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Hoffmann A, Pacios K, Mühlemann R, Daumke R, Frank B, Kalman F. Application of a novel chemical assay for the quantification of endotoxins in bacterial bioreactor samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123839. [PMID: 37527605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemical assay, the so-called Kdo-DMB-liquid chromatography (LC) assay, was used for the accurate and cost-effective determination of the endotoxin content in supernatants of Gram-negative bacteria bioreactor samples. During mild acid hydrolysis, the endotoxin-specific sugar acid 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulsonic acid (Kdo) is quantitatively released. Kdo is reacted with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) to obtain the highly fluorescent derivate Kdo-DMB. It is separated from the reaction mixture by reversed phase-(U)HPLC and detected by fluorescence. From the Kdo content the endotoxin content of the sample is calculated. For three batch cultivations of Escherichia coli K12 and a fed-batch cultivation of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, the evolution of the endotoxin content in dependence on the cultivation time was monitored. Under optimal, constant cultivation conditions a linear correlation between the endotoxin content and the easy-to-access bioreactor parameters optical density at 600 nm and dry cell weight was found for both endotoxin kinds. Under stress cultivation conditions the E. coli K12 cultivation showed a stronger increase of the endotoxin content at harvest in comparison to optimal conditions. Optical density and dry cell weight may be used for production reactors as an economic real-time estimation tool to determine the endotoxin content at different cultivation time points and conditions. The optical density can further be used to establish straightforward sample dilution schemes for endotoxin quantification in samples of unknown endotoxin content. The endotoxin content [ng mL-1] measured by the Kdo-DMB-LC assay and the endotoxin activity [EU mL-1] obtained by the compendial Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate assay show a high correlation for the bacterial bioreactor samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hoffmann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pacios
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Reto Mühlemann
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Daumke
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Brian Frank
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland.
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2
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Si A, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis of Aminooxy Glycoside Derivatives of the Outer Core Domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:750502. [PMID: 34820424 PMCID: PMC8606414 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.750502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly prevalent gram-negative bacterium that is becoming more difficult to treat because of increasing antibiotic resistance. As chemotherapeutic treatment options diminish, there is an increased need for vaccines. However, the creation of an effective P. aeruginosa vaccine has been elusive despite intensive efforts. Thus, new paradigms for vaccine antigens should be explored to develop effective vaccines. In these studies, we have focused on the synthesis of two L-rhamnose-bearing epitopes common to glycoforms I and II of the outer core domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide, α-L-Rha-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-α-D-GalN-(Ala)-α-aminooxy (3) and α-L-Rha-(1→3)-β-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-D-GalN-(Ala)-α-aminooxy (4), respectively. The target trisaccharides were both prepared starting from a suitably protected galactosamine glycoside, followed by successive deprotection and glycosylation with suitably protected D-glucose and L-rhamnose thioglycosides. Global deprotection resulted in the formation of targets 3 and 4 in 22 and 35% yield each. Care was required to modify basic reaction conditions to avoid early deprotection of the N-oxysuccinamido group. In summary, trisaccharides related to the L-rhamnose-bearing epitopes common to glycoforms I and II of the outer core domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide have been prepared as their aminooxy glycosides. The latter are expected to be useful in chemoselective oxime-based bioconjugation reactions to form Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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3
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Tuzikov AB, Rapoport EM, Khaidukov SV, Nokel EA, Knirel YA, Bovin NV. Synthesis of bodipy-labeled bacterial polysaccharides and their interaction with human dendritic cells. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:10.1007/s10719-021-09993-9. [PMID: 33783715 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the fluorescent labeling of bacterial polysaccharides (Escherichia coli O86:B7, Escherichia coli O19ab, Pseudomonas aeruginosa O10a10b, and Shigella flexneri 2b) at the "natural" amino group of their phosphoethanolamine moiety. Two protocols for labeling are compared: 1) on a scale of a few mg of the polysaccharide, with a dialysis procedure for purification from excessive reagents; and 2) on a scale of 0.1 mg of the polysaccharide, with a simple precipitation procedure instead of dialysis. The microscale version is sufficient for comfortable cytofluorometric analysis. The resulting probes were found to specifically bind to human dendritic cells in a dose-dependent manner. The used limited set of polysaccharides did not allow us even to get close to understanding which dendritic cell-associated lectins and which cognate polysaccharide epitopes are involved in recognition, but the proposed microscale protocol allows to generate a library of fluorescent probes for further mapping of the polysaccharide specificity of the dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Tuzikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Eugenia M Rapoport
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey V Khaidukov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Elena A Nokel
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky prosp, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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4
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Hofmann L, Hirsch M, Ruthstein S. Advances in Understanding of the Copper Homeostasis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2050. [PMID: 33669570 PMCID: PMC7922089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five thousand people die as a result of more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections in the United States of America per year. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is classified a serious threat, the second-highest threat category of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Among others, the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages the discovery and development of novel antibiotic classes with new targets and mechanisms of action without cross-resistance to existing classes. To find potential new target sites in pathogenic bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa, it is inevitable to fully understand the molecular mechanism of homeostasis, metabolism, regulation, growth, and resistances thereof. P. aeruginosa maintains a sophisticated copper defense cascade comprising three stages, resembling those of public safety organizations. These stages include copper scavenging, first responder, and second responder. Similar mechanisms are found in numerous pathogens. Here we compare the copper-dependent transcription regulators cueR and copRS of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and P. aeruginosa. Further, phylogenetic analysis and structural modelling of mexPQ-opmE reveal that this efflux pump is unlikely to be involved in the copper export of P. aeruginosa. Altogether, we present current understandings of the copper homeostasis in P. aeruginosa and potential new target sites for antimicrobial agents or a combinatorial drug regimen in the fight against multidrug resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (M.H.)
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5
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Guo W, Xu S, Reichart TM, Xiao M, Lu T, Mello C, Chen Z. Probing Molecular Interactions between Surface-Immobilized Antimicrobial Peptides and Lipopolysaccharides In Situ. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12383-12393. [PMID: 33034460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Recently, a label-free immobilized antimicrobial peptide (AMP) surface plasmon resonance platform was developed to successfully distinguish LPS from multiple bacterial strains. Among the tested AMPs, SMAP29 exhibited excellent affinity with LPS and has two independent LPS-binding sites located at two termini of the peptide. In this study, sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy was applied to investigate molecular interactions between three LPS samples and surface-immobilized SMAP29 via the N-terminus, the C-terminus, and a middle site at the solid/liquid interface in situ in real-time, supplemented by circular dichroism spectroscopy. It was found that the conformations and orientations of surface-immobilized SMAP29 via different sites are different when interacting with the same LPS, with different interaction kinetics. The same SMAP29 sample also has different structures and interaction kinetics while interacting with different LPS samples with different charge densities and hydrophobicities. The observed results on molecular interactions between surface-immobilized peptides and LPS can well interpret the different adsorption amounts of various LPSs on different surface-immobilized peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy M Reichart
- Office of the Chief Scientist, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, 15 Kansas Street, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943, United States
| | - Minyu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tieyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Charlene Mello
- Office of the Chief Scientist, Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, 15 Kansas Street, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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6
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Outer Membrane Interaction Kinetics of New Polymyxin B Analogs in Gram-Negative Bacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00935-19. [PMID: 31332075 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00935-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli are a severe global health threat, limiting effective drug choices for treatment. In this study, polymyxin analogs designed to have reduced nephrotoxicity, direct activity, and potentiating activity were assessed for inhibition and outer membrane interaction kinetics against wild-type (WT) and polymyxin or multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae In MIC assays, two polymyxin B (PMB) analogs (SPR1205 and SPR206) and a polymyxin E analog (SPR946), with shortened peptide side chains and branched aminobutyryl N termini, exhibited promising activity compared with PMB and previously tested control polymyxin analogs SPR741 and polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN). Using dansyl-polymyxin (DPX) binding to assess the affinity of interaction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified or in the context of intact cells, SPR206 exhibited similar affinities to PMB but higher affinities than the other SPR analogs. Outer membrane permeabilization measured by the 1-N-phenyl-napthylamine (NPN) assay did not differ significantly between the polymyxin analogs. Moreover, Hill numbers were greater than 1 for most of the compounds tested on E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains which indicates that the disruption of the outer membrane by one molecule of compound cooperatively enhances the subsequent interactions of other molecules against WT and MDR strains. The high activity demonstrated by SPR206 as well as its ability to displace LPS and permeabilize the outer membrane of multiple strains of Gram-negative bacilli while showing cooperative potential with other membrane disrupting compounds supports further research with this polymyxin analog.
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Cooper CJ, Krishnamoorthy G, Wolloscheck D, Walker JK, Rybenkov VV, Parks JM, Zgurskaya HI. Molecular Properties That Define the Activities of Antibiotics in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1223-1234. [PMID: 29756762 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The permeability barrier of Gram-negative cell envelopes is the major obstacle in the discovery and development of new antibiotics. In Gram-negative bacteria, these difficulties are exacerbated by the synergistic interaction between two biochemically distinct phenomena, the low permeability of the outer membrane (OM) and active multidrug efflux. In this study, we used Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli strains with controllable permeability barriers, achieved through hyperporination of the OMs and varied efflux capacities, to evaluate the contributions of each of the barriers to protection from antibacterials. We analyzed antibacterial activities of β-lactams and fluoroquinolones, antibiotics that are optimized for targets in the periplasm and the cytoplasm, respectively, and performed a machine learning-based analysis to identify physicochemical descriptors that best classify their relative potencies. Our results show that the molecular properties selected by active efflux and the OM barriers are different for the two species. Antibiotic activity in P. aeruginosa was better classified by electrostatic and surface area properties, whereas topology, physical properties, and atom or bond counts best capture the behavior in E. coli. In several cases, descriptor values that correspond to active antibiotics also correspond to significant barrier effects, highlighting the synergy between the two barriers where optimizing for one barrier promotes strengthening of the other barrier. Thus, both barriers should be considered when optimizing antibiotics for favorable OM permeability, efflux evasion, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Cooper
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, F225 Walters Life Science, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ganesh Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - David Wolloscheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - John K. Walker
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Valentin V. Rybenkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jerry M. Parks
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, F225 Walters Life Science, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6309, United States
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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8
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Vartak A, Hefny FM, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis of Oligosaccharide Components of the Outer Core Domain of P. aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide Using a Multifunctional Hydroquinone-Derived Reducing-End Capping Group. Org Lett 2018; 20:353-356. [PMID: 29285926 PMCID: PMC6169316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a trisaccharide (common to glycoform I and II) and a tetrasaccharide (common to glycoform I) from the outer core domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using a novel hydroquinone-based reducing-end capping group is reported. This multifunctional capping group was utilized as purification handle and was stable toward many common transformations in oligosaccharide synthesis. The access to outer-core LPS antigens with a TBDPS-protected hydroquinone (TPH) at the reducing end will be useful for glycan array and therapeutic glycoconjugate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Vartak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Fatma M. Hefny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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9
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Varbanets LD, Zdorovenko EL, Kiprianova EA, Avdeeva LV, Brovarskaya OS, Rybalko SL. Characterization of the lipipolysaccharides of Pseudomonas chlororaphis. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715060132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Zgurskaya HI, López CA, Gnanakaran S. Permeability Barrier of Gram-Negative Cell Envelopes and Approaches To Bypass It. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:512-522. [PMID: 26925460 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. Species that have acquired multidrug resistance and cause infections that are effectively untreatable present a serious threat to public health. The problem is broadly recognized and tackled at both the fundamental and applied levels. This paper summarizes current advances in understanding the molecular bases of the low permeability barrier of Gram-negative pathogens, which is the major obstacle in discovery and development of antibiotics effective against such pathogens. Gaps in knowledge and specific strategies to break this barrier and to achieve potent activities against difficult Gram-negative bacteria are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen I. Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Cesar A. López
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - S. Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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11
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Di Lorenzo F, Silipo A, Bianconi I, Lore' NI, Scamporrino A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Bragonzi A, Molinaro A. Persistent cystic fibrosis isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RP73 exhibits an under-acylated LPS structure responsible of its low inflammatory activity. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:166-75. [PMID: 24856407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the major pathogen involved in lethal infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) population, is able to cause permanent chronic infections that can persist over the years. This ability to chronic colonize CF airways is related to a series of adaptive bacterial changes involving the immunostimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. The structure of LPSs isolated from several P. aeruginosa strains showed conserved features that can undergo chemical changes during the establishment of the chronic infection. In the present paper, we report the elucidation of the structure and the biological activity of the R-LPS (lipooligosaccharide, LOS) isolated from the persistent CF isolate P. aeruginosa strain RP73, in order to give further insights in the adaptation mechanism of the pathogen in the CF environment. The complete structural analysis of P. aeruginosa RP73 LOS was achieved by chemical analyses, NMR spectroscopy and MALDI MS spectrometry, while the assessment of the biological activity was attained testing the in vivo pro-inflammatory capacity of the isolated LOS molecule. While a typical CF LPS is able to trigger a high immune response and production of pro-inflammatory molecules, this P. aeruginosa RP73 LOS showed to possess a low pro-inflammatory capacity. This was possible due to a singular chemical structure possessing an under-acylated lipid A very similar to the LPS of P. aeruginosa found in chronic lung diseases such as bronchiectstasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Irene Bianconi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Ivan Lore'
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Scamporrino
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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12
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Isshiki Y, Kondo S. Characterization of the carbohydrate backbone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O6 lipopolysaccharides. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:539-51. [PMID: 21639862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural characterization studies have been carried out on the carbohydrate backbone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O6 lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The carbohydrate backbone isolated from O6 LPS by sequential derivatization, that is, dephosphorylation, O-deacylation, pyridylamination, N-deacylation and N-acetylation, is a nonasaccharide consisting of 3 mol of D-glucosamine (GlcN) (of which one is pyridylaminated), 2 mol of L-glycero-D-manno-heptose (Hep), and 1 mol each of D-galactose (Gal), D-glucose (Glc), D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo). Structural analyses by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry demonstrated that the carbohydrate backbone is β-Galp-(1→2)-α-Hepp-(1→3)-α-Hepp-(1→5)-α-Kdop-(2→6)-β-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-GlcNAc-PA, in which the 3-substituted α-Hepp is further substituted by β-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-β-Glcp at position 4 and by β-GlcpA at position 2. In native O6 LPS, an additional 1 mol of D-galacturonic acid, which is liberated by dephosphorylation in hydrofluoric acid, is present at an unknown position. A previous study by the present authors reported that, of 13 O-serotype LPS of V. parahaemolyticus, the only LPS from which Kdo was detected was from O6 LPS after mild acid hydrolysis. In the present study, we have demonstrated that only 1 mol of Kdo is present at the lipid A proximal position, a component which is common to the LPS in all serotypes of the bacterium, and that there is no additional Kdo in the carbohydrate backbone of O6 LPS. ELISA and ELISA inhibition analysis using antisera against O6 and Salmonella enterica Minnesota R595 and LPS of both strains further revealed that Kdo is not involved as an antigenic determinant of O6 LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Isshiki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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13
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Kabanov DS, Prokhorenko IR. Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:383-404. [PMID: 20618127 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review covers data on composition and structure of lipid A, core, and O-polysaccharide of the known lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. The relationship between the structure and biological activity of lipid A is discussed. The data on roles of core and O-polysaccharide in biological activities of lipopolysaccharides are presented. The structural homology of some oligosaccharide sequences of lipopolysaccharides to gangliosides of human cell membranes is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kabanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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14
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Pier GB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide: a major virulence factor, initiator of inflammation and target for effective immunity. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 297:277-95. [PMID: 17466590 PMCID: PMC1994162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens encountered by immunocompromised hosts and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elaborated by this organism is a key factor in virulence as well as both innate and acquired host responses to infection. The molecule has a fair degree of heterogeneity in its lipid A and O-antigen structure, and elaborates two different outer-core glycoforms, of which only one is ligated to the O-antigen. A close relatedness between the chemical structures and genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes has been established, with 11 major O-antigen groups identified. The lipid A can be variably penta-, hexa- or hepta-acylated, and these isoforms have differing potencies when activating host innate immunity via binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The O-antigen is a major target for protective immunity as evidenced by numerous animal studies, but attempts, to date, to produce a human vaccine targeting these epitopes have not been successful. Newer strategies employing live attenuated P. aeruginosa, or heterologous attenuated bacteria expressing P. aeruginosa O-antigens are potential means to solve some of the existing problems related to making a P. aeruginosa LPS-specific vaccine. Overall, there is now a large amount of information available about the genes and enzymes needed to produce the P. aeruginosa LPS, detailed chemical structures have been determined for the major O-antigens, and significant biologic and immunologic studies have been conducted to define the role of this molecule in virulence and immunity to P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald B Pier
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Bystrova OV, Knirel YA, Lindner B, Kocharova NA, Kondakova AN, Zähringer U, Pier GB. Structures of the core oligosaccharide and O-units in the R- and SR-type lipopolysaccharides of reference strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-serogroups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 46:85-99. [PMID: 16420601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2005.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Highly phosphorylated core oligosaccharides and those substituted with one O-antigen repeating unit were obtained by mild acid degradation or strong alkaline hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide samples from 23 reference strains representing all Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-serogroups. Studies by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy revealed both conserved and variable structural features of the lipopolysaccharides of various O-serogroups. The upstream terminal saccharide of the O-antigen, which contributes most to the immunospecificity of the bacteria, was defined in 11 from a total of 13 O-serogroups. The data obtained link together the known biosynthesis pathways, genetics and serology of the P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Bystrova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Zdorovenko EL, Vinogradov E, Zdorovenko GM, Lindner B, Bystrova OV, Shashkov AS, Rudolph K, Zähringer U, Knirel YA. Structure of the core oligosaccharide of a rough-type lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 271:4968-77. [PMID: 15606785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The core structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from a rough strain of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, GSPB 711, was investigated by sugar and methylation analyses, Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance ESI MS, and one- and two-dimensional 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Strong alkaline deacylation of the LPS resulted in two core-lipid A backbone undecasaccharide pentakisphosphates in the ratio approximately 2.5 : 1, which corresponded to outer core glycoforms 1 and 2 terminated with either L-rhamnose or 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo), respectively. Mild acid degradation of the LPS gave the major glycoform 1 core octasaccharide and a minor truncated glycoform 2 core heptasaccharide, which resulted from the cleavage of the terminal Kdo residues. The inner core of P. syringae is distinguished by a high degree of phosphorylation of L-glycero-D-manno-heptose residues with phosphate, diphosphate and ethanolamine diphosphate groups. The glycoform 1 core is structurally similar but not identical to one of the core glycoforms of the human pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The outer core composition and structure may be useful as a chemotaxonomic marker for the P. syringae group of bacteria, whereas a more conserved inner core structure appears to be representative for the whole genus Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina L Zdorovenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia.
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Silipo A, Leone S, Molinaro A, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M. The structure of the phosphorylated carbohydrate backbone of the lipopolysaccharide of the phytopathogen bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii. Carbohydr Res 2005; 339:2241-8. [PMID: 15337452 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel core-lipid A backbone oligosaccharide was isolated and identified from the lipopolysaccharide fraction of the mushrooms pathogen bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii. The oligosaccharide was obtained by alkaline treatment of the lipopolysaccharide fraction. Since the repeating unit of the O-antigen contained one residue of -->4)-alpha-l-GulpNAcAN, the hydrolysis was accompanied by beta-elimination on this residue and following depolymerization, producing a mixture of oligosaccharides. The complete structural elucidation showed the presence of a single core glycoform and was achieved by chemical analysis and by (1)H, (31)P, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy applying various 1D and 2D experiments. [structure: see text]. All sugars are alpha-d-pyranoses, if not stated otherwise. Hep is l-glycero-d-manno-heptose, Kdo is 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid, P is phosphate. QuiN and DeltaGulNA are present in nonstoichiometric amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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