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Schromm AB, Correa W, Gisch N, Steiniger F, Richter W, Martinez-de-Tejada G, Brandenburg K, von Wintzingerode F. Supramolecular assembly of micellar aggregates is the basis of low endotoxin recovery (LER) in a drug formulation that can be resolved by a whole blood assay. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116286. [PMID: 38401515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is ubiquitous and represents a harmful contaminant of pharmaceutical compounds, recombinant biologicals and drug products. The pyrogen can induce severe immune responses and pathology in vitro and in vivo. Health authorities require strict control of endotoxin in parenteral drugs. However, for research and pre-clinical compound analysis, endotoxin testing is not a required quality control, which may cause potential drawbacks in the translational pipeline. Endotoxin testing is usually performed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, which is hampered by the so-called low endotoxin recovery (LER) effect when certain drug formulations are tested. A comprehensive study including structural, biophysical, and biological analyses was conducted to identify LER root cause for phosphate- and polysorbate-containing parenteral drug products. LPS in water showed extended ribbon-like aggregate structures. In placebo (formulation buffer without drug) and in drug product (drug in formulation buffer), a reaggregation of LPS into a network of interlinked micelles with hidden head group charges, and a strong reduction of the negative surface potential was observed. The non-accessibility of the LPS backbone has a direct impact leading (i) to a loss of activation of the LAL-cascade, (ii) reduced activation of the TLR4/MD-2 receptor system, and (iii) increased survival in a mouse model of endotoxemia. These data provide a structure-based explanation of the LER-underlying mechanisms. A human whole blood assay is shown to resolve LER and detect the pyrogenic activity of endotoxin with high sensitivity. This may open new test options to improve quality control in drug development and drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra B Schromm
- Division of Immunobiophysics, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany; Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University, Germany.
| | - Wilmar Correa
- Division of Biophysics, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Walter Richter
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Guillermo Martinez-de-Tejada
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Dardelle F, Phelip C, Darabi M, Kondakova T, Warnet X, Combret E, Juranville E, Novikov A, Kerzerho J, Caroff M. Diversity, Complexity, and Specificity of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Structures Impacting Their Detection and Quantification. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3927. [PMID: 38612737 PMCID: PMC11011966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Endotoxins are toxic lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), extending from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and notorious for their toxicity and deleterious effects. The comparison of different LPSs, isolated from various Gram-negative bacteria, shows a global similar architecture corresponding to a glycolipid lipid A moiety, a core oligosaccharide, and outermost long O-chain polysaccharides with molecular weights from 2 to 20 kDa. LPSs display high diversity and specificity among genera and species, and each bacterium contains a unique set of LPS structures, constituting its protective external barrier. Some LPSs are not toxic due to their particular structures. Different, well-characterized, and highly purified LPSs were used in this work to determine endotoxin detection rules and identify their impact on the host. Endotoxin detection is a major task to ensure the safety of human health, especially in the pharma and food sectors. Here, we describe the impact of different LPS structures obtained under different bacterial growth conditions on selective LPS detection methods such as LAL, HEK-blue TLR-4, LC-MS2, and MALDI-MS. In these various assays, LPSs were shown to respond differently, mainly attributable to their lipid A structures, their fatty acid numbers and chain lengths, the presence of phosphate groups, and their possible substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Dardelle
- LPS-BioSciences, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (F.D.); (M.D.); (E.J.)
| | - Capucine Phelip
- HEPHAISTOS-Pharma, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (C.P.); (A.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Maryam Darabi
- LPS-BioSciences, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (F.D.); (M.D.); (E.J.)
| | - Tatiana Kondakova
- LPS-BioSciences, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (F.D.); (M.D.); (E.J.)
| | - Xavier Warnet
- LPS-BioSciences, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (F.D.); (M.D.); (E.J.)
| | - Edyta Combret
- LPS-BioSciences, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (F.D.); (M.D.); (E.J.)
| | - Eugenie Juranville
- LPS-BioSciences, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (F.D.); (M.D.); (E.J.)
| | - Alexey Novikov
- HEPHAISTOS-Pharma, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (C.P.); (A.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Jerome Kerzerho
- HEPHAISTOS-Pharma, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (C.P.); (A.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Martine Caroff
- LPS-BioSciences, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (F.D.); (M.D.); (E.J.)
- HEPHAISTOS-Pharma, Bâtiment 440, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (C.P.); (A.N.); (J.K.)
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Hoffmann A, Zollinger M, Pacios K, Bucsella B, Kalman F. Reversed-phase HPLC based assay for selective and sensitive endotoxin quantification - part II. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464657. [PMID: 38280360 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The impact of naturally occurring 3-deoxy-d-manno‑oct-2-ulsonic acid (Kdo) derivatives on endotoxin (ET) quantification was investigated for six ET standards. In our recently published chemical Kdo-DMB-LC ET assay (Bucsella et al., Anal. Methods, 2020, 12,4621) [1], the rare, ET specific sugar acid Kdo is used for ET quantification of S-type ETs. The ET content is calculated based on an external Kdo standard or a representative ET standard. In absence of a specific ET standard, the calculation is based on the reference standard ET (RSE) structure or on a worst-case scenario. This scenario overestimates the total ET content of typical S-type ET preparations by a factor of four. Mainly R-type ETs contain in addition to Kdo also Kdo-s non-stoichiometrically modified with phosphoethanolamine (PEtN), galactose (Gal) or L‑glycero-d-manno-heptose (Hep) in substantial quantities. These Kdo species are separated from the unmodified Kdo. All Kdo and Kdo species follow an exponential hydrolytic release from the ET core in dependence on the hydrolysis time. Hydrolysis kinetics for identical Kdo species are the same for all ET standards. Kdo-Gal was released fastest followed by unsubstituted Kdo, Kdo-PEtN, and Kdo-Hep. Between 90 and 150 min a plateau of maximum content is obtained for all Kdo-s. That allows in case of a representative ET standard, ET quantification based on the most present Kdo derivative, here mainly unsubstituted Kdo. If no representative ET standard is available Kdo and all Kdo species must be considered for ET quantification. With that the Kdo-DMB-LC assay is applicable for R- and S-type ETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hoffmann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Zollinger
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pacios
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Blanka Bucsella
- University of Zürich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zürich 8057, CH, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland.
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Fux AC, Casonato Melo C, Schlahsa L, Burzan NB, Felsberger A, Gessner I, Fauerbach JA, Horejs-Hoeck J, Droste M, Siewert C. Generation of Endotoxin-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies by Phage and Yeast Display for Capturing Endotoxin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2297. [PMID: 38396974 PMCID: PMC10889169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin, a synonym for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is anchored in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. Even minute amounts of LPS entering the circulatory system can have a lethal immunoactivating effect. Since LPS is omnipresent in the environment, it poses a great risk of contaminating any surface or solution, including research products and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, monitoring LPS contamination and taking preventive or decontamination measures to ensure human safety is of the utmost importance. Nevertheless, molecules used for endotoxin detection or inhibition often suffer from interferences, low specificity, and low affinity. For this reason, the selection of new binders that are biocompatible, easy to produce, and that can be used for biopharmaceutical applications, such as endotoxin removal, is of high interest. Powerful techniques for selecting LPS-binding molecules in vitro are display technologies. In this study, we established and compared the selection and production of LPS-specific, monoclonal, human single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) through two display methods: yeast and phage display. After selection, scFvs were fused to a human constant fragment crystallizable (Fc). To evaluate the applicability of the constructs, they were conjugated to polystyrene microbeads. Here, we focused on comparing the functionalized beads and their LPS removal capacity to a polyclonal anti-lipid A bead. Summarized, five different scFvs were selected through phage and yeast display, with binding properties comparable to a commercial polyclonal antibody. Two of the conjugated scFv-Fcs outperformed the polyclonal antibody in terms of the removal of LPS in aqueous solution, resulting in 265 times less residual LPS in solution, demonstrating the potential of display methods to generate LPS-specific binding molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Fux
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Research and Development Department, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Research and Development Department, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Laura Schlahsa
- Research and Development Department, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Nico B. Burzan
- Research and Development Department, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - André Felsberger
- Research and Development Department, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Isabel Gessner
- Research and Development Department, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jonathan A. Fauerbach
- Research and Development Department, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Miriam Droste
- Research and Development Department, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Christiane Siewert
- Research and Development Department, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
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Akhmetshina A, Bianco V, Bradić I, Korbelius M, Pirchheim A, Kuentzel KB, Eichmann TO, Hinteregger H, Kolb D, Habisch H, Liesinger L, Madl T, Sattler W, Radović B, Sedej S, Birner-Gruenberger R, Vujić N, Kratky D. Loss of lysosomal acid lipase results in mitochondrial dysfunction and fiber switch in skeletal muscles of mice. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101869. [PMID: 38160938 PMCID: PMC7615526 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is the only enzyme known to hydrolyze cholesteryl esters (CE) and triacylglycerols in lysosomes at an acidic pH. Despite the importance of lysosomal hydrolysis in skeletal muscle (SM), research in this area is limited. We hypothesized that LAL may play an important role in SM development, function, and metabolism as a result of lipid and/or carbohydrate metabolism disruptions. RESULTS Mice with systemic LAL deficiency (Lal-/-) had markedly lower SM mass, cross-sectional area, and Feret diameter despite unchanged proteolysis or protein synthesis markers in all SM examined. In addition, Lal-/- SM showed increased total cholesterol and CE concentrations, especially during fasting and maturation. Regardless of increased glucose uptake, expression of the slow oxidative fiber marker MYH7 was markedly increased in Lal-/-SM, indicating a fiber switch from glycolytic, fast-twitch fibers to oxidative, slow-twitch fibers. Proteomic analysis of the oxidative and glycolytic parts of the SM confirmed the transition between fast- and slow-twitch fibers, consistent with the decreased Lal-/- muscle size due to the "fiber paradox". Decreased oxidative capacity and ATP concentration were associated with reduced mitochondrial function of Lal-/- SM, particularly affecting oxidative phosphorylation, despite unchanged structure and number of mitochondria. Impairment in muscle function was reflected by increased exhaustion in the treadmill peak effort test in vivo. CONCLUSION We conclude that whole-body loss of LAL is associated with a profound remodeling of the muscular phenotype, manifested by fiber type switch and a decline in muscle mass, most likely due to dysfunctional mitochondria and impaired energy metabolism, at least in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Akhmetshina
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Valentina Bianco
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ivan Bradić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anita Pirchheim
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina B Kuentzel
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Hinteregger
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Core Facility Ultrastructural Analysis, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjoerg Habisch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Liesinger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Branislav Radović
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Sedej
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Neun BW, Dobrovolskaia MA. Current Considerations and Practical Solutions for Overcoming Nanoparticle Interference with LAL Assays and Minimizing Endotoxin Contamination. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2789:87-99. [PMID: 38506994 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3786-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring endotoxin contamination in drugs and medical devices is required to avoid pyrogenic responses and septic shock in patients receiving these products. Endotoxin contamination of engineered nanomaterials and nanotechnology-based medical products represents a significant translational hurdle. Nanoparticles often interfere with an in vitro limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for the detection and quantification of endotoxin. Such interference challenges the preclinical development of nanotechnology-formulated drugs and medical devices containing engineered nanomaterials. Protocols for the analysis of nanoparticles using LAL assays have been reported before. Here, we discuss considerations for selecting an LAL format and describe a few experimental approaches for overcoming nanoparticle interference with the LAL assays to obtain more accurate estimations of endotoxin contamination in nanotechnology-based products. The discussed approaches do not solve all types of nanoparticle interference with the LAL assays but could be used as a starting point to address the problem. This chapter also describes approaches to prevent endotoxin contamination in nanotechnology-formulated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W Neun
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, , Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, , Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Streich C, Stein F, Jakobi J, Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis A, Heine N, Rehbock C, Winkel A, Grade S, Kühnel M, Migunov V, Kovács A, Knura T, Stiesch M, Sures B, Barcikowski S. The Origin of the Intracellular Silver in Bacteria: A Comprehensive Study using Targeting Gold-Silver Alloy Nanoparticles. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2302084. [PMID: 37661312 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The bactericidal effects of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) against infectious strains of multiresistant bacteria is a well-studied phenomenon, highly relevant for many researchers and clinicians battling bacterial infections. However, little is known about the uptake of the Ag NPs into the bacteria, the related uptake mechanisms, and how they are connected to antimicrobial activity. Even less information is available on AgAu alloy NPs uptake. In this work, the interactions between colloidal silver-gold alloy nanoparticles (AgAu NPs) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using advanced electron microscopy methods are studied. The localization of the nanoparticles is monitored on the membrane and inside the bacterial cells and the elemental compositions of intra- and extracellular nanoparticle species. The findings reveal the formation of pure silver nanoparticles with diameters smaller than 10 nm inside the bacteria, even though those particles are not present in the original colloid. This finding is explained by a local RElease PEnetration Reduction (REPER) mechanism of silver cations emitted from the AgAu nanoparticles, emphasized by the localization of the AgAu nanoparticles on the bacterial membrane by aptamer targeting ligands. These findings can deepen the understanding of the antimicrobial effect of nanosilver, where the microbes are defusing the attacking silver ions via their reduction, and aid in the development of suitable therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Streich
- University Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Frederic Stein
- University Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jurij Jakobi
- University Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Heine
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Rehbock
- University Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Grade
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Kühnel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vadim Migunov
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - András Kovács
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Knura
- University Duisburg-Essen, Aquatic Ecology, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- University Duisburg-Essen, Aquatic Ecology, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- University Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Wong JR, Folden DV, Wandling GR, Schaefer S, Stephens J, Boots C, Nichols CJ, Everson MH, Johnson R. Visual Outcomes of a Second-Generation, Enhanced UV Protected Light Adjustable Lens in Cataract Patients with Previous LASIK and/or PRK. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:3379-3387. [PMID: 37954910 PMCID: PMC10637228 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s432457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report on the visual outcomes of the second-generation (ActivShieldTM) Light Adjustable Lens (LAL) used in cataract surgery for patients with a history of laser refractive surgery (LASIK and/or photorefractive keratectomy [PRK]) using a co-managed, open-access methodology. Patients and Methods This retrospective case series of consecutive patients with history of laser refractive surgery implanted with the second-generation LAL with an emmetropic target were included in the study. Following surgery, all patients received their ultraviolet (UV) light treatments at a separate open-access facility through a co-managed arrangement. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), spherical equivalent (SE), and residual cylinder for eyes with an emmetropic refractive target were the primary outcome measures as documented at the patient's final, stable, refractive postoperative exam. Results Thirty-three patients (34 eyes) with a history of laser refractive surgery were included in the study and implanted with the second-generation LAL with a postoperative emmetropic refractive target. Twenty-eight (82.4%) saw 20/20 or better and 9 (26.5%) saw 20/15 or better. The mean SE was 0.01 ± 0.31 D and 33 (97.1%) were within ±0.50 D SE of plano. The mean residual cylinder was -0.28 ± 0.32 D and 30 (88.2%) were within ±0.50 D. Conclusion Use of the second-generation LAL was efficacious in cataract surgical patients with a history of LASIK and/or PRK using a co-managed, open-access methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David V Folden
- Twin Cities Eye Consultants, Edina, MN, USA
- North Suburban Eye Specialists, Coon Rapids, MN, USA
| | - George R Wandling
- Twin Cities Eye Consultants, Edina, MN, USA
- North Suburban Eye Specialists, Coon Rapids, MN, USA
| | - Scott Schaefer
- Twin Cities Eye Consultants, Edina, MN, USA
- Edina Eye Physicians & Surgeons, Edina, MN, USA
| | - Jeff Stephens
- Twin Cities Eye Consultants, Edina, MN, USA
- Edina Eye Physicians & Surgeons, Edina, MN, USA
| | - Calvin Boots
- Praxis Vision, Edina, MN, USA
- Twin Cities Eye Consultants, Edina, MN, USA
| | - Carter J Nichols
- Twin Cities Eye Consultants, Edina, MN, USA
- Edina Eye Physicians & Surgeons, Edina, MN, USA
| | - Marshall H Everson
- Twin Cities Eye Consultants, Edina, MN, USA
- Edina Eye Physicians & Surgeons, Edina, MN, USA
| | - Ryan Johnson
- Twin Cities Eye Consultants, Edina, MN, USA
- Edina Eye Physicians & Surgeons, Edina, MN, USA
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Casonato Melo C, Fux AC, Himly M, Bastús NG, Schlahsa L, Siewert C, Puntes V, Duschl A, Gessner I, Fauerbach JA. Recovering What Matters: High Protein Recovery after Endotoxin Removal from LPS-Contaminated Formulations Using Novel Anti-Lipid A Antibody Microparticle Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13971. [PMID: 37762274 PMCID: PMC10531372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls, can stimulate the human innate immune system, leading to life-threatening symptoms. Therefore, regulatory limits for endotoxin content apply to injectable pharmaceuticals, and excess LPS must be removed before commercialization. The majority of available endotoxin removal systems are based on the non-specific adsorption of LPS to charged and/or hydrophobic surfaces. Albeit effective to remove endotoxins, the lack of specificity can result in the unwanted loss of essential proteins from the pharmaceutical formulation. In this work, we developed microparticles conjugated to anti-Lipid A antibodies for selective endotoxin removal. Anti-Lipid A particles were characterized using flow cytometry and microscopy techniques. These particles exhibited a depletion capacity > 6 ×103 endotoxin units/mg particles from water, as determined with two independent methods (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test and nanoparticle tracking analysis). Additionally, we compared these particles with a non-specific endotoxin removal system in a series of formulations of increasing complexity: bovine serum albumin in water < insulin in buffer < birch pollen extracts. We demonstrated that the specific anti-Lipid A particles show a higher protein recovery without compromising their endotoxin removal capacity. Consequently, we believe that the specificity layer integrated by the anti-Lipid A antibody could be advantageous to enhance product yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (C.C.M.); (A.C.F.); (L.S.); (C.S.)
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Alexandra C. Fux
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (C.C.M.); (A.C.F.); (L.S.); (C.S.)
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Neus G. Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.G.B.); (V.P.)
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Schlahsa
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (C.C.M.); (A.C.F.); (L.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Christiane Siewert
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (C.C.M.); (A.C.F.); (L.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.G.B.); (V.P.)
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Duschl
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Isabel Gessner
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (C.C.M.); (A.C.F.); (L.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Jonathan A. Fauerbach
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (C.C.M.); (A.C.F.); (L.S.); (C.S.)
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Hoffmann A, Pacios K, Mühlemann R, Daumke R, Frank B, Kalman F. Application of a novel chemical assay for the quantification of endotoxins in bacterial bioreactor samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123839. [PMID: 37527605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemical assay, the so-called Kdo-DMB-liquid chromatography (LC) assay, was used for the accurate and cost-effective determination of the endotoxin content in supernatants of Gram-negative bacteria bioreactor samples. During mild acid hydrolysis, the endotoxin-specific sugar acid 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulsonic acid (Kdo) is quantitatively released. Kdo is reacted with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) to obtain the highly fluorescent derivate Kdo-DMB. It is separated from the reaction mixture by reversed phase-(U)HPLC and detected by fluorescence. From the Kdo content the endotoxin content of the sample is calculated. For three batch cultivations of Escherichia coli K12 and a fed-batch cultivation of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, the evolution of the endotoxin content in dependence on the cultivation time was monitored. Under optimal, constant cultivation conditions a linear correlation between the endotoxin content and the easy-to-access bioreactor parameters optical density at 600 nm and dry cell weight was found for both endotoxin kinds. Under stress cultivation conditions the E. coli K12 cultivation showed a stronger increase of the endotoxin content at harvest in comparison to optimal conditions. Optical density and dry cell weight may be used for production reactors as an economic real-time estimation tool to determine the endotoxin content at different cultivation time points and conditions. The optical density can further be used to establish straightforward sample dilution schemes for endotoxin quantification in samples of unknown endotoxin content. The endotoxin content [ng mL-1] measured by the Kdo-DMB-LC assay and the endotoxin activity [EU mL-1] obtained by the compendial Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate assay show a high correlation for the bacterial bioreactor samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hoffmann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pacios
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Reto Mühlemann
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Daumke
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Brian Frank
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland.
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11
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Moshirfar M, Basharat NF, Seitz TS, Peterson CM, Stapley SR, Ziari M, Bundogji N, Ronquillo YC, Hoopes PC. Refractive Changes After Nd:YAG Capsulotomy in Pseudophakic Eyes. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:135-143. [PMID: 36644604 PMCID: PMC9833321 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s395605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze refractive changes after neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) posterior capsulotomy in pseudophakic eyes. Patients and Methods Patients who underwent Nd:YAG capsulotomy after cataract surgery from January 2013 to April 2022 were included in this retrospective study. Sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent (SE), axis, and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were compared pre- and postoperatively in 683 eyes of 548 patients at one month (n = 605 eyes) and one year (n = 211 eyes). Patients with both one-month and one-year follow-ups (n = 133) were also compared. Eyes were stratified into single-piece (n = 330), three-piece (n = 30), and light adjustable lenses (LALs) (n = 16). Pre- and postoperative measurements were analyzed within each group. Results Cylinder was significantly decreased at one-month (difference: 0.042±0.448 D, p = 0.006) and one-year (difference: 0.101±0.455 D, p = 0.003) compared to preoperative measurements. No significant change in sphere or axis was observed at follow-up visits (p > 0.05). CDVA significantly improved at both time points (p < 0.05). No significant change in any parameters between the one-month and one-year groups was observed (p > 0.05). There was significant improvement in CDVA in the single and three-piece lens groups (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.026, respectively), with no change in the LAL group (p > 0.05). Conclusion There were no changes in sphere, axis, or spherical equivalent after Nd:YAG capsulotomy. However, cylindrical error and CDVA were significantly better after the procedure. Lens type did not impact refractive parameters postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Moshirfar
- Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, 84020, USA,John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, UT, USA,Correspondence: Majid Moshirfar, Hoopes Vision Research Center, 11820 S, State Street Suite #200, Draper, UT, 84020, Tel +1-801-568-0200, Fax +1-801-563-0200, Email
| | - Noor F Basharat
- University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Tanner S Seitz
- Midwestern University Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Seth R Stapley
- Midwestern University Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Melody Ziari
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nour Bundogji
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Phillip C Hoopes
- Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, 84020, USA
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12
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Bashir A, Duseja A, Verma A, De A, Tiwari P. Lysosomal Acid Lipase Activity in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Target: A Systematic Literature Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1535-1546. [PMID: 36340307 PMCID: PMC9630019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presents with the accumulation of excessive intra-hepatic fat without significant alcohol intake. Multifactorial pathogenesis is reported to be involved. Reduced lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity is suggested as one of the novel-involved pathogenic mechanisms. This review summarizes the available evidence on the role of LAL activity in NAFLD pathogenesis. Methods Four databases namely, PubMed/Medline, Science direct, Cochrane Library, and Google scholar were searched to identify relevant observational records evaluating the role of LAL activity in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. All studies were assessed for their quality by using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools for cohort and cross-sectional studies, respectively. The estimates of LAL activity and other clinical outcomes were expressed as mean (SD) and number (%) as presented in the primary studies. Results A total of nine good quality studies with 1711 patients with NAFLD and 877 controls from different groups (healthy volunteers, alcoholics, cryptogenic cirrhosis, and HCV-positive) were included. From the NAFLD group, 59.55% were males and the overall mean age ranged between the studies from 12.6 ± 8.5 months in pediatrics to 58.90 ± 13.82 years in adults. In the NAFLD group, the LAL activity varied from 0.53 ± 0.08 to 1.3 ± 0.70 (nmol/spot/hr) between the studies which was less than all control groups except cryptogenic cirrhosis patients (0.5 ± 0.15 nmol/spot/hr). Of the other outcomes of interest, ALT, AST, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol were found elevated in NAFLD patients than in controls. Conclusion The current evidence suggests a potential correlation of reduced LAL activity with NAFLD pathogenesis according to its severity. Large-scale studies are recommended, more importantly in patients with NAFLD having no metabolic or genetic involvement. Further LAL can act as a new non-invasive diagnostic biomarker to identify that specific NAFLD subgroup.
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Key Words
- ALT, Alanine aminotransferase
- AST, Aspartate aminotransferase
- CESD, Cholesterol ester storage disease
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- JBI, Joanna Briggs Institute
- LAL
- LAL, Lysosomal acid lipase
- MAFLD, Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH
- NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale
- PNPLA3, Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 protein
- WD, Wolman disease
- pathogenesis
- systematic review
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Bashir
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Arka De
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Pramil Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
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Bradić I, Kuentzel KB, Honeder S, Grabner GF, Vujić N, Zimmermann R, Birner-Gruenberger R, Kratky D. Off-target effects of the lysosomal acid lipase inhibitors Lalistat-1 and Lalistat-2 on neutral lipid hydrolases. Mol Metab 2022; 61:101510. [PMID: 35504532 PMCID: PMC9118473 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is the key enzyme, which degrades neutral lipids at an acidic pH in lysosomes. The role of LAL in various cellular processes has mostly been studied in LAL-knockout mice, which share phenotypical characteristics with humans suffering from LAL deficiency. In vitro, the cell-specific functions of LAL have been commonly investigated by using the LAL inhibitors Lalistat-1 and Lalistat-2. METHODS We performed lipid hydrolase activity assays and serine hydrolase-specific activity-based labeling combined with quantitative proteomics to investigate potential off-target effects of Lalistat-1 and -2. RESULTS Pharmacological LAL inhibition but not genetic loss of LAL impairs isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis as well as neutral triglyceride and cholesteryl ester hydrolase activities. Apart from LAL, Lalistat-1 and -2 also inhibit major cytosolic lipid hydrolases responsible for lipid degradation in primary cells at neutral pH through off-target effects. Their binding to the active center of the enzymes leads to a decrease in neutral lipid hydrolase activities in cells overexpressing the respective enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are critically important since they demonstrate that commonly used concentrations of these inhibitors are not suitable to investigate the role of LAL-specific lipolysis in lysosomal function, signaling pathways, and autophagy. The interpretation of their effects on lipid metabolism should be taken with caution and the applied inhibitor concentrations in cell culture studies should not exceed 1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bradić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina B Kuentzel
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sophie Honeder
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Lamprou I, Kakouratos C, Tsolou A, Pavlidis P, Xanthopoulou ET, Nanos C, Tsaroucha A, Sivridis E, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI. Lipophagy-related protein perilipin-3 (PLIN3) and resistance of prostate cancer to radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:401-414. [PMID: 35121129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy is a principal treatment modality for localized and locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Metabolic alterations, including lipid metabolism, may reduce treatment efficacy resulting in tumor relapse and poor therapeutic outcome. In the current study, we investigated the role of the lipophagy-related protein perilipin-3 (PLIN3) and the lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) in PCa response to radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS We explored the in vitro and xenograft (in NOD.SCID and R2G2 mice) response to radiation of either PLIN3-depleted or LAL-depleted hormone-refractory (DU145, PC3), and hormone-responsive 22Rv1 PCa cell lines. Moreover, we evaluated the clinical role of PLIN3 and LAL protein expression in a series of PCa tissue specimens from patients treated with radical radiotherapy. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo experiments showed reduced proliferation and strong radiosensitization of all studied PCa cell lines upon PLIN3 depletion. In vivo experiments demonstrated the significantly augmented radiotherapy efficacy upon PLIN3 depletion, resulting in extensive tissue necrosis. PLIN3 overexpression in tissue specimens was correlated with increased MIB1 proliferation index, increased autophagy flux, reduced response to radiotherapy and poor prognosis. The impact of LAL depletion on radiotherapy was of lesser importance. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of PLIN3 expression may identify subgroups of PCa patients less responsive to radiotherapy, and at high risk of relapse post irradiation. Whether radiotherapy efficacy may be enhanced by concurrent autophagy or PLIN3 inhibition in this sub-group of patients demands clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Efthimios Sivridis
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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15
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Lund P, Bechshøft MR, Ray CA, Lund MN. Effect of Processing of Whey Protein Ingredient on Maillard Reactions and Protein Structural Changes in Powdered Infant Formula. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:319-332. [PMID: 34967606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used whey protein ingredient in an infant formula (IF) is the whey protein concentrate (WPC). The processing steps used in the manufacturing of both a powdered IF and a WPC introduce protein modifications that may decrease the nutritional quality. A gently processed whey protein ingredient (serum protein concentrate; SPC) was manufactured and used for the production of a powdered IF. The SPC and the SPC-based IF were compared to the WPC and the powdered WPC-based IF. Structural protein modifications were evaluated, and Maillard reaction products, covering furosine, α-dicarbonyls, furans, and advanced glycation end products, were quantified in the IFs and their protein ingredients. IF processing was responsible for higher levels of protein modifications compared to the levels observed in the SPC and WPC. Furosine levels and aggregation were most pronounced in the WPC, but the SPC contained a high level of methylglyoxal, revealing that other processing factors should be considered in addition to thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Colin A Ray
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Sønderhøj 10-12, 8260 Viby J, Denmark
| | - Marianne N Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Zhang S, Riccardi C, Kamen D, Reilly J, Mattila J, Bak H, Xiao H, Li N. Identification of the specific causes of polysorbate 20 degradation in monoclonal antibody formulations containing multiple lipases. Pharm Res 2022. [PMID: 34981317 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysorbates (PS) are excipients used in the biotech industry to stabilize monoclonal antibody (mAb) protein products. However, PS in drug product formulations can be degraded during storage and lead to particle formation because of the limited solubility of the free fatty acids released through the enzymatic hydrolysis of PS-a process driven by residual host cell proteins, especially lipases, that are co-purified with the drugs. When multiple lipases are present, it is very difficult to know the cause for PS degradation. In this study, we aim to determine the cause of PS degradation from two lipases, lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). METHODS PS degradation pattern of the drug product was compared with those induced by recombinant lipases. Correlations between the concentration of LPL or LAL and PS20 loss were compared. Specific inhibitors, LAL inhibitor lalistat2 and LPL inhibitor GSK264220A, were used to differentiate their degradation of PS in the drug products. RESULTS The complete inhibition of PS20 degradation by lalistat2 suggested that LAL, rather than LPL, was responsible for the PS20 degradation. In addition, LAL was more strongly correlated than LPL with the percentage of PS20 degradation. No PS20 degradation was observed for several mAbs containing similar levels of LPL (0.5-1.5 ppm) in the absence of LAL, suggesting that LPL concentrations below 1.5 ppm does not degrade PS20 in drug products. CONCLUSIONS LAL was determined to be the cause of the PS20 degradation. This study provides a practical strategy to determine the root cause of PS degradation.
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17
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Shende N, Karale A, Marne K, Deshpande H, Belapurkar H, Mallya AD, Dhere RM. Quantitation of endotoxin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W, Y and X during polysaccharide purification used in conjugate vaccine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114536. [PMID: 34953414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responsible for endotoxin effect induces inflammatory reactions. The endotoxins are difficult to separate from the gram-negative polysaccharide (PS) during polysaccharide purification. The most common method to quantify LPS is the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test which interferes with the agents used during PS purification. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) provides a suitable alternative by estimating lipid-A chain anchored 3-hydroxy fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) to estimate LPS however, there are no reports of its application in natural polysaccharides used for vaccine preparation. The transesterification of LPS and meningococcal PS yielded primary target 3-O-acetylated myristic acid which was detected by GC-MS and provided quantitative estimation of endotoxin. The GC-MS method was found in agreement with the LAL values showing lower endotoxin content< 10Eu/µg in meningococcal C and Y serogroup polysaccharides in comparison to higher endotoxin 177-523 Eu/µg in meningococcal A, W and X serogroups. The high endotoxin content in purified polysaccharide was attributed to it being detected in its intermediate stage by GC-MS unlike the LAL test. Thus GC-MS serves as a valuable method for endotoxin monitoring and quantitation in gram-negative meningococcal intermediate and purified PS during vaccine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Shende
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra 411028, India
| | - Abhijeet Karale
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra 411028, India
| | - Kishor Marne
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra 411028, India
| | - Hrishikesh Deshpande
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra 411028, India
| | - Hrushikesh Belapurkar
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra 411028, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra 411028, India.
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra 411028, India
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Maslyanko M, Harris RD, Mu D. Connecting Cholesterol Efflux Factors to Lung Cancer Biology and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7209. [PMID: 34281263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a foundational molecule of biology. There is a long-standing interest in understanding how cholesterol metabolism is intertwined with cancer biology. In this review, we focus on the known connections between lung cancer and molecules mediating cholesterol efflux. A major take-home lesson is that the roles of many cholesterol efflux factors remain underexplored. It is our hope that this article would motivate others to investigate how cholesterol efflux factors contribute to lung cancer biology.
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Tebani A, Sudrié-Arnaud B, Boudabous H, Brassier A, Anty R, Snanoudj S, Abergel A, Abi Warde MT, Bardou-Jacquet E, Belbouab R, Blanchet E, Borderon C, Bronowicki JP, Cariou B, Carette C, Dabbas M, Dranguet H, de Ledinghen V, Ferrières J, Guillaume M, Krempf M, Lacaille F, Larrey D, Leroy V, Musikas M, Nguyen-Khac E, Ouzan D, Perarnau JM, Pilon C, Ratzlu V, Thebaut A, Thevenot T, Tragin I, Triolo V, Vergès B, Vergnaud S, Bekri S. Large-scale screening of lipase acid deficiency in at risk population. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 519:64-69. [PMID: 33857477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LALD, OMIM#278000) is a rare lysosomal disorder with an autosomal recessive inheritance. The main clinical manifestations are related to a progressive accumulation of cholesteryl esters, triglycerides or both within the lysosome in different organs such as the liver, spleen, and cardiovascular system. A wide range of clinical severity is associated with LALD including a severe very rare antenatal/neonatal/infantile phenotype named Wolman disease and a late-onset form named cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). METHODS This study aimed to investigate a cohort of at-risk patients (4174) presenting with clinical or biological signs consistent with LALD using the assessment of LAL activity on dried blood spots. RESULTS LAL activity was lower than 0.05 nmol/punch/L (cut-off: 0.12) in 19 patients including 13 CESD and 6 Wolman. Molecular study has been conducted in 17 patients and succeeded in identifying 34 mutated alleles. Fourteen unique variants have been characterized, 7 of which are novel. CONCLUSION This study allowed to identify a series of patients and expanded the molecular spectrum knowledge of LALD. Besides, a new screening criteria grid based on the clinical/biological data from our study and the literature has been proposed in order to enhance the diagnosis rate in at risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Tebani
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Bénédicte Sudrié-Arnaud
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Hela Boudabous
- Pediatric Department, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medecine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Jabberi, Jebal Lakhdhar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anais Brassier
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, University Paris Descartes, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Anty
- INSERM, U1065, C3M, Team 8 "Hepatic Complications in Obesity", Nice, France
| | - Sarah Snanoudj
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Armand Abergel
- Department of Digestive Medicine, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Edouard Bardou-Jacquet
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, Institut Numecan, Liver Disease Unit, CHU de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Reda Belbouab
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital Center Mustapha Bacha, 16000 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Eloi Blanchet
- Service Hépatologie-Gastroenterologie, Groupe Hospitalier La Rochelle-Ré-Aunis, La Rochelle, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Bronowicki
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nancy, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut du thorax, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Claire Carette
- AP-HP, Department of Nutrition, Centre spécialisé de l'Obesité Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Dabbas
- AP-HP, Nutrition Obesity Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Dranguet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology and UMR INSERM 1027, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, TSA 50032 31059, France
| | - Maeva Guillaume
- Service d'Hépatologie CHU Toulouse Rangueil, Institut Cardiomet et Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Krempf
- Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, ELSAN, Clinique Breteché, Nantes, France
| | - Florence Lacaille
- Gastroenterology Hepatology Nutrition Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Larrey
- Liver and Transplantation Unit, Montpellier School of Medicine and IRB-INSERM-1183, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Leroy
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Marietta Musikas
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Caen University Hospital, France
| | - Eric Nguyen-Khac
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Amiens University Hospital, and Equipe Région INSERM 24, University of Picardy, Amiens, France
| | - Denis Ouzan
- Institut Arnaud Tzanck, Service d'Hépatologie, St Laurent du Var, France
| | - Jean-Marc Perarnau
- Service d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Carine Pilon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Vlad Ratzlu
- Department of Hepatology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; University Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 938, Paris, France
| | - Alice Thebaut
- Pediatric Hepatology & Pediatric Liver Transplant Department, Centre de Référence de l'Atrésie des Voies Biliaires et des Cholestases Génétiques (AVB-CG), Filière de Santé des Maladies Rares du Foie de l'enfant et de l'adulte (FILFOIE), European Reference Network RARE-LIVER, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculty of Medecine Paris-Saclay, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Thierry Thevenot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Service d'Hépatologie et de Soins Intensifs Digestifs, Besançon, France
| | - Isabelle Tragin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Bruno Vergès
- Université de Bourgogne, Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231; Service de Diabétologie et Endocrinologie, CHU François Mitterand, BP 77908, Dijon cedex 21079, France
| | - Sabrina Vergnaud
- Department of Biochemistry Toxicology and Pharmacology, Grenoble University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | - Soumeya Bekri
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, 76000 Rouen, France.
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Bech Ørving R, Carpenter B, Roth S, Reich J, Kallipolitis B, Sonne-Hansen J. Bacterial Endotoxin Testing-Fast Endotoxin Masking Kinetics in the Presence of Lauryldimethylamine Oxide. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1728. [PMID: 33158205 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For release of parenteral drug products, bacterial endotoxin testing is one of a panel of necessary tests. In order to ensure the validity of such tests, various controls are performed, including demonstration of compendial method suitability or method qualification. In addition to compendial suitability testing, quality control (QC) sample hold-time studies are requested by authorities like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as described in “Guidance for Industry: Pyrogen and Endotoxins Testing.” It is requested to be determine whether the ability to detect endotoxins can be affected by storage and handling of the sample to be tested. To accomplish these studies, endotoxin is introduced or spiked into the undiluted product and held for a certain period of time in process-representative containers. This time period reflects procedural maximum QC sample hold time from sampling until analysis. Inadequate detection of endotoxin can be caused by adsorption of endotoxin to container surfaces or molecular masking effects, in which the binding sites on the endotoxin molecules are prevented from triggering the enzymatic cascade necessary in the assay, are obscured. The endotoxin may form macromolecular structures, such as sheets or blebs, or the binding sites may otherwise be rendered unavailable due to the sample matrix composition. In either case, the endotoxin assay may yield falsely low results if and when masking occurs. In this work, the QC sample hold times of different in-process controls within the production process of a biopharmaceutical product were analyzed. One out of eight different samples showed a strong masking of endotoxin. Analysis of the sample composition revealed that either kifunensine, mycophenolic acid (MPA), or lauryl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide (LDAO) was responsible for masking. Further analysis clearly identified LDAO as the root cause for masking. A novel one-step mechanism for LDAO-induced endotoxin masking is proposed. The principle is similar to an already-proposed two-step mechanism for endotoxin masking, but the LDAO case combines these two steps: the disturbance of the salt bridges and hydrophobic interactions with LPS in one molecule. These molecular interactions occur quickly when both endotoxin and LDAO are present in the same matrix. Thus, depending on the masking agents, low endotoxin recovery (LER) can occur regardless of the QC sample hold duration.
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Nguyen HD, Ticer T, Bastian D, Kuril S, Li H, Du H, Yan C, Yu XZ. Lysosomal Acid Lipase Is Required for Donor T Cells to Induce Graft-versus-Host Disease. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108316. [PMID: 33113360 PMCID: PMC7706352 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) limits the success of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) mediates the intrinsic lipolysis of cells to generate free fatty acids (FFAs), which play an essential role in the development, proliferation, and function of T cells. Here, we find that LAL is essential for donor T cells to induce GVHD in murine models of allo-HCT. Specifically, LAL is required for donor T cell survival, differentiation, and alloreactivity in GVHD target organs, but not in lymphoid organs. LAL induces the differentiation of donor T cells toward GVHD pathogenic Th1/Tc1 and Th17 while suppressing regulatory T cell generation. LAL−/− T cells succumb to oxidative stress and become anergic in target organs. Pharmacologically targeting LAL effectively prevents GVHD development while preserving the GVL activity. Thus, the present study reveals the role of LAL in T cell alloresponse and pathogenicity and validates LAL as a target for controlling GVHD and tumor relapse after allo-HCT. Nguyen et al. demonstrate that LAL regulates T cell activity in GVHD target and lymphoid organs differentially. Blocking LAL preferentially reduces the activation and proliferation of CD4, spares CD8, promotes regulatory T cells, and diminishes T cell migration to and activation in the recipient gut, thus alleviating GVHD while maintaining GVL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung D Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Taylor Ticer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - David Bastian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sandeepkumar Kuril
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Bolden J, Knutsen C, Levin J, Milne C, Morris T, Mozier N, Spreitzer I, von Wintzingerode F. Currently Available Recombinant Alternatives to Horseshoe Crab Blood Lysates: Are They Comparable for the Detection of Environmental Bacterial Endotoxins? A Review. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2020; 74:602-611. [PMID: 32817324 DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2020.012187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin testing by recombinant factor C (rFC) is increasing with the addition of new suppliers of reagents. By use of a recombinantly produced factor C , based on the sequence of a coagulation enzyme present in horseshoe crab amebocyte lysates, the rFC tests are designed as substitutes for the traditional Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)/Tachypleus amebocyte lysate tests based on horseshoe crab blood. Comparative testing of samples with both the LAL and recombinant reagents has shown a high degree of correlation, suggesting that use of rFC is comparable to the more traditional LAL tests and may be technologically superior. Recombinant factor C does not recognize the factor G pathway, the alternate coagulation pathway that the lysate reagents detect. This feature allows rFC to detect endotoxin more selectively. As a recombinantly produced material, it avoids the use of the horseshoe crabs required for lysate production, thereby protecting this species, which is at risk in some parts of the world. Recombinant factor C is expected to further benefit from a more sustainable supply chain based upon a robust biotechnological production process. We summarize here the results of many studies that evaluated the use of recombinant technology for the detection of environmental endotoxin. Additionally, we include a review of the current compendia and regulatory status of the recombinant technologies for use in the quality control of pharmaceutical manufacturing. Our analysis confirms that the recombinant technologies are comparable in protecting patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack Levin
- University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Catherine Milne
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare, France
| | - Tina Morris
- American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
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Zhang Q, Chu Y, Jin G, Dai J, Kang H. Association Between LOX-1, LAL, and ACAT1 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Carotid Plaque in a Northern Chinese Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2020; 24:138-144. [PMID: 32101051 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2019.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Carotid atherosclerosis is one of the major risk factors for ischemic stroke. The presence of carotid plaque has been widely used to assess the risk of clinical atherosclerotic disease. Lectin-type oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor 1 (LOX-1), lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) are important for lipid accumulation in atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LOX-1, LAL, and ACAT1 genes and the presence of carotid plaque in a Northern Chinese population. Methods: Three polymorphisms in LOX-1 (rs1050286), LAL (rs11203042), and ACAT1 (rs11576517) were identified and genotyped in 215 patients with carotid plaque and 252 controls using the polymerase chain reaction with high-resolution melting analysis. Results: The LOX-1 (rs1050286) AA and LAL (rs11203042) TT genotypes were significantly associated with increased risk of carotid plaque, whereas a ACAT1 (rs11576517) TT genotype was shown to be protective against carotid plaque in a Northern Chinese population (p < 0.05). Even after the Bonferroni correction, the LAL (rs11203042) TT genotype (odds ratio = 3.838, 95% confidence interval = 1.748-8.426, p < 0.001) was still associated with an increased risk for carotid plaque. Conclusions: These results suggest that the LAL (rs11203042) TT genotype is associated with increased risk for carotid plaque in a Northern Chinese population, and that the LOX-1 (rs1050286) AA genotype shows a nonstatistically significant trend towards association. However, no association was found between the ACAT1 (rs11576517) polymorphisms and carotid plaque presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guojiang Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinna Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Sheraba NS, Diab MR, Yassin AS, Amin MA, Zedan HH. A Validation Study of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test as an End-Product Endotoxin Test for Polyvalent Horse Snake Antivenom. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2019; 73:562-571. [PMID: 30770487 DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2018.009522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The only definitive management of snake envenoming is the use of snake antivenom. Endotoxin contamination is a serious threat to the safe use of parenteral drugs. A greater understanding of the nature of limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test interference and use of permissible dilutions has minimized enhancement problems. Common interference issues include suboptimal pH, enzyme or protein modification, and nonspecific LAL activation. This study aimed at determining the interference factors associated with validating the antivenom sera preparations to avoid false-positive results when testing snake antivenom serum samples by the LAL method. Phase I (preliminary screening/interference assay) was performed to determine a compatible test dilution, which was then used in Phase II (inhibition-enhancement/validation study). The best approach to resolve interference issues was dilution by 1:80 (maximum valid dilution) plus a specific treatment as heat-activation at 70°C-80°C for 10 min with rehydration of LAL reagent with endotoxin-specific buffer solution.LAY ABSTRACT: Snake antivenom sera are produced by immunizing horses with repeated nonlethal doses of snake venom. Bacterial endotoxins constitute one of the major problems in the formulation of pharmaceutical products. One such method for detecting endotoxin levels is the bacterial endotoxin test (BET). However, some substances show strong interfering action with the BET that cannot be avoided by simply diluting the sample solution. In this work, the test for interfering factors was performed as two identical series of product dilutions-one spiked with 2λ and one left unspiked. The result of the interference test revealed the noninterfering dilution (NID) of the product, which was used for the actual validation. Our results showed that after treating the samples using different procedures, such as heat activation at 70-80°C for 10 min followed by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 min and dilution of samples in BD100 (biodispersing agent), inhibition and enhancement up to 1:100 maximum valid dilution (MVD) were observed. Finally, to resolve this inhibition/enhancement problem, the activated sample was heated at 70-80°C for 10 min with rehydration of the Endosafe LAL reagent in an endotoxin-specific buffer solution (BG120) to block β-d-glucans and limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) reactive material (LAL-RM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan S Sheraba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;
- VACSERA, The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines, Giza, Egypt; and
| | - Mohamed R Diab
- VACSERA, The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines, Giza, Egypt; and
| | - Aymen S Yassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magdy A Amin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamdallah H Zedan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Li C, He H, Wang J, Liu H, Wang H, Zhu Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xiang W. Characterization of a LAL-type regulator NemR in nemadectin biosynthesis and its application for increasing nemadectin production in Streptomyces cyaneogriseus. Sci China Life Sci 2019; 62:394-405. [PMID: 30689104 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nemadectin, a macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, is produced by Streptomyces cyaneogriseus ssp. noncyanogenus. A methoxime derivative of nemadectin, moxdectin, has been widely used to control insect and helminth in animal health. Despite the importance of nemadectin, little attention has been paid to the regulation of nemadectin biosynthesis, which has hindered efforts to improve nemadectin production via genetic manipulation of regulatory genes. Here, we characterize the function of nemR, the cluster-situated regulatory gene encoding a LAL-family transcriptional regulator, in the nemadectin biosynthesis gene cluster of S. cyaneogriseus ssp. noncyanogenus NMWT1. NemR is shown to be essential for nemadectin production and found to directly activate the transcription of nemA1-1/A1-2/A2, nemC and nemA4/A3/E/D operons, but indirectly activate that of nemG and nemF. A highly conserved sequence 5'-TGGGGTGKATAGGGGGTA-3' (K=T/G) is verified to be essential for NemR binding. Moreover, four novel targets of NemR, including genes encoding an SsgA-like protein (TU94_12730), a methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (TU94_19950), a thioesterase of oligomycin biosynthesis (TU94_22425) and a MFS family transporter (TU94_24835) are identified. Overexpression of nemR significantly increased nemadectin production by 79.9%, in comparison with NMWT1, suggesting that nemR plays an important role in the nemadectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.,College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Hairong He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yajie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China. .,School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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26
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Gravito-Soares M, Gravito-Soares E, Gomes D, Tome L. Lysosomal Acid Lipase: Can it be a New Non-Invasive Serum Biomarker of Cryptogenic Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis? Ann Hepatol 2019; 18:78-88. [PMID: 31113613 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM The association between lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity and liver steatosis or fibrosis is poorly studied. The aim of our study was to determine the predictive power of LAL for cryptogenic liver steatosis and cryptogenic significant fibrosis/cirrhosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cross-sectional observational study of 101 adult patients with unexplained elevated liver enzymes/hepatomegaly with or without dyslipidemia submitted to the determination of LAL activity and LIPA gene (E8SJM-C.894G^A) mutation. Seventy-one patients underwent liver biopsy or FibroScan®. Patients with an identifiable liver dysfunction cause and well-stablished NAFLD/NASH risk factors were excluded. Predictors for liver steatosis, significant fibrosis (> F2) or cirrhosis (F4) were evaluated. RESULTS Liver steatosis and fibrosis were mainly assessed by liver biopsy (74.6%; n = 53). Steatosis was present in 62.0% (n = 44), significant fibrosis in 47.9% (n = 34) and cirrhosis in 39.4% (n = 28). The median LAL was 0.36 (0.21-0.46)nmol/spot/h (vs. 0.29 (0.20-0.47); p = 0.558) for liver steatosis, 0.22 (0.11-0.29) nmol/spot/h (vs. 0.40 (0.34-0.51); p <0.001) for significant fibrosis and 0.21 (0.11-0.27) nmol/spot/h (vs. 0.40 (0.32-0.52); p < 0.001) for cirrhosis. No LIPA gene mutations were found. LAL activity was the strongest predictor of significant fibrosis (AUROC: 0.833; p < 0.001) with a cut-off of 0.265 (sensitivity: 85.9%; specificity: 75.0%) and cirrhosis (AUROC: 0.859; p < 0.001) with a cut-off of 0.235 (sensitivity: 86.2%; specificity: 75.0%), being higher than FIB4, GUCI or APRI. However, LAL activity was not associated with liver steatosis (AUROC: 0.536; p =0.558). CONCLUSION LAL activity can be considered a non-invasive new marker of cryptogenic liver fibrosis with higher accuracy than other known biomarkers. LAL activity < 0.265 nmol/spot/h was strongly associated with cryptogenic significant fibrosis and <0.235 nmol/spot/h with cryptogenic cirrhosis. LAL activity was not associated with cryptogenic liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gravito-Soares
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Elisa Gravito-Soares
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dario Gomes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis Tome
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Alduina R, Sosio M, Donadio S. Complex Regulatory Networks Governing Production of the Glycopeptide A40926. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E30. [PMID: 29621136 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycopeptides (GPAs) are an important class of antibiotics, with vancomycin and teicoplanin being used in the last 40 years as drugs of last resort to treat infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A few new GPAs have since reached the market. One of them is dalbavancin, a derivative of A40926 produced by the actinomycete Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727, recently classified as N. gerenzanensis. This review summarizes what we currently know on the multilevel regulatory processes governing production of the glycopeptide A40926 and the different approaches used to increase antibiotic yields. Some nutrients, e.g., valine, l-glutamine and maltodextrin, and some endogenous proteins, e.g., Dbv3, Dbv4 and RpoBR, have a positive role on A40926 biosynthesis, while other factors, e.g., phosphate, ammonium and Dbv23, have a negative effect. Overall, the results available so far point to a complex regulatory network controlling A40926 in the native producing strain.
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Neun BW, Dobrovolskaia MA. Considerations and Some Practical Solutions to Overcome Nanoparticle Interference with LAL Assays and to Avoid Endotoxin Contamination in Nanoformulations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1682:23-33. [PMID: 29039090 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7352-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring endotoxin contamination in drugs and medical devices is required to avoid pyrogenic response and septic shock in patients receiving these products. Endotoxin contamination of engineered nanomaterials and nanotechnology-based medical products represents a significant translational hurdle. Nanoparticles often interfere with an in vitro Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for the detection and quantification of endotoxin. Such interference challenges the preclinical development of nanotechnology-formulated drugs and medical devices containing engineered nanomaterials. Protocols for analysis of nanoparticles using LAL assays have been reported before. Here, we discuss considerations for selecting an LAL format and describe a few experimental approaches for overcoming nanoparticle interference with the LAL assays to obtain more accurate estimation of endotoxin contamination in nanotechnology-based products. The discussed approaches do not solve all types of nanoparticle interference with the LAL assays but could be used as a starting point to address the problem. This chapter also describes approaches to prevent endotoxin contamination in nanotechnology-formulated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W Neun
- Cancer Research Technology Program¸ Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Cancer Research Technology Program¸ Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Zhang Y, He H, Liu H, Wang H, Wang X, Xiang W. Characterization of a pathway-specific activator of milbemycin biosynthesis and improved milbemycin production by its overexpression in Streptomyces bingchenggensis. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:152. [PMID: 27604457 PMCID: PMC5015266 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milbemycins, a group of 16-membered macrolides with potent anthelminthic and insecticidal activity, are produced by several Streptomyces and used widely in agricultural, medical and veterinary fields. Milbemycin A3 and A4, the main components produced by Streptomyces bingchenggensis, have been developed as an acaricide to control mites. The subsequent structural modification of milbemycin A3/A4 led to other commercial products, such as milbemycin oxime, lepimectin and latidectin. Despite its importance, little is known about the regulation of milbemycin biosynthesis, which has hampered efforts to enhance milbemycin production via engineering regulatory genes. RESULTS milR, a regulatory gene in the milbemycin (mil) biosynthetic gene cluster of S. bingchenggensis, encodes a large ATP-binding regulator of the LuxR family (LAL family), which contains an ATPase domain at its N-terminus and a LuxR-like DNA-binding domain at the C-terminus. Gene disruption and genetic complementation revealed that milR plays an important role in the biosynthesis of milbemycin. β-glucuronidase assays and transcriptional analysis showed that MilR activates the expression of the milA4-E operon and milF directly, and activates the other mil genes indirectly. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that the ATPase domain is indispensable for MilR's function, and particularly mutation of the conserved amino acids K37A, D122A and D123A, led to the loss of MilR function for milbemycin biosynthesis. Overexpression of an extra copy of milR under the control of its native promoter significantly increased production of milbemycin A3/A4 in a high-producing industrial strain S. bingchenggensis BC04. CONCLUSIONS A LAL regulator, MilR, was characterized in the mil gene cluster of S. bingchenggensis BC04. MilR could activate milbemycin biosynthesis through direct interaction with the promoter of the milA4-E operon and that of milF. Overexpression of milR increased milbemycin A3/A4 production by 38 % compared with the parental strain BC04, suggesting that genetic manipulation of this activator gene could enhance the yield of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hairong He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.,School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.,School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China. .,School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Reich J, Lang P, Grallert H, Motschmann H. Masking of endotoxin in surfactant samples: Effects on Limulus-based detection systems. Biologicals 2016; 44:417-22. [PMID: 27464990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) has been the most sensitive method for the detection of endotoxins (Lipopolysaccharides) and is well accepted in a broad field of applications. Recently, Low Endotoxin Recovery (LER) in biopharmaceutical drug products has been noticed, whereby the detection of potential endotoxin contaminations is not ensured. Notably, most of these drug products contain surfactants, which can have crucial effects on the detectability of endotoxin. In order to analyze the driving forces of LER, endotoxin detection in samples containing nonionic surfactants in various buffer systems was investigated. The results show that the process of LER is kinetically controlled and temperature-dependent. Furthermore, only the simultaneous presence of nonionic surfactants and components capable of forming metal complexes resulted in LER. In addition, capacity experiments show that even hazardous amounts of endotoxin can remain undetectable within such formulation compositions. In conclusion, the LER phenomenon is caused by endotoxin masking and not by test interference. In this process, the supramolecular structure of endotoxin is altered and exhibits only a limited susceptibility in binding to the Factor C of Limulus-based detection systems. We propose a two-step mechanism of endotoxin masking by complex forming agents and nonionic surfactants.
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Arabski M, Barabanova A, Gałczyńska K, Węgierek-Ciuk A, Dzidowska K, Augustyniak D, Drulis-Kawa Z, Lankoff A, Yermak I, Molinaro A, Kaca W. Modification biological activity of S and R forms of Proteus mirabilis and Burkholderia cepacia lipopolysaccharides by carrageenans. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 149:408-14. [PMID: 27261765 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The modification of biological features of S and R forms of Proteus mirabilis and Burkholderia cepacia LPS by kappa/iota and kappa/beta carrageenans was shown in Limulus activation test, ELISA, human complement activation and apoptotic assay. The role of positively charged substituent Ara4N in lipid A was evaluated as a suspected major domain for interactions with sulphate groups of carrageenans.The experiments obtained by three serological methods indicated that not only lipid A part of LPS but also polysaccharide elements such as core and O-specific chain are involved in interaction with carrageenes. Carrageenans turned out to be non-cytotoxic for A549 cells and were able to inhibit the apoptotic effect caused by lipid A of P. mirabilis and B. cepacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Arabski
- Department of Microbiology, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406, Kielce, Poland.
| | - Anna Barabanova
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Pr. 100-letiya, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Katarzyna Gałczyńska
- Department of Microbiology, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Aneta Węgierek-Ciuk
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Kamila Dzidowska
- Department of Microbiology, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Daria Augustyniak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406, Kielce, Poland; Institute of Chemistry and Nuclear Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Irina Yermak
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Pr. 100-letiya, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Wiesław Kaca
- Department of Microbiology, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
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Schwaid AG, Ruangsiriluk W, Reyes AR, Cabral S, Rajamohan F, Tu M, Ward J, Carpino PA. Development of a selective activity-based probe for glycosylated LIPA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1993-6. [PMID: 26965858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Loss of LIPA activity leads to diseases such as Wolman's Disease and Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease. While it is possible to measure defects in LIPA protein levels, it is difficult to directly measure LIPA activity in cells. In order to measure LIPA activity directly we developed a LIPA specific activity based probe. LIPA is heavily glycosylated although it is unclear how glycosylation affects LIPA activity or function. Our probe is specific for a glycosylated form of LIPA in cells, although it labels purified LIPA regardless of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Schwaid
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States.
| | - Wanida Ruangsiriluk
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
| | - Allan R Reyes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Francis Rajamohan
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Center for Chemistry Innovation and Excellence, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Meihua Tu
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
| | - Jessica Ward
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
| | - Philip A Carpino
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
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Leclère FM, Alcolea JM, Vogt PM, Moreno-Moraga J, Casoli V, Mordon S, Trelles MA. Laser-assisted lipolysis for arm contouring in Teimourian grades III and IV: A prospective study involving 22 patients. Plast Surg (Oakv) 2016; 24:35-40. [PMID: 27054137 PMCID: PMC4806755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper arm deformities secondary to weight loss or senile elastosis have led to an increased demand for aesthetic contouring procedures. OBJECTIVE To objectively assess whether, in Teimourian high-grade upper arm remodelling, laser-assisted lypolysis (LAL) alone could result in patient satisfaction. METHODS Between 2012 and 2013, 22 patients were treated for excessive upper arm fat (Teimourian grade III and IV) solely with LAL. The laser used in the present study was a 1470 nm diode laser (Alma Lasers, Israel) with the following parameters: continuous mode, 15 W power and transmission through a 600 μm optical fibre. Previous mathematical modelling suggested that 0.1 kJ was required to destroy 1 mL of fat. Patients were asked to complete a satisfaction questionnaire. The arm circumference was measured pre- and postoperatively. Treatment parameters, adverse effects and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS Pain during the anesthesia and discomfort after the procedure were minimal. Complications included ecchymoses and prolonged edema. The mean (± SD) arm circumference decreased 5.5±1.0 cm in the right arm (P<0.01) and 5.2±1.1 cm in the left arm (P<0.01) in grade III patients and 4.9±1.1 cm in the right arm (P<0.01) and 4.9±1.1 cm in the left arm (P<0.01) in grade IV patients. Although the circumference of both arms significantly decreased in grade III and grade IV patients, the skin tightening remained incomplete. Overall, the average opinion of treatment was poor for both patients and investigators. Of the 22 patients, only nine (41%) would recommend this treatment. CONCLUSION LAL for upper arm remodelling is not sufficient to ensure full skin tightening for patients with Teimourian grades III and IV upper arm deformities. A complementary surgery is mandatory for grades III and IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Marie Leclère
- Department of Plastic & Transsexual Surgery, Burn Surgery, Hand Surgery, CHU University of Bordeaux, Centre François-Xavier-Michelet, Groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Bordeaux
- INSERM U1189, University of Lille, France
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Peter M Vogt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Vincent Casoli
- Department of Plastic & Transsexual Surgery, Burn Surgery, Hand Surgery, CHU University of Bordeaux, Centre François-Xavier-Michelet, Groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Bordeaux
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Leclère FM, Vogt PM, Moreno-Moraga J, Alcolea JM, Casoli V, Mordon SR, Trelles MA. Laser-assisted lipolysis for neck and submental remodeling in Rohrich type IV patients: fact or fiction? J COSMET LASER THER 2014; 17:31-6. [PMID: 25286033 DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2014.968581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first studies by Apfelberg in 1994 and the mathematical model of Mordon introduced in 2004, laser-assisted lipolysis (LAL) has been on the rise. In a previous study, we presented our results in patients treated with LAL for Rohrich type I to III aging neck. The average cervicomental angle decreased from 152.6 ± 5.9 to 123.6 ± 8.8 degrees after LAL. This demonstrated a systematic decrease in fat thickness, and improved skin tightening. OBJECTIVE This new protocol focuses solely on LAL in the Rohrich type IV aging neck. METHODS Between June 2012 and February 2013, a prospective study was performed on 10 patients treated with LAL for Rohrich type IV aging neck. The laser used in this study was a 1470 nm diode laser (Alma Lasers, Caesarea, Israel). Laser energy was transmitted through a 600 μm optical fiber and delivered in a continuous mode, at 15 W power. Previous mathematical modeling suggested that 0.1 kJ was required in order to destroy 1 ml of fat. Patients were asked to fill out a satisfaction questionnaire. The cervicomental angle was measured 6 months postoperatively, and compared with the preoperative values. RESULTS No seromas were observed, but prolonged edema was observed in two patients. Pain during anesthesia and discomfort after the procedure were minimal. The average cervicomental angle decreased from 191.5 ± 5.7 to 164.9 ± 14.2 degrees (p < 0.01). This demonstrated a systematic decrease in fat thickness and improved skin tightening. Even though the cervicomental angle was higher than 140° in each case, the investigators, in agreement with the patients, decided to perform a complementary surgery with platysma muscle advancement and plication six months after LAL, in only two of the ten patients. This complementary surgery led to a mean cervicomental angle of 140.2 ± 11.4, and fair satisfaction of both patients and investigators. CONCLUSION LAL alone appears insufficient for complete remodeling in Rohrich type IV aging neck. While LAL alone is sufficient for Grade I to III, a complementary surgery must be added for Grade IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Marie Leclère
- Department Plastic-, Hand-, Burn-, and Transsexual Surgery, CHU - University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
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Leclère FM, Moreno-Moraga J, Alcolea JM, Casoli V, Mordon SR, Vogt PM, Trelles MA. Laser assisted lipolysis for neck and submental remodeling in Rohrich type I to III aging neck: a prospective study in 30 patients. J COSMET LASER THER 2014; 16:284-9. [PMID: 25065416 DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2014.946053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first studies by Apfelberg in 1994 and the mathematical model by Mordon in 2004, laser lipolysis (LAL) has been on the rise. Laser lipolysis has the advantages of reduced operator fatigue, excellent patient tolerance, quick recovery time, as well as the additional benefit of dermal tightening. This article reports our experience with laser-assisted lipolysis (LAL) in submental and neck remodelling. METHODS Between June 2010 and January 2013, a prospective study was performed on 30 patients treated for Rohrich type I to III aging neck, with LAL. The laser used in this study was a 980 nm diode laser (Quanta system, spa model D-plus, Solbate Olona (VA), Italy). Laser energy was transmitted through a 600 μm optical fiber and delivered in a continuous mode 15 W power. Previous mathematical modelling suggested that 0.1 kJ was required in order to destroy 1 ml of fat. Patients were asked to fill out a satisfaction questionnaire. The cervicomental angle was measured 6 months post-operatively and compared with the preoperative values. RESULTS Other than three patients who developed mild hyperpigmentation that disappeared after 4 months, there were no complications in the series. Pain during the anaesthesia and discomfort after the procedure were minimal. The time taken to return to normal activities was 3.2 ± 1 days. All patients would strongly recommend this treatment. Overall satisfaction was high with both patients and investigators and was validated by decrease in cervicomental angle demonstrating a systematic decrease in fat thickness and improved skin tightening. CONCLUSION LAL is a safe and reproducible technique for remodeling in Rohrich type I to III aging neck. The procedure allows for a reduction in the amount of adipose deposits while providing concurrent skin contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Marie Leclère
- Department Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris , France
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Dairaku T, Iwamoto T, Nishimura M, Endo M, Ohashi T, Eto Y. A practical fluorometric assay method to measure lysosomal acid lipase activity in dried blood spots for the screening of cholesteryl ester storage disease and Wolman disease. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:193-6. [PMID: 24295952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorometric measurements of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) are generally used to screen lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) using dried blood spots (DBSs). However, in DBS, it is difficult to measure lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity due to the influence of other lipases in whole blood. Recently, Hamilton used a fluorometric enzyme assay with 4-MU derivatives to measure the LAL activity in DBS. This method requires mercury chloride as stopping reagent, and the fluorescence intensity of 4-MU was measured at an acidic pH. We report a revised method to measure the LAL activity without using toxic mercury chloride and to measure the fluorescence intensity of 4-MU at a basic pH. For this measurement, we established a more practical method that does not require mercury chloride. The LAL activity in DBS was measured in 51 normal controls, seven obligate carriers and seven patients with CESD. The average LAL activities ± SD in the DBS from the normal, obligate carriers and CESD patients were 0.68 ± 0.2 (range: 0.3-1.08), 0.21 ± 0.1 (range: 0.11-0.41) and 0.02 ± 0.02 (range: 0-0.06) nmol/punch/h, respectively. There was a significant difference between the normal and the CESD. Our method does not require toxic mercury chloride and is an appropriate revised enzyme assay using DBS for screening patients with CESD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Dairaku
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takeo Iwamoto
- Division of Biochemistry, Core Research Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minami Nishimura
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Endo
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toya Ohashi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gene Therapy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikatu Eto
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima, Japan.
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Hanson ML, Hixon JA, Li W, Felber BK, Anver MR, Stewart CA, Janelsins BM, Datta SK, Shen W, McLean MH, Durum SK. Oral delivery of IL-27 recombinant bacteria attenuates immune colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:210-221.e13. [PMID: 24120477 PMCID: PMC3920828 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease would benefit from specific targeting of therapeutics to the intestine. We developed a strategy for localized delivery of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-27, which is synthesized actively in situ by the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis (LL-IL-27), and tested its ability to reduce colitis in mice. METHODS The 2 genes encoding mouse IL-27 were synthesized with optimal codon use for L lactis and joined with a linker; a signal sequence was added to allow for product secretion. The construct was introduced into L lactis. Colitis was induced via transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) T cells into Rag(-/-) mice to induce colitis; 7.5 weeks later, LL-IL-27 was administered to mice via gavage. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed. RESULTS LL-IL-27 administration protected mice from T-cell transfer-induced enterocolitis and death. LL-IL-27 reduced disease activity scores, pathology features of large and small bowel, and levels of inflammatory cytokines in colonic tissue. LL-IL-27 also reduced the numbers of CD4(+) and IL-17(+) T cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. The effects of LL-IL-27 required production of IL-10 by the transferred T cells. LL-IL-27 was more effective than either LL-IL-10 or systemic administration of recombinant IL-27 in reducing colitis in mice. LL-IL-27 also reduced colitis in mice after administration of dextran sodium sulfate. CONCLUSIONS LL-IL-27 reduces colitis in mice by increasing the production of IL-10. Mucosal delivery of LL-IL-27 could be a more effective and safer therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L. Hanson
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Julie A. Hixon
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wenqing Li
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Miriam R. Anver
- Laboratory Animal Services Program (LASP), Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - C. Andrew Stewart
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian M. Janelsins
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandip K. Datta
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mairi H. McLean
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Scott K. Durum
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA,Correspondence: Scott K. Durum, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 560 Rm 31-71, Frederick MD 21702-1201; T 301-846-1545; F 301-846-6720;
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Chuang JC, Lopez AM, Posey KS, Turley SD. Ezetimibe markedly attenuates hepatic cholesterol accumulation and improves liver function in the lysosomal acid lipase-deficient mouse, a model for cholesteryl ester storage disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:1073-7. [PMID: 24370824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) plays a critical role in the intracellular handling of lipids by hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters (CE) and triacylglycerols (TAG) contained in newly internalized lipoproteins. In humans, mutations in the LAL gene result in cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD), or in Wolman disease (WD) when the mutations cause complete loss of LAL activity. A rat model for WD and a mouse model for CESD have been described. In these studies we used LAL-deficient mice to investigate how modulating the amount of intestinally-derived cholesterol reaching the liver might impact its mass, cholesterol content, and function in this model. The main experiment tested if ezetimibe, a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor, had any effect on CE accumulation in mice lacking LAL. In male Lal(-/-) mice given ezetimibe in their diet (20 mg/day/kg bw) for 4 weeks starting at 21 days of age, both liver mass and hepatic cholesterol concentration (mg/g) were reduced to the extent that whole-liver cholesterol content (mg/organ) in the treated mice (74.3±3.4) was only 56% of that in those not given ezetimibe (133.5±6.7). There was also a marked improvement in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. Thus, minimizing cholesterol absorption has a favorable impact on the liver in CESD.
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Lagoumintzis G, Zisimopoulou P, Trakas N, Grapsa E, Poulas K, Tzartos SJ. Scale up and safety parameters of antigen specific immunoadsorption of human anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 267:1-6. [PMID: 24412396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease usually caused by autoantibodies against the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Current treatments are not specific, and thus often cause side effects. Here, we elaborate on our previous findings on antigen specific immunoadsorption towards scaling up the method as well as testing whole blood apheresis. The average percent of plasma or whole blood immunoadsorption was up to 79.5%±2.9. Moreover, neither pyrogens were co-administered nor did complement activation occur after immunoadsorption. Thus, antigen-specific apheresis of anti-AChR autoantibodies seems a safe and effective treatment for myasthenia gravis that can be scaled up for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paraskevi Zisimopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vass. Sofias Avenue, GR 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Trakas
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vass. Sofias Avenue, GR 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Grapsa
- Department of Nephrology, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Socrates J Tzartos
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vass. Sofias Avenue, GR 11521, Athens, Greece.
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential sites for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Mitochondria in the steroidogenic cells of the adrenal, gonad, placenta and brain contain the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc, and its two electron-transfer partners, ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin. This enzyme system converts cholesterol to pregnenolone and determines net steroidogenic capacity, so that it serves as the chronic regulator of steroidogenesis. Several other steroidogenic enzymes, including 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase also reside in mitochondria. Similarly, the mitochondria of renal tubular cells contain two key enzymes participating in the activation and degradation of vitamin D. The access of cholesterol to the mitochondria is regulated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR, serving as the acute regulator of steroidogenesis. StAR action requires a complex multi-component molecular machine on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Components of this machine include the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), the voltage-dependent anion chanel (VDAC-1), TSPO-associated protein 7 (PAP7, ACBD3), and protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1α (PKAR1A). The precise fashion in which these proteins interact and move cholesterol from the OMM to P450scc, and the means by which cholesterol is loaded into the OMM, remain unclear. Human deficiency diseases have been described for StAR and for all the mitochondrial steroidogenic enzymes, but not for the electron transfer proteins or for the components of the cholesterol import machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1346, USA; Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1346, USA.
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Besalduch N, Lanuza MA, Garcia N, Obis T, Santafe MM, Tomàs M, Priego M, Tomàs J. Cellular localization of the atypical isoforms of protein kinase C (aPKCζ/PKMζ and aPKCλ/ι) on the neuromuscular synapse. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:166-9. [PMID: 24135336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several classic and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are selectively distributed in specific cell types of the adult neuromuscular junction (NMJ), in the neuron, glia and muscle components, and are involved in many functions, including neurotransmission. Here, we investigate the presence in this paradigmatic synapse of atypical PKCs, full-length atypical PKC zeta (aPKCζ), its separated catalytic part (PKMζ) and atypical lambda-iota PKC (aPKCλ/ι). High resolution immunohistochemistry was performed using a pan-atypical PKC antibody. Our results show moderate immunolabeling on the three cells (presynaptic motor nerve terminal, teloglial Schwann cell and postsynaptic muscle cell) suggesting the complex involvement of atypical PKCs in synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Besalduch
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Thelwall PE, Smith FE, Leavitt MC, Canty D, Hu W, Hollingsworth KG, Thoma C, Trenell MI, Taylor R, Rutkowski JV, Blamire AM, Quinn AG. Hepatic cholesteryl ester accumulation in lysosomal acid lipase deficiency: non-invasive identification and treatment monitoring by magnetic resonance. J Hepatol 2013; 59:543-9. [PMID: 23624251 PMCID: PMC3749380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lysosomal Acid Lipase (LAL) deficiency is a rare metabolic storage disease, caused by a marked reduction in activity of LAL, which leads to accumulation of cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) in lysosomes in many tissues. We used (1)H magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy to characterize the abnormalities in hepatic lipid content and composition in patients with LAL deficiency, and in ex vivo liver tissue from a LAL deficiency rat model. Secondly, we used MR spectroscopy to monitor the effects of an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), sebelipase alfa (a recombinant human lysosomal acid lipase), on hepatic TG and CE content in the preclinical model. METHODS Human studies employed cohorts of LAL-deficient patients and NAFLD subjects. Rat experimental groups comprised ex vivo liver samples of wild type, NAFLD, LAL-deficient, and LAL-deficient rats receiving 4weeks of sebelipase alfa treatment. Hepatic (1)H MR spectroscopy was performed using 3T (human) and 7T (preclinical) MRI scanners to quantify hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride content. RESULTS CE accumulation was identified in LAL deficiency in both human and preclinical studies. A significant decrease in hepatic CE was observed in LAL-deficient rats following treatment with sebelipase alfa. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an entirely non-invasive method to identify and quantify the hepatic lipid signature associated with a rare genetic cause of fatty liver. The approach provides a more favorable alternative to repeated biopsy sampling for diagnosis and disease progression / treatment monitoring of patients with LAL deficiency and other disorders characterised by increased free cholesterol and/or cholesteryl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Thelwall
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Muntoni S, Wiebusch H, Jansen-Rust M, Rust S, Schulte H, Berger K, Pisciotta L, Bertolini S, Funke H, Seedorf U, Assmann G. Heterozygosity for lysosomal acid lipase E8SJM mutation and serum lipid concentrations. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:732-736. [PMID: 22795295 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The complete absence of the lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) enzyme function causes Wolman's Disease that is fatal within the first six months of life. Subtotal defects cause Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD), an autosomal recessive disorder leading to hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, micronodular cirrhosis, combined hyperlipidemia with low HDL-cholesterol, increased risk for atherosclerosis, premature death. Since the frequency of the Exon 8 splice junction mutation (c.894 G > A, E8SJM), the CESD leading mutation, is not rare in the general population (allele frequency 0.0025), we investigated the impact of this mutation on serum lipid profile in E8SJM carriers. METHODS AND RESULTS We collected E8SJM carriers both form genetic study-population analysis and from Outpatient Lipid Clinics and then we assessed their serum lipid profile. We found thirteen individuals heterozygote for E8SJM. Most of them were Germans, three Spanish and two Italian. We found a significant increase in total cholesterol levels in both sexes with E8SJM mutation, leading to a significant increase in LDL cholesterol in males. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that LAL E8SJM carriers have an alteration in lipid profile with a Polygenic Hypercholesterolemia phenotype, leading to an increase in cardiovascular risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Muntoni
- Department of Toxicology, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Italy.
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