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Gali CC, Fanaee-Danesh E, Zandl-Lang M, Albrecher NM, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Stracke A, Sachdev V, Reichmann F, Sun Y, Avdili A, Reiter M, Kratky D, Holzer P, Lass A, Kandimalla KK, Panzenboeck U. Amyloid-beta impairs insulin signaling by accelerating autophagy-lysosomal degradation of LRP-1 and IR-β in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells in vitro and in 3XTg-AD mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 99:103390. [PMID: 31276749 PMCID: PMC6897558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant insulin signaling constitutes an early change in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin receptors (IR) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) are expressed in brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There, insulin may regulate the function of LRP-1 in Aβ clearance from the brain. Changes in IR-β and LRP-1 and insulin signaling at the BBB in AD are not well understood. Herein, we identified a reduction in cerebral and cerebrovascular IR-β levels in 9-month-old male and female 3XTg-AD (PS1M146V, APPSwe, and tauP301L) as compared to NTg mice, which is important in insulin mediated signaling responses. Reduced cerebral IR-β levels corresponded to impaired insulin signaling and LRP-1 levels in brain. Reduced cerebral and cerebrovascular IR-β and LRP-1 levels in 3XTg-AD mice correlated with elevated levels of autophagy marker LC3B. In both genotypes, high-fat diet (HFD) feeding decreased cerebral and hepatic LRP-1 expression and elevated cerebral Aβ burden without affecting cerebrovascular LRP-1 and IR-β levels. In vitro studies using primary porcine (p)BCEC revealed that Aβ peptides 1–40 or 1–42 (240 nM) reduced cellular levels and interaction of LRP-1 and IR-β thereby perturbing insulin-mediated signaling. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that Aβ treatment accelerated the autophagy-lysosomal degradation of IR-β and LRP-1 in pBCEC. LRP-1 silencing in pBCEC decreased IR-β levels through post-translational pathways further deteriorating insulin-mediated responses at the BBB. Our findings indicate that LRP-1 proves important for insulin signaling at the BBB. Cerebral Aβ burden in AD may accelerate LRP-1 and IR-β degradation in BCEC thereby contributing to impaired cerebral and cerebromicrovascular insulin effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Chakravarthi Gali
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elham Fanaee-Danesh
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Zandl-Lang
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Maria Albrecher
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carmen Tam-Amersdorfer
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anika Stracke
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Yidan Sun
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Afrim Avdili
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marielies Reiter
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ute Panzenboeck
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Zong X, Wu S, Li F, Lv L, Han D, Zhao N, Yan X, Hu S, Xu T. Transplantation of VEGF-mediated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional improvement in a rat acute cerebral infarction model. Brain Res 2017; 1676:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tang Y, Wang L, Wang J, Lin X, Wang Y, Jin K, Yang GY. Ischemia-induced Angiogenesis is Attenuated in Aged Rats. Aging Dis 2015; 7:326-35. [PMID: 27493831 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To study whether focal angiogenesis is induced in aged rodents after permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), young adult (3-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) Fisher 344 rats underwent MCAO and sacrificed up to two months after MCAO. Immunohistochemistry and synchrotron radiation microangiography were performed to examine the number of newly formed blood vessels in both young adult and aged rats post-ischemia. We found that the number of capillaries and small arteries in aged brain was the same as young adult brain. In addition, we found that after MCAO, the number of blood vessels in the peri-infarct region of ipsilateral hemisphere in aged ischemic rats was significantly increased compared to the aged sham rats (p<0.05). We also confirmed that ischemia-induced focal angiogenesis occurred in young adult rat brain while the blood vessel density in young adult ischemic brain was significantly higher than that in the aged ischemic brain (p<0.05). Our data suggests that focal angiogenesis in aged rat brain can be induced in response to ischemic brain injury, and that aging impedes brain repairing and remodeling after ischemic stroke, possible due to the limited response of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; 2Department of Orthopaedic surgery, School of medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liuqing Wang
- 3Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- 5Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 3Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China; 4Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76203, USA
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; 5Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, China
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Tang Y, Cai B, Yuan F, He X, Lin X, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang GY. Melatonin Pretreatment Improves the Survival and Function of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:1279-1291. [PMID: 23635511 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x667510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been shown to be beneficial in treating cerebral ischemia. However, such benefit is limited by the low survival of transplanted MSCs in an ischemic microenvironment. Previous studies showed that melatonin pretreatment can increase MSC survival in the ischemic kidney. However, whether it will improve MSC survival in cerebral ischemia is unknown. Our study examined the effect of melatonin pretreatment on MSCs under ischemia-related conditions in vitro and after transplantation into ischemic rat brain. Results showed that melatonin pretreatment greatly increased survival of MSCs in vitro and reduced their apoptosis after transplantation into ischemic brain. Melatonin-treated MSCs (MT-MSCs) further reduced brain infarction and improved neurobehavioral outcomes. Angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were greatly increased in the MT-MSC-treated rats. Melatonin treatment increased the level of p-ERK1/2 in MSCs, which can be blocked by the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole. ERK phosphorylation inhibitor U0126 completely reversed the protective effects of melatonin, suggesting that melatonin improves MSC survival and function through activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Thus, stem cells pretreated by melatonin may represent a feasible approach for improving the beneficial effects of stem cell therapy for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Cai
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Falei Yuan
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Shen L, Miao J, Yuan F, Zhao Y, Tang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yang GY. Overexpression of adiponectin promotes focal angiogenesis in the mouse brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Gene Ther 2012; 20:93-101. [PMID: 22357512 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that overexpression of adiponectin (APN) could attenuate ischemic brain injury. However, the mechanism of APN effect remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms of APN action during cerebral ischemia. Adult mice (n=120) received an intracerebral injection of adeno-associated viral vector carrying the APN gene (AAV-APN). The mice were subjected to a transient ispilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) after 7-day AAV-APN gene transfer. Cortical atrophy volume, neurological function, microvessels counts, phospho-AMPK and downstream angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were examined. Overexpression of APN was observed in the mouse brain following AAV-APN gene transfer. Cortical atrophy volume was attenuated in the AAV-APN-transduced mice compared with the AAV-GFP and saline-treated mice (7.9 ± 0.6%, 19.8 ± 0.3% and 20.3 ± 1.1%, respectively, P<0.05), with significant improvement in neurological function and an increased number of microvessels (199 ± 5 vs 151 ± 4 and 148 ± 4 mm(-2), P<0.01). Furthermore, the expression of phospho-AMPK and VEGF were increased in the AAV-APN-transduced compared with the control mice (P<0.01), whereas inhibiting phospho-AMPK, reducing VEGF expression and attenuating the effect of APN on brain atrophy and angiogenesis (P<0.01). APN overexpression attenuates ischemia-induced brain atrophy and has improvement in neurological function. The consequence is related to promotion of focal angiogenesis. The AMPK signaling pathway has an important role in upregulating angiogenic factor VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Cullen M, Elzarrad MK, Seaman S, Zudaire E, Stevens J, Yang MY, Li X, Chaudhary A, Xu L, Hilton MB, Logsdon D, Hsiao E, Stein EV, Cuttitta F, Haines DC, Nagashima K, Tessarollo L, St. Croix B. GPR124, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, is required for CNS-specific vascularization and establishment of the blood-brain barrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5759-64. [PMID: 21421844 PMCID: PMC3078373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017192108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Every organ in the body requires blood vessels for efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients, but independent vascular beds are highly specialized to meet the individual needs of specific organs. The vasculature of the brain is tightly sealed, with blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties developing coincident with neural vascularization. G protein-coupled receptor 124 (GPR124) (tumor endothelial marker 5, TEM5), an orphan member of the adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors, was previously identified on the basis of its overexpression in tumor vasculature. Here, we show that global deletion or endothelial-specific deletion of GPR124 in mice results in embryonic lethality associated with abnormal angiogenesis of the forebrain and spinal cord. Expression of GPR124 was found to be required for invasion and migration of blood vessels into neuroepithelium, establishment of BBB properties, and expansion of the cerebral cortex. Thus, GPR124 is an important regulator of neurovasculature development and a potential drug target for cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Cullen
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Mohammed K. Elzarrad
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Enrique Zudaire
- Angiogenesis Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877
| | - Janine Stevens
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Mi Young Yang
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Xiujie Li
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Amit Chaudhary
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Lihong Xu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
- Basic Research Program
| | | | - Emily Hsiao
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Erica V. Stein
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Frank Cuttitta
- Angiogenesis Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Veterinary Pathology Section, Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, and
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Brad St. Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
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Overexpression of netrin-1 improves neurological outcomes in mice following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Front Med 2011; 5:86-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-011-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Cromer W, Jennings MH, Odaka Y, Mathis JM, Alexander JS. Murine rVEGF164b, an inhibitory VEGF reduces VEGF-A-dependent endothelial proliferation and barrier dysfunction. Microcirculation 2011; 17:536-47. [PMID: 21040119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the murine inhibitory vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, rVEGF164b), we generated an adenoviral vector encoding rVEGF164b, and examined its effects on endothelial barrier, growth, and structure. METHOD Mouse vascular endothelial cells (MVEC) proliferation was determined by an MTT assay. Barrier of MVEC monolayers was measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Reorganization of actin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were determined by fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Mouse venous endothelial cells treated with murine VEGF-A (VEGF-A) (50 ng/mL) increased proliferation (60.7 ± 0.1%) within 24 hours (p < 0.05) and rVEGF164b inhibited VEGF-A-induced proliferation. TEER was significantly decreased by VEGF-A (81.7 ± 6.2% of control). Treatment with rVEGF164b at 50 ng/mL transiently reduced MVEC barrier (p < 0.05) at 30 minutes post-treatment (87.9 ± 1.7% of control TEER), and returned to control levels by 40 minutes post-treatment. Treatment with rVEGF164b prevented barrier changes by subsequent exposure to VEGF-A. Treatment of MVECS with VEGF-A reorganized F-actin and ZO-1, which was attenuated by rVEGF164b. CONCLUSIONS VEGF-A may dysregulate endothelial barrier through junctional cytoskeleton processes, which can be attenuated by rVEGF164b. The VEGF-A stimulated MVEC proliferation, barrier dysregulation, and cytoskeletal rearrangement. However, rVEGF164b blocks these effects, therefore it may be useful for regulation studies of VEGF-A/VEGF-R signaling in many different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Cromer
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA
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Abstract
Promoting functional recovery after ischemic brain injury has emerged as a potential approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke. An ideal restorative approach to enhance long-term functional recovery is to promote postischemic angiogenesis and neurogenesis. This chapter describes a system using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transfer into the ischemic brain. The methods described here for construction, production, and purification of AAV vector expressing VEGF gene can also be applied to producing AAV vectors expressing other genes. This chapter also illustrates the methods to produce mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), injection of viral vector into the mouse brain, and standard assays for determining the success of brain ischemia and gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Su
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Murphy PA, Lu G, Shiah S, Bollen AW, Wang RA. Endothelial Notch signaling is upregulated in human brain arteriovenous malformations and a mouse model of the disease. J Transl Med 2009; 89:971-82. [PMID: 19546852 PMCID: PMC3095492 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) can cause lethal hemorrhagic stroke and have no effective treatment. The cellular and molecular basis for this disease is largely unknown. We have previously shown that expression of constitutively-active Notch4 receptor in the endothelium elicits and maintains the hallmarks of BAVM in mice, thus establishing a mouse model of the disease. Our work suggested that Notch pathway could be a critical molecular mediator of BAVM pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that upregulated Notch activation contributes to the pathogenesis of human BAVM. We examined the expression of the canonical Notch downstream target Hes1 in the endothelium of human BAVMs by immunofluorescence, and showed increased levels relative to either autopsy or surgical biopsy controls. We then analyzed receptor activity using an antibody to the activated form of the Notch1 receptor, and found increased levels of activity. These findings suggest that Notch activation may promote the development and even maintenance of BAVM. We also detected increases in Hes1 and activated Notch1 expression in our mouse model of BAVM induced by constitutively active Notch4, demonstrating molecular similarity between the mouse model and the human disease. Our work suggests that activation of Notch signaling is an important molecular candidate in BAVM pathogenesis and further validates that our animal model provides a platform to study the progression as well as the regression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Murphy
- Pacific Vascular Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Gloria Lu
- Pacific Vascular Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Steven Shiah
- Pacific Vascular Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Andrew W. Bollen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Rong A. Wang
- Pacific Vascular Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143,Corresponding author: Rong A. Wang, Ph.D., University of California, HSW 1618, Box 0507, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0507, , Ph: 415-476-6855, Fax: 415-564-5698
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11
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Lee CZ, Xue Z, Hao Q, Yang GY, Young WL. Nitric oxide in vascular endothelial growth factor-induced focal angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in the mouse brain. Stroke 2009; 40:2879-81. [PMID: 19498186 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.552059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can induce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activities and focal angiogenesis. We hypothesized that VEGF activation of cerebral MMP-9 would require nitric oxide participation. METHODS We compared the in vivo effects of: (1) N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine, a nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; (2) L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine, an inducible nitric oxide synthase selective inhibitor; and (3) doxycycline, a known nonspecific inhibitor of MMP in the mouse brain, using in situ zymography and endothelial marker CD31. 3-nitrotyrosine was used as a surrogate for nitric oxide activity. Inflammatory cell markers CD68 and MPO were used to confirm leukocyte infiltration. RESULTS VEGF-stimulated MMP-9 activity expressed primarily around cerebral microvessels. N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine suppressed cerebral angiogenesis (P<0.05), especially those microvessels associated with MMP-9 activation (P<0.02) induced by VEGF, comparable to the effect of doxycycline. L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine showed similar inhibitory effects. 3-nitrotyrosine confirmed nitric oxide levels in the brain. Compared with the lacZ control, VEGF increased inflammatory cell infiltration, especially macrophages, in the induced brain angiogenic focuses. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of nitric oxide production decreased MMP-9 activity and focal angiogenesis in the VEGF-stimulated brain. Both specific and nonspecific inhibition of nitric oxide synthase resulted in similar reductions, suggesting that VEGF-stimulated cerebral MMP activity and angiogenesis are predominantly mediated through inducible nitric oxide synthase, a specific nitric oxide synthase isoform mediating inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhung Z Lee
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Room 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Hao Q, Liu J, Pappu R, Su H, Rola R, Gabriel RA, Lee CZ, Young WL, Yang GY. Contribution of bone marrow-derived cells associated with brain angiogenesis is primarily through leukocytes and macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2151-7. [PMID: 18802012 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.176297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) in an angiogenic focus, induced by VEGF stimulation. METHODS AND RESULTS BM from GFP donor mice was isolated and transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients. Four weeks after transplantation, groups of mice received adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-VEGF or AAV-lacZ gene (control) injection and were euthanized at 1 to 24 weeks. BMDCs were characterized by double-labeled immunostaining. The function of BMDCs was further examined through matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 activity. We found that capillary density increased after 2 weeks, peaked at 4 weeks (P<0.01), and sustained up to 24 weeks after gene transfer. GFP-positive BMDCs infiltration in the angiogenic focus began at 1 week, peaked at 2 weeks, and decreased thereafter. The GFP-positive BMDCs were colocalized with CD45 (94%), CD68 (71%), 5% Vimentin (5%), CD31/von Willebrand factor (vWF) (1%), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha -SMA, 0.5%). Infiltrated BMDCs expressed MMP-9. MMP-9 KO mice confirmed the dependence of the angiogenic response on MMP-9 availability. CONCLUSIONS Nearly all BMDCs in the angiogenic focus showed expression for leukocytes/macrophages, indicating that BMDCs minimally incorporated into the neovasculature. Colocalization of MMPs with GFP suggests that BMDCs play a critical role in VEGF-induced angiogenic response through up-regulation of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hao
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Netrin-1 is a critical molecule for axonal pathfinding during embryo development, and because of its structural homology to the endothelial mitogens, it may share its effects on vascular network formation. Using an adeno-associated viral netrin-1 vector (AAV-NT-1) gene transfer, we demonstrated that netrin-1 was able to stimulate the proliferation and migration of human cerebral endothelial cells (HCECs) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) compared with the control (P<0.05), and could also promote HCEC tube formation on matrigel (P<0.05) in vitro. Moreover, netrin-1 hyperstimulation could promote focal neovascularization (P<0.05) in the adult brain in vivo. Unlike VEGF-induced microvessel increase, netrin-1-induced newly formed vessels showed an artery-like phenotype, with an intact endothelial cell monolayer surrounded by multiple cell layers, including smooth muscle cells and an astrocyte-connected outer layer. Our findings suggest that netrin-1 plays an important role in promoting blood vessel formation in the adult rodent central nervous system, and could have broad implication in cerebrovascular development and remodeling.
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14
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Hao Q, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Fan Y, Palmer D, Su H, Young WL, Yang GY. Neutrophil depletion decreases VEGF-induced focal angiogenesis in the mature mouse brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:1853-60. [PMID: 17392691 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To explore the role of neutrophil-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during angiogenesis in the brain, we hypothesized that transient neutrophil depletion attenuates the angiogenic response to focal hyperstimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Brain focal angiogenesis was achieved using an adeno-associated virus delivered VEGF (AAV-VEGF) gene transfer in the mature mouse. Four groups of mice underwent AAV vector injection in the brain parenchyma: (1) AAV-LacZ; (2) AAV-VEGF; (3) AAV-VEGF plus anti-polymorphonuclear (PMN) antibody; and (4) AAV-VEGF plus serum. Animals in groups 3 and 4 underwent 4 days of PMN antibody or serum treatment before transfection; treatment was sustained for an additional 14 days. Anti-PMN treatment decreased circulating neutrophils to 9% of baseline (P<0.001). Microvessels in the AAV-VEGF-group increased 25% compared with the AAV-lacZ-transduced group (256+/-15 versus 208+/-16; P<0.05). Anti-PMN treatment attenuated the increase to 10% compared with control serum treatment (234+/-16 versus 255+/-22; P<0.05). Similarly, compared with control serum treatment, anti-PMN treatment also reduced MMP-9 by 50% (2+/-0.9 versus 4+/-1.4; P<0.05) and MPO expression by 25% (2+/-0.8 versus 3+/-0.9; P<0.05); MMP-9 activity correlated with MPO expression (R(2)=0.8, P<0.05). Our study demonstrated that transient depletion of neutrophils suppressed VEGF-induced angiogenesis, indicating that circulating neutrophils contribute to VEGF-induced focal angiogenesis. In addition, brain MMP-9 activity was attenuated after neutrophil depletion, suggesting that neutrophil is an important source of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hao
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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15
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Lee CZ, Xue Z, Zhu Y, Yang GY, Young WL. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibition attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2007; 38:2563-8. [PMID: 17673717 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.106.481515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Human brain arteriovenous malformation tissue displays increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, a tissue protease associated with various intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We hypothesized that increased MMP-9 was associated with ICH induced by vascular endothelial growth factor hyperstimulation and that this effect could be attenuated by nonspecific MMP inhibition. METHODS We used a mouse model with adenoviral vector-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor transduction in the brain. The association of MMP-9 expression and the brain tissue hemoglobin levels, an index of ICH, after stereotactic injection of adenoviral vector-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor into caudate putamen was assessed. A dose-response study with adenoviral vector-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor and a time course study at both 24 and 48 hours postinjection were performed. Effects of minocycline, a nonspecific MMP inhibitor, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an upstream regulator of MMPs, on MMP-9 activity and thereby the degree of ICH were also tested. RESULTS Adenoviral vector-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor at the higher dose and at 48 hours induced MMP-9 levels 6-fold (n=6, P=0.02) and increased brain tissue hemoglobin (43.4+/-11.5 versus 30.3+/-4.1 mug/mg, n=6, P=0.003) compared with the adenoviral vector control. Immnunostaining was positive for MMP-9 around the cerebral vessels and the hemorrhagic areas. Minocycline and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate administration suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor-induced MMP-9 activity (n=6, P=0.003 and P=0.01, respectively) and the associated increases in hemoglobin levels (n=5-6, P=0.001 and P=0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced ICH is associated with increased MMP-9 expression. Suppression of MMP-9 by minocycline or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuated ICH, suggesting the therapeutic potential of MMP inhibitors in cerebral vascular rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhung Z Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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16
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Fan Y, Yang GY. Therapeutic angiogenesis for brain ischemia: a brief review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 2:284-9. [PMID: 18040863 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-007-9073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the normal mature brain, blood vessel formation is tightly downregulated. However, pathologic processes such as ischemia can induce cerebral vascular regeneration. Angiogenesis is one of the major styles of new vessel formation. In this article, we summarize the major angiogenic factors in the brain, discuss the significant changes of angiogenic factors and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in response to brain ischemia, and finally, review the therapeutic potential of angiogenic factors and EPCs in experimental cerebral ischemia based on the concept of neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Fan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Room 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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17
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Shen F, Su H, Fan Y, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Liu W, Young WL, Yang GY. Adeno-Associated Viral Vector-Mediated Hypoxia-Inducible Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Expression Attenuates Ischemic Brain Injury After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Stroke 2006; 37:2601-6. [PMID: 16946160 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000240407.14765.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exogenous delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGF) may provide a useful approach to the treatment of brain ischemia. We investigated the use of a hypoxia-responsive element to control VEGF expression given for neuroprotection. METHODS Three groups (n=36) of mice received AAVH9-VEGF, AAVH9-lacZ, or saline injection. Five days after gene transfer, the mice underwent 45 minutes of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) followed by 1 to 7 days of reperfusion. Infarct volume was determined using cresyl violet staining; neuronal injury was examined using TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3, and fluoro-Jade B staining. RESULTS Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) was overexpressed after tMCAO in the ischemic hemisphere in the brain. Expression of lacZ, mediated by AAV-lacZ, was seen before and after tMCAO; however, AAVH9-lacZ-mediated lacZ expression was detected only after tMCAO. Infarct volume was smaller in the AAVH9-VEGF-transduced group compared with AAVH9-lacZ and saline groups (55% reduction, P<0.05) with reduced TUNEL (29+/-5% and 30+/-7% versus 12+/-3%, P<0.05), cleaved caspase-3 (20+/-3% and 21+/-5% versus 13+/-4%, P<0.05) and fluoro-Jade B (23+/-3% and 24+/-5% versus 12+/-5%, P<0.05) -positive neurons, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous expression of VEGF through AAVH9-VEGF gene transfer 5 days before the onset of ischemia provides neuroprotection. Hypoxia-responsive element is a viable strategy of restricting VEGF expression to areas of ischemia to minimize adverse effects of therapy on adjacent normal parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxia Shen
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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18
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Lee CZ, Yao JS, Huang Y, Zhai W, Liu W, Guglielmo BJ, Lin E, Yang GY, Young WL. Dose-response effect of tetracyclines on cerebral matrix metalloproteinase-9 after vascular endothelial growth factor hyperstimulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26:1157-64. [PMID: 16395286 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) are a potentially life-threatening disorder. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity was greatly increased in BAVM tissue specimens. Doxycycline was shown to decrease cerebral MMP-9 activities and angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In the present study, we determined the dose-response effects of doxycycline and minocycline on cerebral MMP-9 using our mouse model with VEGF focal hyperstimulation delivered with adenoviral vector (AdVEGF) in the brain. Mice were treated with doxycycline or minocycline, respectively, at 1, 5, 10, 30, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day through drinking water for 1 week. Our results have shown that MMP-9 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression was inhibited by doxycycline starting at 10 mg/kg/day (P<0.02). Minocycline showed more potent inhibition on MMP-9 mRNA expression, starting at 1 (P<0.005) and further at more than 30 (P<0.001) mg/kg/day. At the enzymatic activity level, doxycycline started to suppress MMP-9 activity at 5 mg/kg/day (P<0.001), while minocycline had an effect at a lower dose, 1 mg/kg/day (P<0.02). The inhibition of cerebral MMP-9 mRNA and activity were highly correlated with drug levels in the brain tissue. We also assessed the potential relevant signaling pathway in vitro to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the MMP-9 inhibition by tetracyclines. In vitro, minocycline, but not doxycycline, inhibits MMP-9, at least in part, via the extracellular signaling-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated pathway. This study provided the evidence that the tetracyclines inhibit stimulated cerebral MMP-9 at multiple levels and are effective at very low doses, offering great potential for therapeutic use.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxycycline/metabolism
- Doxycycline/pharmacology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gelatin/metabolism
- Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/enzymology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Minocycline/metabolism
- Minocycline/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stimulation, Chemical
- Tetracyclines/metabolism
- Tetracyclines/pharmacology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhung Z Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 94110, USA
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19
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Zhu W, Mao Y, Zhao Y, Zhou LF, Wang Y, Zhu JH, Zhu Y, Yang GY. Transplantation of vascular endothelial growth factor-transfected neural stem cells into the rat brain provides neuroprotection after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosurgery 2006; 57:325-33; discussion 325-33. [PMID: 16094163 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000166682.50272.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation and neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation have been implicated in the treatment of cerebral ischemia because of their crucial roles in neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis. However, effective delivery of VEGF or NSCs remains difficult. This study attempted to explore whether VEGF121 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid could be transferred into the NSCs and, furthermore, whether transplanting these VEGF121-transfected NSCs into the rat brain provides sufficient neuroprotection after transient focal cerebral ischemia. METHODS The VEGF121 gene was transfected to the NSCs isolated from E14 fetal rat hippocampus. In vitro studies revealed that VEGF messenger ribonucleic acid could be consistently expressed in NSCs from 1 day to up to 2 weeks. RESULTS After transplantation of VEGF121-transfected NSCs into the perifocal area of the ischemic rat brain, we found that these cells could survive and migrate in the ischemic region for 12 weeks. Furthermore, we observed a significant improvement of the Neurological Severity Scale score in the rats transplanted with VEGF121-transfected NSCs in comparison to the phosphate-buffered saline-injected or the sham-operated rats (P < 0.05). Transplantation of nontransfected NSCs into ischemic rat brain improved the Neurological Severity Scale score as well. Of note, the improvement in the Neurological Severity Scale score occurred earlier in the VEGF121-transfected NSC rats than in the nontransfected NSC rats (range, 2-12 wk versus 8-12 wk), suggesting a potent neuroprotection mediated by additional VEGF121 transfection. CONCLUSION We conclude that transplantation of VEGF121-transfected NSCs improved ischemic neurological deficiency. This finding provides a novel approach for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Institution of Neurosurgery, Hua-Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Merrill MJ, Oldfield EH. A reassessment of vascular endothelial growth factor in central nervous system pathology. J Neurosurg 2005; 103:853-68. [PMID: 16304990 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.103.5.0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
✓ Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with several central nervous system (CNS) diseases and abnormalities, and is often postulated as a causative factor and promising therapeutic target in these settings. The authors' goal was to reassess the contribution of VEGF to the biology and pathology of the CNS.
The authors review the literature relating to the following aspects of VEGF: 1) the biology of VEGF in normal brain; 2) the involvement of VEGF in CNS disorders other than tumors (traumatic and ischemic injuries, arteriovenous malformations, inflammation); and 3) the role of VEGF in brain tumor biology (gliomas and the associated vasogenic edema, and hemangioblastomas).
The authors conclude the following: first, that VEGF overexpression contributes to the phenotype associated with many CNS disorders, but VEGF is a reactive rather than a causative factor in many cases; and second, that use of VEGF as a therapeutic agent or target is complicated by the effects of VEGF not only on the cerebral vasculature, but also on astrocytes, neurons, and inflammatory cells. In many cases, therapeutic interventions targeting the VEGF/VEGF receptor axis are likely to be ineffective or even detrimental. Clinical manipulation of VEGF levels in the CNS must be approached with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha J Merrill
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1414, USA.
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21
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Larrivée B, Niessen K, Pollet I, Corbel SY, Long M, Rossi FM, Olive PL, Karsan A. Minimal contribution of marrow-derived endothelial precursors to tumor vasculature. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2890-9. [PMID: 16116175 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, vascular and hemopoietic cells originate from a common precursor, the hemangioblast. Recent evidence suggests the existence of endothelial precursors in adult bone marrow cells, but it is unclear whether those precursors have a role in tumor neovascularization. In this report, we demonstrate that murine bone marrow contains endothelial progenitors, which arise from a cell with self-renewing capacity, and can integrate into tumor microvasculature, albeit at a very low frequency. A transgenic double-reporter strategy allowed us to demonstrate definitively that tumor bone marrow-derived endothelial cells arise by transdifferentiation of marrow progenitors rather than by cell fusion. Single cell transplants showed that a common precursor contributes to both the hemopoietic and endothelial lineages, thus demonstrating the presence of an adult hemangioblast. Furthermore, we demonstrate that increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A secretion by tumor cells, as well as activation of VEGF receptor-2 in bone marrow cells does not alter the mobilization and incorporation of marrow-derived endothelial progenitors into tumor vasculature. Finally, in human umbilical cord blood cells, we show that endothelial precursors make up only approximately 1 in 10(7) mononuclear cells but are highly enriched in the CD133+ cell population. By ruling out cell fusion, we clearly demonstrate the existence of an adult hemangioblast, but the differentiation of marrow stem cells toward the endothelial lineage is an extremely rare event. Furthermore, we show that VEGF-A stimulation of hemopoietic cells does not significantly alter this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Larrivée
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Vates GE, Hashimoto T, Young WL, Lawton MT. Angiogenesis in the brain during development: the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 in an animal model. J Neurosurg 2005; 103:136-45. [PMID: 16121984 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The goal of this study was to examine the roles of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in the formation of blood vessels in the brain in a developmental animal model not routinely used for such a study. METHODS Either VEGF, Ang-2, or a combination of the two factors were injected into the optic tectum of 4-day-old quail embryos. Immunohistochemical analysis and laser confocal microscopy were used to observe the effects on endothelial cells in the brain. Vascular endothelial growth factor and Ang-2 had very different effects on the development of blood vessels; the former caused expansion and the latter retraction of these vessels. Treatment with a combination of VEGF and Ang-2 caused retroorbital or intraventricular hemorrhage, and brain blood vessels appeared enlarged and dysmorphic, with dramatically extended filopodia. CONCLUSIONS Some of these observations may provide insight into how one may develop a better model of brain arteriovenous malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Edward Vates
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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23
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Zhu Y, Lee C, Shen F, Du R, Young WL, Yang GY. Angiopoietin-2 Facilitates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis in the Mature Mouse Brain. Stroke 2005; 36:1533-7. [PMID: 15947259 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000170712.46106.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
A better understanding of angiogenic factors and their effects on cerebral angiogenesis is necessary for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for ischemic brain injury. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to induce angiogenesis in the adult mouse brain. However, the function of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in cerebral angiogenesis has not been clarified. The goal of this study was to identify the combined effects of VEGF and Ang-2 on cerebral angiogenesis and the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
Methods—
Six groups of 6 adult male CD-1 mice underwent AdlacZ (viral vector control), AdVEGF, AdAng2, VEGF protein, VEGF protein plus AdAng2, or saline (negative control) injection. Microvessels were counted using lectin staining on tissue sections after 2 weeks of treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity was determined by zymography. The presence of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein was determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.
Results—
Mice treated with VEGF protein infusion plus AdAng-2 significantly increased microvessel counts relative to all other groups (
P
<0.05). The changes in MMP-9 activity paralleled the reduced ZO-1 expression in the VEGF plus Ang-2–treated group compared with the other 5 groups (
P
<0.05). Double-labeled immunostaining demonstrated that ZO-1–positive staining was significantly decreased on the microvessel wall in the VEGF plus Ang-2–treated group.
Conclusions—
Our study demonstrates that the combination of VEGF and Ang-2 promotes more angiogenesis compared with VEGF alone. Furthermore, the combination of VEGF and Ang-2 may lead to BBB disruption because it increases MMP-9 activity and inhibits ZO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Zhu
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Chen Y, Xu B, Arderiu G, Hashimoto T, Young WL, Boudreau N, Yang GY. Retroviral delivery of homeobox D3 gene induces cerebral angiogenesis in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:1280-7. [PMID: 15545924 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000141770.09022.ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is regulated by concerted actions of angiogenic and angiostatic factors. Homeobox D3 gene (HOXD3) is a potent proangiogenic transcription factor that promotes angiogenesis by modulating the expression of matrix-degrading proteinases, integrins, and extracellular matrix components. Application of HOXD3 can promote angiogenesis in the skin, but its role in other vascular beds has not been examined. The authors examined HOXD3 expression in human brain vessels by in situ hybridization. Although little or no HOXD3 mRNA was detected in normal brain vessels, increased levels of HOXD3 and its target gene, alpha V beta 3, were found in angiogenic vessels in human brain arteriovenous malformations. The authors further investigated whether HOXD3 plays a role in cerebral angiogenesis in a murine model. Expression of HOXD3 in mouse brain was achieved through retroviral vector-mediated HOXD3 gene transfer. HOXD3 expression lead to a significant induction of cerebral angiogenesis as shown by quantitative microvessel counting (HOXD3: 241 +/- 19 vessels/mm2 vs. saline: 150 +/- 14 vessels/mm2, P < 0.05). The data also showed that focal cerebral blood flow was increased in the angiogenic region with less vascular leakage. Moreover, expression of HOXD3 led to an increase in the expression of a direct downstream target gene alpha V beta 3 integrin. The data suggest that HOXD3 may play an important role in regulating cerebral angiogenesis, and that gene transfer of HOXD3 may provide a novel and potent means to stimulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Chen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, The Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 94410, USA
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25
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Stiver SI, Tan X, Brown LF, Hedley-Whyte ET, Dvorak HF. VEGF-A angiogenesis induces a stable neovasculature in adult murine brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:841-55. [PMID: 15330339 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.8.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical component of stroke, head injury, cerebral vascular malformation development, and brain tumor growth. An understanding of the mechanisms of adult cerebral angiogenesis is fundamental to therapeutic vessel modulation for these diseases. To study angiogenesis in the central nervous system, we injected an adenoviral vector engineered to express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A164) into adult murine striatum. Vector-infected astrocytes expressed VEGF-A164 resulting in vascular permeability, hemorrhage, and the formation of greatly enlarged "mother" vessels. Subsequently, endothelial cells and pericytes lining mother vessels proliferated and assembled into glomeruloid bodies, complex cellular arrays interspersed by small vessel lumens. As VEGF-A164 expression declined, glomeruloid bodies involuted through apoptotic processes to engender numerous small daughter vessels. Characterized by modestly enlarged lumens with prominent pericyte coverage, daughter vessels were distributed with a density greater than normal cerebral vessels. Daughter vessels remained stable and patent to 16 months and represented the final stage of VEGF-A-induced cerebral angiogenesis. Together, these findings provide a mechanistic understanding of angiogenesis in cerebral disease processes. Furthermore, the long-term stability of daughter vessels in the absence of exogenous VEGF-A164 expression suggests that VEGF-A may enable therapeutic angiogenesis in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Stiver
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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26
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Yao JS, Chen Y, Zhai W, Xu K, Young WL, Yang GY. Minocycline exerts multiple inhibitory effects on vascular endothelial growth factor-induced smooth muscle cell migration: the role of ERK1/2, PI3K, and matrix metalloproteinases. Circ Res 2004; 95:364-71. [PMID: 15256478 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000138581.04174.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Widely used tetracycline antibiotics affect many cellular functions relevant to human vascular disease including cell proliferation, migration, and matrix remodeling. We examined whether minocycline inhibited human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) migration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). After the establishment of an optimal dose, minocycline treated HASMC were exposed to VEGF. HASMC migration, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation were determined by smooth muscle cell (SMC) invasion assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, zymograms, and Western blot analysis, respectively. We demonstrated that VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced SMC migration in a dose-dependent manner. MMP-9, but not MMP-2, mRNA was increased during VEGF stimulation. MMP-9 activity was increased from 1.5- to 2.5-fold in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Both ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKt pathways were activated during VEGF-induced HASMCs migration. We then demonstrated that minocycline can inhibit VEGF-induced HASMC migration (P<0.05). The effects may be through the inhibition of MMP-9 mRNA transcription, protein activities and downregulation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathway phosphorylation. Our results indicated that minocycline exerts multiple effects on VEGF-induced SMC migration, including inhibition of MMP-9 mRNA transcription and protein activities and downregulating ERK1/2 and PI3K signal pathways, suggesting minocycline may be a potentially therapeutic approach to inhibit disease process induced angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Aorta/cytology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Collagen
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Combinations
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Laminin
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/analysis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/physiology
- Minocycline/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/physiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Proteoglycans
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua S Yao
- The Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco 94110, USA
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Lee CZ, Xu B, Hashimoto T, McCulloch CE, Yang GY, Young WL. Doxycycline Suppresses Cerebral Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Angiogenesis Induced by Focal Hyperstimulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in a Mouse Model. Stroke 2004; 35:1715-9. [PMID: 15166398 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000129334.05181.b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
A number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders are associated with abnormalities in or activation of angiogenesis, including vascular malformations. To test the hypothesis that the nonspecific matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, doxycycline, suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced cerebral angiogenesis through inhibition of MMPs, we used a mouse model with enhanced cerebral angiogenesis induced by focal hyperstimulation of VEGF from adenovirus DNA (AdVEGF) transduction.
Methods—
The time course study of MMP activity was performed at 7 and 14 days after AdVEGF transduction. MMP activity and expression were examined by zymography and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As an index of cerebral angiogenesis, microvessel counting was performed in the brains of 3 groups of mice (n=6): (1) control; (2) AdVEGF only; and (3) AdVEGF plus doxycycline (30 mg/kg per day).
Results—
Brain MMP-9 activities increased 4-fold (883±137 versus 179±179; 1-sided
P
<0.001) at 7 days after AdVEGF transduction. VEGF transduction increased vessel counts by 19% (255±27 versus 215±15, 1-sided
P
<0.01). Doxycycline treatment decreased MMP-9 activity (89±72 versus 883±137; 1-sided
P
<0.001) and cerebral microvessel number (231±17 versus 255±27; 1-sided
P
<0.05).
Conclusions—
Doxycycline is effective in decreasing stimulated cerebral MMP-9 activity and parenchymal angiogenesis. The decrease in MMP-9 activity is associated with decreased microvessel counts. Brain pathophysiological processes that involve abnormally enhanced angiogenesis may be amenable to manipulation by MMP inhibitors, including tetracycline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhung Z Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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