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Li Z, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Tian E, Zhang H, Yang R, Zhu D, Li H, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Xu P, Xu Y, Wang D, Wang G, Kim M, Yuan Y, Qiao X, Li M, Xie Y, Guo S, Liu K, Jiang J. High-density volatile organic compound monitoring network for identifying pollution sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158872. [PMID: 36122727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The elusive sources of air pollution have hampered effective control across all sectors, with long-term consequences for the greenhouse effect and human health. Multiple monitoring systems have been highly desired for locating the sources. However, when faced with extensive sources, diverse air environments and meteorological conditions, the low spatiotemporal resolution, poor reliability and high cost of existing monitors were significant obstacles to their applications. Extending our previous demonstration of sensitive and reliable electrochemical sensors, we here present a machine-learning-assisted sensor arrays for monitoring typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which shows the consistent response with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the actual air environment. As a proof-of-concept, a low-cost and high-resolution VOC network of 152 sets of monitors across ~55 km2 of mixed-used land is established in southwest Beijing. Benefiting from the strong reliability, the pollution sources are revealed by the VOC network and supported by the joint mobile sampling of a vehicle-mounted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. With the sustained help of the network, the sources polluted by the local industrial facilities, traffic, and restaurants are effectively site-specific abatement by the local authorities and enterprises during the next half-year. Our findings open up a promising path toward more effective tracing of regional pollution sources, as well as accelerate the long-term transformation of industry and cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zizhen Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Enze Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruiyao Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Diwei Zhu
- TC Air Technology Limited Company, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- TC Air Technology Limited Company, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- TC Air Technology Limited Company, Beijing, China
| | - Yinglei Zhang
- Beijing Capital Air Environment Technology Limited Company, Beijing, China
| | - Pingchuan Xu
- Beijing Capital Air Environment Technology Limited Company, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongbin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Minjung Kim
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yangyang Xie
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Kumar A, Hakkim H, Ghude SD, Sinha V. Probing wintertime air pollution sources in the Indo-Gangetic Plain through 52 hydrocarbons measured rarely at Delhi & Mohali. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149711. [PMID: 34438157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During wintertime, the Indo-Gangetic Plain suffers from severe air pollution affecting several hundred million people. Here we present unprecedented measurements and source analyses of 52 NMHCs (25 alkanes, 16 aromatics, 10 alkenes and one alkyne) in the cities of Delhi and Mohali (300 km north of Delhi) during wintertime (Dec 2016-Jan 2017). NMHCs were measured using a thermal desorption gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionisation detectors with data traceable to WMO standards. The ten most abundant NMHCs that were measured were the same at both Delhi and Mohali: propane, n-butane, acetylene, ethane, toluene, i-butane, ethene, i-pentane, benzene and propene and accounted for >50% of total measured NMHC mass concentration (137 ± 5.8 μg m-3 in Mohali and 239 ± 7.7 μg m-3 in Delhi). Ambient NMHCs and calculated hydroxyl radical reactivity were approximately twice as high in Delhi relative to Mohali, and 2-12 times higher than most other mega-cities, except Lahore and Karachi. Using chemical source signatures, traffic and LPG usage emissions were identified as the major contributor of these reactive NMHCs at both sites during nighttime, with additional minor contributions of garbage burning in Mohali, and evaporative fuel and biomass burning emissions in Delhi. Comparison of NMHC/CO and NMHC/C2H2 ratios over Mohali and Delhi, to other cities, suggested gasoline/petrol-fuelled vehicles were major NMHC emitters within the traffic source. The data from both Mohali and Delhi suggest that a large fraction of the fleet comprised vehicles with older emission control in both Mohali and Delhi. Analyses revealed poor representation of propene, ethene and trimethylbenzenes in the emission inventory (EDGARv4.3.2) over Mohali and Delhi. This study provides key data and new insights into the sources of reactive NMHCs (lifetime < few days) that drive regional wintertime pollution through direct effects and the formation of secondary pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Haseeb Hakkim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sachin D Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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3
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Andersson A. Mechanisms for log normal concentration distributions in the environment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16418. [PMID: 34385549 PMCID: PMC8360985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Log normal-like concentration distributions are ubiquitously observed in the environment. However, the mechanistic origins are not well understood. In this paper, we show that first order exponential kinetics onsets log-normal concentration distributions, under certain assumptions. Given the ubiquity of exponential kinetics, e.g., source and sink processes, this model suggests an explanation for the frequent observation in the environment, and elsewhere. We compare this model to other mechanisms affecting concentration distributions, e.g., source mixing. Finally, we discuss possible implications for data analysis and modelling, e.g., log-normal rates and fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Song J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yuan Q, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zou S, Xu W, Lai S. A case study on the characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons over the South China Sea: Implication of land-sea air exchange. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:134754. [PMID: 31837869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the characteristics of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) over the northern South China Sea (SCS) during a cruise campaign from September to October 2013. The mixing ratios of the total NMHCs ranged from 1.45 to 7.13 ppbv with an average of 3.54 ± 1.81 ppbv. Among the measured NMHCs, alkanes and aromatics were the major groups, accounting for 45.8 ± 8.7% and 28.7 ± 12.3% of the total NMHCs, respectively. Correlations of NMHCs with typical source tracers suggest that light alkanes and benzene were largely contributed by vehicular exhaust via long-range transport, while the other aromatics might be related to industrial sources and marine ship emissions. The spatial variations of NMHCs were observed with higher mixing ratios of NMHCs in the samples collected in the offshore areas than those in the coastal areas. Air mass back-trajectory analysis and diagnostic ratios of NMHCs show that the elevations of the total NMHCs were caused by the regional pollution transport from the southeast coast of China and/or southern China. The ozone formation potentials (OFPs) of NMHCs were calculated and the results show that the aromatics associated with marine ship emissions were the important contributors to the total OFP. This study provides useful information on the interaction between continental outflow and marine atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Song
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shichun Zou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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5
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Abstract
The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and argon, a variety of trace gases, and particles or aerosols from a variety of sources. Reactive, trace gases have short mean residence time in the atmosphere and large spatial and temporal variations in concentration. Many trace gases are removed by reaction with hydroxyl radical and deposition in rainfall or dryfall at the Earth's surface. The upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, contains ozone that screens ultraviolet light from the Earth's surface. Chlorofluorocarbons released by humans lead to the loss of stratospheric ozone, which might eventually render the Earth's land surface uninhabitable. Changes in the composition of the atmosphere, especially rising concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, will lead to climatic changes over much of the Earth's surface.
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6
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Leng L, Zhu W. Compound Regression and Constrained Regression: Nonparametric Regression Frameworks for EIV Models. AM STAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00031305.2018.1556734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY
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7
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Hong Z, Li M, Wang H, Xu L, Hong Y, Chen J, Chen J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wu X, Hu B, Li M. Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a mountainous forest site and two urban sites in the southeast of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1491-1500. [PMID: 30677915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important trace gases in the atmosphere, affecting air quality (e.g. ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation) and human health. To understand the emission, transport and chemistry of VOCs in the southeast of China (Fujian Province), a campaign was conducted in summer and winter of 2016 at three contrasting sites in close proximity. One measurement site (Mt. Wuyi) is a mountainous forest site (1139 m a.s.l.) located in a natural reserve, while the other two sites (Fuzhou, Xiamen) are coastal urban sites with high population and vehicle density. Comparison of VOCs at these three sites provides a valuable perspective on regional air pollution and transport. Many of the measured alkanes, alkenes and aromatics exhibited clear seasonal and diurnal patterns, driven by variations of hydroxyl (OH) radicals, which is the predominant oxidant of VOCs in the atmosphere. By examining tracer-tracer correlations for VOCs, variability-lifetime analysis and 36 h backward trajectories, strong emissions from vehicular exhaust, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and solvent usage were identified as key sources in Fuzhou and Xiamen, whereas at Mt. Wuyi the main emission sources were local emissions (e.g. biomass burning) in summer and long-range transport in winter. The results indicate that natural sites could be impacted strongly by surrounding urbanization. Isoprene and propylene in summer and propylene in winter contributed the most to ozone formation at the three sites. The data in this study provides a useful benchmark for future research on air quality monitoring and emission sources in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Mengze Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hong Wang
- Fujian Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Junhuai Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Baoye Hu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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8
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Stojić A, Maletić D, Stanišić Stojić S, Mijić Z, Šoštarić A. Forecasting of VOC emissions from traffic and industry using classification and regression multivariate methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 521-522:19-26. [PMID: 25828408 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, advanced multivariate methods were applied for VOC source apportionment and subsequent short-term forecast of industrial- and vehicle exhaust-related contributions in Belgrade urban area (Serbia). The VOC concentrations were measured using PTR-MS, together with inorganic gaseous pollutants (NOx, NO, NO2, SO2, and CO), PM10, and meteorological parameters. US EPA Positive Matrix Factorization and Unmix receptor models were applied to the obtained dataset both resolving six source profiles. For the purpose of forecasting industrial- and vehicle exhaust-related source contributions, different multivariate methods were employed in two separate cases, relying on meteorological data, and on meteorological data and concentrations of inorganic gaseous pollutants, respectively. The results indicate that Boosted Decision Trees and Multi-Layer Perceptrons were the best performing methods. According to the results, forecasting accuracy was high (lowest relative error of only 6%), in particular when the forecast was based on both meteorological parameters and concentrations of inorganic gaseous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Stojić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dimitrije Maletić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Zoran Mijić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Andrej Šoštarić
- Institute of Public Health Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 54, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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10
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Wang CH, Chiang SW, Wang JL. Simultaneous analysis of atmospheric halocarbons and non-methane hydrocarbons using two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:353-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Sprengnether MM, Demerjian KL, Dransfield TJ, Clarke JS, Anderson JG, Donahue NM. Rate Constants of Nine C6−C9 Alkanes with OH from 230 to 379 K: Chemical Tracers for [OH]. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:5030-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810412m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy J. Dransfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts, 02125
| | | | | | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Doherty Hall B204, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
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12
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Helmig D, Tanner DM, Honrath RE, Owen RC, Parrish DD. Nonmethane hydrocarbons at Pico Mountain, Azores: 1. Oxidation chemistry in the North Atlantic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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McGraw R, Zhang R. Multivariate analysis of homogeneous nucleation rate measurements. Nucleation in the p-toluic acid/sulfuric acid/water system. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:064508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2830030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Pszenny AAP, Fischer EV, Russo RS, Sive BC, Varner RK. Estimates of Cl atom concentrations and hydrocarbon kinetic reactivity in surface air at Appledore Island, Maine (USA), during International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation/Chemistry of Halogens at the Isles of Shoals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. P. Pszenny
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
| | | | - Rachel S. Russo
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Barkley C. Sive
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Ruth K. Varner
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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15
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Tackett PJ, Cavender AE, Keil AD, Shepson PB, Bottenheim JW, Morin S, Deary J, Steffen A, Doerge C. A study of the vertical scale of halogen chemistry in the Arctic troposphere during Polar Sunrise at Barrow, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Stroebe M, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Effects of multi-media partitioning of chemicals on Junge's variability-lifetime relationship. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 367:888-98. [PMID: 16487994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Junge's variability-lifetime relationship describes the relation between the tropospheric residence time of a volatile trace gas and the coefficient of variation of the tropospheric mixing ratio at a remote location. However, no unique or universal quantification of this relationship exists. It can only be derived on a case-by-case basis for consistent data sets on substances with similar source and sink patterns. Using a multi-media model of the long-range transport of organic compounds, we determine variability-lifetime relationships for volatile substances. Next, we demonstrate how the variability-lifetime relationship can be obtained for semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) with the model and we investigate typical deviations from the Junge relationship for volatile compounds that are caused by the multi-media partitioning of SOCs. One cause of deviation from this relationship is substances undergoing significant transport in water so that their distribution in air is noticeably influenced by their distribution in water. The other, wider, deviation is caused by substances with a strong tendency for deposition and re-volatilization. Finally, we address the comparison of the model results with field data. Preliminary analyses of long-term monitoring data for polychlorinated biphenyls at remote sites have shown that the identification of Junge relationships in field data is not straightforward. We discuss possible strategies for the derivation of Junge relationships from field data on SOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Stroebe
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Hönggerberg, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Harrison RM, Yin J, Tilling RM, Cai X, Seakins PW, Hopkins JR, Lansley DL, Lewis AC, Hunter MC, Heard DE, Carpenter LJ, Creasey DJ, Lee JD, Pilling MJ, Carslaw N, Emmerson KM, Redington A, Derwent RG, Ryall D, Mills G, Penkett SA. Measurement and modelling of air pollution and atmospheric chemistry in the U.K. West Midlands conurbation: overview of the PUMA Consortium project. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 360:5-25. [PMID: 16289266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The PUMA (Pollution of the Urban Midlands Atmosphere) Consortium project involved intensive measurement campaigns in the Summer of 1999 and Winter of 1999/2000, respectively, in which a wide variety of air pollutants were measured in the UK West Midlands conurbation including detailed speciation of VOCs and major component analysis of aerosol. Measurements of the OH and HO2 free radicals by the FAGE technique demonstrated that winter concentrations of OH were approximately half of those measured during the summer despite a factor of 15 reduction in production through the photolysis of ozone. Detailed box modelling of the fast reaction chemistry revealed the decomposition of Criegee intermediates formed from ozone-alkene reactions to be responsible for the majority of the formation of hydroxyl in both the summer and winter campaigns, in contrast to earlier rural measurements in which ozone photolysis was predominant. The main sinks for hydroxyl are reactions with NO2, alkenes and oxygenates. Concentrations of the more stable hydrocarbons were found to be relatively invariant across the conurbation, but the impacts of photochemistry were evident through analyses of formaldehyde which showed the majority to be photochemical in origin as opposed to emitted from road traffic. Measurements on the upwind and downwind boundaries of the conurbation revealed substantial enhancements in NOx as a result of emissions within the conurbation, especially during westerly winds which carried relatively clean air. Using calcium as a tracer for crustal particles, it proved possible to reconstruct aerosol mass from the major chemical components with a fairly high degree of success. The organic to elemental carbon ratios showed a far greater influence of photochemistry in summer than winter, presumably resulting mainly from the greater availability of biogenic precursors during the summer campaign. Two urban airshed models were developed and applied to the conurbation, one Eulerian, the other Lagrangian. Both were able to give a good simulation of concentrations of both primary and secondary pollutants at urban background locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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18
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Millet DB, Goldstein AH, Allan JD, Bates TS, Boudries H, Bower KN, Coe H, Ma Y, McKay M, Quinn PK, Sullivan A, Weber RJ, Worsnop DR. Volatile organic compound measurements at Trinidad Head, California, during ITCT 2K2: Analysis of sources, atmospheric composition, and aerosol residence times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Millet
- ESPM, Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- ESPM, Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - James D. Allan
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Timothy S. Bates
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA; Seattle Washington USA
| | | | - Keith N. Bower
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Hugh Coe
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Yilin Ma
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Megan McKay
- ESPM, Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Patricia K. Quinn
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Amy Sullivan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
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19
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Wang Y. On tracer correlations in the troposphere: The case of ethane and propane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Jobson BT. Hydrocarbon source signatures in Houston, Texas: Influence of the petrochemical industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Scheeren HA, Fischer H, Lelieveld J, Hoor P, Rudolph J, Arnold F, Bregman B, Brühl C, Engel A, van der Veen C, Brunner D. Reactive organic species in the northern extratropical lowermost stratosphere: Seasonal variability and implications for OH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Scheeren
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU); Utrecht University; Utrecht Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - H. Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - P. Hoor
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric Science; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. Rudolph
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry; York University; North York, Ontario Canada
| | - F. Arnold
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics; Heidelberg Germany
| | - B. Bregman
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI); De Bilt Netherlands
| | - C. Brühl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - A. Engel
- Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics; Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - C. van der Veen
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU); Utrecht University; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - D. Brunner
- Institute for Atmospheric Science; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; Zurich Switzerland
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22
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Karbiwnyk CM, Mills CS, Helmig D, Birks JW. Use of chloroflurocarbons as internal standards for the measurement of atmospheric non-methane volatile organic compounds sampled onto solid adsorbent cartridges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:1002-7. [PMID: 12666932 DOI: 10.1021/es025910q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Solid adsorbents have proven useful for determining the vertical profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using sampling platforms such as balloons, kites, and light aircraft, and those profiles provide valuable information about the sources, sinks, transformations, and transport of atmospheric VOCs. One of the largest contributions to error in VOC concentrations is the estimation of the volume of air sampled on the adsorbent cartridge. These errors arise from different sources, such as variations in pumping flow rates from changes in ambient temperature and pressure with altitude, and decrease in the sampling pump battery power. Another significant source for sampling rate variations are differences in the flow resistance of individual sampling cartridges. To improve the accuracy and precision of VOC measurements, the use of ambient chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as internal standards was investigated. A multibed solid adsorbent, AirToxic (Supelco), was chosen for its wide sampling range (C3-C12). Analysis was accomplished by thermal desorption and dual detection GC/FID/ECD, resulting in sensitive and selective detection of both VOCs and CFCs in the same sample. Long-lived chlorinated compounds (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4 and CH3CCl3) banned by the Montreal Protocol and subsequent amendments were studied for their ability to predict sample volumes using both ground-based and vertical profiling platforms through the boundary layer and free troposphere. Of these compounds, CFC-113 and CCl4 were found to yield the greatest accuracy and precision for sampling volume determination. Use of ambient CFC-113 and CCl4 as internal standards resulted in accuracy and precision of generally better than 10% for the prediction of sample volumes in ground-, balloon-, and aircraft-based measurements. Consequently, use of CFCs as reference compounds can yield a significant improvement of accuracy and precision for ambient VOC measurements in situations where accurate flow control is troublesome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Karbiwnyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIBS), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216, USA
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23
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Lenschow DH, Gurarie D. A simple model for relating concentrations and fluctuations of trace reactive species to their lifetimes in the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Gurarie
- Department of Mathematics Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
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24
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Johnston NAC, Colman JJ, Blake DR, Prather MJ, Rowland FS. On the variability of tropospheric gases: Sampling, loss patterns, and lifetime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A. C. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine California USA
| | | | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine California USA
| | - Michael J. Prather
- Department of Earth Systems Science; University of California,Irvine; Irvine California USA
| | - F. Sherwood Rowland
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine California USA
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25
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Scheeren HA. Methyl chloride and other chlorocarbons in polluted air during INDOEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Brunner D, Staehelin J, Jeker D, Wernli H, Schumann U. Nitrogen oxides and ozone in the tropopause region of the northern hemisphere: Measurements from commercial aircraft in 1995/1996 and 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Wang JL, Chen WL. Construction and validation of automated purge-and-trap-gas chromatography for the determination of volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2001; 927:143-54. [PMID: 11572383 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An automated purge-and-trap chromatographic system for the determination of dissolved volatile organic compounds in aqueous samples was built in the laboratory with minimum cost both in the construction and routine operation. This system was built upon a commercial gas chromatograph with full automation capability using self-developed hardware and software. The use of a multi-sorbent bed quantitatively trapped a wide range of volatile organic compounds at ambient temperature, including the extremely volatile ones such as dichlorofluoromethane (CFC-12). Flash heating for rapid desorption and adequate plumbing for minimizing dead volume resulted in excellent chromatographic separation at above-ambient temperatures, which eliminated the need for cryogen for cooling at the head of the column, a second refocusing stage, or entire GC oven for refocusing. This cryogen-free system was tested with standard solutions and environmental samples for determining hydrocarbons with flame ionization detection, and halogenated compounds with electron-capture detection. An innovative method was also developed for validating the system's linearity for extremely volatile compounds. By introducing ambient air, which usually contains constant levels of anthropogenic halocarbons, e.g., CFC-12 and CFC-11 (CCl3F), the need to prepare aqueous standards containing extremely volatile compounds is avoided, hence providing a convenient method for evaluating a purge-and-trap system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan.
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28
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Williams J, Gros V, Bonsang B, Kazan V. HO cycle in 1997 and 1998 over the southern Indian Ocean derived from CO, radon, and hydrocarbon measurements made at Amsterdam Island. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Lindinger W, Fall R, Karl TG. Environmental, food and medical applications of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-9687(01)80004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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30
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Williams J, Fischer H, Harris GW, Crutzen PJ, Hoor P, Hansel A, Holzinger R, Warneke C, Lindinger W, Scheeren B, Lelieveld J. Variability-lifetime relationship for organic trace gases: A novel aid to compound identification and estimation of HO concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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