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Lokuge GMS, Larsen MK, Maigaard M, Wiking L, Larsen LB, Lund P, Poulsen NA. Effects of feeding whole-cracked rapeseeds, nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol on protein composition, minerals, and vitamin B in milk from Danish Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00642-8. [PMID: 38580150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the individual or combined effects of feeding dietary fat (whole-cracked rapeseed), nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on protein profile, mineral composition, B vitamins, and nitrate residues in milk from dairy cows. Forty-eight Danish Holstein cows used in an 8 × 8 incomplete Latin square design were fed 8 factorially arranged diets ((30 or 63 g crude fat/kg DM) × (0 or 10 g nitrate/kg DM) × (0 or 80 mg 3-NOP/kg DM)) over 6 periods of 21 d each. In each period, milk samples were collected from individual cows during the third week by pooling milk obtained from 4 consecutive milkings, and analyzed for protein profile including protein modifications, mineral composition, riboflavin, cobalamin, and presence of nitrate residues. Fat supplementation led to an increase in the phosphorylation degree of αS1-CN by 8.5% due to a decreased relative proportion of αS1-CN 8P and an increased relative proportion of αS1-CN 9P and further to a decrease in the relative proportion of αS2-CN by 2.4%. Additionally, fat supplementation decreased the relative proportions of glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of κ-CN, consequently leading to a 3.6% decrease in total κ-CN. In skim milk, K, Ca, P, and Mg concentrations were altered by individual use of fat, nitrate, and 3-NOP. Feeding nitrate resulted in a 5.4% increase in riboflavin concentration in milk while supplementing 3-NOP increased cobalamin concentration in milk by 21.1%. The nitrate concentration in milk was increased upon feeding nitrate however, this increased concentration was well below the maximum permissible limit of nitrate in milk (<50 mg/L). In conclusion, no major changes were observed in milk protein, and mineral compositions by feeding fat, nitrate, and 3-NOP to dairy cows while the increased riboflavin and cobalamin by nitrate and 3-NOP, respectively, could be of beneficial nutritional value for milk consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani M S Lokuge
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Mette K Larsen
- Arla Foods Ingredients, ARINCO, Maelkevejen 4, DK-6920 Videbæk, Denmark
| | - M Maigaard
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L Wiking
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - L B Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - N A Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Lokuge GMS, Kaysen C, Maigaard M, Lund P, Wiking L, Poulsen NA. Effects of feeding whole-cracked rapeseeds, nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol on composition and functional properties of the milk fat fraction from Danish Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00543-5. [PMID: 38490556 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the individual and combined effects of supplementing fat (FAT), nitrate (NITRATE) and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on compositional and functional properties of milk fat. An 8 × 8 incomplete Latin square design was conducted with 48 lactating Danish Holstein cows over 6 periods of 21 d each. Eight diets were 2 × 2 × 2 factorially arranged: FAT (30 or 63 g crude fat/kg DM), NITRATE (0 or 10 g nitrate/kg DM), and 3-NOP (0 or 80 mg 3-NOP/kg DM) and cows were fed ad libitum. Milk samples were analyzed for general composition, fatty acids (FA) and thermal properties of milk fat. Milk fat content was decreased by FAT and NITRATE and increased by 3-NOP. The changes in FA composition were mainly driven by the FAT × 3-NOP interaction. FAT shifted milk FA composition toward lower content of saturated FA (SFA) and greater contents of mono- and poly-unsaturated FA (MUFA and PUFA), whereas these effects of FAT were smaller in combination with 3-NOP. However, 3-NOP had no effects on SFA, MUFA and PUFA in low fat diets. FAT lowered solid fat content in milk fat because of decreased SFA content. The onset crystallization temperature of milk fat was decreased by 3-NOP when supplemented in low fat diets. According to the FAT × 3-NOP interaction, supplementation of fat without 3-NOP shifted peak temperature of low melting fraction of milk fat toward low temperature as a result of decreased proportion of C16:0, and increased proportions of C18:1 cis-9, C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 cis-9, and CLA cis-9,trans-11. In conclusion, no additive effects were observed among FAT, NITRATE and 3-NOP on chemical and thermal properties of milk fat and fat supplementation largely changed milk FA composition and in turn affected the thermal properties of milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani M S Lokuge
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - C Kaysen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - M Maigaard
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L Wiking
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - N A Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Coppa M, Martin C, Bes A, Ragionieri L, Ravanetti F, Lund P, Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Nozière P. Relationship between residual feed intake and digestive traits of fattening bulls fed grass silage- or maize silage-based diets. Animal 2023; 17:101013. [PMID: 37952302 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies tried to identify digestive determinants of individual variation in feed efficiency between fattening bulls, because of their importance for breeding and management strategies. Most studies focused on single traits or single diet. Little is known about diet-dependent differences in digestive determinants and on their relative importance in distinguishing divergent residual feed intake (RFI) bulls. This research aimed (i) to identify digestive traits that differed between bulls diverging in RFI and fed a maize silage- or a grass silage-based diets; (ii) to highlight the relationships between RFI and digestive traits, and (iii) to explore the hierarchy among digestive traits in discriminating RFI divergent bulls. After an initial RFI test of 84 days on 100 Charolais growing bulls fed two different diets based on grass silage (GS), or maize silage (MS), the 32 most RFI divergent bulls were selected (eight efficient RFI- and eight inefficient RFI+ bulls per diet) and measured thereafter for total tract apparent digestibility and transit rate, enteric gas emissions (CH4 and H2), rumen pH, and feeding behaviour. Rumen particle size and visceral organ and reticulo-omasal orifice (ROO) sizes and rumen and ileum histology were measured at slaughter on the 32 selected extreme RFI bulls. Irrespective of the diet, efficient bulls (RFI-) had lower rumen size, CH4 yield (g/kg DM intake; tendency), lower number of cells in the ileal crypts, tended to have longer time of rumen pH below 5.8 and lower proportion of small size particles in rumen content than non-efficient bulls (RFI+). A long-term test for feed efficiency (197 d on average) was performed on the whole experimental period until slaughter for the 100 animals. The long-term RFI value was negatively related to time spent in activity other than ingestion, rumination, and resting, and positively related (tendency) to the duration of ingestion events, to rumen and abomasum size, irrespective of the diet. Diet-dependent effects were noted: with GS, efficient (RFI-) bulls showed a slower transit rate, whereas with MS, efficient (RFI-) bulls tended to have shorter resting events and a smaller ROO than inefficient bulls (RFI+). The transit rate and the ROO size tended to be positively related, while total tract apparent digestibility of nitrogen was negatively related to long-term RFI value, but only in GS. Rumen size appeared as the most discriminating digestive variable between RFI divergent bulls, but this result should be validated on a larger number of animals and diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coppa
- Independent Researcher, 10100 Turin, Italy
| | - C Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A Bes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - L Ragionieri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - F Ravanetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - G Cantalapiedra-Hijar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - P Nozière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Thorsteinsson M, Weisbjerg MR, Lund P, Bruhn A, Hellwing ALF, Nielsen MO. Effects of dietary inclusion of 3 Nordic brown macroalgae on enteric methane emission and productivity of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6921-6937. [PMID: 37641361 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae are receiving increased attention as antimethanogenic feed additives for cattle, but most in vivo studies are limited to investigating effects of the red macroalgae Asparagopsis spp. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the CH4 mitigating potential of 3 brown macroalgae from the Northern Hemisphere when fed to dairy cows, and to study the effects on feed intake, milk production, feed digestibility, and animal health indicators. The experiment was conducted as a 4 × 4 Latin square design using 4 lactating rumen, duodenal, and ileal cannulated Danish Holstein dairy cows. The cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) without any macroalgae or the same TMR diluted with, on a dry matter basis, either 4% ensiled Saccharina latissima, 4% Ascophyllum nodosum (NOD), or 2% Sargassum muticum (MUT). Each period consisted of 14 d of adaptation, 3 d of digesta and blood sampling, and 4 d of gas exchange measurements using respiration chambers. Milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) were recorded daily. Blood was sampled on d 13 and 16 and analyzed for health status indicators. None of the 3 species affected the CH4 emission. Moreover, milk yield and DMI were also unaffected. Total-tract digestibility of crude protein was significantly lower for NOD compared with other diets, and additionally, the NOD diet also tended to reduce total-tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber compared with MUT. Blood biomarkers did not indicate negative effects of the dietary inclusion of macroalgae on cow health. In conclusion, none of the 3 brown macroalgae reduced CH4 emission and did not affect DMI and milk production of dairy cows, whereas negative effects on the digestibility of nutrients were observed when A. nodosum was added. None of the diets would be allowed to be fed in commercial dairy herds due to high contents of iodine, cadmium, and arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thorsteinsson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU-Viborg, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; iCLIMATE-Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; CBIO-Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU-Viborg, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; iCLIMATE-Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; CBIO-Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU-Viborg, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; iCLIMATE-Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; CBIO-Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A Bruhn
- CBIO-Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - A L F Hellwing
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU-Viborg, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M O Nielsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU-Viborg, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; iCLIMATE-Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Thorsteinsson M, Maigaard M, Lund P, Weisbjerg M, Nielsen M. Effect of fumaric acid in combination with Asparagopsis taxiformis or nitrate on in vitro gas production, pH, and redox potential. JDS Commun 2023; 4:335-339. [PMID: 37727239 PMCID: PMC10505769 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in enteric methane (CH4) emissions from cattle can be achieved through use of feed additives, which often results in increased emission of hydrogen (H2). The objective of this study was to investigate in vitro effects of a known hydrogen sink, fumaric acid, in combination with either of 2 methane inhibitors, the macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis or nitrate, on CH4 and H2 production, feed degradability, pH, and redox potential. A corn silage (0.5 g; control) was incubated in buffered rumen fluid with the addition of 0.025 g of nitrate (Nit), 0.025 g of dried A. taxiformis (Asp), 0.025 g of nitrate + 0.025 g of fumaric acid (Nit+Fum), or 0.025 g of dried A. taxiformis + 0.025 g of fumaric acid (Asp+Fum). Accumulated gas production was determined using the AnkomRF system equipped with airtight gasbags. There were 9 replicates per treatment with 3 replicates per treatment stopped after 24, 36, and 48 h of incubation. The amount of undegraded feed was determined by filtration. Gas composition was determined by gas chromatography. Degradable dry matter, degradable organic matter, pH, redox potential, and gas production data were analyzed using a mixed model. Asp and Asp+Fum reduced CH4 production by 98% or greater at all incubation times, whereas Nit and Nit+Fum reduced CH4 production (mL of CH4/g of dry matter) by 52% to 63% compared with the control. Hydrogen was only detectable in gas from Asp and Asp+Fum treatments, with no difference in H2 production between the 2 treatments. The treatments had only minor effects on redox potential in the fermented rumen fluid, and pH was lowest for treatments including A. taxiformis. In conclusion, both A. taxiformis and nitrate reduced CH4 production. Fumaric acid in combination with A. taxiformis did not reduce H2 production, and treatments including nitrate did not result in any detectable levels of H2. Future dose-response in vitro studies will contribute to investigating the potential of fumaric acid as a hydrogen sink during CH4 mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P. Lund
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg–Research Centre Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M.R. Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg–Research Centre Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M.O. Nielsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg–Research Centre Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Parnian-Khajehdizaj F, Noel SJ, Johansen M, Weisbjerg MR, Hellwing ALF, Højberg O, Hall MB, Lund P. Methane emission, nutrient digestibility, and rumen microbiota in Holstein heifers fed 14 different grass or clover silages as the sole feed. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4072-4091. [PMID: 37028960 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
This experiment investigated the variation in enteric methane production and associated gas exchange parameters, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbiome when a range of silages based on different forage types (grass or clover), and different species within the 2 types, were fed as the sole feed to heifers. Three grass species (perennial ryegrass, festulolium, and tall fescue) and 2 clover species (red clover and white clover) were included. Perennial ryegrass was harvested at 2 maturity stages in the primary growth, white clover was harvested once in the primary growth, and 4 cuts of festulolium and tall fescue and 3 cuts of red clover were harvested during the growing season, giving 14 different silage batches in total. Sixteen Holstein heifers 16 to 21 mo old and 2 to 5 mo in pregnancy were fed the silages ad libitum as the sole feed in an incomplete crossover design. Each silage was fed to 4 heifers, except for the 2 perennial ryegrass silages, which were fed to 8 heifers; in total 64 observations. The CH4 production was measured for 3 d in respiration chambers. Heifers fed clover silages had higher dry matter intake (DMI) compared with heifers fed grass silages, and heifers fed tall fescue silages had the numerically the lowest DMI. Compared with grass silages, feeding clover silages led to higher crude protein digestibility but lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. Rumen pH was higher in heifers fed clover silages compared with those fed grass silages. Based on composition analysis, the rumen microbiota of the heifers clustered clearly according to forage type and species. More specifically, 7 of the 34 dominating rumen bacterial genus-level groups showed higher relative abundances for the clover silages, whereas 7 genus-level groups showed higher abundances for the grass silages. Methane yield was higher for heifers fed grass silages than for those fed clover silages when methane production was related to dry matter and digestible organic matter intake, whereas the opposite was seen when related to NDF digestion. The gross energy lost as methane (CH4 conversion factor, %) reduced from 7.5% to 6.7%, equivalent to an 11% reduction. The present study gives the outlines for choosing the optimal forage type and forage species with respect to nutrient digestibility and enteric methane emission in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Parnian-Khajehdizaj
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; Department of Animal Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, PO Box 51666-16471, Iran.
| | - S J Noel
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A L F Hellwing
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - O Højberg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M B Hall
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Brask-Pedersen D, Madsen P, Lund P, Weisbjerg M, Johansen M. Effect of proportion and digestibility of grass-clover silage on feed intake, milk yield, and nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Olijhoek D, Hellwing A, Noel S, Lund P, Larsen M, Weisbjerg M, Børsting C. Feeding up to 91% concentrate to Holstein and Jersey dairy cows: Effects on enteric methane emission, rumen fermentation and bacterial community, digestibility, production, and feeding behavior. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9523-9541. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sun J, Akıllıoğlu HG, Aasmul‐Olsen K, Ye Y, Lund P, Zhao X, Brunse A, Nielsen CF, Chatterton DEW, Sangild PT, Lund MN, Bering SB. Ultra-High Temperature Treatment and Storage of Infant Formula Induces Dietary Protein Modifications, Gut Dysfunction, and Inflammation in Preterm Pigs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200132. [PMID: 36052940 PMCID: PMC9786312 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ready-to-feed liquid infant formula is increasingly used for preterm infants when human milk is unavailable. These formulas are sterilized by ultra-high temperature treatment, but heating and storage may reduce bioactivity and increase formation of Maillard reaction products with potential negative consequences for immature newborns. METHODS AND RESULTS Using preterm pigs as a model for sensitive newborn infants, the study tests the intestinal responses of feeding experimental liquid formula within 5 days. A pasteurized formula (PAST) with the same nutrient composition but less protein modifications serves as control to ultra-high temperature-treated formula without (UHT) and with prolonged storage (SUHT). Relative to PAST, UHT contains lower levels of lactoferrin and IgG. Additional storage (40 °C, 60 days, SUHT) reduces antimicrobial capacity and increases non-reducible protein aggregates and Maillard reaction products (up to 13-fold). Pigs fed SUHT have more diarrhea and show signs of intestinal inflammation (necrotizing enterocolitis) compared with pigs fed PAST and UHT. These clinical effects are accompanied by accumulation of Maillard reaction products, protein cross-links, and inflammatory responses in the gut. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that feeding UHT infant formulas, particularly after prolonged storage, adversely affects gut maturation and function in preterm pigs used as a model of preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark
| | - Halise Gül Akıllıoğlu
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark
| | - Karoline Aasmul‐Olsen
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark
| | - Yuhui Ye
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark
| | - Pernille Lund
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark
| | | | | | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineRigshospitaletBlegdamsvej 9Copenhagen Ø2100Denmark,Hans Christian Andersen Children's HospitalJ. B. Winsløws Vej 4Odense C5000Denmark
| | - Marianne N. Lund
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark,Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3BCopenhagen N2200Denmark
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark
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Bougouin A, Hristov A, Dijkstra J, Aguerre MJ, Ahvenjärvi S, Arndt C, Bannink A, Bayat AR, Benchaar C, Boland T, Brown WE, Crompton LA, Dehareng F, Dufrasne I, Eugène M, Froidmont E, van Gastelen S, Garnsworthy PC, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Herremans S, Huhtanen P, Johansen M, Kidane A, Kreuzer M, Kuhla B, Lessire F, Lund P, Minnée EMK, Muñoz C, Niu M, Nozière P, Pacheco D, Prestløkken E, Reynolds CK, Schwarm A, Spek JW, Terranova M, Vanhatalo A, Wattiaux MA, Weisbjerg MR, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Yu Z, Kebreab E. Prediction of nitrogen excretion from data on dairy cows fed a wide range of diets compiled in an intercontinental database: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7462-7481. [PMID: 35931475 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Manure nitrogen (N) from cattle contributes to nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions and nitrate leaching. Measurement of manure N outputs on dairy farms is laborious, expensive, and impractical at large scales; therefore, models are needed to predict N excreted in urine and feces. Building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. Thus, the study objectives were (1) to collate an international database of N excretion in feces and urine based on individual lactating dairy cow data from different continents; (2) to determine the suitability of key variables for predicting fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion; and (3) to develop robust and reliable N excretion prediction models based on individual data from lactating dairy cows consuming various diets. A raw data set was created based on 5,483 individual cow observations, with 5,420 fecal N excretion and 3,621 urine N excretion measurements collected from 162 in vivo experiments conducted by 22 research institutes mostly located in Europe (n = 14) and North America (n = 5). A sequential approach was taken in developing models with increasing complexity by incrementally adding variables that had a significant individual effect on fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion. Nitrogen excretion was predicted by fitting linear mixed models including experiment as a random effect. Simple models requiring dry matter intake (DMI) or N intake performed better for predicting fecal N excretion than simple models using diet nutrient composition or milk performance parameters. Simple models based on N intake performed better for urinary and total manure N excretion than those based on DMI, but simple models using milk urea N (MUN) and N intake performed even better for urinary N excretion. The full model predicting fecal N excretion had similar performance to simple models based on DMI but included several independent variables (DMI, diet crude protein content, diet neutral detergent fiber content, milk protein), depending on the location, and had root mean square prediction errors as a fraction of the observed mean values of 19.1% for intercontinental, 19.8% for European, and 17.7% for North American data sets. Complex total manure N excretion models based on N intake and MUN led to prediction errors of about 13.0% to 14.0%, which were comparable to models based on N intake alone. Intercepts and slopes of variables in optimal prediction equations developed on intercontinental, European, and North American bases differed from each other, and therefore region-specific models are preferred to predict N excretion. In conclusion, region-specific models that include information on DMI or N intake and MUN are required for good prediction of fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion. In absence of intake data, region-specific complex equations using easily and routinely measured variables to predict fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion may be used, but these equations have lower performance than equations based on intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bougouin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
| | - A Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16803
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M J Aguerre
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - S Ahvenjärvi
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - C Arndt
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A R Bayat
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - C Benchaar
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - T Boland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - W E Brown
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706-1205; Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - L A Crompton
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - F Dehareng
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - I Dufrasne
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M Eugène
- INRAE - Université Clermont Auvergne - VetAgroSup UMR 1213 Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores, Centre de recherche Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - E Froidmont
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - S van Gastelen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P C Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - A Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Herremans
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Science for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A Kidane
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - M Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Kuhla
- Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Dummerstorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - F Lessire
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - E M K Minnée
- DairyNZ Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, New Zealand 3240
| | - C Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Remehue, Ruta 5 S, Osorno, Chile
| | - M Niu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Nozière
- INRAE - Université Clermont Auvergne - VetAgroSup UMR 1213 Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores, Centre de recherche Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - D Pacheco
- Ag Research, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - E Prestløkken
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - C K Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - A Schwarm
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - J W Spek
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Terranova
- AgroVet-Strickhof, ETH Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M A Wattiaux
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706-1205
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - D R Yáñez-Ruiz
- Estación Experimental del Zaidin, CSIC, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Z Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
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11
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Johansen M, Madsen P, Brask-Pedersen D, Lund P. Effect of age and dietary crude protein level on nitrogen excretion in dairy heifers. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Wang W, Larsen M, Weisbjerg M, Johansen M, Hellwing A, Lund P. Effects of particle size and toasting of fava beans and forage source on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and metabolizable protein supply in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8806-8823. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Correa-Luna M, Johansen M, Noziere P, Chantelauze C, Nasrollahi SM, Lund P, Larsen M, Bayat AR, Crompton LA, Reynolds CK, Froidmont E, Edouard N, Dewhurst R, Bahloul L, Martin C, Cantalapiedra-Hijar G. Nitrogen isotopic discrimination as a biomarker of between-cow variation in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization for milk production: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5004-5023. [PMID: 35450714 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estimating the efficiency of N utilization for milk production (MNE) of individual cows at a large scale is difficult, particularly because of the cost of measuring feed intake. Nitrogen isotopic discrimination (Δ15N) between the animal (milk, plasma, or tissues) and its diet has been proposed as a biomarker of the efficiency of N utilization in a range of production systems and ruminant species. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of Δ15N to predict the between-animal variability in MNE in dairy cows using an extensive database. For this, 20 independent experiments conducted as either changeover (n = 14) or continuous (n = 6) trials were available and comprised an initial data set of 1,300 observations. Between-animal variability was defined as the variation observed among cows sharing the same contemporary group (CG; individuals from the same experimental site, sampling period, and dietary treatment). Milk N efficiency was calculated as the ratio between mean milk N (grams of N in milk per day) and mean N intake (grams of N intake per day) obtained from each sampling period, which lasted 9.0 ± 9.9 d (mean ± SD). Samples of milk (n = 604) or plasma (n = 696) and feeds (74 dietary treatments) were analyzed for natural 15N abundance (δ15N), and then the N isotopic discrimination between the animal and the dietary treatment was calculated (Δ15n = δ15Nanimal - δ15Ndiet). Data were analyzed through mixed-effect regression models considering the experiment, sampling period, and dietary treatment as random effects. In addition, repeatability estimates were calculated for each experiment to test the hypothesis of improved predictions when MNE and Δ15N measurements errors were lower. The considerable protein mobilization in early lactation artificially increased both MNE and Δ15N, leading to a positive rather than negative relationship, and this limited the implementation of this biomarker in early lactating cows. When the experimental errors of Δ15N and MNE decreased in a particular experiment (i.e., higher repeatability values), we observed a greater ability of Δ15N to predict MNE at the individual level. The predominant negative and significant correlation between Δ15N and MNE in mid- and late lactation demonstrated that on average Δ15N reflects MNE variations both across dietary treatments and between animals. The root mean squared prediction error as a percentage of average observed value was 6.8%, indicating that the model only allowed differentiation between 2 cows in terms of MNE within a CG if they differed by at least 0.112 g/g of MNE (95% confidence level), and this could represent a limitation in predicting MNE at the individual level. However, the one-way ANOVA performed to test the ability of Δ15N to differentiate within-CG the top 25% from the lowest 25% individuals in terms of MNE was significant, indicating that it is possible to distinguish extreme animals in terms of MNE from their N isotopic signature, which could be useful to group animals for precision feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Correa-Luna
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR Herbivores, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Noziere
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR Herbivores, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C Chantelauze
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR Herbivores, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB, Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S M Nasrollahi
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR Herbivores, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - A R Bayat
- Milk Production Solutions, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - L A Crompton
- Centre for Dairy Research, Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, United Kingdom
| | - C K Reynolds
- Centre for Dairy Research, Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, United Kingdom
| | - E Froidmont
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Edouard
- INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, PEGASE, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - R Dewhurst
- SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - L Bahloul
- Adisseo France S.A.S., 92160 Antony, France
| | - C Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR Herbivores, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Cantalapiedra-Hijar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR Herbivores, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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14
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Lund P, Mardal F, Ray CA, Lund MN. Probing the cumulative effects of unit operations and lactose to whey protein ratios on protein modifications in powdered model infant formula. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Lund P, Bechshøft MR, Ray CA, Lund MN. Effect of Processing of Whey Protein Ingredient on Maillard Reactions and Protein Structural Changes in Powdered Infant Formula. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:319-332. [PMID: 34967606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used whey protein ingredient in an infant formula (IF) is the whey protein concentrate (WPC). The processing steps used in the manufacturing of both a powdered IF and a WPC introduce protein modifications that may decrease the nutritional quality. A gently processed whey protein ingredient (serum protein concentrate; SPC) was manufactured and used for the production of a powdered IF. The SPC and the SPC-based IF were compared to the WPC and the powdered WPC-based IF. Structural protein modifications were evaluated, and Maillard reaction products, covering furosine, α-dicarbonyls, furans, and advanced glycation end products, were quantified in the IFs and their protein ingredients. IF processing was responsible for higher levels of protein modifications compared to the levels observed in the SPC and WPC. Furosine levels and aggregation were most pronounced in the WPC, but the SPC contained a high level of methylglyoxal, revealing that other processing factors should be considered in addition to thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Colin A Ray
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Sønderhøj 10-12, 8260 Viby J, Denmark
| | - Marianne N Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Poulsen NA, Giagnoni G, Johansen M, Lund P, Larsen LB. Effect of protein concentrate mixtures and dietary addition of exogenous phytase on major milk minerals and proteins, including casein phosphorylation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9801-9812. [PMID: 34099285 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Variations in major milk minerals, proteins, and their posttranslational modifications are largely under genetic influence, whereas the effect of nongenetic factors is less studied. Through a controlled feeding experiment (incomplete balanced Latin square design), the effect of concentrate mixtures, based on fava beans, rapeseed meal, or soybean meal as main P and protein sources, on milk composition was examined under typical Danish management conditions. Concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg, together with proteomics for relative quantification of major milk proteins and their isoforms, were analyzed in milk samples from 24 cows sampled in 4 periods. Each cow was fed 1 of the 3 diets in each period with or without addition of exogenous phytase. Cows were blocked by lactation stage into early and mid-lactation (23.3 ± 6.7 and 176 ± 15 d in milk, respectively, at the beginning of the experiment, mean ± standard deviation). Significant effects of feed concentrate mixture were observed for milk protein concentration, milk urea nitrogen, citrate, and the percentage of mixed and preformed fatty acids as well as mineral composition, and their distributions within micellar or serum phases. Furthermore, relative contents of αS1-casein (CN) 9P form and unglycosylated κ-CN and thereby phosphorylation degree of αS1-CN (PD) and the glycosylation degree of κ-CN were found to be significantly affected by these diets. To our knowledge, we are the first to document that feed concentrate mixture can affect the relative concentrations of αS1-CN phosphorylation isoforms in milk, and the results suggested an effect on αS1-CN 9P and PD, but not on αS1-CN 8P. Furthermore, although only significant for αS1-CN 8P, we found a lower relative concentration of αS1-CN 8P and higher αS1-CN 9P (and thus higher PD) in milk from cows in mid compared with early lactation. Also, protein concentration and concentration of Mg in skim milk and serum as well as relative concentration of α-lactalbumin were found to be significantly affected by lactation stage. Addition of dietary exogenous phytase only had a minor effect on milk composition or functionality with significant effect detected for α-lactalbumin and micellar Mg concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - G Giagnoni
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L B Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Hansen NP, Johansen M, Wiking L, Larsen M, Lund P, Larsen T, Weisbjerg MR. Fava beans can substitute soybean meal and rapeseed meal as protein source in diets for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5508-5521. [PMID: 33685672 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of replacing mixtures of wheat and soybean meal and wheat and rapeseed meal by toasted fava beans, and the effect of toasting fava beans on feed intake, milk yield, and composition of milk and feces were investigated using 40 Holstein cows in each of two 4 × 4 Latin square design trials conducted simultaneously. In trial 1, the 4 treatment concentrates were untreated fava beans, toasted fava beans, 42% soybean meal + 58% rolled wheat, and a 21, 29, and 50% mix of soybean meal, rolled wheat, and toasted fava beans, respectively [on dry matter (DM) basis]. In trial 2, the 4 experimental treatments were untreated fava beans, toasted fava beans, 64% rapeseed meal + 36% rolled wheat, and a 32, 18, and 50% mix of rapeseed meal, rolled wheat, and toasted fava beans, respectively (on DM basis). In each trial, 16 primiparous and 24 multiparous cows were fed the treatment concentrates as part of a partial mixed ration, of which the forage consisted of 50% corn silage and 50% grass-clover silage. Substitution of soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans did not affect total DM intake, and no linear effects were observed on milk yield or energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield. However, in trial 2, a quadratic effect was observed on milk yield when substituting rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. In both trials, substitution of soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans increased milk lactose concentration and decreased milk protein yield and concentration of protein in milk. In both trials, fecal concentration of starch increased linearly when substituting soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. In trial 2, fecal concentration of P decreased when substituting rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. In situ investigations showed increased rumen undegradable protein concentration and thereby increased estimated metabolizable protein supply when toasting fava beans. However, in both trials, milk protein yield and concentration decreased when cows were fed toasted compared with untreated fava beans. Furthermore, when cows were fed toasted compared with untreated fava beans in trial 1, milk yield, ECM yield, and nitrogen efficiency decreased. We conclude that toasted fava beans could substitute soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with regard to ECM yield. However, milk protein yield decreased when substituting soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. Compared with untreated fava beans, toasting had no positive effect on milk production and nitrogen efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L Wiking
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - M Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - T Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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18
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Lund P, Nielsen SB, Nielsen CF, Ray CA, Lund MN. Impact of UHT treatment and storage on liquid infant formula: Complex structural changes uncovered by centrifugal field-flow fractionation with multi-angle light scattering. Food Chem 2021; 348:129145. [PMID: 33524693 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein modifications in liquid infant formula (IF) have been widely studied, but distinguishing between heat- and storage-induced structural changes remains challenging. A generic liquid IF was subjected to direct or indirect UHT treatment and stored at 40 °C up to 180 days. Colour and pH were monitored and structural changes were characterised by dynamic light scattering, SDS-PAGE and centrifugal field-flow fractionation (FFF) coupled with multi-angle light scattering (MALS) and UV detectors to evaluate whether heat-induced differences would level out during storage. Both direct- and indirect UHT treatment led to structural changes, where the higher heat load of the indirect UHT treatment caused more pronounced changes. Indications were that storage-induced changes in pH, browning and non-reducible cross-links were not dependent on UHT treatment. However, FFF-MALS-UV analysis allowed characterisation of complex aggregates, where structural changes continued to be most pronounced in indirect UHT treated samples, and different storage-induced aggregation behaviour was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Bang Nielsen
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S - Discover R&D, Department of Technology and Functionality, Sønderupvej 26, 6920 Videbæk, Denmark
| | - Christian Fiil Nielsen
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S - Milk Powder Innovation, Sønderhøj 10, 8260 Viby J, Denmark
| | - Colin A Ray
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S - Discover R&D, Department of Technology and Functionality, Sønderupvej 26, 6920 Videbæk, Denmark
| | - Marianne N Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Guinguina A, Yan T, Lund P, Bayat AR, Hellwing ALF, Huhtanen P. Between-cow variation in the components of feed efficiency. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7968-7982. [PMID: 32684452 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A meta-analysis based on an individual-cow data set was conducted to investigate between-cow variations in the components and measurements of feed efficiency (FE) and to explore the associations among these components. Data were taken from 31 chamber studies, consisting of a total of 841 cow/period observations. The experimental diets were based on grass or corn silages, fresh grass, or a mixture of fresh grass and straw, with cereal grains or by-products as energy supplements, and soybean or canola meal as protein supplements. The average forage-to-concentrate ratio across all diets on a dry matter basis was 56:44. Variance component and repeatability estimates of FE measurements and components were determined using diet, period, and cow within experiment as random effects in mixed procedures of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The between-cow coefficient of variation (CV) in gross energy intake (GE; CV = 0.10) and milk energy (El) output as a proportion of GE (El/GE; CV = 0.084) were the largest among all component traits. Similarly, the highest repeatability estimates (≥0.50) were observed for these 2 components. However, the between-cow CV in digestibility (DE/GE), metabolizability [metabolizable energy (ME)/GE], methane yield (CH4E/GE), proportional urinary energy output (UE/GE), and heat production (HP/GE), as well as the efficiency of ME use for lactation (kl), were rather small. The least repeatable component of FE was UE/GE. For FE measurements, the between-cow CV in residual energy-corrected milk (RECM) was larger than for residual feed intake (RFI), suggesting a greater possibility for genetic gain in RECM than in RFI. A high DE/GE was associated with increased CH4E/GE (r = 0.24), HP/GE (r = 0.12), ME/GE (r = 0. 91), energy balance as a proportion of GE (EB/GE; r = 0.35), and kl (r = 0.10). However, no correlation between DE/GE and GE intake or UE/GE was observed. Increased proportional milk energy adjusted to zero energy balance (El(0)/GE) was associated with increases in DE/GE, ME/GE, EB/GE, and kl but decreases in UE/GE, CH4E/GE, and HP/GE, with no effect on GE intake. In conclusion, several mechanisms are involved in the observed differences in FE among dairy cows, and reducing CH4E yield (CH4E/GE) may inadvertently result in reduced GE digestibility. However, the selection of dairy cows with improved energy utilization efficiencies offers an effective approach to lower enteric CH4 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guinguina
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, UK
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A R Bayat
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - A L F Hellwing
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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Olijhoek D, Difford G, Lund P, Løvendahl P. Phenotypic modeling of residual feed intake using physical activity and methane production as energy sinks. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6967-6981. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Huhtanen P, Bayat AR, Lund P, Hellwing ALF, Weisbjerg MR. Short communication: Variation in feed efficiency hampers use of carbon dioxide as a tracer gas in measuring methane emissions in on-farm conditions. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9090-9095. [PMID: 32747114 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Breeding cows for low CH4 emissions requires that the trait is variable and that it can be recorded with low cost from an adequate number of individuals and with high precision, but not necessarily with high accuracy if the trait is measured with high repeatability. The CH4:CO2 ratio in expired breath is a trait often used as a tracer with the production of CO2 predicted from body weight (BW), energy-corrected milk yield, and days of pregnancy. This approach assumes that efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance and production is constant. Data (307 cow-period observations) from 2 locations using the same setup for measuring CH4 and CO2 in respiration chambers were compiled, and observed production of CH4 and CO2 was compared with the equivalent predicted production using 2 different approaches. Carbon dioxide production was predicted using a previously reported model based on metabolic BW and energy-corrected milk production and a currently developed model based on energy requirements and the relationship between observed CO2 and heat production (models 1 and 2, respectively). Animals used were categorized (low, medium, and high efficiency) according to (1) residual feed intake and (2) residual milk production. Model 1 underestimated CH4 production by 15%, whereas model 2 overestimated CH4 by 1.4% for the whole database. Model 1 underestimated CO2 production by 2.8 and 0.9 kg/d for low- and high-efficiency cows, respectively, whereas model 2 underestimated CO2 production by 0.9 kg/d for low-efficient animals but overestimated it by 1.2 kg/d for high-efficiency cows. Efficient cows produce less heat, and consequently CO2, per unit of metabolic body weight and energy-corrected milk than inefficient cows, challenging the use of CO2 as a tracer gas. Because of biased estimates of CO2 production, the models overestimated CH4 production of high-efficiency cows by, on average, 17% relative to low-efficiency cows, respectively. Selecting low CH4-emitting cows using a CO2 tracer method can therefore favor inefficient cows over efficient cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - A R Bayat
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A L F Hellwing
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Guinguina A, Yan T, Bayat AR, Lund P, Huhtanen P. The effects of energy metabolism variables on feed efficiency in respiration chamber studies with lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7983-7997. [PMID: 32534917 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate factors related to variation in feed efficiency (FE) among cows. Data included 841 cow/period observations from 31 energy metabolism studies assembled across 3 research stations. The cows were categorized into low-, medium-, and high-FE groups according to residual feed intake (RFI), residual energy-corrected milk (RECM), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Mixed model regression was conducted to identify differences among the efficiency groups in animal and energy metabolism traits. Partial regression coefficients of both RFI and RECM agreed with published energy requirements more closely than cofficients derived from production experiments. Within RFI groups, efficient (Low-RFI) cows ate less, had a higher digestibility, produced less methane (CH4) and heat, and had a higher efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for milk production. High-RECM (most efficient) cows produced 6.0 kg/d more of energy-corrected milk (ECM) than their Low-RECM (least efficient) contemporaries at the same feed intake. They had a higher digestibility, produced less CH4 and heat, and had a higher efficiency of ME utilization for milk production. The contributions of improved digestibility, reduced CH4, and reduced urinary energy losses to increased ME intake at the same feed intake were 84, 12, and 4%, respectively. For both RFI and RECM analysis, increased metabolizability contributed to approximately 35% improved FE, with the remaining 65% attributed to the greater efficiency of utilization of ME. The analysis within RECM groups suggested that the difference in ME utilization was mainly due to the higher maintenance requirement of Low-RECM cows compared with Medium- and High-RECM cows, whereas the difference between Medium- and High-RECM cows resulted mainly from the higher efficiency of ME utilization for milk production in High-RECM cows. The main difference within FCE (ECM/DMI) categories was a greater (8.2 kg/d) ECM yield at the expense of mobilization in High-FCE cows compared with Low-FCE cows. Methane intensity (CH4/ECM) was lower for efficient cows than for inefficient cows. The results indicated that RFI and RECM are different traits. We concluded that there is considerable variation in FE among cows that is not related to dilution of maintenance requirement or nutrient partitioning. Improving FE is a sustainable approach to reduce CH4 production per unit of product, and at the same time improve the economics of milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guinguina
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - A R Bayat
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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Børsting CF, Brask M, Hellwing ALF, Weisbjerg MR, Lund P. Enteric methane emission and digestion in dairy cows fed wheat or molasses. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1448-1462. [PMID: 31785884 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to measure enteric methane (CH4) emission and its relation with rumen digestion in dairy cows fed diets rich in 1 of the 2 carbohydrate sources, starch or sugar. The rations were based on late first-cut grass-clover silage supplemented with wheat (Wh), NaOH-treated wheat (Wh+NaOH), sugar beet molasses (Mo), or sugar beet molasses with addition of sodium bicarbonate (Mo+Bic). Wheat and molasses made up 35% of dry matter in the 2 diets with molasses and wheat, respectively. Four cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal canulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Nutrient digestibility was measured using chromium oxide and titanium oxide as flow markers, and emissions of CH4 and hydrogen were measured via open-circuit indirect calorimetry on 4 consecutive days. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment and period as fixed effects and cow as random effect. Furthermore, orthogonal contrasts were calculated. The cows produced 32.5, 33.6, 36.2, and 35.1 L of CH4/kg of dry matter intake (DMI) on diets Wh, Wh+NaOH, Mo, and Mo+Bic, respectively. The emission of CH4 per day, per kilogram of DMI, and per kilogram of energy-corrected milk as well as daily hydrogen emission were higher on the Mo diet compared with the Wh diet. With the present inclusion of wheat and molasses in the diet, no effects of NaOH treatment of wheat or of sodium bicarbonate supplementation to the Mo diet could be demonstrated on CH4 emission expressed per kilogram of DMI or per kilogram of energy-corrected milk. The duodenal flow of starch was higher when wheat was treated with NaOH. Under the conditions in the present experiment, ruminal NDF digestibility was not affected by carbohydrate source, NaOH treatment of wheat, or bicarbonate supplementation. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen and the proportions of acetate and propionate were not affected by carbohydrate source, NaOH treatment of wheat, or bicarbonate supplementation. Likewise, we could not show any influence of diet on microbial protein synthesis or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis expressed as grams of microbial protein synthesis per kilogram of true rumen-digested organic matter. We concluded that CH4 emission was increased when wheat was replaced by molasses, whereas no effect of manipulating rumen fermentation by NaOH treatment of wheat or addition of bicarbonate to molasses could be found with a level of approximately 25% of dry matter from starch and sugar, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Børsting
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M Brask
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A L F Hellwing
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Bougouin A, Appuhamy JADRN, Ferlay A, Kebreab E, Martin C, Moate P, Benchaar C, Lund P, Eugène M. Individual milk fatty acids are potential predictors of enteric methane emissions from dairy cows fed a wide range of diets: Approach by meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10616-10631. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Guinguina A, Ahvenjärvi S, Prestløkken E, Lund P, Huhtanen P. Predicting feed intake and feed efficiency in lactating dairy cows using digesta marker techniques. Animal 2019; 13:2277-2288. [PMID: 30806342 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct measurement of individual animal dry matter intake (DMI) remains a fundamental challenge to assessing dairy feed efficiency (FE). Digesta marker, is currently the most used indirect technique for estimating DMI in production animals. In this meta-analysis we evaluated the performance of marker-based estimates against direct or observed measurements and developed equations for the prediction of FE (g energy-corrected milk (ECM)/kg DMI). Data were taken from 29 change-over studies consisting of 416 cow-within period observations. Most studies used more than one digesta marker. So, for each observed measurement of DMI, faecal dry matter output (FDMO) and apparent total tract dry matter digestibility (DMD), there was one or more corresponding marker estimate. There were 924, 409 and 846 observations for estimated FDMO (eFDMO), estimated apparent total tract DMD (eDMD) and estimated DMI (eDMI), respectively. The experimental diets were based mainly on grass silage, with soya bean or rapeseed meal as protein supplements and cereal grains or by-products as energy supplements. Across all diets, average forage to concentrate ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis was 59 : 41. Variance component and repeatability estimates of observed and marker estimations were determined using random factors in mixed procedures of SAS. Between-cow CV in observed FDMO, DMD and DMI was, 10.3, 1.69 and 8.04, respectively. Overall, the repeatability estimates of observed variables were greater than their corresponding marker-based estimates of repeatability. Regression of observed measurements on marker-based estimates gave good relationships (R2=0.87, 0.68, 0.74 and 0.74, relative prediction error =10.9%, 6.5%, 15.4% and 18.7%for FDMO, DMD, DMI and FE predictions, respectively). Despite this, the mean and slope biases were statistically significant (P<0.001) for all regressions. More than half of the errors in all regressions were due to mean and slope biases (52.4% 87.4%, 82.9% and 85.8% for FDMO, DMD, DMI and FE, respectively), whereas the contributions of random errors were small. Based on residual variance, the best model for predicting FE developed from the dataset was FE (g ECM/kg DMI)=1179(±54.1) +38.2(±2.05)×ECM(kg/day)-0.64(±0.051)×BW (kg)-75.6(±4.39)×eFDMO (kg/day). Although eDMD was positively related to FE, it only showed a tendency to reduce the residual variance. Despite inaccuracy in marker procedures, eFDMO from external markers provided a reliable determination for FE measurement. However, DMD estimated by internal markers did not improve prediction of FE, probably reflecting small variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guinguina
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - S Ahvenjärvi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Milk Production, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - E Prestløkken
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Olijhoek DW, Hellwing ALF, Grevsen K, Haveman LS, Chowdhury MR, Løvendahl P, Weisbjerg MR, Noel SJ, Højberg O, Wiking L, Lund P. Effect of dried oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) plant material in feed on methane production, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9902-9918. [PMID: 31495619 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils (EO) from oregano may have antimicrobial properties, potentially representing a methane mitigation strategy suitable for organic production. This study aimed to (1) examine the potential of oregano in lowering enteric methane production of dairy cows fed differing levels of dried oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) plant material containing high levels of EO; (2) determine whether differing levels of dried oregano plant material of another subspecies (Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare) with naturally low levels of EO in feed affected enteric methane production; and (3) evaluate the effect of various levels of the 2 oregano subspecies (containing high or low levels of EO) in feed on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acids. Each experiment had a 4 × 4 Latin square design using 4 lactating Danish Holstein dairy cows that had rumen, duodenal, and ileal cannulas and were fed 4 different levels of oregano. Experiment 1 used low EO oregano [0.12% EO of oregano dry matter (DM)] and evaluated a control (C) diet with no oregano and 3 oregano diets with 18 (low; L), 36 (medium; M), and 53 g of oregano DM/kg of dietary DM (high; H). Experiment 2 used high EO oregano (4.21% EO of oregano DM) with 0, 7, 14, and 21 g of oregano DM/kg of dietary DM for C, L, M, and H, respectively. Oregano was added to the diets by substituting grass/clover silage on a DM basis. Low or high EO oregano in feed did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) or methane production (grams per day, grams per kilogram of DMI, grams per kilogram of energy-corrected milk, and percentage of gross energy intake). Rumen fermentation was slightly affected by diet in experiment 1, but was not affected by diet in experiment 2. In both experiments, the apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber decreased linearly and cubically (a cubic response was not observed for neutral detergent fiber) with increasing dietary oregano content, while milk fatty acids were slightly affected. In conclusion, dried oregano plant material with either high or low levels of EO did not lower the methane production of dairy cows over 4 consecutive days, and no substantial effects were observed on rumen fermentation or nutrient digestibility. This conclusion regarding methane production is in contrast with literature and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Olijhoek
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - A L F Hellwing
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - K Grevsen
- Department of Food Science, AU Aarslev, Aarhus University, DK 5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - L S Haveman
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Chowdhury
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Løvendahl
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - S J Noel
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - O Højberg
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L Wiking
- Department of Food Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Difford GF, Olijhoek DW, Hellwing ALF, Lund P, Bjerring MA, de Haas Y, Lassen J, Løvendahl P. Ranking cows’ methane emissions under commercial conditions with sniffers versus respiration chambers. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2019.1572784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. F. Difford
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University Tjele, Denmark
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - D. W. Olijhoek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University Tjele, Denmark
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum Tjele, Denmark
| | - A. L. F. Hellwing
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum Tjele, Denmark
| | - P. Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum Tjele, Denmark
| | - M. A. Bjerring
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum Tjele, Denmark
| | - Y. de Haas
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Lassen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University Tjele, Denmark
| | - P. Løvendahl
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University Tjele, Denmark
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Olijhoek D, Løvendahl P, Lassen J, Hellwing A, Höglund J, Weisbjerg M, Noel S, McLean F, Højberg O, Lund P. Methane production, rumen fermentation, and diet digestibility of Holstein and Jersey dairy cows being divergent in residual feed intake and fed at 2 forage-to-concentrate ratios. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9926-9940. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hristov A, Kebreab E, Niu M, Oh J, Bannink A, Bayat A, Boland T, Brito A, Casper D, Crompton L, Dijkstra J, Eugène M, Garnsworthy P, Haque N, Hellwing A, Huhtanen P, Kreuzer M, Kuhla B, Lund P, Madsen J, Martin C, Moate P, Muetzel S, Muñoz C, Peiren N, Powell J, Reynolds C, Schwarm A, Shingfield K, Storlien T, Weisbjerg M, Yáñez-Ruiz D, Yu Z. Symposium review: Uncertainties in enteric methane inventories, measurement techniques, and prediction models. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6655-6674. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gerrits WJJ, Labussière E, Reynolds CK, Metges CC, Kuhla B, Lund P, Weisbjerg MR, Dijkstra J. Letter to the Editor: Recovery test results as a prerequisite for publication of gaseous exchange measurements. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4703-4704. [PMID: 29779555 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Labussière
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - C K Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - C C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - B Kuhla
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Vanlierde A, Soyeurt H, Gengler N, Colinet FG, Froidmont E, Kreuzer M, Grandl F, Bell M, Lund P, Olijhoek DW, Eugène M, Martin C, Kuhla B, Dehareng F. Short communication: Development of an equation for estimating methane emissions of dairy cows from milk Fourier transform mid-infrared spectra by using reference data obtained exclusively from respiration chambers. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7618-7624. [PMID: 29753478 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation and mitigation of enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminant livestock, in particular from dairy cows, have acquired global importance for sustainable, climate-smart cattle production. Based on CH4 reference measurements obtained with the SF6 tracer technique to determine ruminal CH4 production, a current equation permits evaluation of individual daily CH4 emissions of dairy cows based on milk Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectra. However, the respiration chamber (RC) technique is considered to be more accurate than SF6 to measure CH4 production from cattle. This study aimed to develop an equation that allows estimating CH4 emissions of lactating cows recorded in an RC from corresponding milk FT-MIR spectra and to challenge its robustness and relevance through validation processes and its application on a milk spectral database. This would permit confirming the conclusions drawn with the existing equation based on SF6 reference measurements regarding the potential to estimate daily CH4 emissions of dairy cows from milk FT-MIR spectra. A total of 584 RC reference CH4 measurements (mean ± standard deviation of 400 ± 72 g of CH4/d) and corresponding standardized milk mid-infrared spectra were obtained from 148 individual lactating cows between 7 and 321 d in milk in 5 European countries (Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, France, and Northern Ireland). The developed equation based on RC measurements showed calibration and cross-validation coefficients of determination of 0.65 and 0.57, respectively, which is lower than those obtained earlier by the equation based on 532 SF6 measurements (0.74 and 0.70, respectively). This means that the RC-based model is unable to explain the variability observed in the corresponding reference data as well as the SF6-based model. The standard errors of calibration and cross-validation were lower for the RC model (43 and 47 g/d vs. 66 and 70 g/d for the SF6 version, respectively), indicating that the model based on RC data was closer to actual values. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of calibration of 42 g/d represents only 10% of the overall daily CH4 production, which is 23 g/d lower than the RMSE for the SF6-based equation. During the external validation step an RMSE of 62 g/d was observed. When the RC equation was applied to a standardized spectral database of milk recordings collected in the Walloon region of Belgium between January 2012 and December 2017 (1,515,137 spectra from 132,658 lactating cows in 1,176 different herds), an average ± standard deviation of 446 ± 51 g of CH4/d was estimated, which is consistent with the range of the values measured using both RC and SF6 techniques. This study confirmed that milk FT-MIR spectra could be used as a potential proxy to estimate daily CH4 emissions from dairy cows provided that the variability to predict is covered by the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vanlierde
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Valorization of Agricultural Products, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - H Soyeurt
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Agrobiochem Department and Research and Teaching Centre (TERRA), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Gengler
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Agrobiochem Department and Research and Teaching Centre (TERRA), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - F G Colinet
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Agrobiochem Department and Research and Teaching Centre (TERRA), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - E Froidmont
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Production and Sectors Department, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F Grandl
- Qualitas AG, 6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | - M Bell
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - D W Olijhoek
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Eugène
- UMR Herbivores, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C Martin
- UMR Herbivores, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - B Kuhla
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - F Dehareng
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Valorization of Agricultural Products, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Johansen M, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. Amino acid profile of metabolisable protein in lactating dairy cows is affected by dry matter concentration in grass-clover silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gerrits W, Labussière E, Dijkstra J, Reynolds C, Metges C, Kuhla B, Lund P, Weisbjerg MR. Letter to the Editor: Recovery test results as a prerequisite for publication of gaseous exchange measurements. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:5175. [PMID: 29293804 DOI: 10.1093/ansci/95.12.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Johansen M, Søegaard K, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. Digestibility and clover proportion determine milk production when silages of different grass and clover species are fed to dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8861-8880. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Johansen M, Hellwing A, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. Metabolisable protein supply to lactating dairy cows increased with increasing dry matter concentration in grass-clover silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Salleh MS, Mazzoni G, Höglund JK, Olijhoek DW, Lund P, Løvendahl P, Kadarmideen HN. RNA-Seq transcriptomics and pathway analyses reveal potential regulatory genes and molecular mechanisms in high- and low-residual feed intake in Nordic dairy cattle. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:258. [PMID: 28340555 PMCID: PMC5366136 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The selective breeding of cattle with high-feed efficiencies (FE) is an important goal of beef and dairy cattle producers. Global gene expression patterns in relevant tissues can be used to study the functions of genes that are potentially involved in regulating FE. In the present study, high-throughput RNA sequencing data of liver biopsies from 19 dairy cows were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high- and low-FE groups of cows (based on Residual Feed Intake or RFI). Subsequently, a profile of the pathways connecting the DEGs to FE was generated, and a list of candidate genes and biomarkers was derived for their potential inclusion in breeding programmes to improve FE. Results The bovine RNA-Seq gene expression data from the liver was analysed to identify DEGs and, subsequently, identify the molecular mechanisms, pathways and possible candidate biomarkers of feed efficiency. On average, 57 million reads (short reads or short mRNA sequences < ~200 bases) were sequenced, 52 million reads were mapped, and 24,616 known transcripts were quantified according to the bovine reference genome. A comparison of the high- and low-RFI groups revealed 70 and 19 significantly DEGs in Holstein and Jersey cows, respectively. The interaction analysis (high vs. low RFI x control vs. high concentrate diet) showed no interaction effects in the Holstein cows, while two genes showed interaction effects in the Jersey cows. The analyses showed that DEGs act through certain pathways to affect or regulate FE, including steroid hormone biosynthesis, retinol metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and drug metabolism cytochrome P450. Conclusion We used RNA-Seq-based liver transcriptomic profiling of high- and low-RFI dairy cows in two breeds and identified significantly DEGs, their molecular mechanisms, their interactions with other genes and functional enrichments of different molecular pathways. The DEGs that were identified were the CYP’s and GIMAP genes for the Holstein and Jersey cows, respectively, which are related to the primary immunodeficiency pathway and play a major role in feed utilization and the metabolism of lipids, sugars and proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3622-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Salleh
- Animal Breeding, Quantitative Genetics and Systems Biology Group, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - G Mazzoni
- Animal Breeding, Quantitative Genetics and Systems Biology Group, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J K Höglund
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - D W Olijhoek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark.,Department of Animal Science - Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science - Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Løvendahl
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - H N Kadarmideen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Olijhoek DW, Hellwing ALF, Brask M, Weisbjerg MR, Højberg O, Larsen MK, Dijkstra J, Erlandsen EJ, Lund P. Effect of dietary nitrate level on enteric methane production, hydrogen emission, rumen fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6191-6205. [PMID: 27236758 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate may lower methane production in ruminants by competing with methanogenesis for available hydrogen in the rumen. This study evaluated the effect of 4 levels of dietary nitrate addition on enteric methane production, hydrogen emission, feed intake, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and blood methemoglobin. In a 4×4 Latin square design 4 lactating Danish Holstein dairy cows fitted with rumen, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were assigned to 4 calcium ammonium nitrate addition levels: control, low, medium, and high [0, 5.3, 13.6, and 21.1g of nitrate/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively]. Diets were made isonitrogenous by replacing urea. Cows were fed ad libitum and, after a 6-d period of gradual introduction of nitrate, adapted to the corn-silage-based total mixed ration (forage:concentrate ratio 50:50 on DM basis) for 16d before sampling. Digesta content from duodenum, ileum, and feces, and rumen liquid were collected, after which methane production and hydrogen emissions were measured in respiration chambers. Methane production [L/kg of dry matter intake (DMI)] linearly decreased with increasing nitrate concentrations compared with the control, corresponding to a reduction of 6, 13, and 23% for the low, medium, and high diets, respectively. Methane production was lowered with apparent efficiencies (measured methane reduction relative to potential methane reduction) of 82.3, 71.9, and 79.4% for the low, medium, and high diets, respectively. Addition of nitrate increased hydrogen emissions (L/kg of DMI) quadratically by a factor of 2.5, 3.4, and 3.0 (as L/kg of DMI) for the low, medium, and high diets, respectively, compared with the control. Blood methemoglobin levels and nitrate concentrations in milk and urine increased with increasing nitrate intake, but did not constitute a threat for animal health and human food safety. Microbial crude protein synthesis and efficiency were unaffected. Total volatile fatty acid concentration and molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, and propionate were unaffected, whereas molar proportions of formate increased. Milk yield, milk composition, DMI and digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber in rumen, small intestine, hindgut, and total tract were unaffected by addition of nitrate. In conclusion, nitrate lowered methane production linearly with minor effects on rumen fermentation and no effects on nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Olijhoek
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - A L F Hellwing
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Brask
- Department of Agroecology, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - O Højberg
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M K Larsen
- Department of Food Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E J Erlandsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Viborg Regional Hospital, Heibergs Allé 4, 8800 Viborg, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Razzaghi A, Larsen M, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. Effect of conventional and extrusion pelleting on in situ ruminal degradability of starch, protein, and fibre in cattle. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hellwing ALF, Weisbjerg MR, Brask M, Alstrup L, Johansen M, Hymøller L, Larsen MK, Lund P. Prediction of the methane conversion factor (Ym) for dairy cows on the basis of national farm data. Anim Prod Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methane constitutes a significant loss of feed gross energy in ruminants, and there is an ongoing struggle for identifying feed and animal characteristics feasible for documentation of National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The aim of the current study was to develop a model that predicts the methane conversion factor (Ym, % of gross energy) for dairy cows on the basis of data obtained from a range of our respiration studies, and, subsequently, to use this model to predict Ym for Holstein and Jersey cows on the basis of compiled average national farm data on dry matter intake, yield of energy-corrected milk and dietary composition. In total, 183 observations were compiled, including 41 rations from 10 experiments with Holstein dairy cows where methane emission was measured by means of indirect calorimetry using the same experimental equipment. Two models were developed; one using dry matter intake and feed composition as variables, and one using yield of energy corrected milk and feed composition as variables. The methane conversion factor was significantly reduced with increased content of starch and fat in the ration, whereas neutral detergent fibre content surprisingly did not have a significant effect in any model. On the basis of compiled data from practical Danish farms, the predicted Ym for dairy cows was 6.02% and 5.98% of gross energy intake for Holstein and Jersey cows, respectively, in the model with dry matter intake and 6.13% and 6.00% for Holstein and Jersey cows, respectively, in the model with energy-corrected milk yield. In conclusion, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default value for Ym of 6.5% overestimates. Ym for both Holstein and Jersey cows fed rations typically used in intensive dairy producing countries in northern Europe.
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Olijhoek DW, Hellwing ALF, Weisbjerg MR, Dijkstra J, Højberg O, Lund P. Effect of short-term infusion of hydrogen on enteric gas production and rumen environment in dairy cows. Anim Prod Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) production by rumen methanogens lowers hydrogen (H2) pressure and, in theory, prevents inhibition of fermentation processes by H2 accumulation. The present study aimed at examining effects of short-term H2 infusion on CH4 production and the volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile. Four lactating Holstein dairy cows fitted with rumen cannula were each infused once with pure H2 into the rumen at a rate of 48.0 L/h during 5.75 h in between the morning and afternoon feeding. Gas exchange and feed intake were measured continuously by open-circuit respiration chambers during 5 days. Rumen liquid was sampled twice a day in connection with milking and feeding (0630 hours and 1700 hours) and analysed for VFA. Gas exchange and dry matter intake (DMI) were analysed for 5-h steady-state H2 concentrations (TI5) measured in respiration chambers and for 24-h time intervals (TI24) on the day before, during and after infusion. Hydrogen infusion did not affect the total VFA concentration and VFA molar proportions for either time interval. Methane production was higher for TI5 during infusion (130 L/5 h) than it was the day before infusion (120 L/5 h), but not the day after infusion (122 L/5 h). Methane production for TI24 and DMI for TI5 and TI24 were unaffected. Oxygen consumption and CH4 : CO2 were highest during infusion for TI5, but not for TI24. After correcting for H2 naturally produced, on average, 46.7 L H2/h was measured during TI5, indicating that 2.7% of the infused H2 was retained in the rumen. In conclusion, H2 infusion did not affect the VFA profile, but slightly increased CH4 production and CH4 : CO2.
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Sauer C, Bertelsen MF, Lund P, Weisbjerg MR, Clauss M. Quantitative Macroscopic Anatomy of the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Digestive Tract. Anat Histol Embryol 2015; 45:338-49. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sauer
- Department of Animal Science; Aarhus University; AU Foulum; Blichers Allé 20 PO Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele Denmark
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health; Copenhagen Zoo; Roskildevej 38 DK-2000 Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - M. F. Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health; Copenhagen Zoo; Roskildevej 38 DK-2000 Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - P. Lund
- Department of Animal Science; Aarhus University; AU Foulum; Blichers Allé 20 PO Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele Denmark
| | - M. R. Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science; Aarhus University; AU Foulum; Blichers Allé 20 PO Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele Denmark
| | - M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr. 260 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Alstrup L, Nielsen M, Lund P, Sehested J, Larsen M, Weisbjerg M. Milk yield, feed efficiency and metabolic profiles in Jersey and Holstein cows assigned to different fat supplementation strategies. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Petersen SO, Hellwing ALF, Brask M, Højberg O, Poulsen M, Zhu Z, Baral KR, Lund P. Dietary Nitrate for Methane Mitigation Leads to Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Dairy Cows. J Environ Qual 2015; 44:1063-1070. [PMID: 26437087 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.02.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate supplements to cattle diets can reduce enteric CH emissions. However, if NO metabolism stimulates NO emissions, the effectiveness of dietary NO for CH mitigation will be reduced. We quantified NO emissions as part of a dairy cow feeding experiment in which urea was substituted in nearly iso-N diets with 0, 5, 14 or 21 g NO kg dry matter (DM). The feeding experiment was a Latin square with repetition of Period 1. Each period lasted 4 wk, with CH emission measurements in Week 4 using respiration chambers. During Period 3, NO concentrations in chamber outlet air were monitored semicontinuously during 48 h. High, but fluctuating, NO concentrations were seen at the two highest NO levels (up to between 2 and 5 μL L), and dynamics were linked with recent feed intake. In Periods 4 and 5, NO concentrations and feed intake were determined from all four respiration chambers during two 7-h periods. Emissions of NO coincided with feed intake, again with NO concentrations in the microliter per liter range at the two highest NO intake levels. Neither feed nor excretion of NO via urine were significant sources of NO, indicating that emissions came from the animals. Leakages due to rumen fistulation could also not account for NO emissions. The possibility that NO is produced in the oral cavity is discussed. Nitrous oxide emission factors ranged between 0.7 and 1.0% except in one case at 21 g NO kg DM, where it was 3.4%. When accounting for NO emissions at the highest NO intake level, the overall GHG mitigation effect in two different animal-diet combinations changed from -47 to -40%, and from -19 to -17%, respectively, due to NO emissions.
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Hellwing A, Lund P, Weisbjerg M, Oudshoorn F, Munksgaard L, Kristensen T. Comparison of methods for estimating herbage intake in grazing dairy cows. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lund P. Factors increasing glutaminase flux in hepatocytes. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 31:11-5. [PMID: 6286247 DOI: 10.1159/000406610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lund
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK
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Alstrup L, Weisbjerg M, Hymøller L, Larsen M, Lund P, Nielsen M. Milk production response to varying protein supply is independent of forage digestibility in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4412-22. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hymøller L, Alstrup L, Larsen M, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. High-quality forage can replace concentrate when cows enter the deposition phase without negative consequences for milk production. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4433-43. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lund P, Dahl R, Yang HJ, Hellwing ALF, Cao BB, Weisbjerg MR. The acute effect of addition of nitrate on in vitro and in vivo methane emission in dairy cows. Anim Prod Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a 24-h administration of a ration high in nitrate (20 g/kg DM) on DM intake and enteric gas production in lactating dairy cows as well as the effect of different doses of nitrate on in vitro fermentation were studied. Nitrate reduced in vivo methane (CH4) production by 31%, and CH4 production increased again when nitrate supplementation was stopped. A similar effect was found when relating CH4 to carbon dioxide, and to DM intake. Addition of nitrate was followed by increased hydrogen production, which decreased again when nitrate was stopped. Nitrate addition did not affect in vitro rumen fermentation in terms of DM degradability, pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein and volatile fatty acid production, but it decreased gas production with longer initial delay time before onset of gas production and lower gas production rate. Nitrate added at 7–20 g/kg ration DM significantly decreased net initial (0–12 h) CH4 production by 10–16%, although no further depression was observed afterwards.
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Puggaard L, Lund P, Sehested J. Effect of feed forage particle size and dietary urea on excretion of phosphorus in lactating dairy cows. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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