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Gautam N, McMillan JM, Kumar D, Bade AN, Pan Q, Kulkarni TA, Li W, Sillman B, Smith NA, Shetty BLD, Szlachetka A, Edagwa BJ, Gendelman HE, Alnouti Y. Lipophilic nanocrystal prodrug-release defines the extended pharmacokinetic profiles of a year-long cabotegravir. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3453. [PMID: 34103484 PMCID: PMC8187380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A once every eight-week cabotegravir (CAB) long-acting parenteral is more effective than daily oral emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in preventing human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) transmission. Extending CAB dosing to a yearly injectable advances efforts for the elimination of viral transmission. Here we report rigor, reproducibility and mechanistic insights for a year-long CAB injectable. Pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of this nanoformulated CAB prodrug (NM2CAB) are affirmed at three independent research laboratories. PK profiles in mice and rats show plasma CAB levels at or above the protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration for a year after a single dose. Sustained native and prodrug concentrations are at the muscle injection site and in lymphoid tissues. The results parallel NM2CAB uptake and retention in human macrophages. NM2CAB nanocrystals are stable in blood and tissue homogenates. The long apparent drug half-life follows pH-dependent prodrug hydrolysis upon slow prodrug nanocrystal dissolution and absorption. In contrast, solubilized prodrug is hydrolyzed in hours in plasma and tissues from multiple mammalian species. No toxicities are observed in animals. These results affirm the pharmacological properties and extended apparent half-life for a nanoformulated CAB prodrug. The report serves to support the mechanistic design for drug formulation safety, rigor and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - JoEllyn M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Qiaoyu Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tanmay A Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wenkuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brady Sillman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nathan A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhagya L Dyavar Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adam Szlachetka
- Nebraska Nanomedicine Production Plant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Benson J Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Rogachev AD, Putilova VP, Zaykovskaya AV, Yarovaya OI, Sokolova AS, Fomenko VV, Pyankov OV, Maksyutov RA, Pokrovsky AG, Salakhutdinov NF. Biostability study, quantitation method and preliminary pharmacokinetics of a new antifilovirus agent based on borneol and 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propanoic acid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 199:114062. [PMID: 33862506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The stability of the new antifiloviral agent AS-358, which is a derivative of borneol and 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propanoic acid, was studied in the blood and blood plasma of rats in vitro. It was found that both in the blood and in the plasma stabilized by EDTA or heparin, the compound is rapidly hydrolyzed at the ester bond. When sodium fluoride was added to the whole blood, the decomposition of the compound was significantly slowed down, which made it possible to develop and validate a method for the quantitative determination of the agent in this matrix. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, calibration dependence, LLOQ, accuracy and precision, stability in an autosampler, recovery, and carry-over. A 8:2 v/v mixture of methanol containing 2-adamantylamine hydrochloride (internal standard, IS) with 0.2 M aqueous zinc sulfate was used for blood sample treatment and protein precipitation. Analysis was performed by HPLC-MS/MS using reversed phase chromatography. MS/MS detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer 6500 QTRAP (SCIEX) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The transitions 294.5→158.2/98.1 and 152.2→107.2/93.1 were monitored for AS-358 and the IS, respectively. The calibration curve was built in the concentration range of 1-500 ng/mL, the intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision, carry-over and recovery were within the acceptable limits. The developed method was used for a preliminary study of the pharmacokinetics of the agent AS-358 after its oral administration to rats. It was shown that when the substance was administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg, its concentration in the blood of animals reached 550 ng/mL after 1 h, despite its instability in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem D Rogachev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, acad. Lavrentiev ave., 9, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Valentina P Putilova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, acad. Lavrentiev ave., 9, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anna V Zaykovskaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, 630559, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - Olga I Yarovaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, acad. Lavrentiev ave., 9, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anastasiya S Sokolova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, acad. Lavrentiev ave., 9, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vladislav V Fomenko
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, acad. Lavrentiev ave., 9, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Oleg V Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, 630559, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - Rinat A Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, 630559, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - Andrey G Pokrovsky
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, acad. Lavrentiev ave., 9, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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3
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Nuñez C, Horenstein NA. Functional Analysis of a Gene Cluster from Chitinophaga pinensis Involved in Biosynthesis of the Pyrrolidine Azasugar DAB-1. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:3401-3409. [PMID: 31793783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azasugars, "nitrogen in the ring" analogues of monosaccharides, are known to be distributed in select plant, fungal. and bacterial species. We identify Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588 as the first bacterial source of the plant pyrrolidine azasugar 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-aminoarabinitol (DAB-1). Comparative sequence analyses identified C. pinensis as a putative azasugar producer, via observation of a three-gene cluster coding for putative aminotransferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and sugar phosphatase enzymes, similar to the previously reported azasugar biosynthetic signature identified in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42. Multistep fractionation of C. pinensis culture media guided by a maltase inhibition assay yielded a component with a mass consistent with the structure of DAB-1. Heterologous expression of the three-gene cluster in E. coli, a non-azasugar producer, led to the isolation of nectrisine, a biosynthetic precursor to DAB-1, which displayed potent slow tight binding inhibition of maltase. Reduction of nectrisine with NaBH4 removed the slow tight binding inhibition kinetics, and MS analysis provided evidence for the production of a compound matching that of the isolated DAB-1 from C. pinensis. 1H NMR analysis of the nectrisine produced in E. coli after NaBD4 reduction produced a spectrum consistent with DAB-1 deuterated at C-1, primarily at the pro-S position. These results support the idea that the azasugar three-gene cluster represents a general biosynthetic path leading to several different compounds, which may prove useful for the identification of other azasugar-producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claribel Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , United States
| | - Nicole A Horenstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , United States
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4
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Thotakura N, Kaushik L, Kumar V, Preet S, Babu PV. Advanced Approaches of Bioactive Peptide Molecules and Protein Drug Delivery Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5147-5163. [PMID: 30727874 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206211458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that protein and peptide therapeutics are widely employed in the treatment of various diseases, their delivery is posing an unembellished challenge to the scientists. It was discovered that delivery of these therapeutic systems through oral route is easy with high patient compliance. However, proteolytic degradation and absorption through the mucosal epithelium are the barriers in this route. These issues can be minimized by the use of enzyme inhibitors, absorption enhancers, different carrier systems or either by direct modification. In the process of investigation, it was found that transdermal route is not posing any challenges of enzymatic degradation, but, still absorption is the limitation as the outer layer of skin acts as a barrier. To suppress the effect of the barrier and increase the rate of the absorption, various advanced technologies were developed, namely, microneedle technology, iontophoresis, electroporation, sonophoresis and biochemical enhancement. Indeed, even these molecules are targeted to the cells with the use of cell-penetrating peptides. In this review, delivery of the peptide and protein therapeutics using oral, transdermal and other routes is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarani Thotakura
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lokesh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Simran Preet
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block-2, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, India
| | - Penke Vijaya Babu
- Department of chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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5
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Ma J, Wu S, Zhang X, Guo F, Yang K, Guo J, Su Q, Lu H, Lam P, Li Y, Yan Z, Kinney W, Guo JT, Block TM, Chang J, Du Y. Ester Prodrugs of IHVR-19029 with Enhanced Oral Exposure and Prevention of Gastrointestinal Glucosidase Interaction. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:157-162. [PMID: 28197304 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IHVR-19029 (6) is a lead endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidases I and II inhibitor, which efficiently protected mice from lethal Ebola and Marburg virus infections via injection route, but suffered from low bioavailability and off-target interactions with gut glucosidases when administered orally. In an effort to improve efficacious exposure levels and avoid side effects, we designed and synthesized ester prodrugs. Not only were the prodrugs stable in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and were inactive against glucosidases but they also exhibited antiviral activities against dengue virus infection in a cell based assay. Further in vitro evaluation showed that the bioconversion of the prodrugs is species dependent: in mice, the prodrugs were converted to 6 in the plasma and liver; while in human, the conversion occurred mainly in liver. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study in mice demonstrated that the tetrabutyrate prodrug 8 achieved the most improved overall exposure of 6 upon both oral and intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ma
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Shuo Wu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Xuexiang Zhang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Fang Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Katherine Yang
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jia Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Qing Su
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Huagang Lu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Patrick Lam
- Lam Drug Discovery Consulting LLC, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyin Yan
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William Kinney
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Timothy M. Block
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton
Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
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6
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A novel prodrug strategy to improve the oral absorption of O-desmethylvenlafaxine. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1611-1617. [PMID: 27588083 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
O-Desmethylvenlafaxine (desvenlafaxine, ODV) is the active metabolite of venlafaxine, with similar activity and less risk for pharmacokinetic drug interactions compared to its parent compound venlafaxine. The purpose of this study was to design a series of esters of ODV and assess their potential as ODV prodrugs with improved bioavailability and brain uptake. Seven esters were synthesized and pharmacokinetic screening was performed in rats. The monoester formed on the phenolic hydroxyl of ODV (ODVP-1, ODVP-2, ODVP-3 and ODVP-5) could be degraded to ODV in rat plasma. These four compounds confirmed as possible prodrugs were then studied to evaluated the relative bioavailability of ODV they produced in beagle dogs. ODVP-1, ODVP-2 and ODVP-3 demonstrated higher relative bioavailability of ODV. Finally, ODVP-1, ODVP-2 and ODVP-3 were studied to evaluate their brain uptake in rats. The concentration of ODV in the rat plasma, brain and hypothalamus after administration of ODVP-1, ODVP-2 or ODVP-3 was higher compared with that of ODV. The higher bioavailability, improved pharmacokineics properties and more rapid penetration and translation of ODV suggest that ODVP-1, ODVP-2 or ODVP-3 may warrant further development and application as ODV prodrugs.
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7
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Bruno BJ, Miller GD, Lim CS. Basics and recent advances in peptide and protein drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:1443-67. [PMID: 24228993 PMCID: PMC3956587 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the peptide and protein therapeutic market has developed significantly in the past decades, delivery has limited their use. Although oral delivery is preferred, most are currently delivered intravenously or subcutaneously due to degradation and limited absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, absorption enhancers, enzyme inhibitors, carrier systems and stability enhancers are being studied to facilitate oral peptide delivery. Additionally, transdermal peptide delivery avoids the issues of the gastrointestinal tract, but also faces absorption limitations. Due to proteases, opsonization and agglutination, free peptides are not systemically stable without modifications. This review discusses oral and transdermal peptide drug delivery, focusing on barriers and solutions to absorption and stability issues. Methods to increase systemic stability and site-specific delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Bruno
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah. 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT
84112, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah. 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT
84112, USA
| | - Carol S Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah. 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT
84112, USA
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8
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Chang J, Block TM, Guo JT. Antiviral therapies targeting host ER alpha-glucosidases: current status and future directions. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:251-60. [PMID: 23816430 PMCID: PMC7114303 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ER α-glucosidases are essential host factors for the morphogenesis of many enveloped viruses. Imino sugars are competitive inhibitors of the ER α-glucosidases I and II. Broad-spectrum antiviral efficacies of imino sugars have been demonstrated in vitro, and in vivo. Strategies for development of potent and specific ER α-glucosidase inhibitors have been proposed. Targeting glucosidase is promising for viral hemorrhagic fever and respiratory infections.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident α-glucosidases I and II sequentially trim the three terminal glucose moieties on N-linked glycans attached to nascent glycoproteins. These reactions are the first steps of N-linked glycan processing and are essential for proper folding and function of many glycoproteins. Because most viral envelope glycoproteins contain N-linked glycans, inhibition of ER α-glucosidases with derivatives of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) or castanospermine (CAST), two well-studied pharmacophores of α-glucosidase inhibitors, efficiently disrupts the morphogenesis of a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses. Moreover, both DNJ and CAST derivatives have been demonstrated to prevent the death of mice infected with several distinct flaviviruses and filoviruses and suppress the multiplication of several other species of viruses in infected animals. N-Butyl derivative of DNJ (NB-DNJ) and 6 O-bytanoyl prodrug of CAST (Bu-CAST) have been evaluated in human clinical trials for their antiviral activities against human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, and there is an ongoing trial of treating dengue patients with Bu-CAST. This article summarizes the current status of ER α-glucosidase-targeted antiviral therapy and proposes strategies for development of more efficacious and specific ER α-glucosidase inhibitors as broad-spectrum, drug resistance-refractory antiviral therapeutics. These host function-targeted, broad-spectrum antiviral agents do not rely on time-consuming etiologic diagnosis, and should therefore be particularly promising in the management of viral hemorrhagic fever and respiratory tract viral infections, medical conditions that can be caused by many different enveloped RNA viruses, with a short window for medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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9
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Liposome-mediated delivery of iminosugars enhances efficacy against dengue virus in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:6379-86. [PMID: 23070155 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01554-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge faced by promising antiviral drugs, such as iminosugars, is in vivo delivery to achieve effective levels of drug without toxicity. Four iminosugars, all deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) derivatives-N-butyl DNJ (NB-DNJ), N-nonyl DNJ, N-(9-methoxynonyl) DNJ, and N-(6'-[4″-azido-2″-nitrophenylamino]hexyl)-1-DNJ (NAP-DNJ)-potently inhibited both the percentage of cells infected with dengue virus and release of infectious virus from primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, demonstrating their efficacy in primary cells. In a lethal antibody-dependent enhancement mouse model of dengue pathogenesis, free NB-DNJ significantly enhanced survival and lowered viral load in organs and serum. Liposome-mediated delivery of NB-DNJ, in comparison with free NB-DNJ, resulted in a 3-log(10) reduction in the dose of drug sufficient to enhance animal survival. The optimizing of the effective dose in this way could liberate the therapeutic potential of many cytotoxic antivirals against both dengue virus and a wide array of other viruses.
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10
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Distribution of esterase activity in porcine ear skin, and the effects of freezing and heat separation. Int J Pharm 2012; 433:10-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, He J, Abliz Z, Zhu H. In vitro stability and metabolism of O2', O3', O5'-tri-acetyl-N6-(3-hydroxylaniline) adenosine in rat, dog and human plasma: chemical hydrolysis and role of plasma esterases. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:549-60. [PMID: 21486191 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.573016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
O2', O3', O5'-tri-acetyl-N(6)-(3-hydroxylaniline)adenosine (WS070117), a new structure-type lipid regulator, is being developed in pre-clinical study. In order to monitor drug kinetics it is essential to understand pre-analytical factors that may affect drug assay. In vitro stability and metabolism were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method in this study. The hydrolysis products were identified by HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS method. The esterases involved in WS070117 hydrolysis was assigned via inhibition rate assay. It was found that WS070117 was chemically unstable in alkaline solutions compared to acidic and near neutral solutions. Enzymatic hydrolysis was even more rapid. Hydrolytic rate constants differ between species, being 4.24, 5.96 × 10(-3) and 6.85 × 10(-2) min(-1) in rat, dog and human plasma at 37°C, respectively. The hydrolysis was catalyzed by plasma esterase because NaF (sodium fluoride: a general esterase inhibitor) inhibited WS070117 hydrolysis and metabolite production. Hydrolysis was fast in rat plasma and was catalysed by carboxylesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. In dog plasma, carboxylesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and paraoxonase were mainly responsible. Butyrylcholinesterase was the major esterase involved in WS070117 hydrolysis in human plasma. The WS070117 hydrolysis in plasma proceeded by gradual loss of acetyl groups. The knowledge of in vitro drug stability and metabolic pathways identified in this study will be essential for future pre-clinical and clinical pharmacokinetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine affiliated to Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Horne G, Wilson FX. Therapeutic Applications of Iminosugars: Current Perspectives and Future Opportunities. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 50:135-76. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381290-2.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Kuribayashi S, Ueda N, Naito S, Yamazaki H, Kamataki T. Species differences in hydrolase activities toward OT-7100 responsible for different bioavailability in rats, dogs, monkeys and humans. Xenobiotica 2008; 36:301-14. [PMID: 16684710 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600571798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OT-7100 (5-n-butyl-7-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoylamino)pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine) is an amide moiety-bearing pyrazolopyrimidine derivative with a potential analgesic effect. To determine the factors responsible for observed species differences in the bioavailability of this drug, human and experimental animal samples were used to investigate in vitro microsomal and cytosolic hydrolase activities in the liver and small intestine vis-à-vis the pharmacokinetics of OT-7100. The AUC(0-t) values of OT-7100 after oral administration in rats, dogs and monkeys were 0.163, 0.0383 and 0.00147 microg h ml(-1) divided by mg kg(-1), respectively. The bioavailabilities of OT-7100 after oral administration in rats, dogs and monkeys were 36, 17 and 0.3%, respectively. The plasma concentration-time profiles of intravenously administrated OT-7100 in rats, dogs and monkeys were similar. The hydrolase activities toward OT-7100 in liver microsomes or cytosol were approximately similar in rats, dogs, monkeys and humans. In contrast, hydrolase activities of small intestinal microsomes from monkeys were higher (36.1 ng mg protein(-1) min(-1)) than those of rats, dogs and humans (5.4, 1.4 and 4.3 ng mg protein(-1) min(-1), respectively). These results suggest that the primary factor influencing first-pass metabolism for the OT-7100 is enzymatic hydrolysis in the small intestine. This information provides an important index for extrapolating the pharmacokinetics of drugs in humans using studies on monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuribayashi
- Division of Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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14
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Knipe JO, Mosure KW. Nonclinical pharmacokinetics of BMS‐292655, a water‐soluble prodrug of the antifungal ravuconazole. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2008; 29:270-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cao F, Guo JX, Ping QN, Liao ZG. Prodrugs of scutellarin: ethyl, benzyl and N,N-diethylglycolamide ester synthesis, physicochemical properties, intestinal metabolism and oral bioavailability in the rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 29:385-93. [PMID: 16997537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to enhance the oral bioavailability of scutellarin, ethyl, benzyl and N,N-diethylglycolamide ester of scutellarin were synthesized. The hydrolysis of the prodrugs follows first-order kinetics in aqueous solution, and produced a V-shaped pH profile. The N,N-diethylglycolamide ester is highly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis in human plasma (t(1/2) approximately 7 min) with a high stability in aqueous solution (t(1/2) approximately 16 day, pH 4.2). Compared with the solubility of scutellarin, the solubility of glycolamide ester was about ten times in pH 4.0 buffer, and about thirty five times in water. Its apparent partition coefficient increased significantly from -2.56 to 1.48. Glycolamide ester of scutellarin was chosen to investigate the intestinal metabolism and in vivo bioavailability. Degradation studies in the intestinal tract content and homogenates indicated intestinal metabolism before absorption was a crucial obstacle for the prodrug. N,N-Diethylglycolamide ester can be protected from the degradation in the intestinal lumen by an emulsion. A significant increase in the plasma AUC and C(max) of the prodrug emulsion was observed in rats, compared with that of the scutellarin-cyclodextrin complex (P<0.01). The emulsion of N,N-diethylglycolamide ester produces a 1.58-fold enhancement in apparent bioavailability and 1.4-fold increase in the absolute bioavailability compared to the scutallarin-cyclodextrin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Nakamura M, Kawakita Y, Yasuhara A, Fukasawa Y, Yoshida K, Sakagami K, Nakazato A. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF THE METABOLISM AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF ESTER PRODRUGS OF MGS0039 (3-(3,4-DICHLOROBENZYLOXY)-2-AMINO-6-FLUOROBICYCLO[3.1.0]HEXANE-2,6-DICARBOXYLIC ACID), A POTENT METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 34:369-74. [PMID: 16326817 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.006213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MGS0039 (3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) has been identified as a potent and selective antagonist for metabotropic glutamate receptors. However, the oral bioavailability of MGS0039 is 10.9% in rats, due to low absorption. Several prodrugs, synthesized to improve absorption, exhibited 40 to 70% bioavailability in rats. This study investigated in vitro metabolism using liver S9 fractions from both cynomolgus monkeys and humans and oral bioavailability in cynomolgus monkeys to select the prodrug most likely to exhibit optimal pharmacokinetic profiles in humans. In monkeys, transformation to active substance was observed (5.9-72.8%) in liver S9 fractions, and n-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-methylbutyl, and 4-methylpentyl ester prodrugs exhibited high transformation ratios (>64%). Cmax levels and F values after oral dosing increased to 4.1- to 6.3-fold and 2.4- to 6.3-fold, respectively, and a close relationship between transformation ratios and Cmax and F values was observed, indicating that the hydrolysis rate in liver S9 fractions is the key factor in determining oral bioavailability in monkeys. In humans, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 5-methylbutyl, and 6-methylpentyl ester prodrugs exhibited high transformation ratios (>65%) in liver S9 fractions. With these prodrugs, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and 5-methylpentyl ester, almost complete recovery (96-99%) was obtained. Given the transformation ratio, we anticipated that the n-heptyl alkyl ester prodrug would exhibit the highest oral bioavailability of active substances in humans, if the hydrolysis rate in liver S9 fractions is indeed the key factor in determining oral bioavailability in humans. On this basis, MGS0210 (3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid n-heptyl ester) seems to be a promising candidate among MGS0039 prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakamura
- Medical Development Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 403 Yoshino-Cho 1-Chome, Kita-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 331-9530, Japan.
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Wheelock CE, Wheelock AM, Zhang R, Stok JE, Morisseau C, Le Valley SE, Green CE, Hammock BD. Evaluation of alpha-cyanoesters as fluorescent substrates for examining interindividual variation in general and pyrethroid-selective esterases in human liver microsomes. Anal Biochem 2003; 315:208-22. [PMID: 12689831 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases hydrolyze many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals and have broad substrate selectivity, requiring a suite of substrates to measure hydrolytic profiles. To develop new esterase substrates, a series of alpha-cyanoesters that yield fluorescent products upon hydrolysis was evaluated for use in carboxylesterase assays. The use of these substrates as surrogates for Type II pyrethroid hydrolysis was tested. The results suggest that these novel analogs are appropriate for the development of high-throughput assays for pyrethroid hydrolase activity. A set of human liver microsomes was then used to determine the ability of these substrates to report esterase activity across a small population. Results were compared against standard esterase substrates. A number of the esterase substrates showed correlations, demonstrating the broad substrate selectivity of these enzymes. However, for several of the substrates, no correlations in hydrolysis rates were observed, suggesting that multiple carboxylesterase isozymes are responsible for the array of substrate hydrolytic activity. These new substrates were then compared against alpha-naphthyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate for their ability to detect hydrolytic activity in both one- and two-dimensional native electrophoresis gels. Cyano-2-naphthylmethyl butanoate was found to visualize more activity than either commercial substrate. These applications demonstrate the utility of these new substrates as both general and pyrethroid-selective reporters of esterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Wheelock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kozak KR, Crews BC, Ray JL, Tai HH, Morrow JD, Marnett LJ. Metabolism of prostaglandin glycerol esters and prostaglandin ethanolamides in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:36993-8. [PMID: 11447235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105854200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs) and prostaglandin ethanolamides (PG-EAs) are generated by the action of cyclooxygenase-2 on the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonylethanolamide, respectively. These novel eicosanoids may have unique pharmacological properties and/or serve as latent sources of prostaglandins at sites remote from their tissue of origin. Therefore, we investigated the metabolism of PG-Gs and PG-EAs in vitro and in vivo. PGE(2)-G was rapidly hydrolyzed in rat plasma to generate PGE(2) (t(1/2) = 14 s) but was only slowly metabolized in human plasma (t(1/2) > 10 min). An intermediate extent of metabolism of PGE(2)-G was observed in human whole blood (t(1/2) approximately 7 min). The parent arachidonylglycerol, 2-AG, and the more stable regioisomer, 1-AG, also were much more rapidly metabolized in rat plasma compared with human plasma. PGE(2)-EA was not significantly hydrolyzed in plasma, undergoing slow dehydration/isomerization to PGB(2)-EA. Both PGE(2)-G and PGE(2)-EA were stable in canine, bovine, and human cerebrospinal fluid. Human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for the initial step in PG inactivation in vivo, oxidized both PGE(2)-G and PGE(2)-EA less efficiently than the free acid. The sterically hindered glyceryl prostaglandin was the poorest substrate examined in the E series. Minimal 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase oxidation of PGF(2 alpha)-G was observed. PGE(2)-G and PGE(2)-EA pharmacokinetics were assessed in rats. PGE(2)-G was not detected in plasma 5 min following an intravenous dose of 2 mg/kg. However, PGE(2)-EA was detectable up to 2 h following an identical dose, displaying a large apparent volume of distribution and a half-life of over 6 min. The results suggest that endocannabinoid-derived PG-like compounds may be sufficiently stable in humans to exert actions systemically. Furthermore, these results suggest that the rat is not an adequate model for investigating the biological activities of 2-arachidonylglycerol or glyceryl prostaglandins in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Kozak
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Abstract
Dideoxynucleosides currently in use for anti-HIV therapy have been found to be inefficient in passing through the blood-brain barrier to enter and maintain therapeutic drug levels in brain, a very significant reservoir of HIV. The low bioavailability of these drugs combined with the bone marrow toxicity of AZT (3'-azido, 3'-deoxythymidine, Zidovudine), resulting in anemia and leukopenia, pancreatitis with ddI (2',3'-dideoxyinosine, Didanosine) and painful peripheral neuropathy in case of ddC (2',3-dideoxycytosine, Zalcitabine) are the limiting factors in their use. In addition, the emergence of strains of HIV resistant to AZT, the most commonly used drug, further restricts its use. Thus the control of AIDS and its complications, needs special therapeutic approaches to combat the disease. In order to overcome these limitations, AZT and ddI have been synthesized as ester-linked ceramide- and phosphatidylcholine-linked prodrugs possessing therapeutic attributes lacking in the parent compounds. There is greater uptake and longer retention of these prodrugs in NIH/3T3 cells in vitro. Pretreatment with our prodrugs blocked infection of these cells by Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) for an extended period, which the parent drugs failed to do. When human CD4+ HeLa cells were continuously exposed to the AZT prodrug, subsequent infection of these cells by HIV was blocked. Similar results were obtained with NIH/3T3 cells exposed to M-MuLV. AE(6)C, a prodrug of AZT linked to ceramide via a cleavable ester bond and a six carbon linker, was less toxic to both mouse and human bone marrow progenitor cells than free AZT. Most significantly, the prodrugs concentration was greater and the retention longer, in well known sanctuaries for HIV, such as the brain, testes and thymus.
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Pauletti GM. Peptidomimetics designed for oral absorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Sawai Y, Yamaoka K, Takemura A, Nakagawa T. Moment analysis of intestinal first-pass metabolism by portal-systemic concentration difference in single conscious rat using 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and 5-fluorouracil as model drug system. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:1269-72. [PMID: 9383738 DOI: 10.1021/js970103o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal first-pass metabolism was evaluated in a single conscious rat based on a difference in concentrations of parent drug and its metabolite between the portal and systemic bloods (P-S difference method). 5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were selected as model drug (prodrug of 5-FU) and metabolite pair. The portal vein and the femoral artery of the rat were cannulated so blood samples could be obtained simultaneously from the two sites. 5'-DFUR (100 mg/kg) was administered intraarterially or orally. Concentrations of 5'-DFUR and 5-FU in the portal and arterial samples were assayed by HPLC. The concentration-time profiles of 5'-DFUR and 5-FU were analyzed by local moment analysis. The extent of systemic bioavailability (F) of 5'-DFUR was estimated to be 75.8%. After oral administration, the local absorption ratio (Fa) and the mean local absorption time (ta) of 5'-DFUR were estimated to be 65.8 +/- 7.3% of dose and 74.0 +/- 21.7 min, respectively. The Fa value was close to F, which suggests that the metabolic conversion from 5'-DFUR to 5-FU is not extensive in the liver. The mean absorption time (MAT), calculated to be 76.3 min, almost coincided with ta, which suggests that the mean hepatic transit time is negligible in this experimental scale. The local absorption ratio of metabolite (Fam) was 6.8 +/- 1.7% of orally administered 5'-DFUR, which means that approximately 7% of 5'-DFUR arrived as 5-FU at the portal system. The mean local absorption time (tam) of 5-FU was estimated to be 75.5 min, which is close to that (74.0 min) of 5'-DFUR. Local moment analysis based on P-S difference enabled simultaneous estimation of the local absorption kinetics of a parent compound and the intestinal generation of metabolites by separating the intestinal first-pass metabolism of a drug from the subsequent disposition through the liver and in the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sawai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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Pauletti GM, Gangwar S, Okumu FW, Siahaan TJ, Stella VJ, Borchardt RT. Esterase-sensitive cyclic prodrugs of peptides: evaluation of an acyloxyalkoxy promoiety in a model hexapeptide. Pharm Res 1996; 13:1615-23. [PMID: 8956324 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016472119387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a cyclic acyloxyalkoxycarbamate prodrug of a model hexapeptide (H-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-OH) as a novel approach to enhance the membrane permeation of the peptide and stabilize it to metabolism. METHODS Conversion to the linear hexapeptide was studied at 37 degrees C in aqueous buffered solutions and in various biological milieus having measurable esterase activities. Transport and metabolism characteristics were assessed using the Caco-2 cell culture model. RESULTS In buffered solutions the cyclic prodrug degraded chemically to the linear hexapeptide in stoichiometric amounts. Maximum stability was observed between pH 3-4. In 90% human plasma (t1/2 = 100 +/- 4 min) and in homogenates of the rat intestinal mucosa (t1/2 = 136 +/- 4 min) and rat liver (t1/2 = 65 +/- 3 min), the cyclic prodrug disappeared faster than in buffered solution, pH 7.4 (t1/2 = 206 +/- 11 min). Pretreatment of these media with paraoxon significantly decreased the degradation rate of the prodrug. When applied to the apical side of Caco-2 cell monolayers, the cyclic prodrug (t1/2 = 282 +/- 25 min) was significantly more stable than the hexapeptide (t1/2 = 14 min) and at least 76-fold more able to permeate (Papp = 1.30 +/- 0.15 x 10(-7) cm/s) than the parent peptide (Papp < or = 0.17 x 10(-8) cm/s). CONCLUSIONS Preparation of a cyclic peptide using an acyloxyalkoxy promoiety reduced the lability of the peptide to peptidase metabolism and substantially increased its permeation through biological membranes. In various biological media the parent peptide was released from the prodrug by an apparent esterase-catalyzed reaction, sensitive to paraoxon inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Pauletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
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