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Jena RC, Chand PK. Multiple DNA marker-assisted diversity analysis of Indian mango (Mangifera indica L.) populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10345. [PMID: 33990638 PMCID: PMC8121829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbitrary (65 RAPD, 25 ISSR, 23 DAMD), gene-targeted (22 SCoT, 33 CBDP) and co-dominant sequence specific (40 SSR) markers were used individually, or in combinations, to examine the genetic variability within and among 70 selected Indian mango genotypes based on geographic origin (East India, West India, North India, South India) and fruit status (Selection, Hybrid, Landrace). The highest genetic variability was demonstrated by the East Indian populations, followed by those from South India, West India, and North India, when measured in terms of Na, Ne, H, I, PB%, Ht and Hs. Interestingly, the local genotypes of Odisha, which forms a part of East Indian populations, showed the highest diversity compared to hybrid or selection groups, suggesting that the indigenous genotypes hold a greater potential for exploiting the unique and favourable alleles. The maximum genetic variability was detected in geographical/fruit status populations with SSRs (Na-1.76/1.88, Ne-1.48/1.51, H-0.28/0.30, I-0.41/0.45, PB%-76.1/86.9, Ht-0.31/0.32 and Hs-0.28/0.30), followed by CBDPs and SCoTs, reflecting their preeminence for examining the level of genetic polymorphism and diversity. Outcome of AMOVA based analyses as well as low-to-moderate coefficient of genetic differentiation (Gst) and high gene flow (Nm) indicated a greater amount of intra-population genetic variation compared to heterogeneity at inter-population level. Information generated through this investigation could facilitate conservation and further exploitation of mango germplasm including genetic improvement through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Chandra Jena
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post-Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University, VaniVihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Chand
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post-Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University, VaniVihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India.
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Mota J, Merlo E, Martínez-Hernández F, Mendoza-Fernández AJ, Pérez-García FJ, Salmerón-Sánchez E. Plants on Rich-Magnesium Dolomite Barrens: A Global Phenomenon. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:38. [PMID: 33429992 PMCID: PMC7826976 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For botanists and ecologists, the close link between some plants and substrates, such as serpentine or gypsum, is well known. However, the relationship between dolomite and its flora has been much less studied, due to various causes. Its diffuse separation from limestone and the use of a vague approach and terminology that, until now, no one has tried to harmonize are among these reasons. After carrying out an extensive review, completed with data on the distribution of plants linked to dolomite, the territories in which this type of flora appears at a global level were mapped using a geographic information system software. In addition, data on soils were collected, as well as on their influence on the ionomic profile of the flora. These data were completed with the authors' own information from previous research, which also served to assess these communities' degree of conservation and the genetic diversity of some of their characteristic species. The results showed that the so-called "dolomite phenomenon" is widely represented and is clearly manifested in the appearance of a peculiar flora, very rich in endemisms, on dry soils, poor in nutrients, and with a high Mg level. Although dolomite habitats cause adaptations in plants which are even more recognizable than those of other rock types, they have not been widely studied from an ecological, evolutionary, and conservation point of view because, so far, neither their characteristics nor their universal demarcation have been precisely defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mota
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, CEI·MAR and CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.M.); (E.M.); (F.M.-H.); (A.J.M.-F.); (F.J.P.-G.)
| | - Encarna Merlo
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, CEI·MAR and CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.M.); (E.M.); (F.M.-H.); (A.J.M.-F.); (F.J.P.-G.)
| | - Fabián Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, CEI·MAR and CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.M.); (E.M.); (F.M.-H.); (A.J.M.-F.); (F.J.P.-G.)
| | - Antonio J. Mendoza-Fernández
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, CEI·MAR and CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.M.); (E.M.); (F.M.-H.); (A.J.M.-F.); (F.J.P.-G.)
- Departamento de Botánica, Unidad de Conservación Vegetal, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, CEI·MAR and CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.M.); (E.M.); (F.M.-H.); (A.J.M.-F.); (F.J.P.-G.)
| | - Esteban Salmerón-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, CEI·MAR and CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.M.); (E.M.); (F.M.-H.); (A.J.M.-F.); (F.J.P.-G.)
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Yahia A, Mashaly I, El-Bana M, Rizk R, El-Sherbeny G. Intraspecific Variations in Functional and Molecular Traits of Near-Endemic Onopordum alexandrinum Boiss. in Natural and Anthropogenic Habitats along the Western Mediterranean Coast of Egypt: Implications for Conservation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1041. [PMID: 32824280 PMCID: PMC7464281 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Onopordum alexandrinum is a near-endemic to Egypt and neighboring countries. Its habitats are designated as priority sites for conservation in the south and east Mediterranean regions. We hypothesize that variation in morphological, reproductive, and molecular traits could provide a survival strategy that allows the species to occupy landscapes including anthropogenic habitats (barley and abandoned fields) and natural habitats (sand dunes and desert plateau) with different soil resources along the western Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The results indicated that plant functional traits associated with high rates of resource acquisition and growth (e.g., high values of vegetative height and specific leaf area, and low values of leaf dry matter content) occurred in populations located in abandoned fields with high soil resources. The genetic diversity analyses indicated similarity in genetic diversity of the present populations of O. alexandrinum in barley and abandoned fields with those of sand dunes. However, the genetic structures of these populations were different from those of natural desert plateau, which suggests reduced rates of gene flow. In this framework, it is essential to monitor and reduce the anthropogenic activity which will not only support the conservation of genetic diversity within populations but will also help ensure the resilience of O. alexandrinum in the face of environmental and climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yahia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.Y.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (G.E.-S.)
| | - Ibrahim Mashaly
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.Y.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (G.E.-S.)
| | - Magdy El-Bana
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Port Said University, Port Said 42654, Egypt
| | - Rehab Rizk
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.Y.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (G.E.-S.)
| | - Ghada El-Sherbeny
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.Y.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (G.E.-S.)
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Tiwari V, Meena B, Nair NK, Rana TS. Molecular analyses of genetic variability in the populations of Bergenia ciliata in Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:975-984. [PMID: 32377047 PMCID: PMC7196595 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bergenia ciliata is an important medicinal plant species of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). Genetic variability and population genetic structure of B. ciliata sampled from IHR was studied using two single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods (DAMD: Directed Amplification of Minisatellite region DNA; ISSR: Inter Simple Sequence Repeats). To provide a reasonable scientific basis for management and conservation of B. ciliata populations in IHR, genetic diversity analysis of 11 populations with 24 SPAR markers (15 ISSR and 9 DAMD) revealed significantly high level of (90.03%) polymorphism at species level. However, genetic variability was low at population level and KUL and BWS populations showed maximum while SHM population revealed least genetic diversity among the 11 populations. Analysis of molecular variance revealed highest percentage of variation (73%) within populations, followed by 17% among populations and least (10%) among the Himalayan regions. Clustering pattern obtained from UPGMA dendrogram was supported by STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis, segregating all the 11 natural populations of B. ciliata into two genetic clusters: Eastern and Western Himalayan populations. The clustering patterns of all the three statistical methods indicated that populations of B. ciliata have structured in response to the local micro-climates of the habitats in IHR, and therefore, it can be concluded that genetic variability is in congruence with the geographical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Tiwari
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
| | - Baleshwar Meena
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
| | - Narayanan K. Nair
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
| | - Tikam S. Rana
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
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5
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Genetic diversity in Astragalus argaeus, a critically endangered species from Turkey. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Hoeltgebaum MP, dos Reis MS. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Varronia curassavica: A Medicinal Polyploid Species in a Threatened Ecosystem. J Hered 2017; 108:415-423. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Patricia Hoeltgebaum
- From the Núcleo de Pesquisa em Florestas Tropicais, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis/SC, CEP: 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Maurício Sedrez dos Reis
- From the Núcleo de Pesquisa em Florestas Tropicais, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis/SC, CEP: 88034-001, Brazil
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Meena B, Tiwari V, Singh N, Mahar KS, Sharma YK, Rana TS. Estimation of genetic variability and population structure in Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf (Ephedraceae): An endangered and endemic high altitude medicinal plant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aggene.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Szczecińska M, Sramko G, Wołosz K, Sawicki J. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Rare and Endangered Plant Species Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill in East Central Europe. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151730. [PMID: 27003296 PMCID: PMC4803199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsatilla patens s.s. is a one of the most endangered plant species in Europe. The present range of this species in Europe is highly fragmented and the size of the populations has been dramatically reduced in the past 50 years. The rapid disappearance of P. patens localities in Europe has prompted the European Commission to initiate active protection of this critically endangered species. The aim of this study was to estimate the degree and distribution of genetic diversity within European populations of this endangered species. We screened 29 populations of P. patens using a set of six microsatellite primers. The results of our study indicate that the analyzed populations are characterized by low levels of genetic diversity (Ho = 0.005) and very high levels of inbreeding (FIS = 0.90). These results suggest that genetic erosion could be partially responsible for the lower fitness in smaller populations of this species. Private allelic richness was very low, being as low as 0.00 for most populations. Average genetic diversity over loci and mean number of alleles in P. patens populations were significantly correlated with population size, suggesting severe genetic drift. The results of AMOVA point to higher levels of variation within populations than between populations.The results of Structure and PCoA analyses suggest that the genetic structure of the studied P. patens populations fall into three clusters corresponding to geographical regions. The most isolated populations (mostly from Romania) formed a separate group with a homogeneous gene pool located at the southern, steppic part of the distribution range. Baltic, mostly Polish, populations fall into two genetic groups which were not fully compatible with their geographic distribution.Our results indicate the serious genetic depauperation of P. patens in the western part of its range, even hinting at an ongoing extinction vortex. Therefore, special conservation attention is required to maintain the populations of this highly endangered species of European Community interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szczecińska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Gabor Sramko
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katarzyna Wołosz
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jakub Sawicki
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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9
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Population genetic variability and structure of Elymus breviaristatus (Poaceae: Triticeae) endemic to Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau inferred from SSR markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Sánchez-Robles JM, García-Castaño JL, Balao F, Terrab A, Navarro-Sampedro L, Tremetsberger K, Talavera S. Effects of tree architecture on pollen dispersal and mating patterns in Abies pinsapo Boiss. (Pinaceae). Mol Ecol 2014; 23:6165-78. [PMID: 25355046 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant architecture is crucial to pollination and mating in wind-pollinated species. We investigated the effect of crown architecture on pollen dispersal, mating system and offspring quality, combining phenotypic and genotypic analyses in a low-density population of the endangered species Abies pinsapo. A total of 598 embryos from three relative crown height levels (bottom, middle and top) in five mother plants were genotyped using eleven nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs). Paternity analysis and mating system models were used to infer mating and pollen dispersal parameters. In addition, seeds were weighed (N = 16 110) and germinated (N = 736), and seedling vigour was measured to assess inbreeding depression. Overall, A. pinsapo shows a fat-tailed dispersal kernel, with an average pollen dispersal distance of 113-227 m, an immigration rate of 0.84-26.92%, and a number of effective pollen donors (Nep ) ranging between 3.5 and 11.9. We found an effect of tree height and relative crown height levels on mating parameters. A higher proportion of seeds with embryo (about 50%) and a higher rate of self-fertilization (about 60%) were found at the bottom level in comparison with the top level. Seed weight and seedling vigour are positively related. Nevertheless, no differences were found in seed weight or in seedling-related variables such as weight and length of aerial and subterranean parts among the different relative crown height levels, suggesting that seeds from the more strongly inbred bottom level are not affected by inbreeding depression. Our results point to vertical isotropy for outcross-pollen and they suggest that self-pollen may ensure fertilization when outcross-pollen is not available in low-density population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Sánchez-Robles
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, E-41080, Seville, Spain
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Nag A, Ahuja PS, Sharma RK. Genetic diversity of high-elevation populations of an endangered medicinal plant. AOB PLANTS 2014; 7:plu076. [PMID: 25416728 PMCID: PMC4287688 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic variation in natural populations governs their potential to overcome challenging ecological and environmental conditions. In addition, knowledge of this variation is critical for the conservation and management of endangered plant taxa. Found in the Himalayas, Podophyllum hexandrum is an endangered high-elevation plant species that has great medicinal importance. Here we report on the genetic diversity analysis of 24 P. hexandrum populations (209 individuals), representing the whole of the Indian Himalayas. In the present study, seven amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pairs generated 1677 fragments, of which 866 were found to be polymorphic. Neighbour joining clustering, principal coordinate analysis and STRUCTURE analysis clustered 209 individuals from 24 populations of the Indian Himalayan mountains into two major groups with a significant amount of gene flow (Nm = 2.13) and moderate genetic differentiation Fst(0.196), G'st(0.20). This suggests that, regardless of geographical location, all of the populations from the Indian Himalayas are intermixed and are composed broadly of two types of genetic populations. High variance partitioned within populations (80 %) suggests that most of the diversity is restricted to the within-population level. These results suggest two possibilities about the ancient population structure of P. hexandrum: either all of the populations in the geographical region of the Indian Himalayas are remnants of a once-widespread ancient population, or they originated from two types of genetic populations, which coexisted a long time ago, but subsequently separated as a result of long-distance dispersal and natural selection. High variance partitioned within the populations indicates that these populations have evolved in response to their respective environments over time, but low levels of heterozygosity suggest the presence of historical population bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Nag
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 6, Palampur, 176061 Himachal Pradesh, India Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 6, Palampur, 176061 Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Paramvir Singh Ahuja
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 6, Palampur, 176061 Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 6, Palampur, 176061 Himachal Pradesh, India
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Neel M, Tumas HR, Marsden BW. Representing connectivity: quantifying effective habitat availability based on area and connectivity for conservation status assessment and recovery. PeerJ 2014; 2:e622. [PMID: 25320685 PMCID: PMC4194459 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply a comprehensive suite of graph theoretic metrics to illustrate how landscape connectivity can be effectively incorporated into conservation status assessments and in setting conservation objectives. These metrics allow conservation practitioners to evaluate and quantify connectivity in terms of representation, resiliency, and redundancy and the approach can be applied in spite of incomplete knowledge of species-specific biology and dispersal processes. We demonstrate utility of the graph metrics by evaluating changes in distribution and connectivity that would result from implementing two conservation plans for three endangered plant species (Erigeron parishii, Acanthoscyphus parishii var. goodmaniana, and Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum) relative to connectivity under current conditions. Although distributions of the species differ from one another in terms of extent and specific location of occupied patches within the study landscape, the spatial scale of potential connectivity in existing networks were strikingly similar for Erigeron and Eriogonum, but differed for Acanthoscyphus. Specifically, patches of the first two species were more regularly distributed whereas subsets of patches of Acanthoscyphus were clustered into more isolated components. Reserves based on US Fish and Wildlife Service critical habitat designation would not greatly contribute to maintain connectivity; they include 83-91% of the extant occurrences and >92% of the aerial extent of each species. Effective connectivity remains within 10% of that in the whole network for all species. A Forest Service habitat management strategy excluded up to 40% of the occupied habitat of each species resulting in both range reductions and loss of occurrences from the central portions of each species' distribution. Overall effective network connectivity was reduced to 62-74% of the full networks. The distance at which each CHMS network first became fully connected was reduced relative to the full network in Erigeron and Acanthoscyphus due to exclusion of peripheral patches, but was slightly increased for Eriogonum. Distances at which networks were sensitive to loss of connectivity due to presence non-redundant connections were affected mostly for Acanthoscyphos. Of most concern was that the range of distances at which lack of redundancy yielded high risk was much greater than in the full network. Through this in-depth example evaluating connectivity using a comprehensive suite of developed graph theoretic metrics, we establish an approach as well as provide sample interpretations of subtle variations in connectivity that conservation managers can incorporate into planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maile Neel
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland , USA ; Department of Entomology, University of Maryland , USA
| | - Hayley R Tumas
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia , Athens, GA , USA
| | - Brittany W Marsden
- Marine Estuarine and Environmental Science Graduate Program, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
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Lopes MS, Mendonça D, Bettencourt SX, Borba AR, Melo C, Baptista C, da Câmara Machado A. Genetic diversity of an Azorean endemic and endangered plant species inferred from inter-simple sequence repeat markers. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu034. [PMID: 24969504 PMCID: PMC4124485 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the levels and distribution of genetic diversity is important for designing conservation strategies for threatened and endangered species so as to guarantee sustainable survival of populations and to preserve their evolutionary potential. Picconia azorica is a valuable Azorean endemic species recently classified as endangered. To contribute with information useful for the establishment of conservation programmes, the genetic variability and differentiation among 230 samples from 11 populations collected in three Azorean islands was accessed with eight inter-simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 64 polymorphic loci were detected. The majority of genetic variability was found within populations and no genetic structure was detected between populations and between islands. Also the coefficient of genetic differentiation and the level of gene flow indicate that geographical distances do not act as barriers for gene flow. In order to ensure the survival of populations in situ and ex situ management practices should be considered, including artificial propagation through the use of plant tissue culture techniques, not only for the restoration of habitat but also for the sustainable use of its valuable wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Lopes
- Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Associated Laboratory Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Azores, Rua Capitão João D'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Duarte Mendonça
- Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Associated Laboratory Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Azores, Rua Capitão João D'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Sílvia X Bettencourt
- Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Associated Laboratory Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Azores, Rua Capitão João D'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Ana R Borba
- Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Associated Laboratory Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Azores, Rua Capitão João D'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Catarina Melo
- Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Associated Laboratory Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Azores, Rua Capitão João D'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Baptista
- Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Associated Laboratory Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Azores, Rua Capitão João D'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Artur da Câmara Machado
- Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Associated Laboratory Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Azores, Rua Capitão João D'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
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Ellstrand NC. Is gene flow the most important evolutionary force in plants? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:737-53. [PMID: 24752890 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although theory has demonstrated rather low levels of gene flow are sufficient to counteract opposing mutation, drift, and selection, widespread recognition of the evolutionary importance of gene flow has come slowly. The perceived role of gene flow as an evolutionary force has vacillated over the last century. In the last few decades, new methods and analyses have demonstrated that plant gene flow rates vary tremendously-from nil to very high-depending on the species and specific populations involved, and sometimes over time for individual populations. In many cases, the measured gene flow rates are evolutionarily significant at distances of hundreds and sometimes thousands of meters, occurring at levels sufficient to counteract drift, spread advantageous alleles, or thwart moderate levels of opposing local selection. Gene flow in plants is likely to often act as a cohesive force, uniting individual plant species into real evolutionary units. Also, gene flow can evolve under natural selection, decreasing or increasing. The fact of frequent, but variable, plant gene flow has important consequences for applied issues in which the presence or absence of gene flow might influence the outcome of a policy, regulatory, or management decision. Examples include the unintended spread of engineered genes, the evolution of invasiveness, and conservation. New data-rich genomic techniques allow closer scrutiny of the role of gene flow in plant evolution. Most plant evolutionists now recognize the importance of gene flow, and it is receiving increased recognition from other areas of plant biology as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0124 USA
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Dostálek T, Münzbergová Z, Plačková I. High genetic diversity in isolated populations of Thesium ebracteatum at the edge of its distribution range. CONSERV GENET 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-013-0522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Genetic diversity and structure in fragmented populations of the endangered species Ranunculus cabrerensis (Ranunculaceae): implications for conservation. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Senapati SK, Das G, Aparajita S, Rout G. Assessment of genetic variability in the Asoka Tree of India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2012.665205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Genetic Variability and Differentiation Among Populations of the Azorean Endemic Gymnosperm Juniperus brevifolia: Baseline Information for a Conservation and Restoration Perspective. Biochem Genet 2011; 49:715-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-011-9445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Genetic diversity and population structure of two important medicinal plant species Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera revealed by nuclear microsatellites. Genetica 2011; 139:497-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-011-9570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Yu HH, Yang ZL, Sun B, Liu RN. Genetic diversity and relationship of endangered plant Magnolia officinalis (Magnoliaceae) assessed with ISSR polymorphisms. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Genetic Variation in Past and Current Landscapes: Conservation Implications Based on Six Endemic Florida Scrub Plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1155/2010/503759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
If genetic variation is often positively correlated with population sizes and the presence of nearby populations and suitable habitats, landscape proxies could inform conservation decisions without genetic analyses. For six Florida scrub endemic plants (Dicerandra frutescens, Eryngium cuneifolium, Hypericum cumulicola, Liatris ohlingerae, Nolina brittoniana, and Warea carteri), we relate two measures of genetic variation, expected heterozygosity and alleles per polymorphic locus (APL), to population size and landscape variables. Presettlement areas were estimated based on soil preferences and GIS soils maps. Four species showed no genetic patterns related to population or landscape factors. The other two species showed significant but inconsistent patterns. ForLiatris ohlingerae, APL was negatively related to population density and weakly, positively related to remaining presettlement habitat within 32 km. ForNolina brittoniana, APL increased with population size. The rather weak effects of population area/size and both past and current landscape structures suggest that genetic variation needs to be directly measured and not inferred for conservation planning.
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22
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Genetic diversity and its effect on fitness in an endangered plant species, Dracocephalum austriacum L. CONSERV GENET 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-009-9879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Carvalho A, Lima-Brito J, Maçãs B, Guedes-Pinto H. Genetic Diversity and Variation Among Botanical Varieties of Old Portuguese Wheat Cultivars Revealed by ISSR Assays. Biochem Genet 2009; 47:276-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-009-9227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Orellana MR, López-Pujol J, Blanché C, Rovira AM, Bosch M. Genetic diversity in Delphinium staphisagria (Ranunculaceae), a rare Mediterranean dysploid larkspur with medicinal uses. Genetica 2008; 135:221-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-008-9271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Genetic diversity and geographic differentiation in the threatened species Dysosma pleiantha in China as revealed by ISSR analysis. Biochem Genet 2008; 46:180-96. [PMID: 18228131 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-007-9141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysosma pleiantha, an important threatened medicinal plant species, is restricted in distribution to southeastern China. The species is capable of reproducing both sexually and asexually. In this study, inter-simple sequence repeat marker data were obtained and analyzed with respect to genetic variation and genetic structure. The extent of clonality, together with the clonal and sexual reproductive strategies, varied among sites, and the populations under harsh ecological conditions tended to have large clones with relatively low clonal diversity caused by vegetative reproduction. The ramets sharing the same genotype show a clumped distribution. Across all populations surveyed, average within-population diversity was remarkably low (e.g., 0.111 for Nei's gene diversity), with populations from the nature reserves maintaining relatively high amounts of genetic diversity. Among all populations, high genetic differentiation (AMOVA: Phi(ST) = 0.500; Nei's genetic diversity: G (ST) = 0.465, Bayesian analysis: Phi(B) = 0.436) was detected, together with an isolation-by-distance pattern. Low seedling recruitment due to inbreeding, restricted gene flow, and genetic drift are proposed as determinant factors responsible for the low genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation observed.
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Honnay O, Jacquemyn H. Susceptibility of common and rare plant species to the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2007; 21:823-31. [PMID: 17531059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Small plant populations are more prone to extinction due to the loss of genetic variation through random genetic drift, increased selfing, and mating among related individuals. To date, most researchers dealing with genetic erosion in fragmented plant populations have focused on threatened or rare species. We raise the question whether common plant species are as susceptible to habitat fragmentation as rare species. We conducted a formal meta-analysis of habitat fragmentation studies that reported both population size and population genetic diversity. We estimated the overall weighted mean and variance of the correlation coefficients among four different measures of genetic diversity and plant population size. We then tested whether rarity, mating system, and plant longevity are potential moderators of the relationship between population size and genetic diversity. Mean gene diversity, percent polymorphic loci, and allelic richness across studies were positively and highly significantly correlated with population size, whereas no significant relationship was found between population size and the inbreeding coefficient. Genetic diversity of self-compatible species was less affected by decreasing population size than that of obligate outcrossing and self-compatible but mainly outcrossing species. Longevity did not affect the population genetic response to fragmentation. Our most important finding, however, was that common species were as, or more, susceptible to the population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation than rare species, even when historically or naturally rare species were excluded from the analysis. These results are dramatic in that many more plant species than previously assumed may be vulnerable to genetic erosion and loss of genetic diversity as a result of ongoing fragmentation processes. This implies that many fragmented habitats have become unable to support plant populations that are large enough to maintain a mutation-drift balance and that occupied habitat fragments have become too isolated to allow sufficient gene flow to enable replenishment of lost alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Honnay
- University of Leuven, Biology Department, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Li S, Qian Z, Cai Y, Zhao G. A comparison of the genetic diversity in Dipteronia sinensis Oliv. and Dipteronia dyeriana Henry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-006-0050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Hao B, Li W, Linchun M, Li Y, Rui Z, Mingxia T, Weikai B. A study of conservation genetics in Cupressus chengiana, an endangered endemic of China, using ISSR markers. Biochem Genet 2006; 44:31-45. [PMID: 16670947 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-006-9011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ISSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of eight natural populations of Cupressus chengiana in China. ISSR analysis using 10 primers was carried out on 92 different samples. At the species level, 136 polymorphic loci were detected. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 99%. Genetic diversity (He) was 0.3120, effective number of alleles (Ae) was 1.5236, and Shannon's information index (I) was 0.4740. At the population level, PPB = 48%, Ae = 1.2774, He = 0.1631, and I = 0.2452. Genetic differentiation (Gst) detected by Nei's genetic diversity analysis suggested 48% occurred among populations. The partitioning of molecular variance by AMOVA analysis indicated significant genetic differentiation within populations (54%) and among populations (46%; P < 0.0003). The average number of individuals exchanged between populations per generation (Nm) was 0.5436. Samples from the same population clustered in the same population-specific cluster, and two groups of Sichuan and Gansu populations were distinguishable. A significantly positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance was detected (r = 0.6701). Human impacts were considered one of the main factors to cause the rarity of C. chengiana, and conservation strategies are suggested based on the genetic characters and field investigation, e.g., protection of wild populations, reestablishment of germplasm bank, and reintroduction of more genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Hao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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