding site for myeloid zinc finger proteins and the rs425535 polymorphism found to be located in an exon splicing enhancer site. Our findings add to the strength of CXCL5 as candidate gene in future disease-gene and pharmacogenetic association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Zineh
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 1600 SW Archer Road., Room PG-06, PO Box 100486, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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21
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Phillips RJ, Lutz M, Premack B. Differential signaling mechanisms regulate expression of CC chemokine receptor-2 during monocyte maturation. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2005; 2:14. [PMID: 16259633 PMCID: PMC1308851 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages are key regulatory components in many chronic inflammatory pathologies of the vasculature including the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the molecular and biochemical events underlying monocyte maturation are not fully understood. Methods We have used freshly isolated human monocytes and the model human monocyte cell line, THP-1, to investigate changes in the expression of a panel of monocyte and macrophage markers during monocyte differentiation. We have examined these changes by RT-PCR and FACS analysis. Furthermore, we cloned the CCR2 promoter and analyzed specific changes in transcriptional activation of CCR2 during monocyte maturation. Results The CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is rapidly downregulated as monocytes move down the macrophage differentiation pathway while other related chemokine receptors are not. Using a variety of biochemical and transcriptional analyses in the human THP-1 monocyte model system, we show that both monocytes and THP-1 cells express high levels of CCR2, whereas THP-1 derived macrophages fail to express detectable CCR2 mRNA or protein. We further demonstrate that multiple signaling pathways activated by IFN-γ and M-CSF, or by protein kinase C and cytoplasmic calcium can mediate the downregulation of CCR2 but not CCR1. Conclusion During monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation CCR2, but not CCR1, is downregulated and this regulation occurs at the level of transcription through upstream 5' regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick J Phillips
- Department of Physiology David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095 USA
- Department of Discovery Research, Intermune, 3280 Bayshore Blvd, Brisbane, California, 94005 USA
| | - Marin Lutz
- Department of Physiology David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095 USA
| | - Brett Premack
- Department of Physiology David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095 USA
- Department of Technology Development, ChemoCentryx Inc., 1539 Industrial Road, San Carlos, California USA
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22
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Redner RL, Liu JM. Leukemia fusion proteins and co-repressor complexes: changing paradigms. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:864-9. [PMID: 15669080 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many cases of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) are characterized by non-random chromosomal translocations that fuse a DNA-binding protein with a transcriptional regulator, which in turn may aberrantly recruit a co-repressor complex. The similarities in this pattern between different AML chimeric fusions have led to a paradigm that stresses the importance of the co-repressor complex in altering the pattern of expression of genes targeted by the DNA-binding moiety of the fusion. Such findings beg the question of whether the fusion proteins merely serve as anchors to recruit the co-repressor complex or whether they play other significant roles in leukemogenesis. The answers to this question may have therapeutic importance since we now have the ability to target various components of the co-repressor complex, such as the histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. In this Prospect, we wish to highlight some of the complexities and difficulties with the existing molecular paradigm of this challenging group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Redner
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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23
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Takahashi K, Matsumoto C, Ra C. FHL3 negatively regulates human high-affinity IgE receptor beta-chain gene expression by acting as a transcriptional co-repressor of MZF-1. Biochem J 2005; 386:191-200. [PMID: 15453830 PMCID: PMC1134781 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The high-affinity IgE receptor FcepsilonRI plays a key role in triggering allergic reactions. We recently reported that human FcepsilonRI beta-chain gene expression was down-regulated by a transcription factor, MZF-1, through an element in the fourth intron. In the present study, we found that this transcriptional repression by MZF-1 required FHL3 (four and a half LIM domain protein 3) as a cofactor. Yeast two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that FHL3 bound MZF-1 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of FHL3 in KU812 cells suppressed the beta-chain promoter activity through the element in the fourth intron in an MZF-1-dependent manner. Furthermore, results from pull-down assays and gel-filtration chromatography employing nuclear extracts indicated that MZF-1 and FHL3 formed a complex of high molecular mass with some additional proteins in the nucleus. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which was reported to decrease FcepsilonRI expression, induced the accumulation of FHL3 in the nucleus, in accordance with the repressive role of FHL3 in beta-chain gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/chemistry
- Chromatography, Gel
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Genes, Reporter
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interleukin-3/pharmacology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Introns/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
- LIM Domain Proteins
- Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, IgE/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
- Transformation, Genetic
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Zinc Fingers/genetics
- Zinc Fingers/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Takahashi
- *Department of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Toyko 173-8610, Japan
| | - Chiyuki Matsumoto
- *Department of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Toyko 173-8610, Japan
- †Department of Dermatology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8309, Japan
| | - Chisei Ra
- *Department of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Toyko 173-8610, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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24
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Inoue M, Takahashi K, Niide O, Shibata M, Fukuzawa M, Ra C. LDOC1, a novel MZF-1-interacting protein, induces apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:604-8. [PMID: 15670815 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LDOC1 was isolated as a gene encoding a leucine-zipper protein whose expression was decreased in pancreatic and gastric cancer cell lines in 1999. Here, we found that overexpression of LDOC1 caused externalization of the cell membrane phosphatidylserine, which was characteristic for early-phase apoptotic events, and reduced cell viability in some human cell lines. The apoptotic process was triggered by a loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to both caspase-3-dependent and -independent pathways. Furthermore, a transcription factor, MZF-1, was revealed to interact with LDOC1 and enhance the activity of LDOC1 for inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiya Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Toyko 173-8610, Japan
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25
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Pohar TT, Sun H, Davuluri RV. HemoPDB: Hematopoiesis Promoter Database, an information resource of transcriptional regulation in blood cell development. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:D86-90. [PMID: 14681365 PMCID: PMC308790 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis describes the process of the normal formation and development of blood cells, involving both proliferation and differentiation from stem cells. Abnormalities in this developmental program yield blood cell diseases, such as leukemia. Although, in recent years, extensive molecular research in normal hematopoietic development has characterized transcription factors and their binding sites in the target gene promoters, the information generated is highly fragmented. In order to integrate this important regulatory information with the corresponding genomic sequences, we have developed a new database called Hematopoiesis Promoter Database (HemoPDB). HemoPDB is a comprehensive resource focused on transcriptional regulation during hematopoietic development and associated aberrances that result in malignancy. HemoPDB (version 1.0) contains 246 promoter sequences and 604 experimentally known cis-regulatory elements of 187 different transcription factors, with links to published references. Orthologous promoters from different species are linked with each other and displayed in the same database record, accompanied by a visual image of the promoters and corresponding annotations of cis-regulatory elements. HemoPDB may be searched for the promoter of a specific gene, transcription factors and target genes, and genes that are expressed in a certain cell type or lineage, through a user-friendly web interface at http://bioinformatics.med.ohio-state.edu/HemoPDB. Links to the documentation and other technical details are provided on this website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twyla T Pohar
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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26
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Vogel CFA, Sciullo E, Park S, Liedtke C, Trautwein C, Matsumura F. Dioxin increases C/EBPbeta transcription by activating cAMP/protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:8886-94. [PMID: 14684744 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310190200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD = dioxin) has been shown to increase the expression of C/EBPbeta. The modulated expression of C/EBPbeta has been suggested to be associated with toxic responses of TCDD such as wasting syndrome, diabetes, and inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. This study focused on the regulatory mechanism of TCDD-mediated transcriptional activation of C/EBPbeta. Elevated C/EBPbeta mRNA and protein levels in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (C3H10T(1/2)) and in mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa1c1c7) were correlated with increased binding affinity of the C/EBPbeta protein. Transfection studies with different deletion constructs of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein promoter indicated that a small region located 60-120 bp upstream of the start site of transcription is required for activation of the C/EBPbeta gene by TCDD in both cell lines tested. Further analysis using mutation constructs of the C/EBPbeta promoter demonstrated that activation of the C/EBPbeta promoter is mediated through incomplete cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) sites located close to the TATA box of the C/EBPbeta gene. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 completely blocks the TCDD-dependent effect on C/EBPbeta promoter activity, indicating that TCDD activates CREB binding via a cAMP/PKA pathway, which is supported by the increased cAMP level and PKA activity observed after TCDD treatment. Gel shift analyses demonstrated that CREB itself binds to the putative CREB motif that mediates the TCDD-dependent effect on C/EBPbeta gene transcription. Cotransfection experiments with CREB and PKA expression plasmids further supported our conclusions that the TCDD-dependent effect on C/EBPbeta transcription is mediated via PKA-dependent CREB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph F A Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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27
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Takahashi K, Nishiyama C, Hasegawa M, Akizawa Y, Ra C. Regulation of the human high affinity IgE receptor beta-chain gene expression via an intronic element. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2478-84. [PMID: 12928396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.5.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The high affinity IgE receptor, FcepsilonRI, is a key regulatory molecule in the allergic reaction. By screening for cis-acting elements over the entire region of the human FcepsilonRI beta-chain gene, a sequence located in the fourth intron was revealed to serve as a repressor element. This element was recognized by a transcription factor, myeloid zinc finger protein 1 (MZF-1). Introduction of MZF-1 antisense inhibited the suppressive effect of the element on the beta-chain promoter and increased the mRNA for the beta-chain in KU812 cells, indicating that MZF-1 repressed human FcepsilonRI beta-chain gene expression via the element in the fourth intron. Furthermore, it was suggested that a cofactor binding with MZF-1, whose expression level was different among the cell types, was required for transcriptional repression by MZF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 30-1 Oyaguchi, Kami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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28
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Silva FPG, Morolli B, Storlazzi CT, Anelli L, Wessels H, Bezrookove V, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Giphart-Gassler M. Identification of RUNX1/AML1 as a classical tumor suppressor gene. Oncogene 2003; 22:538-47. [PMID: 12555067 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous results indicating the presence of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG), chromosome 21 was analysed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 18 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (17, AML-M0; one, AML-M1). Allelotyping at polymorphic loci was performed on purified material, allowing unequivocal detection of allelic loss and homozygous deletions. Six AML-M0 patients shared a common region of LOH harboring a single gene: RUNX1 (AML1), the most frequent site of translocations in acute leukemia and a well-known fusion oncogene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization allowed the identification of deletions with breakpoints within RUNX1 in two patients as the cause of LOH. In the four others the LOH pattern and the presence of two karyotypically normal chromosomes 21 were in line with mitotic recombination. Further molecular and cytogenetic analyses showed that this caused homozygosity of primary RUNX1 mutations: two point mutations, a partial deletion and, most significantly, a complete deletion of RUNX1. These findings identify RUNX1 as a classical TSG: both alleles are mutated or absent in cancer cells from four of the 17 AML-M0 patients examined. In contrast to AML-M0, the AML-M1 patient was trisomic for chromosome 21 and has two mutated and one normal RUNX1 allele, suggesting that the order of mutagenic events leading to leukemia may influence the predominant tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P G Silva
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9503, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Kerkhoff C, Hofmann HA, Vormoor J, Melkonyan H, Roth J, Sorg C, Klempt M. Binding of two nuclear complexes to a novel regulatory element within the human S100A9 promoter drives the S100A9 gene expression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41879-87. [PMID: 12167632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207990200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A9, also referred to as MRP14, is a calcium-binding protein whose expression is tightly regulated during differentiation of myeloid cells. The present study was performed to study the cell type- and differentiation-specific transcriptional regulation of the S100A9 gene. Analysis of the S100A9 promoter in MonoMac-6 cells revealed evidence for a novel regulatory region from position -400 to -374 bp, termed myeloid-related protein regulatory element (MRE). MRE deletion resulted in a 5.2-fold reduction of promoter activity. By electrophoretic mobility shift analysis two nuclear complexes binding to this region were identified and referred to as MRE-binding complex A (MbcA) and MRE-binding complex B (MbcB). By mutagenesis the MRE-binding motif could be narrowed to a 12-bp region. The relevance of MRE is deduced from the observations that the formation of either MRE-binding complex A or MRE-binding complex B strongly correlated with S100A9 gene expression in a cell type-specific, activation- and differentiation-dependent manner. Moreover, DNA affinity chromatography and Western blot studies indicate that a Kruppel-related zinc finger protein and the transcriptional intermediary factor 1beta (TIF1beta) are involved in an MRE-binding complex, thereby regulating the S100A9 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kerkhoff
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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30
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Yang Y, Pares-Matos EI, Tesmer VM, Dai C, Ashworth S, Huai J, Bina M. Organization of the promoter region of the human NF-IL6 gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1577:102-8. [PMID: 12151100 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In monocyte/macrophages, the human NF-IL6 gene was activated by LPS or PMA. However, a robust response required stimulation of cells with both LPS and PMA. To examine the molecular basis of this response, we isolated human genomic DNA and determined the nucleotide sequence of a segment (6.4 kb) that included the transcription initiation site of the gene. The unique sequences in the 6.4-kb DNA include several potential transcription factor-binding elements that may explain the molecular basis of the activation of the human NF-IL6 gene by signaling molecules that control the immune and inflammatory responses. Deletion analysis localized an LPS+PMA responsive region downstream position -287, with respect to the transcription initiation site of the NF-IL6 gene. The responsive region includes a potential site for interactions with CREB and a region (-287 to -247) that interacts with SP1 and SP3. In functional assays, the potential CREB site responded to cellular stimulation. The region that interacted with SP1 and SP3 augmented the overall level of activity produced in response to LPS+PMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 1393 Brown Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA
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31
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Slovak ML, Bedell V, Popplewell L, Arber DA, Schoch C, Slater R. 21q22 balanced chromosome aberrations in therapy-related hematopoietic disorders: report from an international workshop. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 33:379-94. [PMID: 11921272 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Workshop on the relationship between prior therapy and balanced chromosome aberrations in therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (t-MDS) and therapy-related acute leukemia (t-AL) identified 79 of 511 (15.5%) patients with balanced 21q22 translocations. Patients were treated for their primary disease, including solid tumors (56%), hematologic malignancy (43%), and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (single case), by radiation therapy (5 patients), chemotherapy (36 patients), or combined-modality therapy (38 patients). 21q translocations involved common partner chromosomes in 81% of cases: t(8;21) (n = 44; 56%), t(3;21) (n = 16; 20%), and t(16;21) (n = 4; 5%). Translocations involving 15 other partner chromosomes were also documented with involvement of AML1(CBFA2/RUNX1), identifying a total of 23 different 21q22/AML1 translocations. The data analysis was carried out on the basis of five subsets of 21q22 cases, that is, t(8;21) with and without additional aberrations, t(3;21), t(16;21), and other 21q22 translocations. Dysplastic features were present in all 21q22 cases. Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) at presentation was highest in t(8;21) (82%) and lowest in t(3;21) (37.5%) patients. Cumulative drug dose exposure scores for alkylating agents (AAs) and topoisomerase II inhibitors indicated that t(3;21) patients received the most intensive therapy among the five 21q22 subsets, and the median AA score for patients with secondary chromosome 7 aberrations was double the AA score for the entire 21q22 group. All five patients who received only radiation therapy had t(8;21) t-AML. The median latency and overall survival (OS) for 21q22 patients were 39 and 14 months (mo), compared to 26 and 8 mo for 11q23 patients, 22 and 28 mo for inv(16), 69 and 7 mo for Rare recurring aberrations, and 59 and 7 mo for Unique (nonrecurring) balanced aberration (latency P < or = 0.016 for all pairwise comparisons; OS, P < or = 0.018 for all pairwise comparisons). The percentages of 21q22 patients surviving 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years were 58%, 33%, and 18%, respectively. Noticeable differences were observed in median OS between 21q22 patients (n = 7) receiving transplant (BMT) (31 mo) compared to 21q22 patients who received intensive non-BMT therapy (n = 46) (17 mo); however, this was nonsignificant because of the small sample size (log-rank, P = 0.33). t-MDS/t-AML with balanced 21q22 aberrations was associated with prior exposure to radiation, epipodophyllotoxins, and anthracyclines, dysplastic morphologic features, multiple partner chromosomes, and longer latency periods when compared to 11q23 and inv(16) t-MDS/AML Workshop subgroups. In general, patients could be divided into two prognostic risk groups, those with t(8;21) (median OS, 19 mo) and those without t(8;21) (median OS, 7 mo) leukemia (log-rank, P = 0.0007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn L Slovak
- Department of Cytogenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Runx1/AML1, a chromosome 21q22 hematopoietic regulator, is frequently translocated in leukemia. Its protein product, a relatively weak transcriptional activator, becomes an effective transcriptional enhancer or repressor, when co-operating with transcriptional co-activators or co-repressors. Runx1/AML1 association with its partners is disrupted in leukemia. For example, Runx1/AML1 mutations and translocations (e.g. t(8;21), t(12;21) and t(3;21)) impair binding of Runx1/AML1-CBFbeta complexes to Runt motifs in myelopoietically active promoters, preventing normal hematopoiesis. However, Runx1/AML1-associated translocations are not leukemogenic in animal models, suggesting the involvement of yet unidentified regulatory proteins. New candidates are cholinesterases, inhibition of which increases leukemic risk in a manner potentially associated with Runx1/AML1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chava Perry
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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33
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Abstract
The GATA, Friend of GATA, and Runt homology domain protein families function during hematopoiesis to promote progenitor cell development and regulate lineage commitment and differentiation. The hematopoietic functions of these factors have been remarkably conserved across taxonomic groups, ranging from flies to humans. Furthermore, aspects of hematopoiesis and hemocyte function appear to be conserved. Thus, comparative studies using Drosophila and vertebrate models should enhance our understanding of blood cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fossett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Genes & Development, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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34
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Barreda DR, Belosevic M. Transcriptional regulation of hemopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:763-789. [PMID: 11602195 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of blood cell formation, or hemopoiesis, is central to the replenishment of mature effector cells of innate and acquired immune responses. These cells fulfil specific roles in the host defense against invading pathogens, and in the maintenance of homeostasis. The development of hemopoietic cells is under stringent control from extracellular and intracellular stimuli that result in the activation of specific downstream signaling cascades. Ultimately, all signal transduction pathways converge at the level of gene expression where positive and negative modulators of transcription interact to delineate the pattern of gene expression and the overall cellular hemopoietic response. Transcription factors, therefore, represent a nodal point of hemopoietic control through the integration of the various signaling pathways and subsequent modulation of the transcriptional machinery. Transcription factors can act both positively and negatively to regulate the expression of a wide range of hemopoiesis-relevant genes including growth factors and their receptors, other transcription factors, as well as various molecules important for the function of developing cells. The expression of these genes is dependent on the complex interactions between transcription factors, co-regulatory molecules, and specific binding sequences on the DNA. Recent advances in various vertebrate and invertebrate systems emphasize the importance of transcription factors for hemopoiesis control and the evolutionary conservation of several of such mechanisms. In this review we outline some of the key issues frequently identified in studies of the transcriptional regulation of hemopoietic gene expression. In teleosts, we expect that the characterization of several of these transcription factors and their regulatory mechanisms will complement recent advances in a number of fish systems where identification of cytokine and other hemopoiesis-relevant factors are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
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35
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Cherry AM, Bangs CD, Jones P, Hall S, Natkunam Y. A unique AML1 (CBF2A) rearrangement, t(1;21)(p32;q22), observed in a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 129:155-60. [PMID: 11566347 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The AML1 (CBFA2) gene is the most frequent target of chromosomal rearrangements observed in human acute leukemia. These rearrangements include the commonly reported t(8;21)(q22;q22) or AML1/ETO fusion in AML-M2, the t(3;21)(q26;q22) or AML1 fusion with one of three genes, MDS1, EAP or EVI1, in therapy-related AML and MDS, as well as in blast crisis in CML and the t(12;21)(p13;q22) or TEL/AML1 fusion in B-cell ALL. In addition to the t(3;21), other AML1 translocations have also been reported in therapy-related MDS and AML, particularly after treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors. AML1 gene rearrangements have also been observed less frequently with numerous other chromosomal partners. Here, we describe a patient with AML-M4 and a previously unreported rearrangement involving the AML1 locus and an unknown locus on the short arm of chromosome 1 at 1p32.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Bone Marrow Examination
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cherry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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36
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Lian Z, Wang L, Yamaga S, Bonds W, Beazer-Barclay Y, Kluger Y, Gerstein M, Newburger PE, Berliner N, Weissman SM. Genomic and proteomic analysis of the myeloid differentiation program. Blood 2001; 98:513-24. [PMID: 11468144 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.3.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mature neutrophil is one of the better characterized mammalian cell types, the mechanisms of myeloid differentiation are incompletely understood at the molecular level. A mouse promyelocytic cell line (MPRO), derived from murine bone marrow cells and arrested developmentally by a dominant-negative retinoic acid receptor, morphologically differentiates to mature neutrophils in the presence of 10 microM retinoic acid. An extensive catalog was prepared of the gene expression changes that occur during morphologic maturation. To do this, 3'-end differential display, oligonucleotide chip array hybridization, and 2-dimensional protein electrophoresis were used. A large number of genes whose mRNA levels are modulated during differentiation of MPRO cells were identified. The results suggest the involvement of several transcription regulatory factors not previously implicated in this process, but they also emphasize the importance of events other than the production of new transcription factors. Furthermore, gene expression patterns were compared at the level of mRNA and protein, and the correlation between 2 parameters was studied. (Blood. 2001;98:513-524)
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lian
- Department of Genetics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave., New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA
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37
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Abstract
As a consequence of its characterization using both in vitro and knockout mouse models, the myeloid-specific transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)epsilon, has been identified as a critical regulator of terminal granulopoiesis and one of the causative mutations in the human disease, neutrophil-specific granule deficiency. C/EBPs are a family of transcription factors sharing numerous structural and functional features and to date include C/EBPalpha, -beta, -gamma, -delta, -epsilon, and -zeta. C/EBPalpha was the first family member isolated and characterized, its essential role in hepatocyte and adipocyte differentiation demonstrated in knockout mouse models. Subsequent analysis of the hematopoietic elements in fetal mouse liver revealed its critical role in myelopoiesis. Understanding the role of C/EBPepsilon in terminal granulopoiesis in the context of other known transcription factors is ongoing with analysis of deficient and conditionally expressing cell lines and knockout models. Mouse models with targeted gene disruptions have contributed greatly to our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of granulopoiesis. Further manipulation of these models and other conditional expression systems have bypassed some of the limitations of knockout models and helped delineate the interactions of different transcription factors in affecting granulocyte development. Phenotypic expression of the loss of C/EBPepsilon in mice is extreme, resembling absolute neutropenia with systemic infection with P. aeruginosa. Future work will need to explore the regulation of C/EBPepsilon expression, its functional interactions with other transcriptional regulators such as PU.1, and its role in monocyte differentiation and function in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lekstrom-Himes
- The Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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38
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Hess J, Porte D, Munz C, Angel P. AP-1 and Cbfa/runt physically interact and regulate parathyroid hormone-dependent MMP13 expression in osteoblasts through a new osteoblast-specific element 2/AP-1 composite element. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20029-38. [PMID: 11274169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of MMP13 (collagenase-3), a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, is increased in vivo as well as in cultured osteosarcoma cell lines by parathyroid hormone (PTH), a major regulator of calcium homeostasis. Binding sites for AP-1 and Cbfa/Runt transcription factors in close proximity have been identified as cis-acting elements in the murine and rat mmp13 promoter required for PTH-induced expression. The cooperative function of these factors in response to PTH in osteoblastic cells suggests a direct interaction between AP-1 and Cbfa/Runt transcription factors. Here, we demonstrate interaction between c-Jun and c-Fos with Cbfa/Runt proteins. This interaction depends on the leucine zipper of c-Jun or c-Fos and the Runt domain of Cbfa/Runt proteins, respectively. Moreover, c-Fos interacts with the C-terminal part of Cbfa1 and Cbfa2, sharing a conserved transcriptional repression domain. In addition to the distal osteoblast-specific element 2 (OSE2) element in the murine and rat mmp13 promoter, we identified a new proximal OSE2 site overlapping with the TRE motif. Both interaction of Cbfa/Runt proteins with AP-1 and the presence of a functional proximal OSE2 site are required for enhanced transcriptional activity of the mmp13 promoter in transient transfected fibroblasts and in PTH-treated osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hess
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (B0800), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Fujita Y, Nishimura M, Taniwaki M, Abe T, Okuda T. Identification of an alternatively spliced form of the mouse AML1/RUNX1 gene transcript AML1c and its expression in early hematopoietic development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:1248-55. [PMID: 11243869 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1: or runt-related transcription factor, RUNX1) encodes the DNA binding subunit of the heterodimering transcription factor complex PEBP2 (CBF), which plays an essential role for definitive hematopoiesis. Transcription of AML1 is controlled by two distinct promoter regions, which results in the generation of the respective AML1b and AML1c isoforms. Here we report the isolation of the mouse homologue of human AML1c, whose unique N-terminus is 100% identical at the amino acid level to its human counterpart and 63 and 37% identical to the respective family members AML2 and AML3. Semiquantitative RT-PCR assay on mouse embryonic stem cell clones during in vitro differentiation and Northern blot analysis of a mouse embryo revealed that AML1b is expressed in undifferentiated ES cells and upregulated in the early developmental stage, in contrast to the gradual upregulation and steady maintenance of AML1c expression during embryogenesis. In addition, maintenance of AML1c expression depended on the presence of active AML1 allele(s) while that of AML1b did not. Thus, these two AML1 isoforms driven by their respective promoters are differentially expressed and are likely to have distinct functions in early hematopoietic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fujita
- Department of Hygiene, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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40
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Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, Montecino M, van Wijnen AJ, Javed A, Gutierrez S. Contributions of nuclear architecture and chromatin to vitamin D-dependent transcriptional control of the rat osteocalcin gene. Steroids 2001; 66:159-70. [PMID: 11179723 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D response element in the bone tissue-specific osteocalcin gene has served as a prototype for understanding molecular mechanisms regulating physiologic responsiveness of vitamin D-dependent genes in bone cells. We briefly review factors which contribute to vitamin D transcriptional control. The organization of the vitamin D response element (VDRE), the multiple activities of the vitamin D receptor transactivation complex, and the necessity for protein-protein interactions between the VDR-RXR heterodimer activation complex and DNA binding proteins at other regulatory elements, including AP-1 sites and TATA boxes, provide for precise regulation of gene activity in concert with basal levels of transcription. We present evidence for molecular mechanisms regulating vitamin D-dependent mediated transcription of the osteocalcin gene that involve chromatin structure of the gene and nuclear architecture. Modifications in nucleosomal organization, DNase I hypersensitivity and localization of vitamin D receptor interacting proteins in subnuclear domains are regulatory components of vitamin D-dependent gene transcription. A model is proposed to account for the inability of vitamin D induction of the osteocalcin gene in the absence of ongoing basal transcription by competition of the YY1 nuclear matrix-associated transcription factor for TFIIB-VDR interactions. Activation of the VDR-RXR complex at the OC VDRE occurs through modifications in chromatin mediated in part by interaction of OC gene regulatory sequences with the nuclear matrix-associated Cbfa1 (Runx2) transcription factor which is required for osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lian
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655-1016, USA.
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41
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Nagamura-Inoue T, Tamura T, Ozato K. Transcription factors that regulate growth and differentiation of myeloid cells. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 20:83-105. [PMID: 11342299 DOI: 10.3109/08830180109056724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently much progress has been made in our understanding of how myeloid progenitor cells undergo commitment and become mature granulocytes or monocytes/macrophages. Studies of normal and leukemic myeloid cells as well as those of cells derived from mice with targeted disruption showed that a series of transcription factors play a major role in both commitment and maturation of myeloid cells. This is primarily because these transcription factors direct an ordered pattern of gene expression according to a well-defined developmental program. PU.1, an Ets family member, is one of the master transcription factors identified to regulate development of both granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Further, C/EBPalpha and C/EBPvarepsilon of the bZip family have important roles in directing granulocytic maturation. A number of additional transcription factors such as AML1, RARalpha, MZF-1, Hox and STAT families of transcription factors, Egr-1 and c-myb etc are shown to play roles in myeloid cell differentiation. Our laboratory has recently obtained evidence that ICSBP, a member of the IRF family, is involved in lineage commitment during myeloid cell differentiation and stimulates maturation of functional macrophages. Future elucidation of pathways and networks through which these transcription factors act in various stages of development would provide a more definitive picture of myeloid cell commitment and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagamura-Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA
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42
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Yoshizato K, Shirotani T, Furukawa N, Taguchi T, Motoshima H, Toyonaga T, Hirashima Y, Kawashima J, Ebina Y, Shichiri M, Araki E. Identification of a cis-acting element and a novel trans-acting factor of the human insulin receptor gene in HepG2 and rat liver cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 280:428-34. [PMID: 11162534 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a major target organ of insulin and is important for glucose homeostasis. We analyzed the tissue specific regulation of the insulin receptor gene in the liver by studying the cis-acting element and trans-acting factor of the human insulin receptor gene in human hepatoma cell line, HepG2 cells. In the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) assay with chimeric plasmids containing various deletions and insertions of the human insulin receptor promoter/CAT gene, a HepG2 cell specific cis-acting element was identified between nt -592 to -577 of the promoter. In electrophoretic mobility shift assay and UV cross-link analysis, a 35-kDa nuclear protein that bound to 5'-TCCCTCCC-3' (nt -588 to -581) sequence was identified in HepG2 cells as well as in rat hepatocytes. This nuclear protein, designated as hepatocyte-specific transcription factor of the insulin receptor gene (HTFIR), might play an important role in tissue-specific expression of the insulin receptor gene in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshizato
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
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43
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During ontogeny primitive (CD34+CD38−) hematopoietic cells show altered expression of a subset of genes associated with early cytokine and differentiation responses of their adult counterparts. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.13.4160.h8004160_4160_4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison of gene expression profiles in closely related subpopulations of primitive hematopoietic cells offers a powerful first step to elucidating the molecular basis of their different biologic properties. Here we present the results of a comparative quantitative analysis of transcript levels for various growth factor receptors, ligands, and transcription factor genes in CD34+CD38− and CD34+CD38+ cells purified from first trimester human fetal liver, cord blood, and adult bone marrow (BM). In addition, adult BM CD34+CD38− cells were examined after short-term exposure to various growth factors in vitro. Transcripts for 19 of the 24 genes analyzed were detected in unmanipulated adult BM CD34+CD38− cells. Moreover, the levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), gp130, c-fos, and c-jun transcripts in these cells were consistently and significantly different (higher) than in all other populations analyzed, including phenotypically similar but biologically different cells from fetal or neonatal sources, as well as adult BM CD34+ cells still in G0 after 2 days of growth factor stimulation. We have thus identified a subset of early response genes whose expression in primitive human hematopoietic cells is differently regulated during ontogeny and in a fashion that is recapitulated in growth factor-stimulated adult BM CD34+CD38− cells, before their cell cycle progression and independent of their subsequent differentiation response. These findings suggest a progressive alteration in the physiology of primitive hematopoietic cells during development such that these cells initially display a partially “activated” state, which is not maximally repressed until after birth.
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44
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During ontogeny primitive (CD34+CD38−) hematopoietic cells show altered expression of a subset of genes associated with early cytokine and differentiation responses of their adult counterparts. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.13.4160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Comparison of gene expression profiles in closely related subpopulations of primitive hematopoietic cells offers a powerful first step to elucidating the molecular basis of their different biologic properties. Here we present the results of a comparative quantitative analysis of transcript levels for various growth factor receptors, ligands, and transcription factor genes in CD34+CD38− and CD34+CD38+ cells purified from first trimester human fetal liver, cord blood, and adult bone marrow (BM). In addition, adult BM CD34+CD38− cells were examined after short-term exposure to various growth factors in vitro. Transcripts for 19 of the 24 genes analyzed were detected in unmanipulated adult BM CD34+CD38− cells. Moreover, the levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), gp130, c-fos, and c-jun transcripts in these cells were consistently and significantly different (higher) than in all other populations analyzed, including phenotypically similar but biologically different cells from fetal or neonatal sources, as well as adult BM CD34+ cells still in G0 after 2 days of growth factor stimulation. We have thus identified a subset of early response genes whose expression in primitive human hematopoietic cells is differently regulated during ontogeny and in a fashion that is recapitulated in growth factor-stimulated adult BM CD34+CD38− cells, before their cell cycle progression and independent of their subsequent differentiation response. These findings suggest a progressive alteration in the physiology of primitive hematopoietic cells during development such that these cells initially display a partially “activated” state, which is not maximally repressed until after birth.
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45
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Mahlknecht U, Hoelzer D. Histone Acetylation Modifiers in the Pathogenesis of Malignant Disease. Mol Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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46
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Watson CJ, Webb NJ, Bottomley MJ, Brenchley PE. Identification of polymorphisms within the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene: correlation with variation in VEGF protein production. Cytokine 2000; 12:1232-5. [PMID: 10930302 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2000.0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression has been implicated as a major contributor to the development of a number of common disease pathologies. The aim of this study was to establish the extent of genetic variability within the VEGF gene and to determine whether this genetic variation influenced levels of VEGF protein expression. The promoter region and exon 1 of the VEGF gene were screened for polymorphisms using single-stranded conformation (SSCP) polymorphism analysis and direct PCR-sequencing. We identified 15 novel sequence polymorphisms most of which were rare. Eleven of these polymorphisms were single base substitutions, three were single base insertions and one was a two base deletion. Thirteen of the polymorphisms were located within the promoter and two in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the gene. We established PCR-RFLP typing systems for ten of the polymorphisms. For the two common polymorphisms at -460 and +405, we developed a combined sequence specific priming (SSP) PCR typing system to determine the cis/trans orientation of each allele and hence, ascertain haplotypes. A significant correlation was observed between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) VEGF protein production and genotype for the +405 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Watson
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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47
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Abstract
A key event in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression is the posttranslational modification of nucleosomal histones, which converts regions of chromosomes into transcriptionally active or inactive chromatin. The most well studied posttranslational modification of histones is the acetylation of epsilon-amino groups on conserved lysine residues in the histones' amino-terminal tail domains. Significant advances have been made in the past few years toward the identification of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. Currently, there are over a dozen cloned histone acetyltransferases and at least eight cloned human histone deacetylases. Interestingly, many histone deacetylases can function as transcriptional corepressors and, often, they are present in multi-subunit complexes. More intriguing, at least some histone deacetylases are associated with chromatin-remodeling machines. In addition, several studies have pointed to the possible involvement of histone deacetylases in human cancer. The availability of the cloned histone deacetylase genes has provided swift progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of deacetylases, their role in transcription, and their possible role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Cress
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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48
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Calvo KR, Sykes DB, Pasillas M, Kamps MP. Hoxa9 immortalizes a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent promyelocyte capable of biphenotypic differentiation to neutrophils or macrophages, independent of enforced meis expression. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:3274-85. [PMID: 10757811 PMCID: PMC85621 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.9.3274-3285.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes encoding Hoxa9 and Meis1 are transcriptionally coactivated in a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. In marrow reconstitution experiments, coexpression of both genes produces rapid AML, while neither gene alone generates overt leukemia. Although Hoxa9 and Meis1 can bind DNA as heterodimers, both can also heterodimerize with Pbx proteins. Thus, while their coactivation may result from the necessity to bind promoters as heterodimers, it may also result from the necessity of altering independent biochemical pathways that cooperate to generate AML, either as monomers or as heterodimers with Pbx proteins. Here we demonstrate that constitutive expression of Hoxa9 in primary murine marrow immortalizes a late myelomonocytic progenitor, preventing it from executing terminal differentiation to granulocytes or monocytes in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3. This immortalized phenotype is achieved in the absence of endogenous or exogenous Meis gene expression. The Hoxa9-immortalized progenitor exhibited a promyelocytic transcriptional profile, expressing PU.1, AML1, c-Myb, C/EBP alpha, and C/EBP epsilon as well as their target genes, the receptors for GM-CSF, G-CSF, and M-CSF and the primary granule proteins myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase. G-CSF obviated the differentiation block of Hoxa9, inducing neutrophilic differentiation with accompanying expression of neutrophil gelatinase B and upregulation of gp91phox. M-CSF also obviated the differentiation block, inducing monocytic differentiation with accompanying expression of the macrophage acetyl-low-density lipoprotein scavenger receptor and F4/80 antigen. Versions of Hoxa9 lacking the ANWL Pbx interaction motif (PIM) also immortalized a promyelocytic progenitor with intrinsic biphenotypic differentiation potential. Therefore, Hoxa9 evokes a cytokine-selective block in differentiation by a mechanism that does not require Meis gene expression or interaction with Pbx through the PIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Calvo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612, USA.
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49
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Lutterbach B, Hiebert SW. Role of the transcription factor AML-1 in acute leukemia and hematopoietic differentiation. Gene 2000; 245:223-35. [PMID: 10717473 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations affecting the AML-1 gene are among the most frequent aberrations found in acute leukemia. Because the AML-1 transcription factor is a critical regulator of hematopoeitic cell development, normal homeostasis is disrupted in cells containing these translocations. In this review we describe the mechanisms of transcriptional activation and repression by AML-1 and how this transcriptional control is disrupted by the chromosomal translocations that affect AML-1. Finally, we discuss how the mechanism of transcriptional repression by these chromosomal translocation fusion proteins is a possible target of therapeutic intervention in acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lutterbach
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 21st and Garland, Nashville, TN, USA
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50
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Tsutsumi-Ishii Y, Hasebe T, Nagaoka I. Role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein site in transcription of human neutrophil peptide-1 and -3 defensin genes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:3264-73. [PMID: 10706719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.6.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The human neutrophil defensins (human neutrophil peptides (HNPs)), major components of azurophilic granules, contribute to innate and acquired host immunities through their potent antimicrobial activities and ability to activate T cells. Despite being encoded by nearly identical genes, HNP-1 is more abundant in the granules than HNP-3. We investigated the regulation of HNP-1 and HNP-3 expression at the transcriptional level using a promyelocytic HL-60 cell line. Luciferase analysis showed that transcriptional levels of HNP-1 and HNP-3 promoters were equivalent and that an approximately 200-bp region identical between promoters was sufficient for transcriptional activity. Furthermore, overlapping CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and c-Myb sites in the region were found to be required for efficient transcription. Gel mobility shift assay demonstrated that C/EBPalpha predominantly bound to the C/EBP/c-Myb sites using HL-60 nuclear extracts. No specific binding to C/EBP/c-Myb sites was observed in nuclear extracts from mature neutrophils, which expressed neither C/EBPalpha protein nor HNP mRNAs. Taken together, these findings suggest that the difference in the amounts of HNP-1 and HNP-3 peptides in neutrophils is caused by posttranscriptional regulation and that C/EBPalpha plays an important role in the transcription of HNP genes in immature myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsutsumi-Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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