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Häder DP, Barnes PW. Comparing the impacts of climate change on the responses and linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:239-246. [PMID: 31121350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic and terrestrial organisms are being exposed to a number of anthropogenically-induced environmental stresses as a consequence of climate change. In addition, climate change is altering various linkages that exist between ecosystems on land and in water. Here we compare and contrast how climate change is altering aquatic and terrestrial environments and address some of the ways that the organisms in these ecosystems, especially the primary producers, are being affected by climate change factors, including changes in temperature, moisture, atmospheric carbon dioxide and solar UV radiation. Whereas there are some responses to climate change in common between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (e.g., changes in species composition and shifting geographic ranges and distributions), there are also responses that fundamentally differ between these two (e.g., responses to UV radiation). Climate change is also disrupting land-water connections in ways that influence biogeochemical and hydrologic cycles, and biosphere-atmosphere interactions in ways that can modify how aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are affected by climate change and can influence climate change. The effects of climate change on these ecosystems are having wide-ranging effects on ecosystem biodiversity, structure and function and the abilities of these systems to provide essential services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donat-P Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. Biology, 91096 Möhrendorf, Neue Str. 9, Germany.
| | - Paul W Barnes
- Loyola University New Orleans, Dept. Biological Sciences and Environment Program, 6363 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Brelsford CC, Nybakken L, Kotilainen TK, Robson TM. The influence of spectral composition on spring and autumn phenology in trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:925-950. [PMID: 30901060 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several recent reviews highlight the molecular mechanisms that underpin phenological responses to temperature and photoperiod; however, these have mostly overlooked the influence of solar radiation and its spectral composition on these processes. For instance, solar radiation in the blue and ultraviolet (UV) regions of the spectrum, as well as the red/far-red (R:FR) ratio, can influence spring and autumn phenology. Solar radiation reaching the Earth changes diurnally and seasonally; however, rising global temperatures, latitudinal range shifts and light pollution are likely to produce novel combinations of phenological cues for tree species. Here, we review the literature on phenological responses to spectral composition. Our objective was to explore the natural variation in spectral composition using radiative transfer models and to reveal any species-specific or ecotype-specific responses relating to latitudinal origin. These responses are likely to be most pronounced at high latitudes where spectral composition varies most throughout the year. For instance, trees from high latitudes tend to be more sensitive to changes in R:FR than those from low latitudes. The effects of blue light and UV radiation on phenology have not been studied as much as those of R:FR, but the limited results available suggest both could be candidate cues affecting autumn leaf colouration and senescence. Failure of more-southern species and ecotypes to adapt and use spectral cues during northwards range shifts could result in mistimed phenology, potentially resulting in frost damage, reduced fitness and limited range expansion. Future areas for research should look to establish how consistently different functional types of tree respond to spectral cues and identify photoreceptor-mediated mechanisms that allow plants to combine information from multiple light cues to coordinate the timing of phenological events. It should then be feasible to consider the synchronous or sequential action of light cues within a hierarchy of environmental factors regulating phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Brelsford
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Titta K Kotilainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - T Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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A Jebar MA, Parisi AV, Downs NJ, Turner JF. Evaluated UVA Irradiances over a Twelve-year Period at a Subtropical Site from Ozone Monitoring Instrument Data Including the Influence of Cloud. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:1281-1288. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha A. A Jebar
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Alfio V. Parisi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Nathan J. Downs
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Joanna F. Turner
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
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Langston M, Dennis L, Lynch C, Roe D, Brown H. Temporal Trends in Satellite-Derived Erythemal UVB and Implications for Ambient Sun Exposure Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020176. [PMID: 28208641 PMCID: PMC5334730 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been associated with various health outcomes, including skin cancers, vitamin D insufficiency, and multiple sclerosis. Measurement of UVR has been difficult, traditionally relying on subject recall. We investigated trends in satellite-derived UVB from 1978 to 2014 within the continental United States (US) to inform UVR exposure assessment and determine the potential magnitude of misclassification bias created by ignoring these trends. Monthly UVB data remotely sensed from various NASA satellites were used to investigate changes over time in the United States using linear regression with a harmonic function. Linear regression models for local geographic areas were used to make inferences across the entire study area using a global field significance test. Temporal trends were investigated across all years and separately for each satellite type due to documented differences in UVB estimation. UVB increased from 1978 to 2014 in 48% of local tests. The largest UVB increase was found in Western Nevada (0.145 kJ/m2 per five-year increment), a total 30-year increase of 0.87 kJ/m2. This largest change only represented 17% of total ambient exposure for an average January and 2% of an average July in Western Nevada. The observed trends represent cumulative UVB changes of less than a month, which are not relevant when attempting to estimate human exposure. The observation of small trends should be interpreted with caution due to measurement of satellite parameter inputs (ozone and climatological factors) that may impact derived satellite UVR nearly 20% compared to ground level sources. If the observed trends hold, satellite-derived UVB data may reasonably estimate ambient UVB exposures even for outcomes with long latency phases that predate the satellite record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Langston
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Leslie Dennis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
| | - Charles Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
| | - Denise Roe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Heidi Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Antón M, Valenzuela A, Román R, Lyamani H, Krotkov N, Arola A, Olmo FJ, Alados-Arboledas L. Influence of desert dust intrusions on ground-based and satellite-derived ultraviolet irradiance in southeastern Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cabrera S, Ipiña A, Damiani A, Cordero RR, Piacentini RD. UV index values and trends in Santiago, Chile (33.5°S) based on ground and satellite data. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 115:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lin SW, Wheeler DC, Park Y, Cahoon EK, Hollenbeck AR, Freedman DM, Abnet CC. Prospective study of ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of cancer in the United States. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E1015-23. [PMID: 22539073 PMCID: PMC3402606 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ecologic studies have reported that solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is associated with cancer; however, little evidence is available from prospective studies. We aimed to assess the association between an objective measure of ambient UVR exposure and risk of total and site-specific cancer in a large, regionally diverse cohort [450,934 white, non-Hispanic subjects (50-71 years) in the prospective National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study] after accounting for individual-level confounding risk factors. Estimated erythemal UVR exposure from satellite Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data from NASA was linked to the US Census Bureau 2000 census tract (centroid) of baseline residence for each subject. We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for multiple potential confounders to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for quartiles of UVR exposure. Restricted cubic splines examined nonlinear relationships. Over 9 years of follow-up, UVR exposure was inversely associated with total cancer risk (N = 75,917; highest versus lowest quartile; HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95-0.99; p-trend < 0.001). In site-specific cancer analyses, UVR exposure was associated with increased melanoma risk (highest versus lowest quartile; HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.13-1.32; p-trend < 0.001) and decreased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74-0.92) and colon (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.82-0.96), squamous cell lung (HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75-0.98), pleural (HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38-0.84), prostate (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.88-0.95), kidney (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73-0.94) and bladder (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81-0.96) cancers (all p-trend < 0.05). We also found nonlinear associations for some cancer sites, including the thyroid and pancreas. Our results add to mounting evidence for the influential role of UVR exposure on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wen Lin
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Fioletov V, Kerr JB, Fergusson A. The UV index: definition, distribution and factors affecting it. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2010. [PMID: 21033538 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The UV Index was introduced in Canada in 1992 in response to growing concerns about the potential increase of ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to ozone depletion. The index was adopted as a standard indicator of UV levels by the World Meteorological Organization and World Health Organization in 1994. This survey article gives an overview of the UV Index and the main features of its geographical distribution. UV index values are determined from measurements made by ground-based spectrometers, broad-band filter radiometers and multi-filter radiometers. Radiative transfer models are used to estimate UV Index values from other types of geophysical observations, primarily column ozone and cloud thickness. UV Index values can also be retrieved from satellite measurements of atmospheric ozone and cloud cover. Forecasts of UV Index values are now widely available and are intended to be used by the public as a guide to avoid excessive exposure to UV radiation. Over the US and Canada, mean noontime UV Index values in summer range from 1.5 in the Arctic to 11.5 over southern Texas and can be as high as 20 at high elevations in Hawaii. The UV Index is also often used to quantify UV levels in studies investigating the impact of UV on other biological and photochemical processes. Factors affecting the UV Index, such as the sun elevation, total amount of ozone in the atmosphere, cloud cover, reflection from snow and local pollution, are also discussed. Since its introduction in 1992, the UV Index has become a widely used parameter to characterize solar UV. Information about it can be useful for helping people avoid excessive levels of UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Fioletov
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON.
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Buntoung S, Webb AR. Comparison of erythemal UV irradiances from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and ground-based data at four Thai stations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Skin cancer incidence is highly associated with ultraviolet-B radiation history. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:359-68. [PMID: 20619731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the increased amount of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) exposure due to ozone depletion has been found to be associated with increased incidence of skin cancer across the world. The quantification of individual, regional, and historical UV exposure directly affects establishment of the association between skin cancer and UV exposure, but accurate assessment and measurement have been challenging for decades. As a sequence, cumulative studies using different metrics reported conflicting results on whether UV radiation, including sunburns, early childhood sun exposure, and chronic exposure, increases melanoma risk. This paper aims to establish the relationship between UV-B and melanoma incidence across the continental U.S. using an ecological approach that incorporate more accurate UV-B exposure measured by the National Aeronautical and Space Administration Nimbus-7 total ozone mapping spectrometer, and the United State Department of Agriculture ground-based network. Using statistical linear mixed models, we found strong positive associations between the skin cancer and the past UV exposure or the past cumulative 3-year UV exposure 3 or 4 years ago. UV has regional distributions and its regional effects on the skin cancer incidence are still significant after adjusting the effect of UV exposure. Research findings yield deepened understanding of spatiotemporal distribution of melanoma incidence rates and a greater appreciation for the complexity and heterogeneity of melanoma risk factors especially the UV-B exposure at different temporal and spatial scales.
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Fioletov VE, McArthur LJB, Mathews TW, Marrett L. Estimated ultraviolet exposure levels for a sufficient vitamin D status in North America. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 100:57-66. [PMID: 20554218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Solar UV radiation is a major provider of vitamin D for humans. This study examines the distribution of solar UV radiation weighted according to the vitamin D action spectrum over the USA and Canada. Hourly and daily doses of spectrally integrated UV irradiance using the vitamin D action spectrum were estimated using a statistical relationship between UV irradiance and global solar irradiance, total ozone, and dew point temperature for 45 sites in Canada and 52 in the USA. Brewer spectrophotometer measurements at 12 sites in Canada and 21 sites in the USA were used to validate the obtained results. Different characteristics of the vitamin D action spectrum-weighted UV irradiance distribution over North America are presented in the form of monthly maps and as a data file. The time required to obtain standard vitamin D dose is also calculated for six types of skin.
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12
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Herman JR. Global increase in UV irradiance during the past 30 years (1979–2008) estimated from satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Seckmeyer G, Glandorf M, Wichers C, McKenzie R, Henriques D, Carvalho F, Webb A, Siani AM, Bais A, Kjeldstad B, Brogniez C, Werle P, Koskela T, Lakkala K, Gröbner J, Slaper H, denOuter P, Feister U. Europe's darker atmosphere in the UV-B. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:925-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b804109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tanskanen A, Lindfors A, Määttä A, Krotkov N, Herman J, Kaurola J, Koskela T, Lakkala K, Fioletov V, Bernhard G, McKenzie R, Kondo Y, O'Neill M, Slaper H, den Outer P, Bais AF, Tamminen J. Validation of daily erythemal doses from Ozone Monitoring Instrument with ground-based UV measurement data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Seckmeyer G, Pissulla D, Glandorf M, Henriques D, Johnsen B, Webb A, Siani AM, Bais A, Kjeldstad B, Brogniez C, Lenoble J, Gardiner B, Kirsch P, Koskela T, Kaurola J, Uhlmann B, Slaper H, den Outer P, Janouch M, Werle P, Gröbner J, Mayer B, de la Casiniere A, Simic S, Carvalho F. Variability of UV Irradiance in Europe. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 84:172-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Antón M, Cachorro VE, Vilaplana JM, Krotkov NA, Serrano A, Toledano C, de la Morena B, Herman JR. Total ozone mapping spectrometer retrievals of noon erythemal-CIE ultraviolet irradiance compared with Brewer ground-based measurements at El Arenosillo (southwestern Spain). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bugliaro L, Mayer B, Meerkötter R, Verdebout J. Potential and limitations of space-based methods for the retrieval of surface UV-B daily doses: A numerical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Bugliaro
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR Oberpfaffenhofen; Germany
| | - B. Mayer
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR Oberpfaffenhofen; Germany
| | - R. Meerkötter
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR Oberpfaffenhofen; Germany
| | - J. Verdebout
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection; European Commission-Joint Research Centre; Ispra Italy
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Kendall P, Nielsen P, Webster J, Verkerk G, Littlejohn R, Matthews L. The effects of providing shade to lactating dairy cows in a temperate climate. Livest Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Costa CSB, Armstrong R, Detrés Y, Koch EW, Bertiller M, Beeskow A, Neves LS, Tourn GM, Bianciotto OA, Pinedo LB, Blessio AY, San Roman N. Effect of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Salt Marsh Vegetation: Trends of the Genus Salicornia along the Americas. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:878-86. [PMID: 16724875 DOI: 10.1562/2005-10-30-ra-729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of natural UV-B radiation on growth, photosynthetic and photoprotective pigment composition of different Salicornia species were analyzed in salt marshes at three different sites along the Americas (Puerto Rico, southern Brazil and Patagonia, Argentina). Plants were exposed to different levels of UV-B radiation for 1-2 years in situ as well as in outdoor garden UV-B exclusion experiments. Different UV-B levels were obtained by covering plants with UV-B opaque (blocked 93-100% of ambient UV-B) and UV-B attenuating (near-ambient) filters (reduced 20-25% of UV-B). Unfiltered plants were exposed to natural irradiance. UV-B filters had significant effects on temperature and photosynthetic pigments (due to changes in PAR; 400-700 nm). The growth of Salicornia species was inhibited after 35 to 88 days of exposure to mean UV-B radiation dosages between 3.6 and 4.1 kJ m(-2) day(-1). The highest number of branches on the main shoot (S. bigelovii and S. gaudichaudiana) and longest total length of the branches (S. gaudichaudiana) were observed in the UV-B opaque treatment. Salicornia species responded to increasing levels of UV-B radiation by increasing the amount of UV-B absorbing pigments up to 330%. Chromatographic analyses of seedlings and adult S. bigelovii plants found seven different UV-B absorbing flavonoids that are likely to serve as UV-B filtering pigments. No evidence of differential sensitivity or resilience to UV-B radiation was found between Salicornia species from low-mid latitudes and a previously published study of a high-latitude population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S B Costa
- Departamento de Oceanografia, FURG, CP 474, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Kazantzidis A, Bais AF, Gröbner J, Herman JR, Kazadzis S, Krotkov N, Kyrö E, den Outer PN, Garane K, Görts P, Lakkala K, Meleti C, Slaper H, Tax RB, Turunen T, Zerefos CS. Comparison of satellite-derived UV irradiances with ground-based measurements at four European stations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ryan KG, Hunt JE. The effects of UVB radiation on temperate southern hemisphere forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 137:415-27. [PMID: 16005755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The temperate forests of the southern hemisphere are the most likely forests to be affected by increased levels of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation resulting from reduced ozone. The review describes these forests and then discusses the morphological changes, physiological effects, and protection mechanisms, particularly UV absorbing compounds that result from present day and increasing UVB radiation. Possible avenues for future research are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Using a Parameterization of a Radiative Transfer Model to Build High-Resolution Maps of Typical Clear-Sky UV Index in Catalonia, Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1175/jam2237.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To perform a climatic analysis of the annual UV index (UVI) variations in Catalonia, Spain (northeast of the Iberian Peninsula), a new simple parameterization scheme is presented based on a multilayer radiative transfer model. The parameterization performs fast UVI calculations for a wide range of cloudless and snow-free situations and can be applied anywhere. The following parameters are considered: solar zenith angle, total ozone column, altitude, aerosol optical depth, and single-scattering albedo. A sensitivity analysis is presented to justify this choice with special attention to aerosol information. Comparisons with the base model show good agreement, most of all for the most common cases, giving an absolute error within ±0.2 in the UVI for a wide range of cases considered. Two tests are done to show the performance of the parameterization against UVI measurements. One uses data from a high-quality spectroradiometer from Lauder, New Zealand [45.04°S, 169.684°E, 370 m above mean sea level (MSL)], where there is a low presence of aerosols. The other uses data from a Robertson–Berger-type meter from Girona, Spain (41.97°N, 2.82°E, 100 m MSL), where there is more aerosol load and where it has been possible to study the effect of aerosol information on the model versus measurement comparison. The parameterization is applied to a climatic analysis of the annual UVI variation in Catalonia, showing the contributions of solar zenith angle, ozone, and aerosols. High-resolution seasonal maps of typical UV index values in Catalonia are presented.
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Arola A, Kazadzis S, Krotkov N, Bais A, Gröbner J, Herman JR. Assessment of TOMS UV bias due to absorbing aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Meloni D. Comparison of ground-based and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer erythemal UV doses at the island of Lampedusa in the period 1998–2003: Role of tropospheric aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fioletov VE, Kimlin MG, Krotkov N, McArthur LJB, Kerr JB, Wardle DI, Herman JR, Meltzer R, Mathews TW, Kaurola J. UV index climatology over the United States and Canada from ground-based and satellite estimates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. E. Fioletov
- Experimental Studies Division; Air Quality Research, Meteorological Service of Canada; Downsview, Ontario Canada
| | - M. G. Kimlin
- National Ultraviolet Monitoring Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - N. Krotkov
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center; University of Maryland Baltimore County; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - L. J. B. McArthur
- Experimental Studies Division; Air Quality Research, Meteorological Service of Canada; Downsview, Ontario Canada
| | - J. B. Kerr
- Experimental Studies Division; Air Quality Research, Meteorological Service of Canada; Downsview, Ontario Canada
| | - D. I. Wardle
- Experimental Studies Division; Air Quality Research, Meteorological Service of Canada; Downsview, Ontario Canada
| | - J. R. Herman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - R. Meltzer
- National Ultraviolet Monitoring Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - T. W. Mathews
- Experimental Studies Division; Air Quality Research, Meteorological Service of Canada; Downsview, Ontario Canada
| | - J. Kaurola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute; Helsinki Finland
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Cede A. TOMS-derived erythemal irradiance versus measurements at the stations of the Argentine UV Monitoring Network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McKenzie R, Smale D, Bodeker G, Claude H. Ozone profile differences between Europe and New Zealand: Effects on surface UV irradiance and its estimation from satellite sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Lauder Central Otago New Zealand
| | - Dan Smale
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Lauder Central Otago New Zealand
| | - Greg Bodeker
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Lauder Central Otago New Zealand
| | - Hans Claude
- German Meteorological Service Hohenpeissenberg Germany
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Abstract
The improved algorithm surface irradiance derived from a range of satellite-based sensors (SIDES) is presented in this article. It calculates various types of surface UV intensities, such as biologically weighted or unweighted UV spectra, integrated doses or irradiance at specific wavelengths, using data from satellite instruments. These surface UV data are mainly useful for environmental impact or process studies where high accuracy or a high temporal resolution is required. In contrast to several previous studies, SIDES has been validated with spectral measurements. By this method an averaging of positive or negative deviations over the complete wavelength range is avoided. This is especially important for UV wavelengths around 300 nm where biological effectiveness is highest. The results of SIDES deviate less than 7% from ground-based observations for wavelengths between 295 and 400 nm. In contrast, the corresponding deviations of the joint research center algorithm escalate for shorter wavelengths, reaching 35% at 295 nm. This large deviation is due to an inaccurate interpolation procedure that has been detected by spectral analysis. Thus, spectral validation is demonstrated to be an appropriate tool to detect weaknesses in such an algorithm and provides information essential for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Wuttke
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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32
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McKenzie RL, Björn LO, Bais A, Ilyasad M. Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2:5-15. [PMID: 12659535 DOI: 10.1039/b211155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since publication of the 1998 UNEP Assessment, there has been continued rapid expansion of the literature on UV-B radiation. Many measurements have demonstrated the inverse relationship between column ozone amount and UV radiation, and in a few cases long-term increases due to ozone decreases have been identified. The quantity, quality and availability of ground-based UV measurements relevant to assessing the environmental impacts of ozone changes continue to improve. Recent studies have contributed to delineating regional and temporal differences due to aerosols, clouds, and ozone. Improvements in radiative transfer modelling capability now enable more accurate characterization of clouds, snow-cover, and topographical effects. A standardized scale for reporting UV to the public has gained wide acceptance. There has been increased use of satellite data to estimate geographic variability and trends in UV. Progress has been made in assessing the utility of satellite retrievals of UV radiation by comparison with measurements at the Earth's surface. Global climatologies of UV radiation are now available on the Internet. Anthropogenic aerosols play a more important role in attenuating UV irradiances than has been assumed previously, and this will have implications for the accuracy of UV retrievals from satellite data. Progress has been made inferring historical levels of UV radiation using measurements of ozone (from satellites or from ground-based networks) in conjunction with measurements of total solar radiation obtained from extensive meteorological networks. We cannot yet be sure whether global ozone has reached a minimum. Atmospheric chlorine concentrations are beginning to decrease. However, bromine concentrations are still increasing. While these halogen concentrations remain high, the ozone layer remains vulnerable to further depletion from events such as volcanic eruptions that inject material into the stratosphere. Interactions between global warming and ozone depletion could delay ozone recovery by several years, and this topic remains an area of intense research interest. Future changes in greenhouse gases will affect the future evolution of ozone through chemical, radiative, and dynamic processes In this highly coupled system, an evaluation of the relative importance of these processes is difficult: studies are ongoing. A reliable assessment of these effects on total column ozone is limited by uncertainties in lower stratospheric response to these changes. At several sites, changes in UV differ from those expected from ozone changes alone, possibly as a result of long-term changes in aerosols, snow cover, or clouds. This indicates a possible interaction between climate change and UV radiation. Cloud reflectance measured by satellite has shown a long-term increase at some locations, especially in the Antarctic region, but also in Central Europe, which would tend to reduce the UV radiation. Even with the expected decreases in atmospheric chlorine, it will be several years before the beginning of an ozone recovery can be unambiguously identified at individual locations. Because UV-B is more variable than ozone, any identification of its recovery would be further delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, NIWA Lauder, PB 50061 Omakau, Central Otago, New Zealand.
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Sabburg J, Rives JE, Meltzer RS, Taylor T, Schmalzle G, Zheng S, Huang N, Wilson A, Udelhofen PM. Comparisons of corrected daily integrated erythemal UVR data from the U.S. EPA/UGA network of Brewer spectroradiometers with model and TOMS-inferred data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sabburg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National UV Monitoring Center; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - J. E. Rives
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National UV Monitoring Center; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - R. S. Meltzer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National UV Monitoring Center; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - T. Taylor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National UV Monitoring Center; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - G. Schmalzle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National UV Monitoring Center; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - S. Zheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National UV Monitoring Center; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - N. Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National UV Monitoring Center; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - A. Wilson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National UV Monitoring Center; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - P. M. Udelhofen
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
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Rozema J, van Geel B, Björn LO, Lean J, Madronich S. Paleoclimate. Toward solving the UV puzzle. Science 2002; 296:1621-2. [PMID: 12040167 DOI: 10.1126/science.1070024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelte Rozema
- Department of Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Arola A. Assessment of four methods to estimate surface UV radiation using satellite data, by comparison with ground measurements from four stations in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McKenzie RL, Seckmeyer G, Bais AF, Kerr JB, Madronich S. Satellite retrievals of erythemal UV dose compared with ground-based measurements at northern and southern midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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