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Ahmed SA, Helmy WA, Ibrahim OA. Evaluation of lupine seeds (Lupinus albus L.) neutral extract as a texture improver in low-fat yogurt production. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130303. [PMID: 38382785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous lupine seeds (Lupinus albus L.) extracts were evaluated as a natural fat substitute in low-fat yogurt production. Thus, the chemical composition, particle size, molecular weight, total phenolic (TPC), and total flavonoids (TFC) of the selected extract were estimated. Also, the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant capacity of selected extract were investigated. Yogurt with neutral lupine extract (NeLP) had the highest all sensorial attributes compared to other extracts. Also, the incorporation of NeLP during low-fat yogurt processing increased the solid content, and viscosity, as well as improved the textural profile and sensorial attributes without any negative effect on the yogurt's color. SEM micrographs of NeLP-yogurt microstructure showed a matrix characterized by large fused casein micelles clusters with comparatively lower porosity compared to control yogurt (without NeLP). The chemical composition of NeLP indicated that the major sugar constituents are glucose and galactose with different molar fractions. The molecular weight of NeLP is 460.5 kDa with a particle size of 1519.9 nm. Also, IC50 of NeLP is 0.589 mg/ml, while TPC and TFC are 7.17, and 0.0137 g/100 g sample, respectively. Hence, lupine neutral extract (0.25%) could be used as a fat replacer or texture improver ingredient in such low-fat yogurt which led to improved its characteristics without any negative defect during 7 days at 5 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia A Ahmed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa A Helmy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama A Ibrahim
- Dairy Science Department, Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Ragab TI, Badawi KR, Naeem MA, Helmy WA, Gamal Shalaby AS. Enhancement of the quality attributes and health benefits synbiotic yoghurt from cow's milk. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17330. [PMID: 37416641 PMCID: PMC10320025 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work delighted on extraction of galactomannan polysaccharide from guar gum beans and microbial galactomannan source. Effect of replacing non-fat dry milk that used to fortify cow's milk in yoghurt industry with the two extracted galactomannans and commercial galactomannan as food additives was studied. Control yoghurt treatment was made from 3.0% fat cow's milk that was fortified with 1.5% non-fat dry milk. Another 6 yoghurt treatmentwas fortified with 0.15, 0.25% of commercial, guar and microbial galactomannan respectively. All treatments were cultured with the probiotic starter (1.0% Streptococcus thermophilus + 1.0% Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus + 1.0% Bifidobacteriumbifidum). The obtained results indicated that yoghurt supplementation with the three types of galactomannans increased the acidity, curd tension, total solids content, decreased pH values and syneresis of yoghurt treatments. Control yoghurt and commercial galactomannan yoghurt were not significantly different from the corresponding batches those made with either guar galactomannan and microbial galactomannan in fat, protein and ash content. Yoghurt treatments which supplemented with the three types of galactomannans have higher bifidobacteria counts and organoleptic scores than the control treatment yoghurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer I.M. Ragab
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Ahmed Naeem
- Consultant Nutrition and Food Science of Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A. Helmy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Al Shimaa Gamal Shalaby
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Pelloso MF, Vidigal Filho PS, Scapim CA, Tiene Ortiz AH, Numoto AY, Miranda Freitas IR. Agronomic performance and quality of baby corn in response to the inoculation of seeds with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization in the summer harvest. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14618. [PMID: 37035362 PMCID: PMC10073748 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The association with Azospirillum brasilense promotes better growth and development in corn plants due to biological N fixation, the capacity to help in the synthesis of phytohormones and to improve the use of nutrients by crop plants. However, there aren't specific recommendations for the use of inoculation in baby corn crop. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of seed inoculation with A. brasilense, associated with nitrogen fertilization management, on the agronomic performance and chemical quality of baby corn grown in three summer growing seasons (2014/2015; 2015/2016 and 2016/2017). The evaluated treatments consisted of combination of five levels of seed inoculation (0.0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mL 60,000 seeds-1) based on Azospirillum brasilense, two levels of nitrogen fertilization at sowing time (0.0 and 30.0 kg of N ha-1) and two levels of nitrogen in topdressing (0.0 and 110.0 kg of N ha-1), applied at the V4 stage of the popcorn hybrid IAC 125. The characteristics evaluated were: leaf area index (LAI), leaf nitrogen content (LNC), total husked spikelets yield (HSY) and commercial spikelets yield (CSY), and the chemical characteristics of the commercial spikelets: crude protein content (CPC), starch content (STC) and total sugar content (TSC). The inoculation, when combined with nitrogen fertilization, provided positive responses for LAI and provided an average increment of 6 kg ha-1 to CSY for every 10 mL 60,000 seeds-1 of inoculant added to the seeds. The LNC, CPC, STC and TSC weren't affected by seed inoculation. Nitrogen fertilization provided increments for all characteristics evaluated, except for TSC, which was negatively affected by nitrogen topdressing. The baby corn crop responded positively to seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, combined with Nitrogen fertilization.
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Overexpressing CrePAPS Polyadenylate Activity Enhances Protein Translation and Accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050276. [PMID: 35621927 PMCID: PMC9147819 DOI: 10.3390/md20050276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a potential platform for recombinant protein expression in the future due to various advantages. Dozens of C. reinhardtii strains producing genetically engineered recombinant therapeutic protein have been reported. However, owing to extremely low protein expression efficiency, none have been applied for industrial purposes. Improving protein expression efficiency at the molecular level is, therefore, a priority. The 3′-end poly(A) tail of mRNAs is strongly correlated with mRNA transcription and protein translation efficiency. In this study, we identified a canonical C. reinhardtii poly(A) polymerase (CrePAPS), verified its polyadenylate activity, generated a series of overexpressing transformants, and performed proteomic analysis. Proteomic results demonstrated that overexpressing CrePAPS promoted ribosomal assembly and enhanced protein accumulation. The accelerated translation was further verified by increased crude and dissolved protein content detected by Kjeldahl and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay approaches. The findings provide a novel direction in which to exploit photosynthetic green algae as a recombinant protein expression platform.
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Samarathunga J, Wijesekara I, Jayasinghe M. Seaweed proteins as a novel protein alternative: Types, extractions, and functional food applications. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2023564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayani Samarathunga
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Isuru Wijesekara
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Madhura Jayasinghe
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Pereira RC, Nocchi N, Konno TUP, Soares AR. Diverse traits of aquatic plants cannot individually explain their consumption by the generalist gastropod Biomphalairia glabrata. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12031. [PMID: 34616600 PMCID: PMC8459730 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several experimental studies on aquatic plants have reported the prevalence of chemical defense mechanism against herbivory, as opposed to structural, life-forms or other traits. Here, our laboratory feeding experiments and integrative analysis explored the relationship among palatability (fresh or reconstituted plants used as artificial diet) and various chemical/nutritional traits (i.e., contents of dry mass, ash, nitrogen, protein, and phenols) of diverse aquatic plants and their susceptibility to consumption by the generalist gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. Biomphalaria glabrata consumed all of the assayed aquatic plants in a hierarchical yet generalized way, with the consumption of fresh plants, their reconstituted forms and defensive properties of lipophilic extracts not being significantly correlated with plant physical or chemical traits to determine the feeding preference of the gastropod. Our results do not reveal a prevalence for a specific plant attribute contributing to herbivory. Instead, they indicate that the susceptibility of aquatic plants to generalist consumers is probably related to a combination of their chemical and physical properties, resulting in moderate grazing rates by generalist consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Crespo Pereira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália Nocchi
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana U P Konno
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM)/Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angelica R Soares
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM)/Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Landínez-Torres AY, Pérez Fagua C, Sanabria López AC, Deaquiz Oyola YA, Girometta CE. Pruning Wastes From Fruit Trees as a Substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus. ACTA MYCOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5586/am.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Plant material obtained by pruning and production of deciduous fruit trees was evaluated as substrates for the production of the oyster mushroom,
Pleurotus ostreatus
. Lignified branches and stems from peach, apple, and pear trees were processed using a ripping machine to reduce the size of chips and to optimize disinfection.
A completely randomized experimental design was proposed with six treatments (novel substrates) and one absolute control (100% hay substrate). Morphological variables such as thickness and diameter of the pileus, stipe length were assessed, as well as production variables (sprouting, fresh weight, and biological efficiency) and bromatological analysis (ash, ethereal extract, crude fiber, and crude protein).
Apart from the 100%-hay substrate, biological efficiency ranged between 27% (100% apple tree as the substrate) and 140% (50% hay + 50% peach tree as the substrate). According to morphological analysis, the highest diameters were recorded from mixed substrates (50% hay + 50% wood), and a highly significant positive correlation was found between diameter and stipe length. Morphological parameters were not significantly correlated with biological efficiency. Analysis of biological efficiency confirmed that mixed substrates clustered together with 100%-wood substrates.
Bromatological analysis showed that the mixed substrate (50% hay + 50% pear tree) had the highest protein content among the novel tested substrates. Bromatological parameters were not significantly correlated with biological efficiency.
In conclusion, pruning residues from fruit trees can be valuable by using them as substrates for the cultivation of
P. ostreatus
. Production is quantitatively competitive with that using hay, on the condition that wood is mixed with hay.
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Uwimbabazi M, Raubenheimer D, Tweheyo M, Basuta GI, Conklin-Brittain NL, Wrangham RW, Rothman JM. Nutritional geometry of female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23269. [PMID: 34002861 PMCID: PMC8225573 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primate foraging is influenced by the spatial and temporal distribution of foods, which may facilitate or constrain optimal nutrient intakes. Chimpanzees are frugivorous primates that mainly subsist on ripe fruit that is typically low in available protein (AP) and high in easily digestible carbohydrates. Because chimpanzees prefer ripe fruit and often eat it in large quantities compared with other foods, we hypothesized that protein intake would be tightly regulated while non-protein energy (NPE) would vary with fruit intake. To test this hypothesis, we conducted all-day follows on female chimpanzees, recorded all types of food consumed (i.e., drupes, figs, and non-fruit foods), estimated the nutritional contributions of these foods to daily NPE and AP intake and investigated how the ratio of NPE to AP varied due to changes in the types of foods consumed. Although the proportions of drupes, figs, and non-fruit foods varied in their diets, female chimpanzees maintained a relatively stable intake of AP while intake of NPE varied depending on the daily diet, demonstrating that like other frugivorous primates studied to date, chimpanzees prioritize protein. The mean daily ratio of NPE to AP was 7:1, which is similar to that of other frugivorous primates studied. Our results support the hypothesis that frugivorous animals may generally prioritize AP, while maximizing NPE intake within that constraint, and could shed light on aspects of human dietary evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreen Uwimbabazi
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University
- National Forestry Resources Research Institute, Mukono, Uganda
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mnason Tweheyo
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University
| | - Gilbert I. Basuta
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University
| | | | | | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York
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Zinner D, Klapproth M, Schell A, Ohrndorf L, Chala D, Ganzhorn J, Fischer J. Comparative ecology of Guinea baboons ( Papio papio). Primate Biol 2021; 8:19-35. [PMID: 34109265 PMCID: PMC8182668 DOI: 10.5194/pb-8-19-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thorough knowledge of the ecology of a species or population is an essential prerequisite for understanding the impact of ecology on the evolution of their respective social systems. Because of their diversity of social organizations, baboons (Papio spp.) are a useful model for comparative studies. Comparative ecological information was missing for Guinea baboons (Papio papio), however. Here we provide data on the ecology of Guinea baboons in a comparative analysis on two geographical scales. First, we compare climate variables and land cover among areas of occurrence of all six baboon species. Second, we describe home range size, habitat use, ranging behaviour, and diet from a local population of Guinea baboons ranging near the Centre de Recherche de Primatologie (CRP) Simenti in the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal. Home ranges and daily travel distances at Simenti varied seasonally, yet the seasonal patterns in their daily travel distance did not follow a simple dry vs. rainy season pattern. Chemical food composition falls within the range of other baboon species. Compared to other baboon species, areas occupied by Guinea baboons experience the highest variation in precipitation and the highest seasonality in precipitation. Although the Guinea baboons' multi-level social organization is superficially similar to that of hamadryas baboons (P. hamadryas), the ecologies of the two species differ markedly. Most Guinea baboon populations, including the one at Simenti, live in more productive habitats than hamadryas baboons. This difference in the ecology of the two species contradicts a simple evolutionary relation between ecology and social system and suggests that other factors have played an additional role here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, Germany Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Primate Cognition, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
| | - Matthias Klapproth
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, Germany Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schell
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, Germany Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Ohrndorf
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, Germany Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Desalegn Chala
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern,
0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jörg U. Ganzhorn
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, Germany Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Primate Cognition, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
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Ohtsu A, Takatsuki S. Diets and habitat selection of takhi and red deer in Hustai National Park, Mongolia. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Ohtsu
- A. Ohtsu, Daiwa Enterprises, Naka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiki Takatsuki
- S. Takatsuki, (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-6420) , Life Museum of Azabu Univ., Azabu Univ., Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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An Alternative Approach to Evaluate the Quality of Protein-Based Raw Materials for Dry Pet Food. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020458. [PMID: 33572462 PMCID: PMC7916219 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein sources used for the production of dry pet food are mainly made of fresh meats (FMs) and especially meat meals (MMs). The transport and storage conditions of these raw materials, together with thermal and mechanical treatments in the case of MMs, may result in undesirable alterations of food products and their protein content. The aim of this study was to analyze the protein component of the raw materials used for dry pet food production, also testing the use of an alternative method to traditional ones, i.e., the Bradford assay. The results showed that the MMs are lower in quality compared to FMs, both in terms of protein bioavailability and digestibility. Furthermore, the Bradford assay proved to be a quick and simple method to better estimate protein bioavailability in the ingredients used for dry pet food production compared to traditional methods. Abstract The majority of dry pet food currently on the market is produced using fresh meats (FMs) and especially meat meals (MMs) as the main protein source. The transport and storage conditions of the raw materials, together with thermal and mechanical treatments in the case of MMs, may result in undesirable alterations of food products and their protein content. This study was conducted to analyze the protein component of three different kinds of raw materials used for dry pet food production, i.e., chicken, pork, and salmon. The quantitative analysis of the protein component was determined using the traditional Kjeldahl method and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and an alternative method, i.e., the Bradford assay, while the qualitative analysis was performed through SDS-PAGE, followed by Coomassie Blue staining. The amino acid (AA) profile was also evaluated by quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LC/MS). In addition, the digestibility was tested through in vitro gastric and small intestine digestion simulation. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student’s t-test, and data are reported as mean ± SEM, n = 10 (p < 0.05). The results showed that the MMs are lower in quality compared to FMs, both in terms of protein bioavailability and digestibility, having a lower soluble protein (SP) content (chicken MM = 8.6 g SP/100 g dry sample; pork MM = 6.2 g SP/100 g dry sample; salmon MM = 7.9 g SP/100 g dry sample) compared to FMs (chicken FM = 14.6 g SP/100 g dry sample; pork FM = 15.1 g SP/100 g dry sample; salmon FM = 13.7 g SP/100 g dry sample). FMs appear, therefore, to be higher-quality ingredients for pet food production. Moreover, the Bradford assay proved to be a quick and simple method to better estimate protein bioavailability in the raw materials used for dry pet food production, thanks to its correlation with the in vitro digestibility.
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14
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Moreno SA, Gelambi M, Biganzoli A, Molinari J. Small nutrient molecules in fruit fuel efficient digestion and mutualism with plants in frugivorous bats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19376. [PMID: 31852966 PMCID: PMC6920426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivorous bats often possess short intestines, and digest rapidly. These characters are thought to be weight-saving adaptations for flight. The hypothesis that they limit digestive efficiency was tested by assaying glucose and protein in fecal samples of a free-ranging bat, and in fruit of its main food plant. To assure the correct calculation of digestive efficiencies, seeds were used as a mass marker for nutrients in fruit and feces. Glucose represents 32.86%, and protein 0.65%, of the nutrient content of fruit. Digestive efficiencies for these nutrients respectively are 92.46% and 84.44%, clearly negating the hypothesis for glucose. Few studies have quantified protein in fruit. Instead, "crude protein", a dietary parameter solely based on nitrogen determinations, is used as a surrogate of protein content. This study shows that, for fruit consumed by bats, crude protein estimates typically are much greater than true protein values, implying that a large fraction of the crude protein reported in previous studies consists of free amino acids. The rapid digestion of frugivores has the potential to limit protein digestion, thus it may require free amino acids for efficient assimilation of nitrogen; therefore, the crude protein approach is inadequate for the fruit that they consume because it does not differentiate free amino acids from protein. Adding simple sugars and free amino acids, instead of protein, to fruit reduce metabolic costs for plants. Direct assimilation of these small nutrient molecules increases digestive and foraging efficiencies. Both factors contribute to the persistence of the mutualism between plants and frugivores, with community-wide repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrea Moreno
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 05101, Venezuela
| | - Mariana Gelambi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 05101, Venezuela
| | - Alejandro Biganzoli
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 05101, Venezuela
| | - Jesús Molinari
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 05101, Venezuela.
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Uwimbabazi M, Rothman JM, Basuta GI, Machanda ZP, Conklin‐Brittain NL, Wrangham RW. INFLUENCE OF FRUIT AVAILABILITY ON MACRONUTRIENT AND ENERGY INTAKE BY FEMALE CHIMPANZEES. Afr J Ecol 2019; 57:454-465. [PMID: 32863473 DOI: 10.1111/aje.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Daily energy intake of adult female mammals is influenced by environmental conditions and physiological requirements, including reproduction. We examined the effects of fruit availability on macronutrient and metabolisable energy intake by adult female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Kanyawara community in Kibale National Park, Uganda from January 2014 through June 2015. Drupe fruits were abundant for four months, whereas the other fourteen months were dominated by fig fruits. The mean daily intake of food (dry matter) and metabolisable energy, did not differ between drupe-months and fig-months. However, foraging costs were higher during fig-months, as indicated by a 20% increase in feeding time. Furthermore, during drupe-months female chimpanzees ingested more water-soluble carbohydrates and lipids, and less available protein and neutral detergent fibre. Although metabolisable energy intake did not differ consistently between drupe-months and fig-months, they consumed more on days when ripe fruit dominated the diet than when leaves and pithy stems dominated the diet. Our data suggest that differences in diet quality between drupes and figs can have important effects on frugivore foraging, and that they influence net energy gain more by their effects on macronutrient composition or foraging cost than by their direct impact on energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreen Uwimbabazi
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York New York
| | - Gilbert I. Basuta
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | | | | | - Richard W. Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts
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Cyril N, George JB, Joseph L, Raghavamenon AC, V P S. Assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-proliferative (lung cancer cell line A549) activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Derris trifoliata. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:297-308. [PMID: 30997029 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00323h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNP-DTa) were prepared using an aqueous seed extract of D. trifoliata. The importance of the present piece of work is viewed specially with respect to ascertaining the potential of a widely distributed under-utilized mangrove associated plant, Derris trifoliata (DT), as medicine. The as-prepared AgNP-DTa were well dispersed and stabilised in aqueous solution through biological ligands extracted from the seeds of DT. The functional groups present in the bio-ligands of DT act as reducing and stabilising agents in the formation of nanoparticles. Besides, in the present work, sunlight could induce and catalyse the reduction process of Ag+ to its corresponding silver atoms of nanoscale dimensions. The size of AgNP-DTa decreased with an increase in the duration of sunlight irradiation. Bio-augmented nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, HR-TEM, DLS, AFM and photoluminescence measurements. Preliminary phytochemical studies and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites with hydroxyl, amine and carbonyl groups as reducing/capping agents. AgNP-DTa demonstrated high DPPH scavenging activity with an IC 50 value of 8.25 μg ml-1. Greater antioxidant activity of AgNP-DTa was also confirmed from total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay where it was found that the reducing power of 1 g of AgNP-DTa is almost equivalent to that of 1.3 g of Trolox. In addition, highly stable AgNP-DTa showed antibacterial activities against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The as-prepared AgNP-DTa were observed to inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and no clear zone was obtained for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. With reference to the anti-proliferative activities, AgNP-DTa exhibited moderate activity on A549 lung cancer cell lines with a median effective concentration of 86.23 ± 0.22 μg ml-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethu Cyril
- School of Environmental Sciences , Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam , Kerala - 686 560 , India . ; .,Department of Chemistry , Assumption College , Changanasserry , Kottayam , Kerala - 686 101 , India
| | - James Baben George
- Department of Chemistry , St. Berchman's College , Changanasserry , Kottayam , Kerala - 686 101 , India
| | - Laigi Joseph
- School of Environmental Sciences , Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam , Kerala - 686 560 , India . ; .,Department of Chemistry , Government College , Nattakom , Kottayam , Kerala - 686 013 , India
| | - A C Raghavamenon
- Amala Cancer Research Centre , Amala Nagar , Thrissur , Kerala 680555 , India
| | - Sylas V P
- School of Environmental Sciences , Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam , Kerala - 686 560 , India . ;
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17
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Extraction of proteins from two marine macroalgae, Ulva sp. and Gracilaria sp., for food application, and evaluating digestibility, amino acid composition and antioxidant properties of the protein concentrates. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Tomova AA, Kujumdzieva AV, Petrova VY. Carbon source influences Saccharomyces cerevisiaeyeast cell survival strategies: quiescence or sporulation. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1674188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Atanasova Tomova
- Department “General and Industrial Microbiology”, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Vengelova Kujumdzieva
- Department “General and Industrial Microbiology”, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ventsislava Yankova Petrova
- Department “General and Industrial Microbiology”, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
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19
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Bentley-Condit VK, Power ML. The nutritional content of Tana River yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) foods in a partially forested habitat. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207186. [PMID: 30439991 PMCID: PMC6237341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the first dietary macronutrient and mineral content information for a little-studied yellow baboon group (i.e., the Mchelelo troop) at the Tana River Primate National Reserve, Kenya. We compare forest to savanna samples for this troop found in a partially forested habitat. Observations conducted between 1988 and 1992 determined our list of foods. Subsequently, flora samples, representing 56 species, were collected between April 2008 and March 2009 with nutrient content determined via standard procedures for fiber, gross energy, ash/minerals, crude protein, and crude fat/lipids. Concentrations of specific minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, zinc) were also measured. We predicted forest items would be higher in gross energy and lipids and savanna items higher in crude protein, fiber, and minerals. Our analyses support only the predicted difference in crude protein for savanna items for the overall dataset. In our examination of the top 15 foods, savanna items had significantly higher crude protein, ash, magnesium, and manganese while forest items had higher gross energy. Right-angled mixture triangles show some clustering by location but with substantial overlap in values. Our data provide further indication of the particularity and purposefulness of dietary choices made by primates. They also contribute to the broader discussions of primate nutritional ecology and are a first step towards an examination of macronutrient balancing for this group. Finally, we discuss the impact heavy reliance upon forest products by a "savanna species" may have upon competitors and forest composition. Ultimately, we show that there is still much to be learned about baboon nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael L. Power
- Nutrition Laboratory, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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20
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Dunham NT, Rodriguez-Saona LE. Nutrient intake and balancing among female Colobus angolensis palliatus inhabiting structurally distinct forest areas: Effects of group, season, and reproductive state. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22878. [PMID: 29882365 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding intraspecific behavioral and dietary variation is critical for assessing primate populations' abilities to persist in habitats characterized by increasing anthropogenic disturbances. While it is evident that some species exhibit considerable dietary flexibility (in terms of species-specific plant parts) in relation to habitat disturbance, it is unclear if primates are characterized by similar variation and flexibility regarding nutrient intake. This study examined the effects of group, season, and reproductive state on nutrient intake and balancing in adult female Colobus angolensis palliatus in the Diani Forest, Kenya. During July 2014 to December 2015, estimates of nutrient intake were recorded for eight females from three groups inhabiting structurally and ecologically distinct forest areas differing in tree species composition and density. There were differences in metabolizable energy (ME) and macronutrient intakes among groups, seasons, and reproductive states. Most notably, females inhabiting one of the more disturbed forest areas consumed less ME and macronutrients compared to females in the more intact forest area. Contrary to prediction, females in early lactation consumed significantly less ME and macronutrients compared to non-lactating and late lactation females. Despite differences in macronutrient intake, the relative contribution of macronutrients to ME were generally more conservative among groups, seasons, and reproductive states. Average daily intake ratios of non-protein energy to available protein ranged from approximately 3.5:1-4.3:1 among groups. These results indicate that female C. a. palliatus demonstrate a consistent nutrient balancing strategy despite significant intergroup differences in consumption of species-specific plant parts. Data from additional colobine species inhabiting different forest types are required to assess the extent to which nutrient balancing is constrained by phylogeny or is more flexible to local ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah T Dunham
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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21
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Lizasoain J, Trulea A, Gittinger J, Kral I, Piringer G, Schedl A, Nilsen PJ, Potthast A, Gronauer A, Bauer A. Corn stover for biogas production: Effect of steam explosion pretreatment on the gas yields and on the biodegradation kinetics of the primary structural compounds. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:949-956. [PMID: 28847085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of steam explosion on the chemical composition and biomethane potential of corn stover using temperatures ranging between 140 and 220°C and pretreatment times ranging between 2 and 15min. Biodegradation kinetics during the anaerobic digestion of untreated and corn stover, pretreated at two different intensities, 140°C for 5min and 180°C for 5min, were studied in tandem. Results showed that pretreatment at 160°C for 2min improved the methane yield by 22%. Harsher pretreatment conditions led to lower hemicellulose contents and methane yields, as well as higher lignin contents, which may be due to the formation of pseudo-lignin. The biodegradation kinetics trial demonstrated that steam explosion enhances the degradation of structural carbohydrates and acid insoluble lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lizasoain
- AlpS-GmbH, Centre for Climate Change Adaptation Technologies, Grabenweg 68, A-6010 Innsbruck, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Adrian Trulea
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johannes Gittinger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Iris Kral
- AlpS-GmbH, Centre for Climate Change Adaptation Technologies, Grabenweg 68, A-6010 Innsbruck, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Piringer
- AlpS-GmbH, Centre for Climate Change Adaptation Technologies, Grabenweg 68, A-6010 Innsbruck, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Andreas Schedl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Antje Potthast
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Andreas Gronauer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexander Bauer
- AlpS-GmbH, Centre for Climate Change Adaptation Technologies, Grabenweg 68, A-6010 Innsbruck, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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22
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23
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Jara-Servín AM, Saldaña-Vázquez RA, Schondube JE. Nutrient availability predicts frugivorous bat abundance in an urban environment. MAMMALIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2015-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe used a mathematical model based on nutrient availability to predict
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24
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Busia L, Schaffner CM, Rothman JM, Aureli F. Do Fruit Nutrients Affect Subgrouping Patterns in Wild Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)? INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Vogel ER, Alavi SE, Utami-Atmoko SS, van Noordwijk MA, Bransford TD, Erb WM, Zulfa A, Sulistyo F, Farida WR, Rothman JM. Nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in a peat swamp habitat: Effects of age, sex, and season. Am J Primatol 2016; 79:1-20. [PMID: 27889926 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. This variation is exemplified by the peatland forests of Central Kalimantan, which are characterized by unpredictable fruiting fluctuations, relatively low levels of fruit availability, and low fruit periods (<3% of trees fruiting) that can last nearly a year. Challenged by these environments, large, arboreal frugivores like orangutans must periodically rely on non-preferred, lower-quality foods to meet their nutritional needs. We examined variation in nutrient intake among age-sex classes and seasons over a 7-year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full-day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age-sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging-related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age-sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age-sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. Here we present the first long term study of the effects of variation in fruit availability and age/sex class on nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans. We examined variation in nutrient intake of wild orangutans in living in a peat swamp habitat over a 7-year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full-day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age-sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging-related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age-sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age-sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shauhin E Alavi
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Timothy D Bransford
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Wendy M Erb
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Astri Zulfa
- Falkutas Biologi, Universitas Nasional Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Wartika Rosa Farida
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
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26
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Ganzhorn JU, Arrigo-Nelson SJ, Carrai V, Chalise MK, Donati G, Droescher I, Eppley TM, Irwin MT, Koch F, Koenig A, Kowalewski MM, Mowry CB, Patel ER, Pichon C, Ralison J, Reisdorff C, Simmen B, Stalenberg E, Starrs D, Terboven J, Wright PC, Foley WJ. The importance of protein in leaf selection of folivorous primates. Am J Primatol 2016; 79:1-13. [PMID: 27094926 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein limitation has been considered a key factor in hypotheses on the evolution of life history and animal communities, suggesting that animals should prioritize protein in their food choice. This contrasts with the limited support that food selection studies have provided for such a priority in nonhuman primates, particularly for folivores. Here, we suggest that this discrepancy can be resolved if folivores only need to select for high protein leaves when average protein concentration in the habitat is low. To test the prediction, we applied meta-analyses to analyze published and unpublished results of food selection for protein and fiber concentrations from 24 studies (some with multiple species) of folivorous primates. To counter potential methodological flaws, we differentiated between methods analyzing total nitrogen and soluble protein concentrations. We used a meta-analysis to test for the effect of protein on food selection by primates and found a significant effect of soluble protein concentrations, but a non-significant effect for total nitrogen. Furthermore, selection for soluble protein was reinforced in forests where protein was less available. Selection for low fiber content was significant but unrelated to the fiber concentrations in representative leaf samples of a given forest. There was no relationship (either negative or positive) between the concentration of protein and fiber in the food or in representative samples of leaves. Overall our study suggests that protein selection is influenced by the protein availability in the environment, explaining the sometimes contradictory results in previous studies on protein selection. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22550, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg U Ganzhorn
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Summer J Arrigo-Nelson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, California University of Pennsylvania, California, Pennsylvania
| | - Valentina Carrai
- Department of Biology, Zoology and Anthropology Unit, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mukesh K Chalise
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Giuseppe Donati
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, OX3 0BP, Oxford, UK
| | - Iris Droescher
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timothy M Eppley
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mitchell T Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
| | - Flávia Koch
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Koenig
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Martin M Kowalewski
- Estación Biológica Corrientes, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales BR, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | | | | | - Claire Pichon
- Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés, CNRS/MNHN, UMR 7206, Brunoy, France
| | - Jose Ralison
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Bruno Simmen
- Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés, CNRS/MNHN, UMR 7206, Brunoy, France
| | - Eleanor Stalenberg
- Research School of Biology: Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Danswell Starrs
- Research School of Biology: Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Juana Terboven
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia C Wright
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology: Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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27
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van Eenennaam JS, Wei Y, Grolle KCF, Foekema EM, Murk AJ. Oil spill dispersants induce formation of marine snow by phytoplankton-associated bacteria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 104:294-302. [PMID: 26781957 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Unusually large amounts of marine snow, including Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), were formed during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The marine snow settled with oil and clay minerals as an oily sludge layer on the deep sea floor. This study tested the hypothesis that the unprecedented amount of chemical dispersants applied during high phytoplankton densities in the Gulf of Mexico induced high EPS formation. Two marine phytoplankton species (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) produced EPS within days when exposed to the dispersant Corexit 9500. Phytoplankton-associated bacteria were shown to be responsible for the formation. The EPS consisted of proteins and to lesser extent polysaccharides. This study reveals an unexpected consequence of the presence of phytoplankton. This emphasizes the need to test the action of dispersants under realistic field conditions, which may seriously alter the fate of oil in the environment via increased marine snow formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine S van Eenennaam
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yuzhu Wei
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C F Grolle
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin M Foekema
- IMARES, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 57, 1780 AB, Den Helder, The Netherlands
| | - AlberTinka J Murk
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Potts KB, Baken E, Ortmann S, Watts DP, Wrangham RW. Variability in Population Density Is Paralleled by Large Differences in Foraging Efficiency in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Bryer MAH, Chapman CA, Raubenheimer D, Lambert JE, Rothman JM. Macronutrient and Energy Contributions of Insects to the Diet of a Frugivorous Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius). INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Masi S, Mundry R, Ortmann S, Cipolletta C, Boitani L, Robbins MM. The Influence of Seasonal Frugivory on Nutrient and Energy Intake in Wild Western Gorillas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129254. [PMID: 26154509 PMCID: PMC4495928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The daily energy requirements of animals are determined by a combination of physical and physiological factors, but food availability may challenge the capacity to meet nutritional needs. Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are an interesting model for investigating this topic because they are folivore-frugivores that adjust their diet and activities to seasonal variation in fruit availability. Observations of one habituated group of western gorillas in Bai-Hokou, Central African Republic (December 2004-December 2005) were used to examine seasonal variation in diet quality and nutritional intake. We tested if during the high fruit season the food consumed by western gorillas was higher in quality (higher in energy, sugar, fat but lower in fibre and antifeedants) than during the low fruit season. Food consumed during the high fruit season was higher in digestible energy, but not any other macronutrients. Second, we investigated whether the gorillas increased their daily intake of carbohydrates, metabolizable energy (KCal/g OM), or other nutrients during the high fruit season. Intake of dry matter, fibers, fat, protein and the majority of minerals and phenols decreased with increased frugivory and there was some indication of seasonal variation in intake of energy (KCal/g OM), tannins, protein/fiber ratio, and iron. Intake of non-structural carbohydrates and sugars was not influenced by fruit availability. Gorillas are probably able to extract large quantities of energy via fermentation since they rely on proteinaceous leaves during the low fruit season. Macronutrients and micronutrients, but not digestible energy, may be limited for them during times of low fruit availability because they are hind-gut fermenters. We discuss the advantages of seasonal frugivores having large dietary breath and flexibility, significant characteristics to consider in the conservation strategies of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Masi
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- RG Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Luigi Boitani
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Martha M. Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Santos SAO, Pinto RJB, Rocha SM, Marques PAAP, Pascoal Neto C, Silvestre AJD, Freire CSR. Unveiling the chemistry behind the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:2704-2711. [PMID: 25088383 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology has emerged as a fundamental domain in modern science, and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the largest classes of NPs studied because of their wide spectrum of possible applications in several fields. The use of plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents in their synthesis is an interesting and reliable alternative to conventional methodologies. However, the role of the different components of such extracts in the reduction/stabilization of metal ions has not yet been understood clearly. Here we studied the behavior of the main components of a Eucalyptus globulus Labill. bark aqueous extract during metal-ion reduction followed by advanced chromatographic techniques, which allowed us to establish their specific role in the process. The obtained results showed that phenolic compounds, particularly galloyl derivatives, are mainly responsible for the metal-ion reduction, whereas sugars are essentially involved in the stabilization of the NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia A O Santos
- Department of Chemistry-CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 234-401-470.
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Al-Shammary HA. An inexpensive alternative to routine section adhesives for histology: the mucilaginous substance of the Assyrian plum. Biotech Histochem 2014; 89:256-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2013.839053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sáez-Plaza P, Navas MJ, Wybraniec S, Michałowski T, Asuero AG. An Overview of the Kjeldahl Method of Nitrogen Determination. Part II. Sample Preparation, Working Scale, Instrumental Finish, and Quality Control. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.751787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sáez-Plaza P, Michałowski T, Navas MJ, Asuero AG, Wybraniec S. An Overview of the Kjeldahl Method of Nitrogen Determination. Part I. Early History, Chemistry of the Procedure, and Titrimetric Finish. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.751786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Comparative biochemical analysis during the anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass from six morphological parts of Williams Cavendish banana (Triploid Musa AAA group) plants. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:2259-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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CARLSON BRYCEA, ROTHMAN JESSICAM, MITANI JOHNC. Diurnal Variation in Nutrients and Chimpanzee Foraging Behavior. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:342-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- BRYCE A. CARLSON
- Department of Anthropology; Purdue University; West Lafayette; Indiana
| | | | - JOHN C. MITANI
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Michigan
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Isbell LA, Rothman JM, Young PJ, Rudolph K. Nutritional benefits ofcrematogaster mimosaeants andacacia drepanolobiumgum for patas monkeys and vervets in laikipia, Kenya. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 150:286-300. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ryan AM, Chapman CA, Rothman JM. How do differences in species and part consumption affect diet nutrient concentrations? A test with red colobus monkeys in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Afr J Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2012.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Ryan
- Department of Psychology; Hunter College of the City University of New York; New York City; NY; 10065; U.S.A
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Jastrzębska A. Capillary isotachophoresis as rapid method for determination of orthophosphates, pyrophosphates, tripolyphosphates and nitrites in food samples. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vogel ER, Crowley BE, Knott CD, Blakely MD, Larsen MD, Dominy NJ. A Noninvasive Method for Estimating Nitrogen Balance in Free-Ranging Primates. INT J PRIMATOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-011-9543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chaves OM, Stoner KE, Angeles-Campos S, Arroyo-Rodríguez V. Wood consumption by Geoffroyi's spider monkeys and its role in mineral supplementation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25070. [PMID: 21969868 PMCID: PMC3182180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood consumption is a rare behavior in frugivorous primates; however, it can be necessary for nutritional balancing as it may provide macro and/or micronutrients that are scarce in the most frequently eaten items (fruits). We tested this hypothesis in six spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) communities inhabiting continuous and fragmented rainforests in Lacandona, Mexico. We investigated the importance of both live and decayed wood in the diet of the monkeys, and assessed if wood consumption is related to the nutritional composition of these items. In general, wood consumption was focused on trees of Licania platypus (Chrysobalanaceae) and Ficus spp. (Moraceae), and was similar in continuous forest and in fragments (mean ± SD; 24±20% vs 18±16% of total feeding time, respectively), but marginally higher in females than in males (16±14% vs 5±4%, respectively). Live and decayed wood were both poorer in lipids, proteins, total nonstructural carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients compared to mature and immature fruits. Moreover, decayed wood of L. platypus showed consistently higher levels of sodium and calcium compared to fruits. In conclusion, our findings suggest that wood from decaying trees of L. platypus and Ficus spp. and young branch piths of L. platypus represents an important source of sodium and/or calcium in the diet of spider monkeys, particularly in the case of females. The protection of decaying trees within forests and fragments is therefore necessary for the appropriate management and conservation of this endangered primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M Chaves
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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De Paoli F, Bauer A, Leonhartsberger C, Amon B, Amon T. Utilization of by-products from ethanol production as substrate for biogas production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6621-6624. [PMID: 21481586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to determine the specific biogas yields of steam-exploded sugarcane straw and bagasse as well as to estimate their energy potential under Brazilian conditions. Steam-explosion was carried out under different time and temperature conditions. The specific biogas yields were analyzed in batch-tests according to VDI 4630. Results have shown that steam-explosion pre-treatment increased the specific biogas yields of straw and bagasse significantly compared to the untreated material. The utilization of these by-products can contribute to 5% of the total energy consumption and thereby higher energy independence in Brazil. Further efforts in defining the optimum pretreatment conditions with steam-explosion as well as implementing this technology in large scale plants should be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Paoli
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Agricultural Engineering, Peter Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Jiang JX, Jian HL, Cristhian C, Zhang WM, Sun RC. Structural and thermal characterization of galactomannans from genus Gleditsia seeds as potential food gum substitutes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:732-737. [PMID: 21213227 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed galactomannans are preferred hydrocolloids since they are comparatively cheap, non-toxic, eco-friendly and non-polluting during production and application. Galactomannans from seeds of three species of Gleditsia, namely G. sinensis, G. microphylla and G. melanacantha, were characterized in terms of structural and thermal properties. RESULTS Gleditsia polysaccharides were characterized using both chemical and chromatographic methods, as well as Fourier transform infrared, (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and (13) C NMR spectroscopy, and it was shown that they consist of D-mannopyranose and D-galactopyranose residues. The mannose/galactose (M/G) ratio of galactomannans was 3.25, 3.31 and 2.30, respectively. It was also found that these polysaccharides differ from one another in values of M(w) , M(n) and polydispersity. X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of Gleditsia galactomannans, although G. sinensis galactomannan showed a high crystallinity. Thermal analysis of the galactomannans by differential scanning calorimetry illustrated that their endothermic peaks ranged from 290 to 320 °C. CONCLUSION Gleditsia polysaccharides are neutral galactomannans. The higher value of M/G ratio from G. sinensis and G. microphylla indicates that their gums offer an excellent alternative for locus bean gum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Diniz GS, Barbarino E, Oiano-Neto J, Pacheco S, Lourenço SO. Gross Chemical Profile and Calculation of Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors for Five Tropical Seaweeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2011.23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hohmann G, Potts K, N'Guessan A, Fowler A, Mundry R, Ganzhorn JU, Ortmann S. Plant foods consumed by Pan: exploring the variation of nutritional ecology across Africa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 141:476-85. [PMID: 19918996 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that differences in resource density and nutrient supply affect variation in ranging patterns, habitat use, and sociality. Among nonhuman primates, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (P. paniscus) have often been used as models for the link between social system and habitat ecology. Field reports suggest that resource density is higher in habitats occupied by bonobos (compared to chimpanzee habitats), and in the West (compared to the East) of the range of chimpanzees. In this study we compared diet quality at the level of species and populations using information from nutritional analyses of fruit and leaves consumed by chimpanzees (three) and bonobos (one population). Quality of plant foods was assessed on the basis of a) the concentration of macronutrients, fiber, and anti-feedants, and b) associations of different nutrient components. Overall plant samples collected at each site differed in terms of macronutrient content. However, nutritious quality and gross energy content of food samples were similar suggesting that dietary quality reflects selectivity rather than habitat ecology. The quality of plant foods consumed by bonobos was within the range of chimpanzees and the quality of plant foods consumed by western chimpanzees was not higher than that of eastern chimpanzees. While the results showed significant variation across forests inhabited by Pan, they did not match with geographical patterns between and within Pan species as proposed in previous studies. This suggests that the nutritional quality of the habitat is not always a reliable predictor of the quality of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Hohmann
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Sayers K, Norconk MA, Conklin-Brittain NL. Optimal foraging on the roof of the world: Himalayan langurs and the classical prey model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 141:337-57. [PMID: 19844998 PMCID: PMC2818116 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Optimal foraging theory has only been sporadically applied to nonhuman primates. The classical prey model, modified for patch choice, predicts a sliding "profitability threshold" for dropping patch types from the diet, preference for profitable foods, dietary niche breadth reduction as encounter rates increase, and that exploitation of a patch type is unrelated to its own abundance. We present results from a 1-year study testing these predictions with Himalayan langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) at Langtang National Park, Nepal. Behavioral data included continuous recording of feeding bouts and between-patch travel times. Encounter rates were estimated for 55 food types, which were analyzed for crude protein, lipid, free simple sugar, and fibers. Patch types were entered into the prey model algorithm for eight seasonal time periods and differing age-sex classes and nutritional currencies. Although the model consistently underestimated diet breadth, the majority of nonpredicted patch types represented rare foods. Profitability was positively related to annual/seasonal dietary contribution by organic matter estimates, whereas time estimates provided weaker relationships. Patch types utilized did not decrease with increasing encounter rates involving profitable foods, although low-ranking foods available year-round were taken predominantly when high-ranking foods were scarce. High-ranking foods were taken in close relation to encounter rates, while low-ranking foods were not. The utilization of an energetic currency generally resulted in closest conformation to model predictions, and it performed best when assumptions were most closely approximated. These results suggest that even simple models from foraging theory can provide a useful framework for the study of primate feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sayers
- Language Research Center, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Decatur, GA 30034, USA.
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Rapid Assessment of the Nutritional Value of Foods Eaten by Mountain Gorillas: Applying Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to Primatology. INT J PRIMATOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-009-9372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bauer A, Bösch P, Friedl A, Amon T. Analysis of methane potentials of steam-exploded wheat straw and estimation of energy yields of combined ethanol and methane production. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:50-5. [PMID: 19480947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Agrarian biomass as a renewable energy source can contribute to a considerable CO(2) reduction. The overriding goal of the European Union is to cut energy consumption related greenhouse gas emission in the EU by 20% until the year 2020. This publication aims at optimising the methane production from steam-exploded wheat straw and presents a theoretical estimation of the ethanol and methane potential of straw. For this purpose, wheat straw was pretreated by steam explosion using different time/temperature combinations. Specific methane yields were analyzed according to VDI 4630. Pretreatment of wheat straw by steam explosion significantly increased the methane yield from anaerobic digestion by up to 20% or a maximum of 331 l(N)kg(-1) VS compared to untreated wheat straw. Furthermore, the residual anaerobic digestion potential of methane after ethanol fermentation was determined by enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated wheat straw using cellulase. Based on the resulting glucose concentration the ethanol yield and the residual sugar available for methane production were calculated. The theoretical maximum ethanol yield of wheat straw was estimated to be 0.249 kg kg(-1) dry matter. The achievable maximum ethanol yield per kg wheat straw dry matter pretreated by steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis was estimated to be 0.200 kg under pretreatment conditions of 200 degrees C and 10 min corresponding to 80% of the theoretical maximum. The residual methane yield from straw stillage was estimated to be 183 l(N)kg(-1) wheat straw dry matter. Based on the presented experimental data, a concept is proposed that processes wheat straw for ethanol and methane production. The concept of an energy supply system that provides more than two forms of energy is met by (1) upgrading obtained ethanol to fuel-grade quality and providing methane to CHP plants for the production of (2) electric energy and (3) utility steam that in turn can be used to operate distillation columns in the ethanol production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bauer
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Agricultural Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Fimbel C, Vedder A, Dierenfeld E, Mulindahabi F. An ecological basis for large group size in Colobus angolensis
in the Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda. Afr J Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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