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Yasutake Y, Konishi K, Muramatsu S, Yoshida K, Aburatani S, Sakasegawa SI, Tamura T. Bacterial triacylglycerol lipase is a potential cholesterol esterase: Identification of a key determinant for sterol-binding specificity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:578-586. [PMID: 33279561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol esterase (Che) from Burkholderia stabilis (BsChe) is a homolog of well-characterized and industrially relevant bacterial triacylglycerol lipases (Lips). BsChe is a rare bacterial Lip enzyme that exhibits practical Che activity and is currently used in clinical applications to determine total serum cholesterol levels. To investigate the sterol specificity of BsChe, we determined the X-ray structure of BsChe. We discovered a local structural change in the active-site cleft, which might be related to substrate binding and product release. We also performed molecular docking studies by using the X-ray models of BsChe and cholesterol linoleate (CLL), the most favorable substrate for BsChe. The results showed that the sterol moieties of reasonable CLL docking poses localized to a specific active-site cleft surface formed by Leu266 and Ile287, which are unconserved among Burkholderia Lip homologs. Site-directed mutagenesis identified these residues as essential for the Che activity of BsChe, and Leu or Ile substitution conferred marked Che activity to Burkholderia Lips. In particular, Burkholderia cepacia and Burkholderia ubonensis Lips with the V266L/L287I double mutation exhibited ~50-fold and 500-fold higher Che activities than those of the wild-type enzymes, respectively. These results provide new insights into the substrate-binding mechanisms and selectivities of bacterial Lips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yasutake
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan; Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Konishi
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | | | - Keitaro Yoshida
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Aburatani
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan; Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, AIST, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan; Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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Das S, Behera S, Balasubramanian S. Orientational Switch of the Lipase A Enzyme at the Oil-Water Interface: An Order of Magnitude Increase in Turnover Rate with a Single Surfactant Tag Explained. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2977-2982. [PMID: 32202805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interfacially active lipases can be immobilized at a biphasic interface to enhance turnover recyclability and to facilitate product separation. Extensive coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of lipase A (LipA) from Bacillus subtilis show a bimodal orientational distribution of the enzyme at an oil-water interface, arising from its ellipsoidal Janus particle-like character. The relative orientational preference can be tuned by pH. The simulations rationalize a rare experimental observation of an order of magnitude increase in the turnover rate of this lipase upon its noncovalent tagging by a single surfactant molecule at the interface, compared to its rate in bulk water. The adsorption free energy, the interfacial activation, a decrease in the number of orientational fluctuations, and an increased rate of translational diffusion, to all of which the Janus character of LipA contributes, are the factors responsible for this enhancement. This study can spur further investigations of the Janus behavior of enzymes to enhance their activity as well as to stabilize the biphasic emulsion needed for interfacial catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Das
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Sudarshan Behera
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
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Yuan J, Jiang Q, Song L, Liu Y, Li M, Lin Q, Li Y, Su K, Ma Z, Wang Y, Liu D, Dong J. L-Carnitine Is Involved in Hyperbaric Oxygen-Mediated Therapeutic Effects in High Fat Diet-Induced Lipid Metabolism Dysfunction. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010176. [PMID: 31906305 PMCID: PMC6982999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism dysfunction and obesity are serious health issues to human beings. The current study investigated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) against high fat diet (HFD)-induced lipid metabolism dysfunction and the roles of L-carnitine. C57/B6 mice were fed with HFD or normal chew diet, with or without HBO treatment. Histopathological methods were used to assess the adipose tissues, serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels were assessed with enzymatic methods, and the endogenous circulation and skeletal muscle L-carnitine levels were assessed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Additionally, western blotting was used to assess the expression levels of PPARα, CPT1b, pHSL/HSL, and UCP1. HFD treatment increased body/adipose tissue weight, serum FFA levels, circulation L-carnitines and decreased skeletal muscle L-carnitine levels, while HBO treatment alleviated such changes. Moreover, HFD treatment increased fatty acid deposition in adipose tissues and decreased the expression of HSL, while HBO treatment alleviated such changes. Additionally, HFD treatment decreased the expression levels of PPARα and increased those of CPT1b in skeletal muscle, while HBO treatment effectively reverted such changes as well. In brown adipose tissues, HFD increased the expression of UCP1 and the phosphorylation of HSL, which was abolished by HBO treatment as well. In summary, HBO treatment may alleviate HFD-induced fatty acid metabolism dysfunction in C57/B6 mice, which seems to be associated with circulation and skeletal muscle L-carnitine levels and PPARα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Yuan
- Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Y.); (L.S.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: (Q.J.); (J.D.); Tel.: +86-18300267138 (Q.J.); +86-0532-83780035 (J.D.)
| | - Limin Song
- Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Y.); (L.S.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Y.); (L.S.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Manwen Li
- Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Y.); (L.S.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Y.); (L.S.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yanrun Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Collage, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.L.); (K.S.); (Z.M.); (Y.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Kaizhen Su
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Collage, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.L.); (K.S.); (Z.M.); (Y.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Zhengye Ma
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Collage, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.L.); (K.S.); (Z.M.); (Y.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Collage, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.L.); (K.S.); (Z.M.); (Y.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Defeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Collage, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.L.); (K.S.); (Z.M.); (Y.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Y.); (L.S.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Q.L.)
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: (Q.J.); (J.D.); Tel.: +86-18300267138 (Q.J.); +86-0532-83780035 (J.D.)
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Li X, Jiang H, Pu Y, Cao J, Jiang W. Inhibitory Effect of Condensed Tannins from Banana Pulp on Cholesterol Esterase and Mechanisms of Interaction. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:14066-14073. [PMID: 31762280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the inhibitory effect of condensed tannins (CTs) on cholesterol esterase (CEase) was studied. The underlying mechanisms were evaluated by reaction kinetics, turbidity and particle size analyses, multispectroscopy methods, thermodynamics, and computer molecular simulations. CTs showed potent CEase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 64.19 μg/mL, and the CEase activity decreased with increasing CT content in a mixed-competitive manner, which was verified by molecular docking simulations. Fluorescence and UV-vis measurements revealed that complexes were formed from CEase and CTs by noncovalent interaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry indicated that the interaction between CEase and CTs occurred through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Circular dichroism analysis suggested that CTs inhibited the activity of CEase by altering the secondary structure of CEase. The inhibition of CTs on CEase in the gastrointestinal tract might be one mechanism for its cholesterol-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxin Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , 17 Qinghuadonglu Road , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Haitao Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , 17 Qinghuadonglu Road , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Yijing Pu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , 17 Qinghuadonglu Road , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Jiankang Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , 17 Qinghuadonglu Road , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , 17 Qinghuadonglu Road , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
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Fatima S, Hu X, Huang C, Zhang W, Cai J, Huang M, Gong RH, Chen M, Ho AHM, Su T, Wong HLX, Bian Z, Kwan HY. High-fat diet feeding and palmitic acid increase CRC growth in β2AR-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:711. [PMID: 31558710 PMCID: PMC6763436 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology studies indicate that consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) is directly associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the exact component in HFD and the mechanism underlying its effect on CRC growth remained unclear. Our study shows that HFD feeding increases β2AR expression in the xenograft tissues of CRC-bearing mouse model; the elevated β2AR expression is reduced when HFD is replaced by control diet, which strongly suggests an association between HFD feeding and β2AR expression in CRC. HFD feeding increases palmitic acid and stearic acid levels in CRC; however, only palmitic acid increases β2AR expression, which is dependent upon Sp1. β2AR plays the dominant role in promoting CRC cell proliferation among all the β-AR subtypes. More importantly, knockout of β2AR or knockdown of Sp1 abolishes the palmitic acid increased CRC cell proliferation, suggesting palmitic acid increases CRC cell proliferation in β2AR-dependent manner. HFD or palmitic acid-rich diet (PAD) also fails to increase the tumor growth in xenograft mouse models bearing β2AR-knockout CRC cells. β2AR promotes CRC growth by increasing the phosphorylation of HSL at the residue S552. The phosphorylated and activated HSL (S552) changes the metabolic phenotype of CRC and increases energy production, which promotes CRC growth. Our study has revealed the unique tumorigenic properties of palmitic acid in promoting CRC growth, and have delineated the underlying mechanism of action. We are also the first to report the linkage between HFD feeding and β-adrenergic signaling pathway in relation to CRC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Fatima
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xianjing Hu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Huang
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui-Hong Gong
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minting Chen
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan H M Ho
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Su
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hoi Leong Xavier Wong
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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S Barbosa J, L C Passos M, A Korn MDG, M F S Saraiva ML. Enzymatic Reactions in a Lab-on-Valve System: Cholesterol Evaluations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162890. [PMID: 31395798 PMCID: PMC6719201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The micro sequential injection analysis / lab-on-valve (µSIA-LOV) system is a miniaturized SIA system resulting from the implementation of a lab-on-valve (LOV) atop of the selection valve. It integrates the detection cell and the sample processing channels into the same device, promoting the reduction of reagent consumption and waste generation, the improvement of the versatility, and the reduction of the time of analysis. All of these characteristics are really relevant to the implementation of enzymatic reactions. Additionally, the evaluation of cholesterol in serum samples is widely relevant in clinical diagnosis, since higher values of cholesterol in human blood are actually an important risk factor for cardiovascular problems. An automatic methodology was developed based on the µSIA-LOV system in order to evaluate its advantages in the implementation of enzymatic reactions performed by cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase. Considering these reactions, the developed methodology was also used for the evaluation of cholesterol in human serum samples, showing reliable and accurate results. The developed methodology presented detection and quantification limits of 1.36 and 4.53 mg dL−1 and a linear range up to 40 mg dL−1. This work confirmed that this µSIA-LOV system is a simple, rapid, versatile, and robust analytical tool for the automatic implementation of enzymatic reactions performed by cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, and peroxidase. It is also a useful alternative methodology for the routine determinations of cholesterol in real samples, even when compared with other automatic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jucineide S Barbosa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marieta L C Passos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - M das Graças A Korn
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- INCT de Energia e Ambiente-Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Kim SH, Kang PA, Han K, Lee SW, Rhee S. Crystal structure of chloramphenicol-metabolizing enzyme EstDL136 from a metagenome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210298. [PMID: 30645605 PMCID: PMC6333409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenomes often convey novel biological activities and therefore have gained considerable attention for use in biotechnological applications. Recently, metagenome-derived EstDL136 was found to possess chloramphenicol (Cm)-metabolizing features. Sequence analysis showed EstDL136 to be a member of the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family with an Asp-His-Ser catalytic triad and a notable substrate specificity. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of EstDL136 and in a complex with Cm. Consistent with the high sequence similarity, the structure of EstDL136 is homologous to that of the HSL family. The active site of EstDL136 is a relatively shallow pocket that could accommodate Cm as a substrate as opposed to the long acyl chain substrates typical of the HSL family. Mutational analyses further suggested that several residues in the vicinity of the active site play roles in the Cm-binding of EstDL136. These results provide structural and functional insights into a metagenome-derived EstDL136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pyeoung-Ann Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keetae Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Woo Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
- * E-mail: (SR); (SWL)
| | - Sangkee Rhee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SR); (SWL)
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Petrovskaya LE, Novototskaya-Vlasova KA, Gapizov SS, Spirina EV, Durdenko EV, Rivkina EM. New member of the hormone-sensitive lipase family from the permafrost microbial community. Bioengineered 2017; 8:420-423. [PMID: 27753534 PMCID: PMC5553336 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1230571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Siberian permafrost is a unique environment inhabited with diverse groups of microorganisms. Among them, there are numerous producers of biotechnologically relevant enzymes including lipases and esterases. Recently, we have constructed a metagenomic library from a permafrost sample and identified in it several genes coding for potential lipolytic enzymes. In the current work, properties of the recombinant esterases obtained from this library are compared with the previously characterized lipase from Psychrobacter cryohalolentis and other representatives of the hormone-sensitive lipase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada E. Petrovskaya
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sultan Sh. Gapizov
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Spirina
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V. Durdenko
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Elizaveta M. Rivkina
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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Martinez E, Crenon I, Silvy F, Del Grande J, Mougel A, Barea D, Fina F, Bernard JP, Ouaissi M, Lombardo D, Mas E. Expression of truncated bile salt-dependent lipase variant in pancreatic pre-neoplastic lesions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:536-551. [PMID: 27602750 PMCID: PMC5352176 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a dismal disease. The lack of specific symptoms still leads to a delay in diagnosis followed by death within months for most patients. Exon 11 of the bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL) gene encoding variable number of tandem repeated (VNTR) sequences has been involved in pancreatic pathologies. We hypothesized that BSDL VNTR sequences may be mutated in PDAC. The amplification of BSDL VNTR from RNA extracted from pancreatic SOJ-6 cells allowed us to identify a BSDL amplicon in which a cytosine residue is inserted in a VNTR sequence. This insertion gives rise to a premature stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein and to a modification of the C-terminal amino-acid sequence; that is PRAAHG instead of PAVIRF. We produced antibodies directed against these sequences and examined pancreatic tissues from patients with PDAC and PanIN. Albeit all tissues were positive to anti-PAVIRF antibodies, 72.2% of patient tissues gave positive reaction with anti-PRAAHG antibodies, particularly in dysplastic areas of the tumor. Neoplastic cells with ductal differentiation were not reactive to anti-PRAAHG antibodies. Some 70% of PanIN tissues were also reactive to anti-PRAAHG antibodies, suggesting that the C insertion occurs early during pancreatic carcinogenesis. Data suggest that anti-PRAAHG antibodies were uniquely reactive with a short isoform of BSDL specifically expressed in pre-neoplastic lesions of the pancreas. The detection of truncated BSDL reactive to antibodies against the PRAAHG C-terminal sequence in pancreatic juice or in pancreatic biopsies may be a new tool in the early diagnosis of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Martinez
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Crenon
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Silvy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Del Grande
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Marseille, France
| | - Alice Mougel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Dolores Barea
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Fina
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- LBM- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Service de transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Gastroentérologie 2, Marseille, France
| | - Mehdi Ouaissi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Viscérale, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Lombardo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Mas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
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Rathi PC, Fulton A, Jaeger KE, Gohlke H. Application of Rigidity Theory to the Thermostabilization of Lipase A from Bacillus subtilis. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004754. [PMID: 27003415 PMCID: PMC4803202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein thermostability is a crucial factor for biotechnological enzyme applications. Protein engineering studies aimed at improving thermostability have successfully applied both directed evolution and rational design. However, for rational approaches, the major challenge remains the prediction of mutation sites and optimal amino acid substitutions. Recently, we showed that such mutation sites can be identified as structural weak spots by rigidity theory-based thermal unfolding simulations of proteins. Here, we describe and validate a unique, ensemble-based, yet highly efficient strategy to predict optimal amino acid substitutions at structural weak spots for improving a protein’s thermostability. For this, we exploit the fact that in the majority of cases an increased structural rigidity of the folded state has been found as the cause for thermostability. When applied prospectively to lipase A from Bacillus subtilis, we achieved both a high success rate (25% over all experimentally tested mutations, which raises to 60% if small-to-large residue mutations and mutations in the active site are excluded) in predicting significantly thermostabilized lipase variants and a remarkably large increase in those variants’ thermostability (up to 6.6°C) based on single amino acid mutations. When considering negative controls in addition and evaluating the performance of our approach as a binary classifier, the accuracy is 63% and increases to 83% if small-to-large residue mutations and mutations in the active site are excluded. The gain in precision (predictive value for increased thermostability) over random classification is 1.6-fold (2.4-fold). Furthermore, an increase in thermostability predicted by our approach significantly points to increased experimental thermostability (p < 0.05). These results suggest that our strategy is a valuable complement to existing methods for rational protein design aimed at improving thermostability. Protein thermostability is a crucial factor for biotechnological enzyme applications. However, performance studies of computational approaches for predicting effects of mutations on protein (thermo)stability have suggested that there is still room for improvement. We describe and validate a novel and unique strategy to predict optimal amino acid substitutions at structural weak spots. At variance with other rational approaches, we exploit the fact that in the majority of cases an increased structural rigidity of the folded state is the underlying cause for thermostability. When applied prospectively on lipase LipA from Bacillus subtilis, a high success rate in predicting thermostabilized lipase variants and a remarkably large increase in their thermostability is achieved. This demonstrates the value of the novel strategy, which extends the existing portfolio of methods for rational protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandra Rathi
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Fulton
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- * E-mail: (KEJ); (HG)
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (KEJ); (HG)
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Schwaid AG, Ruangsiriluk W, Reyes AR, Cabral S, Rajamohan F, Tu M, Ward J, Carpino PA. Development of a selective activity-based probe for glycosylated LIPA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1993-6. [PMID: 26965858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Loss of LIPA activity leads to diseases such as Wolman's Disease and Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease. While it is possible to measure defects in LIPA protein levels, it is difficult to directly measure LIPA activity in cells. In order to measure LIPA activity directly we developed a LIPA specific activity based probe. LIPA is heavily glycosylated although it is unclear how glycosylation affects LIPA activity or function. Our probe is specific for a glycosylated form of LIPA in cells, although it labels purified LIPA regardless of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Schwaid
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States.
| | - Wanida Ruangsiriluk
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
| | - Allan R Reyes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Francis Rajamohan
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Center for Chemistry Innovation and Excellence, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Meihua Tu
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
| | - Jessica Ward
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
| | - Philip A Carpino
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Pharmatherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02143, United States
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12
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Hołysz M, Trzeciak WH. [Hormone-sensitive lipase/cholesteryl esterase from the adrenal cortex - structure, regulation and role in steroid hormone synthesis]. Postepy Biochem 2015; 61:138-146. [PMID: 26689006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase/cholesteryl esterase (HSL), encoded by LIPE gene, plays a very important role in the metabolism of acylglycerols in the adipose tissue and cholesteryl esters in the adrenal cortex, gonads and placenta. Isoforms of this enzyme supply fatty acids, important energy substrates, and free cholesterol required for steroid hormone synthesis. Recent discoveries on hormonal regulation of HSL synthesis with special emphasis given to the regulation of LIPE gene expression, its tissue-specific promoters and activation of the gene products by phosphorylation, as well as the role of HSL in the metabolism of cholesteryl esters were reviewed. In the concluding remarks, the gaps in our knowledge of the metabolism of acylglyceroles and cholesteryl esters, as well as the possibility of effects, synergic with HSL, influencing metabolism of these compounds were discussed.
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13
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Srivastava A, Sinha S. Thermostability of in vitro evolved Bacillus subtilis lipase A: a network and dynamics perspective. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102856. [PMID: 25122499 PMCID: PMC4133394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in thermophilic organisms remain stable and function optimally at high temperatures. Owing to their important applicability in many industrial processes, such thermostable proteins have been studied extensively, and several structural factors attributed to their enhanced stability. How these factors render the emergent property of thermostability to proteins, even in situations where no significant changes occur in their three-dimensional structures in comparison to their mesophilic counter-parts, has remained an intriguing question. In this study we treat Lipase A from Bacillus subtilis and its six thermostable mutants in a unified manner and address the problem with a combined complex network-based analysis and molecular dynamic studies to find commonality in their properties. The Protein Contact Networks (PCN) of the wild-type and six mutant Lipase A structures developed at a mesoscopic scale were analyzed at global network and local node (residue) level using network parameters and community structure analysis. The comparative PCN analysis of all proteins pointed towards important role of specific residues in the enhanced thermostability. Network analysis results were corroborated with finer-scale molecular dynamics simulations at both room and high temperatures. Our results show that this combined approach at two scales can uncover small but important changes in the local conformations that add up to stabilize the protein structure in thermostable mutants, even when overall conformation differences among them are negligible. Our analysis not only supports the experimentally determined stabilizing factors, but also unveils the important role of contacts, distributed throughout the protein, that lead to thermostability. We propose that this combined mesoscopic-network and fine-grained molecular dynamics approach is a convenient and useful scheme not only to study allosteric changes leading to protein stability in the face of negligible over-all conformational changes due to mutations, but also in other molecular networks where change in function does not accompany significant change in the network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somdatta Sinha
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli, India
- * E-mail:
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14
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Singh J, Roychoudhury A, Srivastava M, Solanki PR, Lee DW, Lee SH, Malhotra BD. A dual enzyme functionalized nanostructured thulium oxide based interface for biomedical application. Nanoscale 2014; 6:1195-1208. [PMID: 24301799 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present results of the studies related to fabrication of a rare earth metal oxide based efficient biosensor using an interface based on hydrothermally prepared nanostructured thulium oxide (n-Tm2O3). A colloidal solution of prepared nanorods has been electrophoretically deposited (EPD) onto an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glass substrate. The n-Tm2O3 nanorods are found to provide improved sensing characteristics to the electrode interface in terms of electroactive surface area, diffusion coefficient, charge transfer rate constant and electron transfer kinetics. The structural and morphological studies of n-Tm2O3 nanorods have been carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. This interfacial platform has been used for fabrication of a total cholesterol biosensor by immobilizing cholesterol esterase (ChEt) and cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) onto a Tm2O3 nanostructured surface. The results of response studies of the fabricated ChEt-ChOx/n-Tm2O3/ITO bioelectrode show a broad linear range of 8-400 mg dL(-1), detection limit of 19.78 mg (dL cm(-2))(-1), and high sensitivity of 0.9245 μA (mg per dL cm(-2))(-1) with a response time of 40 s. Further, this bioelectrode has been utilized for estimation of total cholesterol with negligible interference (3%) from analytes present in human serum samples. The utilization of this n-Tm2O3 modified electrode for enzyme-based biosensor analysis offers an efficient strategy and a novel interface for application of the rare earth metal oxide materials in the field of electrochemical sensors and bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Singh
- Department of BIN Fusion Technology, Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea.
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15
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Ali MA, Srivastava S, Solanki PR, Reddy V, Agrawal VV, Kim C, John R, Malhotra BD. Highly efficient bienzyme functionalized nanocomposite-based microfluidics biosensor platform for biomedical application. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2661. [PMID: 24071971 PMCID: PMC3784945 DOI: 10.1038/srep02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the fabrication of a novel microfluidics nanobiochip based on a composite comprising of nickel oxide nanoparticles (nNiO) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), as well as the chip's use in a biomedical application. This nanocomposite was integrated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels, which were constructed using the photolithographic technique. A structural and morphological characterization of the fabricated microfluidics chip, which was functionalized with a bienzyme containing cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and cholesterol esterase (ChEt), was accomplished using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy. The XPS studies revealed that 9.3% of the carboxyl (COOH) groups present in the nNiO-MWCNT composite are used to form amide bonds with the NH2 groups of the bienzyme. The response studies on this nanobiochip reveal good reproducibility and selectivity, and a high sensitivity of 2.2 mA/mM/cm2. This integrated microfluidics biochip provides a promising low-cost platform for the rapid detection of biomolecules using minute samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Azahar Ali
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics, Biomedical Instrumentation Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Ordnance Factory Estate, Yeddumailaram, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 502205, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics, Biomedical Instrumentation Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Pratima R. Solanki
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics, Biomedical Instrumentation Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
- Special Centre for Nanosciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Venu Reddy
- Center for NanoBioengineering and SpinTronics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Ved V. Agrawal
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics, Biomedical Instrumentation Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - CheolGi Kim
- Center for NanoBioengineering and SpinTronics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Renu John
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Ordnance Factory Estate, Yeddumailaram, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 502205, India
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics, Biomedical Instrumentation Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
- Center for NanoBioengineering and SpinTronics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi1 110042, India
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Stępień AE, Gonchar M. A simple method for the determination of the cholesterol esterase activity. Acta Biochim Pol 2013; 60:401-403. [PMID: 24051439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The proposed method determines the activity of cholesterol esterase (CEH) and takes advantage of its ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters naturally present in human serum. The assay is based on Allain's method of spectrophotometric determination of cholesterol by means of cholesterol oxidase, peroxidase, but using 3,5-dichloro-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (DHBS) as phenolic chromogen and human serum as a source of substrate for the CEH as a novelty. Furthermore, it is characterized by low costs and high precision. It can be employed to control the activity of CE preparations used for the preparation of enzymatic kits for the determination of cholesterol or for screening of potential bacterial enzyme producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ewa Stępień
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Science; and Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Kolbuszowa, Poland
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17
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Ali MA, Solanki PR, Patel MK, Dhayani H, Agrawal VV, John R, Malhotra BD. A highly efficient microfluidic nano biochip based on nanostructured nickel oxide. Nanoscale 2013; 5:2883-2891. [PMID: 23446331 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present results of the studies relating to fabrication of a microfluidic biosensor chip based on nickel oxide nanorods (NRs-NiO) that is capable of directly measuring the concentration of total cholesterol in human blood through electrochemical detection. Using this chip we demonstrate, with high reliability and in a time efficient manner, the detection of cholesterol present in buffer solutions at clinically relevant concentrations. The microfluidic channel has been fabricated onto a nickel oxide nanorod-based electrode co-immobilized with cholesterol esterase (ChEt) and cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) that serves as the working electrode. Bare indium tin oxide served as the counter electrode. A Ag/AgCl wire introduced to the outlet of the microchannel acts as a reference electrode. The fabricated NiO nanorod-based electrode has been characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, HR-TEM, FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. The presented NRs-NiO based microfluidic sensor exhibits linearity in the range of 1.5-10.3 mM, a high sensitivity of 0.12 mA mM(-1) cm(-2) and a low value of 0.16 mM of the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azahar Ali
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics, Biomedical Instrumentation Section, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
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18
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Ataya FS. Cloning, phylogenetic analysis and 3D modeling of a putative lysosomal acid lipase from the camel, Camelus dromedarius. Molecules 2012; 17:10399-413. [PMID: 22936112 PMCID: PMC6268779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid lipase belongs to a family of enzymes that is mainly present in lysosomes of different organs and the stomach. It is characterized by its capacity to withstand acidic conditions while maintaining high lipolytic activity. We cloned for the first time the full coding sequence of camel’s lysosomal acid lipase, cLIPA using RT-PCR technique (Genbank accession numbers JF803951 and AEG75815, for the nucleotide and aminoacid sequences respectively). The cDNA sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 1,197 nucleotides that encodes a protein of 399 aminoacids which was similar to that from other related mammalian species. Bioinformatic analysis was used to determine the aminoacid sequence, 3D structure and phylogeny of cLIPA. Bioinformatics analysis suggested the molecular weight of the translated protein to be 45.57 kDa, which could be decreased to 43.16 kDa after the removal of a signal peptide comprising the first 21 aminoacids. The deduced cLIPA sequences exhibited high identity with Equus caballus (86%), Numascus leucogenys (85%), Homo sapiens (84%), Sus scrofa (84%), Bos taurus (82%) and Ovis aries (81%). cLIPA shows high aminoacid sequence identity with human and dog-gastric lipases (58%, and 59% respectively) which makes it relevant to build a 3D structure model for cLIPA. The comparison confirms the presence of the catalytic triad and the oxyanion hole in cLIPA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that camel cLIPA is grouped with monkey, human, pig, cow and goat. The level of expression of cLIPA in five camel tissues was examined using Real Time-PCR. The highest level of cLIPA transcript was found in the camel testis (162%), followed by spleen (129%), liver (100%), kidney (20.5%) and lung (17.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Shokry Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Bld #5, Room 2A26, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Barba Cedillo V, Plou FJ, Martínez MJ. Recombinant sterol esterase from Ophiostoma piceae: an improved biocatalyst expressed in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:73. [PMID: 22676486 PMCID: PMC3514274 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascomycete Ophiostoma piceae produces a sterol esterase (OPE) with high affinity towards p-nitrophenol, glycerol and sterol esters. Its hydrolytic activity on natural mixtures of triglycerides and sterol esters has been proposed for pitch biocontrol in paper industry since these compounds produce important economic losses during paper pulp manufacture. RESULTS Recently, this enzyme has been heterologously expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, and the hydrolytic activity of the recombinant protein (OPE*) studied. After the initial screening of different clones expressing the enzyme, only one was selected for showing the highest production rate. Different culture conditions were tested to improve the expression of the recombinant enzyme. Complex media were better than minimal media for production, but in any case the levels of enzymatic activity were higher (7-fold in the best case) than those obtained from O. piceae. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 76 kDa, higher than that reported for the native enzyme under SDS-PAGE (60 kDa). Steady-state kinetic characterization of the recombinant protein showed improved catalytic efficiency for this enzyme as compared to the native one, for all the assayed substrates (p-nitrophenol, glycerol, and cholesterol esters). Different causes for this were studied, as the increased glycosylation degree of the recombinant enzyme, their secondary structures or the oxidation of methionine residues. However, none of these could explain the improvements found in the recombinant protein. N-terminal sequencing of OPE* showed that two populations of this enzyme were expressed, having either 6 or 8 amino acid residues more than the native one. This fact affected the aggregation behaviour of the recombinant protein, as was corroborated by analytical ultracentrifugation, thus improving the catalytic efficiency of this enzyme. CONCLUSION P. pastoris resulted to be an optimum biofactory for the heterologous production of recombinant sterol esterase from O. piceae, yielding higher activity levels than those obtained with the saprophytic fungus. The enzyme showed improved kinetic parameters because of its modified N-terminus, which allowed changes in its aggregation behaviour, suggesting that its hydrophobicity has been modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Barba Cedillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Saito S, Ohno K, Suzuki T, Sakuraba H. Structural bases of Wolman disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:244-8. [PMID: 22138108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the bases of Wolman disease (WD) and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) from the viewpoint of enzyme structure, we constructed a structural model of human lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) using molecular modeling software Modeller. The results revealed that the residues responsible for WD/CESD tend to be less solvent-accessible than others. Then, we examined the structural changes in the LAL protein caused by the WD/CESD mutations, using molecular modeling software TINKER. The results indicated that conformational changes of the functionally important residues and/or large conformational changes tend to cause the severe clinical phenotype (WD), whereas small conformational changes tend to cause the mild clinical phenotype (CESD), although there have been several exceptions. Further structural analysis is required to clarify the relationship between the three-dimensional structural changes and clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Saito
- Department of Medical Management and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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21
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Krintel C, Klint C, Lindvall H, Mörgelin M, Holm C. Quarternary structure and enzymological properties of the different hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) isoforms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11193. [PMID: 20567594 PMCID: PMC2887374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a key enzyme in the mobilization of energy in the form of fatty acids from intracellular stores of neutral lipids. The enzyme has been shown to exist in different isoforms with different molecular masses (84 kDa, 89 kDa and 117 kDa) expressed in a tissue-dependent manner, where the predominant 84 kDa form in adipocytes is the most extensively studied. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study we employed negative stain electron microscopy (EM) to analyze the quarternary structure of the different HSL isoforms. The results show that all three isoforms adopt a head-to-head homodimeric organization, where each monomer contains two structural domains. We also used enzymatic assays to show that despite the variation in the size of the N-terminal domain all three isoforms exhibit similar enzymological properties with regard to psychrotolerance and protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation and activation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We present the first data on the quaternary structure and domain organization of the three HSL isoforms. We conclude that despite large differences in the size of the N-terminal, non-catalytic domain all three HSL isoforms exhibit the same three-dimensional architecture. Furthermore, the three HSL isoforms are very similar with regard to two unique enzymological characteristics of HSL, i.e., cold adaptation and PKA-mediated activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Krintel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Klint
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Lindvall
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Holm
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Ma Z, Zhong J, Cheng Z, Liu L, Chang H, Luo X. Sequence variation and molecular evolution of hormone-sensitive lipase genes in species of bovidae. J Genet Genomics 2009; 34:26-34. [PMID: 17469775 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The partial sequences of exon I of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) genes in yak (Bos grunniens), cattle (Bos taurus), zebu (Bos indicus), and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) were analyzed. Comparisons of these sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences with the homologous HSL gene and protein sequences in other mammalian species including pig (Sus scrofa), human (Homo sapiens), mouse (Mus musculus), and rat (Rattus sp.) retrieved from the GenBank were carried out and finally a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the partial DNA sequences of the HSL genes in all species. The results showed that the homologies of the partial exon I sequences of the HSL genes between yak and cattle, zebu, buffalo, pig, human, mouse, and rat were as high as 99.8%, 99.6%, 97.4%, 90.6%, 88.4%, 83.5%, and 82.3%, respectively. This was accompanied by highly homologous amino acid sequences of the HSLs: 100%, 100%, 98.2%, 94.0%, 92.2%, 89.8%, and 89.8% identity, respectively. There are more transitions, less transversions, and no insertion or deletion in variable nucleotides of the HSL genes between the yak and other species. The majority of the variable mutations was synonymous and was found most frequently at the third codon, followed by the first and second codons, a finding that was in accordance with the neutralism hypothesis for molecular evolution. In the phylogenetic tree, the cattle and zebu were clustered together first, followed by the yak, buffalo, pig, human, mouse, and rat. This was in agreement with taxonomy suggesting that the partial sequences of exon I of the HSL genes were useful in constructing the phylogenetic tree of mammalian species. Among the four species of Bovidae, genetic differentiation in the HSL genes between yak and buffalo is equivalent to that between buffalo and cattle and between buffalo and zebu. Furthermore, the genetic distances in the HSL genes are much smaller between yak, cattle, and zebu than those between each of the three species and the buffalo. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider yak as an independent species of the genus Bos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
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Hiraishi N, Sadek FT, King NM, Ferrari M, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Susceptibility of a polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material to degradation using an agar-well diffusion assay. Am J Dent 2008; 21:119-123. [PMID: 18578181 PMCID: PMC3816351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether Resilon, a polycaprolactone-based thermoplastic root filling material was susceptible to biodegradation by cholesterol esterase using agar-well diffusion assay of serially-diluted aqueous Resilon emulsions that were dispersed in agar. METHODS Emulsions of Resilon and polycaprolactone were prepared and dispersed in agar on culture plates. Two different concentrations of a cholesterol esterase (0.3 and 1.2 U/mL) were prepared and fed to wells prepared in the agar plates using an agar-well diffusion assay for examination of the degradation of polymeric materials. RESULTS Degradation of the emulsified Resilon was manifested as the formation of clear zones of different sizes around the agar wells. No clear zones were observed in agar wells that contain sterile distilled water as the negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hiraishi
- Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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24
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Abstract
Lipases play fundamental roles in biological processes since hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters is a key event in energy homeostasis of animals. Perturbations in the metabolism and the cellular retention of lipids result in common diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. The introduction of active site-directed chemical probes for enzymatic activity profiling in complex mixtures, known as activity-based proteomics, has greatly facilitated and accelerated global analysis and functional annotation of lipolytic proteins. Here we review probe design and application for discovery and discrimination of lipolytic and esterolytic enzymes. These probes are usually detected by their fluorescent or affinity tags and their protein targets are analyzed using established proteomics techniques. Moreover, microarray technologies can be applied for higher throughput screenings of enzyme or probe specificity.
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Hiraishi N, Yau JYY, Loushine RJ, Armstrong SR, Weller RN, King NM, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Susceptibility of a polycaprolactone-based root canal-filling material to degradation. III. Turbidimetric evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis. J Endod 2007; 33:952-6. [PMID: 17878081 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of Resilon (Pentron Clinical Technologies, Wallingford, CT) to biotic biodegradation by two hydrolases, lipase PS and cholesterol esterase, was investigated with a turbidimetric approach by measuring the optical density reductions in aqueous emulsions containing dissolved, filtered, surfactant-stabilized polymeric components of Resilon. Polycaprolactone, the major polymeric component of Resilon, was also examined in a similar manner using equivalent or a four-fold increase in enzyme concentration. Optical density time plots were characterized by an initially linear steep reduction in optical density, from which the reaction rates were derived. For both enzymes, the rates of hydrolysis for Resilon were much faster than those of polycaprolactone at 1x or even 4x enzyme concentration. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy of air-dried Resilon and polycaprolactone emulsions revealed the presence of spherical polymer droplets that appeared deformed, pitted, or much reduced in dimensions after enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hiraishi
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, and Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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26
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Smith AJ, Thompson BR, Sanders MA, Bernlohr DA. Interaction of the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein with the hormone-sensitive lipase: regulation by fatty acids and phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32424-32. [PMID: 17785468 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703730200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP/aP2) forms a physical complex with the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and AFABP/aP2-null mice exhibit reduced basal and hormone-stimulated lipolysis. To identify the determinants affecting the interaction fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging was used in conjunction with a mutagenesis strategy to evaluate the roles AFABP/aP2 fatty acid binding and HSL phosphorylation have in complex formation as well as determine the HSL binding site on AFABP/aP2. The nonfatty acid binding mutant of AFABP/aP2 (R126Q) failed to form a FRET-competent complex with HSL either under basal or forskolin-stimulated conditions, indicating that lipid binding is required for association. Once bound to HSL and on the surface of the lipid droplet, YFP-AFABP/aP2 (but not YFP-HSL) exhibited energy transfer between the fusion protein and BODIPY-C12-labeled triacylglycerol. Serine to alanine mutations at the two PKA phosphorylation sites of HSL (659 and 660), or at the AMPK phosphorylation sites (565), blocked FRET between HSL and AFABP/aP2. Substitution of isoleucine for lysine at position 21 of AFABP/aP2 (K21I), but not 31 (K31I), resulted in a non-HSL-binding protein indicating that residues on helix alphaI of AFABP/aP2 define a component of the HSL binding site. These results indicate that the ligand-bound form of AFABP/aP2.interacts with the activated, phosphorylated HSL and that the association is likely to be regulatory; either delivering FA to inhibit HSL (facilitating feedback inhibition) or affecting multicomponent complex formation on the droplet surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Imaging Center, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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27
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Kim S, Joo S, Yoon HC, Ryu Y, Kim KK, Kim TD. Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of Est25: a ketoprofen-specific hormone-sensitive lipase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:579-81. [PMID: 17620715 PMCID: PMC2335126 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107026152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ketoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin. A novel hydrolase (Est25) with high ketoprofen specificity has previously been identified using a metagenomic library from environmental samples. Recombinant Est25 protein with a histidine tag at the N-terminus was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified in a homogenous form. Est25 was crystallized from 2.4 M sodium malonate pH 7.0 and X-ray diffraction data were collected to 1.49 A using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 197.8, b = 95.2, c = 99.4 A, beta = 97.1 degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungBum Kim
- Department of Biological and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangbum Joo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun C. Yoon
- Department of Biological and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yeonwoo Ryu
- Department of Biological and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
| | - T. Doohun Kim
- Department of Biological and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
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Basu AK, Chattopadhyay P, Roychoudhuri U, Chakraborty R. Development of cholesterol biosensor based on immobilized cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase on oxygen electrode for the determination of total cholesterol in food samples. Bioelectrochemistry 2007; 70:375-9. [PMID: 16814618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of a cholesterol biosensor by co-immobilization of cholesterol esterase (ChEt) and cholesterol oxidase (ChOX) on oxygen electrode is described. The electrode consists of gold cathode and Ag/AgCl anode. The enzymes were immobilized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The immobilized enzymatic membrane was attached to the tip of the electrode by a push cap system. The optimum pH and temperature of the sensor was determined, these are 6 and 25 degrees C respectively. The developed sensor was calibrated from 1-75 mg/dl of cholesterol palmiate and found linear in the range of 2-50 mg/dL. The calibration curve was drawn with V(i) (ppm/min)(initial velocity) vs different concentrations of cholesterol palmiate (mg/dL). The application of the sensor to determine the total cholesterol in different real food samples such as egg, meat was investigated. The immobilized enzymatic layer can be reused over 30 times and the stability of the enzymatic layer was studied up to 9 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Kumar Basu
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
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29
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Singh S, Singhal R, Malhotra BD. Immobilization of cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase onto sol–gel films for application to cholesterol biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 582:335-43. [PMID: 17386511 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and cholesterol esterase (ChEt) have been covalently immobilized onto tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) sol-gel films. The tetraethylorthosilicate sol-gel/ChEt/ChOx enzyme films thus prepared have been characterized using scanning electron microscopic (SEM), UV-vis spectroscopic, Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic and amperometric techniques, respectively. The results of photometric measurements carried out on tetraethylorthosilicate sol-gel/ChEt/ChOx reveal thermal stability up to 55 degrees C, response time as 180 s, linearity up to 780 mg dL(-1) (12 mM), shelf life of 1 month, detection limit of 12 mg dL(-1) and sensitivity as 5.4 x 10(-5) Abs. mg(-1) dL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Singh
- Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
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30
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Naarding MA, Dirac AM, Ludwig IS, Speijer D, Lindquist S, Vestman EL, Stax MJ, Geijtenbeek TBH, Pollakis G, Hernell O, Paxton WA. Bile salt-stimulated lipase from human milk binds DC-SIGN and inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transfer to CD4+ T cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:3367-74. [PMID: 17005819 PMCID: PMC1610064 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00593-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus, Ebola virus, cytomegalovirus, dengue virus, Mycobacterium, Leishmania, and Helicobacter pylori, can interact with dendritic cell (DC)-specific ICAM3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), expressed on DCs and a subset of B cells. More specifically, the interaction of the gp120 envelope protein of HIV-1 with DC-SIGN can facilitate the transfer of virus to CD4+ T lymphocytes in trans and enhance infection. We have previously demonstrated that a multimeric LeX component in human milk binds to DC-SIGN, preventing HIV-1 from interacting with this receptor. Biochemical analysis reveals that the compound is heat resistant, trypsin sensitive, and larger than 100 kDa, indicating a specific glycoprotein as the inhibitory compound. By testing human milk from three different mothers, we found the levels of DC-SIGN binding and viral inhibition to vary between samples. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization analysis, we identified bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL), a Lewis X (LeX)-containing glycoprotein found in human milk, to be the major variant protein between the samples. BSSL isolated from human milk bound to DC-SIGN and inhibited the transfer of HIV-1 to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Two BSSL isoforms isolated from the same human milk sample showed differences in DC-SIGN binding, illustrating that alterations in the BSSL forms explain the differences observed. These results indicate that variations in BSSL lead to alterations in LeX expression by the protein, which subsequently alters the DC-SIGN binding capacity and the inhibitory effect on HIV-1 transfer. Identifying the specific molecular interaction between the different forms may aid in the future design of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes A Naarding
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Abstract
Recent developments in understanding the biochemical and molecular nature of the CE hydrolases and their impact on cellular cholesterol trafficking have further defined the enzyme's mechanism of action with reasonable clarity. The availability of the cDNA probe for the human lysosomal acid lipase/CE hydrolase and the hormone-sensitive lipase now makes it possible to study CE hydrolase gene regulation and expression in human tissue; and it can now be stated with more assurance that the cytoplasmic CE hydrolase (NCEH) is most likely activated through phosphorylation by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Evidence also shows that the NCEH is most likely identical to the hormone-sensitive lipase and that it plays an important role in cholesterol efflux properties of the cell. Recent advances in the discovery of the role of the eicosanoid/cytokine network in the regulation of CE hydrolysis, highlighted in Figure 10, further emphasize the interesting but complex nature of the cholesterol trafficking processes in cells, particularly under pathophysiological conditions such as cell injury, repair, and inflammation. It can be speculated that in several years, when the crystal structure of the CE hydrolase is known, the structure-function properties of this enzyme's catalytic domain, as it relates to the physical state of the CE substrates, should further clarify the precise role of this enzyme in intracellular cholesterol mobilization and trafficking under a variety of cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Hajjar
- Department of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY
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32
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Ben Ali Y, Chahinian H, Petry S, Muller G, Lebrun R, Verger R, Carrière F, Mandrich L, Rossi M, Manco G, Sarda L, Abousalham A. Use of an Inhibitor To Identify Members of the Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Family. Biochemistry 2006; 45:14183-91. [PMID: 17115713 DOI: 10.1021/bi0613978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) contributes importantly to the mobilization of fatty acids from the triacylglycerols stored in adipocytes, which provide the main source of energy in mammals. On the basis of amino acid sequence alignments and three-dimensional structures, this enzyme was previously found to be a suitable template for defining a family of serine carboxylester hydrolases. In this study, the HSL family members are characterized rather on the basis of their inhibition by 5-methoxy-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3H-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-one (compound 7600). This compound inhibits mammalian HSL as well as other HSL family members, such as EST2 from the thermophilic eubacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and AFEST from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Various carboxylester hydrolases that are not members of the HSL family were found not to be inhibited by compound 7600 under the same experimental conditions. These include nonlipolytic hydrolases such as Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase and pig liver esterase, as well as lipolytic hydrolases such as human pancreatic lipase, dog gastric lipase, Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase, and Bacillus subtilis LipA. When vinyl esters were used as substrates, the residual activity of HSL, AFEST, and EST2 decreased with an increase in compound 7600 concentration in the incubation mixture. The inhibitor concentration at which the enzyme activity decreased to 50% after incubation for 5 min was 70, 20, and 15 nM with HSL, AFEST, and EST2, respectively. Treating EST2 and AFEST with the inhibitor resulted in an increase in the molecular mass, as established by performing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. This increase in the molecular mass, which corresponds approximately to the molecular mass of the inhibitor, indicates that a covalent enzyme-inhibitor complex has been formed. Surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of a trypsin digest of AFEST treated with the inhibitor or not treated showed the occurrence of an increase in the molecular masses of the "GESAGG"-containing peptide, which is compatible with the formation of a covalent complex with the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Ben Ali
- Enzymology at interfaces and physiology of lipolysis, UPR 9025-CNRS, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Susani-Etzerodt H, Schmidinger H, Riesenhuber G, Birner-Gruenberger R, Hermetter A. A versatile library of activity-based probes for fluorescence detection and/or affinity isolation of lipolytic enzymes. Chem Phys Lipids 2006; 144:60-8. [PMID: 16949065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis of a library of fluorescent and/or biotinylated alkylphosphonate inhibitors being reactive towards serine hydrolases, especially lipases and esterases. Fluorescent inhibitors can be used for sensitive and rapid detection of active proteins by gel electrophoresis. Biotinylated inhibitors are applicable for the enrichment and isolation of active enzymes. Functionality as well as the different detection methods of the synthesized inhibitors were successfully tested with an enzyme preparation, namely cholesterol esterase from porcine pancreas (ppCE). Moreover, a biotinylated inhibitor was employed to enrich ppCE on avidin beads. Hence, our set of phosphonate inhibitors can be used for the detection and/or isolation of active serine hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Susani-Etzerodt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Armstrong SR, Jessop JLP, Vargas MA, Zou Y, Qian F, Campbell JA, Pashley DH. Effects of exogenous collagenase and cholesterol esterase on the durability of the resin-dentin bond. J Adhes Dent 2006; 8:151-60. [PMID: 16830661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to determine microtensile dentin bond strengths (microTBS) of dentin-resin composite bonds after three-month storage in artificial saliva containing either collagenase (COL) or cholesterol esterase (EST). The null hypothesis tested is that the resin-dentin bond strength is equivalent for each storage medium at the tested storage times. MATERIALS AND METHODS Resin composite was bonded to occlusal dentin, and microTBS specimens were formed and stored in the artificial saliva, COL, EST, or synthetic oil. After 24 h and 12-week storage, microTBS was determined and failure modes were characterized by SEM. The interfacial ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy as unstained and stained sections (phosphotungstic acid/uranyl acetate). Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Weibull survival analyses at the 0.05 level of statistical significance. RESULTS There were significantly weaker bond strengths after 12 weeks for all experimental storage media (p < 0.001). Artificial saliva containing EST lowered bond strengths to a significantly greater extent than did COL after 12 weeks of storage, while no difference between these groups could be discerned after 24 h. Therefore, the null hypothesis of this experiment is rejected. CONCLUSION Exogenous enzymatic challenge to resin-dentin bonds decreased bond durability only with EST. However, when further challenges to ideal infiltration of the comonomers into the hybrid layer were carried out using inadequate removal of solvent, additional alterations in hybrid layer ultrastructure were discerned by TEM that may represent different potential degradative processes. The contribution of endogenous enzymatic challenges to the primary degradative process, ie, hydrolysis, is unknown and deserves continued attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve R Armstrong
- Department of Operative Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Christenson EM, Patel S, Anderson JM, Hiltner A. Enzymatic degradation of poly(ether urethane) and poly(carbonate urethane) by cholesterol esterase. Biomaterials 2006; 27:3920-6. [PMID: 16600363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of cholesterol esterase (CE) on the degradation of commercial poly(ether urethane) (PEU) and poly(carbonate urethane) (PCU). Unstrained PEU and PCU films were incubated in 400 U/mL CE solution or a buffer control for 36 days. The study used a concentration of cholesterol esterase that was considerably higher than the estimated physiological level in order to accelerate degradation. However, characterization of treated polyurethane films with SEM, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and GPC analysis revealed only a small loss in surface soft segment content. Comparison with implanted PEU and PCU films led to the conclusion that any effect of enzymatic hydrolysis was confined to the immediate surface, and the magnitude of the effect was too small to contribute significantly to in vivo degradation. The study confirmed that oxidation, rather than enzymatic hydrolysis, is the primary mechanism responsible for the observed biodegradation of PEU and PCU. The oxidative H(2)O(2)/CoCl(2) treatment continues to accurately predict the long-term biostability of polyurethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Christenson
- Center for Applied Polymer Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Takeda Y, Aono R, Doukyu N. Purification, characterization, and molecular cloning of organic-solvent-tolerant cholesterol esterase from cyclohexane-tolerant Burkholderia cepacia strain ST-200. Extremophiles 2006; 10:269-77. [PMID: 16463077 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-005-0494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular cholesterol esterase of Burkholderia cepacia strain ST-200 was purified from the culture supernatant. Its molecular mass was 37 kDa. The enzyme was stable at pH 5.5-12 and active at pH 5.5-6, showing optimal activity at pH 7.0 at 45 degrees C. Relative to the commercially available cholesterol esterases, the purified enzyme was highly stable in the presence of various water-miscible organic solvents. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed long-chain fatty acid esters of cholesterol, except for that of cholesteryl palmitate. The enzyme exhibited lipolytic activity toward various p-nitrophenyl esters. The hydrolysis rate of p-nitrophenyl caprylate was enhanced 3.5- to 7.2-fold in the presence of 5-20% (vol/vol) water-miscible organic solvents relative to that in the absence of organic solvents. The structural gene encoding the cholesterol esterase was cloned and sequenced. The primary translation product was predicted to be 365 amino acid residues. The mature product is composed of 325 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of the product showed the highest similarity to the lipase LipA (87%) from B. cepacia DSM3959.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Takeda
- Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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37
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Xiang H, Takaya N, Hoshino T. Novel cholesterol esterase secreted by Streptomyces persists during aqueous long-term storage. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:19-25. [PMID: 16503286 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a moderate thermophilic actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. X9, from soil and purified cholesterol esterase (CHE) from the culture medium to homogeneity. The molecular masses of the purified CHE estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography were 23.6 and 163 kDa, respectively, indicating that the enzyme assumes an oligomeric form. Heavy metals such as Hg2+ and Ag+ similarly inhibited the activity of the CHE in the same manner as those of other bacterial CHEs. The activity of Streptomyces sp. X9 CHE was susceptible to dithiothreitol, beta-mercaptoethanol and p-chloromercuribenzoate, but resistant to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, unlike those of other bacterial CHEs. The purified CHE could utilize both cholesteryl and p-nitrophenyl (pNP) esters of fatty acids as substrates. Steady-state kinetics revealed respective Km values for cholesteryl myristate and pNP-myristate of 0.34 and 1.1 mM, indicating that the cholesteryl residue is important for catalysis. We also found that the Km for the pNP esters are dependent on the chain length of the substrate fatty acid residues. These results indicate that the novel CHE specifically hydrolyzes substrates by recognizing both cholesteryl and fatty acid moieties. The enzyme was stable during long-term aqueous storage at room temperature, indicating its potential application as a diagnostic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xiang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Soyombo AA, Tjon-Kon-Sang S, Rbaibi Y, Bashllari E, Bisceglia J, Muallem S, Kiselyov K. TRP-ML1 regulates lysosomal pH and acidic lysosomal lipid hydrolytic activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:7294-301. [PMID: 16361256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508211200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is caused by mutations in the ion channel mucolipin 1 (TRP-ML1). MLIV is typified by accumulation of lipids and membranous materials in intracellular organelles, which was hypothesized to be caused by the altered membrane fusion and fission events. How mutations in TRP-ML1 lead to aberrant lipolysis is not known. Here we present evidence that MLIV is a metabolic disorder that is not associated with aberrant membrane fusion/fission events. Thus, measurement of lysosomal pH revealed that the lysosomes in TRP-ML1(-/-) cells obtained from the patients with MLIV are over-acidified. TRP-ML1 can function as a H(+) channel, and the increased lysosomal acidification in TRP-ML1(-/-) cells is likely caused by the loss of TRP-ML1-mediated H(+) leak. Measurement of lipase activity using several substrates revealed a marked reduction in lipid hydrolysis in TRP-ML1(-/-) cells, which was rescued by the expression of TRP-ML1. Cell fractionation indicated specific loss of acidic lipase activity in TRP-ML1(-/-) cells. Furthermore, dissipation of the acidic lysosomal pH of TRP-ML1(-/-) cells by nigericin or chloroquine reversed the lysosomal storage disease phenotype. These findings provide a new mechanism to account for the pathogenesis of MLIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Soyombo
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Moore HPH, Silver RB, Mottillo EP, Bernlohr DA, Granneman JG. Perilipin targets a novel pool of lipid droplets for lipolytic attack by hormone-sensitive lipase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:43109-20. [PMID: 16243839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506336200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes serve as the principal energy reservoir of the body; however, the subcellular organization of the machinery regulating lipid trafficking and metabolism is poorly understood. Mobilization of stored triglyceride is thought be controlled by interactions among intracellular lipases and proteins that coat lipid storage droplets. A major limitation of previous studies of hormone-mediated lipolysis, however, is the use of cultured model adipocytes whose three-dimensional architectures do not resemble those in real adipose tissue. To address this limitation, we investigated the intracellular targeting of perilipin, a major lipid coat protein, and hormone-sensitive lipase in three preparations that exhibit more appropriate morphologies: 3T3-L1 adipocytes grown in three-dimensional matrix, dissociated mature adipocytes from mouse adipose tissue, and adipocytes within intact fat pads. High resolution imaging of native and fluorescently tagged proteins indicate that: 1) perilipin preferentially targets a special class of peripheral lipid storage droplets, but not the major or central lipid storage droplets, 2) the peripheral droplets are the sites of attack by hormone-sensitive lipase, and 3) perilipin and hormone-sensitive lipase are continuously colocalized following lipolytic activation. These results indicate that in white adipose tissue, lipolysis takes place in a specialized subcellular domain that is distinct from the major lipid storage site and is defined by perilipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ping H Moore
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Yang L, Hong J, Wang J, Pilliar RM, Santerre JP. Influence of anionic monomer content on the biodegradation and toxicity of polyvinyl-urethane carbonate-ceramic interpenetrating phase composites. Biomaterials 2005; 26:5951-9. [PMID: 15958241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize a series of anionic biodegradable polymer resins for their compatibility in a biological environment, comparing them with respect to the influence of ionic function on enzyme catalyzed biodegradation when the polymers were incorporated into a porous calcium polyphosphate (CPP) 3-D structure to form an interpenetrating phase composite (IPC). The swelling behavior of the polymers was investigated by immersing the cured polymer resins in growth media at 37 degrees C. In vitro cytotoxicity of the polymer resins was assessed using a HeLa cell line. Cell viability increased when the amount of low molecular weight monomer was minimized. Despite observing that the addition of carboxylic acid groups into the polymer resin chains contributed to an improvement of the chemical bonding between the polymer and the CPP, the addition of high ionic content into the resin led to the greatest loss of bending strength for the samples incubated in phosphate buffer and cholesterol esterase enzyme solutions, when compared to their as made state. The increased degradation for the higher ionic component materials and their loss of physical strength was attributed to enhanced hydrolysis within the materials and by water transport deep within the composites, via the anionic components of the resin. The findings indicated that the introduction of anionic content must be optimized to promote increased mechanical performance for the CPP, balancing the features of polymer CPP bonding versus polymer swelling and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada
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Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ashikari M, Nakajima M, Itoh H, Katoh E, Kobayashi M, Chow TY, Hsing YIC, Kitano H, Yamaguchi I, Matsuoka M. GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellin. Nature 2005. [PMID: 16193045 DOI: 10.1038/nature04028437:693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones that are essential for many developmental processes in plants. It has been postulated that plants have both membrane-bound and soluble GA receptors; however, no GA receptors have yet been identified. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a new GA-insensitive dwarf mutant of rice, gid1. The GID1 gene encodes an unknown protein with similarity to the hormone-sensitive lipases, and we observed preferential localization of a GID1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal in nuclei. Recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-GID1 had a high affinity only for biologically active GAs, whereas mutated GST-GID1 corresponding to three gid1 alleles had no GA-binding affinity. The dissociation constant for GA4 was estimated to be around 10(-7) M, enough to account for the GA dependency of shoot elongation. Moreover, GID1 bound to SLR1, a rice DELLA protein, in a GA-dependent manner in yeast cells. GID1 overexpression resulted in a GA-hypersensitive phenotype. Together, our results indicate that GID1 is a soluble receptor mediating GA signalling in rice.
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Chiou SY, Lai CY, Lin LY, Lin G. Probing stereoselective inhibition of the acyl binding site of cholesterol esterase with four diastereomers of 2'-N-alpha-methylbenzylcarbamyl-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthol. BMC Biochem 2005; 6:17. [PMID: 16176589 PMCID: PMC1262691 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Recently there has been increased interest in pancreatic cholesterol esterase due to correlation between enzymatic activity in vivo and absorption of dietary cholesterol. Cholesterol esterase plays a role in digestive lipid absorption in the upper intestinal tract, though its role in cholesterol absorption in particular is controversial. Serine lipases, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and cholesterol esterase belong to a large family of proteins called the α/β-hydrolase fold, and they share the same catalytic machinery as serine proteases in that they have an active site serine residue which, with a histidine and an aspartic or glutamic acid, forms a catalytic triad. The aim of this work is to study the stereoselectivity of the acyl chain binding site of the enzyme for four diastereomers of an inhibitor. Results Four diastereomers of 2'-N-α-methylbenzylcarbamyl-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthol (1) are synthesized from the condensation of R-(+)- or S-(-)-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthanol with R-(+)- or S-(-)-α-methylbenzyl isocyanate in the presence of a catalytic amount of pyridine in CH2Cl2. The [α]25D values for (1R, αR)-1, (1R, αS)-1, (1S, αR)-1, and (1S, αS)-1 are +40, +21, -21, and -41°, respectively. All four diastereomers of inhibitors are characterized as pseudo substrate inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Values of the inhibition constant (Ki), the carbamylation constant (k2), and the bimolecular rate constant (ki) for these four diastereomeric inhibitors are investigated. The inhibitory potencies for these four diastereomers are in the descending order of (1R, αR)-1, (1R, αS)-1, (1S, αR)-1, and (1S, αS)-1. The k2 values for these four diastereomers are about the same. The enzyme stereoselectivity for the 1, 1'-bi-2-naphthyl moiety of the inhibitors (R > S, ca. 10 times) is the same as that for 2'-N-butylcarbamyl-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthol (2). The enzyme stereoselectivity for the α-methylbenzylcarbamyl moiety of the inhibitors is also R > S (2–3 times) due to the constraints in the acyl binding site. Conclusion We are the first to report that the acyl chain binding site of cholesterol esterase shows stereoselectivity for the four diastereomers of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Ying Chiou
- Institute of Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yue Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Long-Yau Lin
- Institute of Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Gialih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Abstract
Oxidative and hydrolytic biostability assessment was carried out on a novel acrylic material made of hexamethyl methacrylate (HMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and methacrylic acid (MAA). To simulate the in vivo microenvironment, solutions of H2O2/CoCl2 and buffered solutions of cholesterol esterase (CE) and phospholipase A2 (PLA) were used. As controls, film specimens were incubated in deionized water. Samples were incubated in these solutions at 37 degrees C for 10 weeks before physical and mechanical properties were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), 1H- nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), acid-base titration, and Instron tensile testing. The results from this study indicate excellent biostability of HMA-MMA-MAA terpolymers and thus their potential for use in biomedical devices for long-term implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anka N Veleva
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ashikari M, Nakajima M, Itoh H, Katoh E, Kobayashi M, Chow TY, Hsing YIC, Kitano H, Yamaguchi I, Matsuoka M. GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellin. Nature 2005; 437:693-8. [PMID: 16193045 DOI: 10.1038/nature04028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 759] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones that are essential for many developmental processes in plants. It has been postulated that plants have both membrane-bound and soluble GA receptors; however, no GA receptors have yet been identified. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a new GA-insensitive dwarf mutant of rice, gid1. The GID1 gene encodes an unknown protein with similarity to the hormone-sensitive lipases, and we observed preferential localization of a GID1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal in nuclei. Recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-GID1 had a high affinity only for biologically active GAs, whereas mutated GST-GID1 corresponding to three gid1 alleles had no GA-binding affinity. The dissociation constant for GA4 was estimated to be around 10(-7) M, enough to account for the GA dependency of shoot elongation. Moreover, GID1 bound to SLR1, a rice DELLA protein, in a GA-dependent manner in yeast cells. GID1 overexpression resulted in a GA-hypersensitive phenotype. Together, our results indicate that GID1 is a soluble receptor mediating GA signalling in rice.
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Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL; EC 3.1.1.13) is a key enzyme in the intracellular lipid metabolism. It hydrolyzes exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol esters taken up by various cell types. LAL has six potential N-glycosylation sites and one potential O-glycosylation site. Elimination of each of the six Asn-(X)-Ser/Thr sites by site-directed mutagenesis and expression in baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells resulted in two single-mutant enzymes without lipolytic activities (N134Q and N246Q) and four mutants with preserved activities. The two inactive mutants were not detectable on immunoblot analysis, indicating that they were not secreted. Six double mutants in all possible combinations except for the two inactive single mutants were produced and expressed. Double mutants in combination with the N9 glycosylation site showed reduced activities as compared to the other mutants or the wild-type enzyme. Kinetic data of LAL glycosylation mutants indicate that substrate affinity of N9Q was not changed, but k (cat) of N9 mutants was reduced distinctly compared to the wild-type enzyme. Peanut agglutinin lectin did not recognize LAL, demonstrating that the protein has no core1 structure (Galbeta 1-3 GalNAc) of O-glycosylation. These data indicate that at least two of the six N-glycosylation sites are used in native lipase. N134 and N246 were found to be essential for LAL activity. We conclude that glycosylation plays an important role in the formation of functional LAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zschenker
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Milad-Kodsi E, Langston TB, Gergis MR, Grogan WM. Acidic residues emulate a phosphorylation switch to enhance the activity of rat hepatic neutral cytosolic cholesterol esterase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1734:62-73. [PMID: 15866484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis of rat hepatic neutral cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (rhncCEH) was used to substitute acidic, basic or neutral amino acid residues for Ser506, required for activation by protein kinase A. The substitution of acidic Asp506 resulted in esterase activities with cholesteryl oleate, p-nitrophenylcaprylate (PNPC) and p-nitrophenylacetate (PNPA) equivalent to those of native rhncCEH with Ser506. The substitution of 2 acidic residues (Asp505/506), emulating the 2 negative charges of phosphoserine, resulted in a 10-fold greater cholesterol esterase activity than that of native rhncCEH, similar to the activity of rhncCEH treated with protein kinase A. In contrast to mutants with Ser506, protein kinase A did not increase the specific activities of mutants with Asp505/506. The substitution of basic (Lys506) or neutral (Asn506) residues abolished activity with cholesteryl oleate but not PNPC or PNPA. The substitution of neutral Gln for basic residues Lys496/Arg503 also abolished cholesterol esterase activity but not PNPC- and PNPA-esterase activities. These structure-activity relationships are modeled by homology with a recently reported crystal structure for the homologous human triacylglycerol hydrolase. The results suggest that the cholesterol esterase activity of carboxylesterases is enhanced by interactions between one or more basic residues on helix alpha16 (residues 485-503) and acidic groups at residues 505-506 in the adjacent surface loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Milad-Kodsi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0614, USA
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Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a rate-limiting enzyme in lipolysis that displays broad substrate specificity. HSL function is regulated by reversible phosphorylation that occurs within a 150 aa "regulatory module" of the protein. The current studies used mutational analysis to dissect the contribution of the "regulatory module" in HSL activity and substrate specificity. Deletion of the entire "regulatory module" or replacement of the "regulatory module" with the "lid" of lipoprotein lipase resulted in enzymatically inactive proteins. Deletion of sequentially longer stretches of the "regulatory module" resulted in a stepwise reduction in hydrolytic activity. Analysis of 7-19 amino acid deletional mutants that spanned the "regulatory module" showed that the N-terminal partial deletion mutants retained normal hydrolytic activity and activation by PKA. In contrast, the C-terminal partial deletion mutants displayed reduced hydrolytic activities, with preferential loss of activity against lipid-, as opposed to water-soluble, substrates. Single amino acid mutations of F650C, P651A, and F654D reduced activity against lipid-, but not water-soluble, substrates. The current results suggest that the length of the "regulatory module" and specific sequences within the C-terminal portion of the "regulatory module" of HSL (amino acids 644-683) are crucial for activity and appear to be responsible for determining lipase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jining Wang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Smith AJ, Sanders MA, Thompson BR, Londos C, Kraemer FB, Bernlohr DA. Physical Association between the Adipocyte Fatty Acid-binding Protein and Hormone-sensitive Lipase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:52399-405. [PMID: 15456755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410301200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous in vitro studies have established that hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP) form a physical complex that presumably positions the FABP to accept a product fatty acid generated during catalysis. To assess AFABP-HSL interaction within a cellular context, we have used lipocytes derived from 293 cells (C8PA cells) and examined physical association using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Transfection of C8PA cells with cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-HSL, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-adipocyte FABP, or YFP-liver FABP revealed that under basal conditions each protein was cytoplasmic. In the presence of 20 microm forskolin, CFP-HSL translocated to the triacylglycerol droplet, coincident with BODIPY-FA labeled depots. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis demonstrated that CFP-HSL associated with YFP-adipocyte FABP in both basal and forskolin-treated cells. In contrast, little if any fluorescence resonance energy transfer could be detected between CFP-HSL and YFP-liver FABP. These results suggest that a pre-lipolysis complex containing at least AFABP and HSL exists and that the complex translocates to the surface of the lipid droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Vallet-Erdtmann V, Tavernier G, Contreras JA, Mairal A, Rieu C, Touzalin AM, Holm C, Jégou B, Langin D. The Testicular Form of Hormone-sensitive Lipase HSLtes Confers Rescue of Male Infertility in HSL-deficient Mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:42875-80. [PMID: 15292223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403495200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the hormone-sensitive lipase gene (HSL) confers male sterility with a major defect in spermatogenesis. Several forms of HSL are expressed in testis. HSLtes mRNA and protein are found in early and elongated spermatids, respectively. The other forms are expressed in diploid germ cells and interstitial cells of the testis. To determine whether the absence of the testis-specific form of HSL, HSLtes, was responsible for the infertility in HSL-null mice, we generated transgenic mice expressing HSLtes under the control of its own promoter. The transgenic animals were crossed with HSL-null mice to produce mice deficient in HSL in nongonadal tissues but expressing HSLtes in haploid germ cells. Cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was almost completely blunted in HSL-deficient testis. Mice with one allele of the transgene showed an increase in enzymatic activity and a small elevation in the production of spermatozoa. The few fertile hemizygous male mice produced litters of very small to small size. The presence of the two alleles led to a doubling in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity, which represented 25% of the wild type values associated with a qualitatively normal spermatogenesis and a partial restoration of sperm reserves. The fertility of these mice was totally restored with normal litter sizes. In line with the importance of the esterase activity, HSLtes transgene expression reversed the cholesteryl ester accumulation observed in HSL-null mice. Therefore, expression of HSLtes and cognate cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity leads to a rescue of the infertility observed in HSL-deficient male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Vallet-Erdtmann
- Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères-INSERM U625 (Teams 1 and 2), Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes I, 35042 Rennes Cedex, Bretagne, France
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Ben Ali Y, Chahinian H, Petry S, Muller G, Carrière F, Verger R, Abousalham A. Might the kinetic behavior of hormone-sensitive lipase reflect the absence of the lid domain? Biochemistry 2004; 43:9298-306. [PMID: 15260473 DOI: 10.1021/bi049479o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is thought to contribute importantly to the mobilization of fatty acids from the triacylglycerols (TAGs) stored in adipocytes, providing the main source of energy in mammals. To investigate the HSL substrate specificity more closely, we systematically assessed the lipolytic activity of recombinant human HSL on solutions and emulsions of various vinyl esters and TAG substrates, using the pH-stat assay technique. Recombinant human HSL activity on solutions of partly soluble vinyl esters or TAG was found to range from 35 to 90% of the maximum activity measured with the same substrates in the emulsified state. The possible existence of a lipid-water interface due to the formation of small aggregates of vinyl esters or TAG in solution may account for the HSL activity observed below the solubility limit of the substrate. Recombinant human HSL also hydrolyzes insoluble medium- and long-chain acylglycerols such as trioctanoylglycerol, dioleoylglycerol, and olive oil, and can therefore be classified as a true lipase. Preincubation of the recombinant HSL with a serine esterase inhibitor such as diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate in 1:100 molar excess leads to complete HSL inhibition within 15 min. This result indicates that the catalytic serine of HSL is highly reactive and that it is readily accessible. Similar behavior was also observed with lipases with no lid domain covering their active site, or with a deletion in the lid domain. The 3-D structure of HSL, which still remains to be determined, may therefore lack the lid domain known to exist in various other lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Ben Ali
- Enzymology at Interfaces and Physiology of Lipolysis, UPR 9025-CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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