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McCartt D, Jiang J. Room-Temperature Optical Detection of 14CO 2 below the Natural Abundance with Two-Color Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3258-3264. [PMID: 36315969 PMCID: PMC10289126 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Radiocarbon's natural production, radiative decay, and isotopic rarity make it a unique tool to probe carbonaceous systems in the life and earth sciences. However, the difficulty of current radiocarbon (14C) detection methods limits scientific adoption. Here, two-color cavity ring-down spectroscopy detects 14CO2 in room-temperature samples with an accuracy of one-tenth the natural abundance in 3 min. The intracavity pump-probe measurement uses two cavity-enhanced lasers to cancel out cavity ring-down rate fluctuations and strong one-photon absorption interference (>10 000 1/s) from hot-band transitions of CO2 isotopologues. Selective, room-temperature detection of small 14CO2 absorption signals (<1 1/s) reduces the technical and operational burdens for cavity-enhanced measurements of radiocarbon, which can benefit a wide range of applications like biomedical research and field-detection of combusted fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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2
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Dow C, Kim AY, D'Orangeville L, Gonzalez-Akre EB, Helcoski R, Herrmann V, Harley GL, Maxwell JT, McGregor IR, McShea WJ, McMahon SM, Pederson N, Tepley AJ, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Warm springs alter timing but not total growth of temperate deciduous trees. Nature 2022; 608:552-557. [PMID: 35948636 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As the climate changes, warmer spring temperatures are causing earlier leaf-out1-3 and commencement of CO2 uptake1,3 in temperate deciduous forests, resulting in a tendency towards increased growing season length3 and annual CO2 uptake1,3-7. However, less is known about how spring temperatures affect tree stem growth8,9, which sequesters carbon in wood that has a long residence time in the ecosystem10,11. Here we show that warmer spring temperatures shifted stem diameter growth of deciduous trees earlier but had no consistent effect on peak growing season length, maximum growth rates, or annual growth, using dendrometer band measurements from 440 trees across two forests. The latter finding was confirmed on the centennial scale by 207 tree-ring chronologies from 108 forests across eastern North America, where annual ring width was far more sensitive to temperatures during the peak growing season than in the spring. These findings imply that any extra CO2 uptake in years with warmer spring temperatures4,5 does not significantly contribute to increased sequestration in long-lived woody stem biomass. Rather, contradicting projections from global carbon cycle models1,12, our empirical results imply that warming spring temperatures are unlikely to increase woody productivity enough to strengthen the long-term CO2 sink of temperate deciduous forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Dow
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA.,Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Albert Y Kim
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA.,Statistical & Data Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
| | - Loïc D'Orangeville
- Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA, USA.,Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Erika B Gonzalez-Akre
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Ryan Helcoski
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Grant L Harley
- Department of Earth and Spatial Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Justin T Maxwell
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ian R McGregor
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA.,Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - William J McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA.,Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Alan J Tepley
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA.,Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Cal Poly Humboldt University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA. .,Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama.
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3
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Helcoski R, Tepley AJ, Pederson N, McGarvey JC, Meakem V, Herrmann V, Thompson JR, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Growing season moisture drives interannual variation in woody productivity of a temperate deciduous forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1204-1216. [PMID: 31077588 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The climate sensitivity of forest ecosystem woody productivity (ANPPstem ) influences carbon cycle responses to climate change. For the first time, we combined long-term annual growth and forest census data of a diverse temperate broadleaf deciduous forest, seeking to resolve whether ANPPstem is primarily moisture- or energy-limited and whether climate sensitivity has changed in recent decades characterised by more mesic conditions and elevated CO2 . We analysed tree-ring chronologies across 109 yr of monthly climatic variation (1901-2009) for 14 species representing 97% of ANPPstem in a 25.6 ha plot in northern Virginia, USA. Radial growth of most species and ecosystem-level ANPPstem responded positively to cool, moist growing season conditions, but the same conditions in the previous May-July were associated with reduced growth. In recent decades (1980-2009), responses were more variable and, on average, weaker. Our results indicated that woody productivity is primarily limited by current growing season moisture, as opposed to temperature or sunlight, but additional complexity in climate sensitivity may reflect the use of stored carbohydrate reserves. Overall, while such forests currently display limited moisture sensitivity, their woody productivity is likely to decline under projected hotter and potentially drier growing season conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Helcoski
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Alan J Tepley
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- W. A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | | | - Jennifer C McGarvey
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Victoria Meakem
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Jonathan R Thompson
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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4
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Lim S, Lee M, Czimczik CI, Joo T, Holden S, Mouteva G, Santos GM, Xu X, Walker J, Kim S, Kim HS, Kim S, Lee S. Source signatures from combined isotopic analyses of PM 2.5 carbonaceous and nitrogen aerosols at the peri-urban Taehwa Research Forest, South Korea in summer and fall. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:1505-1514. [PMID: 30577141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isotopes are essential tools to apportion major sources of aerosols. We measured the radiocarbon, stable carbon, and stable nitrogen isotopic composition of PM2.5 at Taehwa Research Forest (TRF) near Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) during August-October 2014. PM2.5, TC, and TN concentrations were 19.4 ± 10.1 μg m-3, 2.6 ± 0.8 μg C m-3, and 1.4 ± 1.4 μg N m-3, respectively. The δ13C of TC and the δ15N of TN were - 25.4 ± 0.7‰ and 14.6 ± 3.8‰, respectively. EC was dominated by fossil-fuel sources with Fff (EC) of 78 ± 7%. In contrast, contemporary sources were dominant for TC with Fc (TC) of 76 ± 7%, revealing the significant contribution of contemporary sources to OC during the growing season. The isotopic signature carries more detailed information on sources depending on air mass trajectories. The urban influence was dominant under stagnant condition, which was in reasonable agreement with the estimated δ15N of NH4+. The low δ15N (7.0 ± 0.2‰) with high TN concentration was apparent in air masses from Shandong province, indicating fossil fuel combustion as major emission source. In contrast, the high δ15N (16.1 ± 3.2‰) with enhanced TC/TN ratio reveals the impact of biomass burning in the air transported from the far eastern border region of China and Russia. Our findings highlight that the multi-isotopic composition is a useful tool to identify emission sources and to trace regional sources of carbonaceous and nitrogen aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saehee Lim
- Dept. of Earth and environmental sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Meehye Lee
- Dept. of Earth and environmental sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Claudia I Czimczik
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA.
| | - Taekyu Joo
- Dept. of Earth and environmental sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sandra Holden
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Gergana Mouteva
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Guaciara M Santos
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Jennifer Walker
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Saewung Kim
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sanguk Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
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6
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Riley WJ, Gaudinski JB, Torn MS, Joslin JD, Hanson PJ. Fine-root mortality rates in a temperate forest: estimates using radiocarbon data and numerical modeling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:387-398. [PMID: 19694965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
* We used an inadvertent whole-ecosystem 14C label at a temperate forest in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA to develop a model (Radix1.0) of fine-root dynamics. Radix simulates two live-root pools, two dead-root pools, non-normally distributed root mortality turnover times, a stored carbon (C) pool, and seasonal growth and respiration patterns. * We applied Radix to analyze measurements from two root size classes (< 0.5 and 0.5-2.0 mm diameter) and three soil-depth increments (O horizon, 0-15 cm and 30-60 cm). * Predicted live-root turnover times were < 1 yr and approximately 10 yr for short- and long-lived pools, respectively. Dead-root pools had decomposition turnover times of approximately 2 yr and approximately 10 yr. Realistic characterization of C flows through fine roots requires a model with two live fine-root populations, two dead fine-root pools, and root respiration. These are the first fine-root turnover time estimates that take into account respiration, storage, seasonal growth patterns, and non-normal turnover time distributions. * The presence of a root population with decadal turnover times implies a lower amount of belowground net primary production used to grow fine-root tissue than is currently predicted by models with a single annual turnover pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Riley
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J B Gaudinski
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M S Torn
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J D Joslin
- Belowground Forest Research, Apartado 104-5655, Santa Elena de Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - P J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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7
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Bench G, Fallon S, Schichtel B, Malm W, McDade C. Relative contributions of fossil and contemporary carbon sources to PM 2.5 aerosols at nine Interagency Monitoring for Protection of Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Bench
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - Stewart Fallon
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - Bret Schichtel
- National Park Service, Atmospheric Science, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - William Malm
- National Park Service, Atmospheric Science, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Charles McDade
- Crocker Nuclear Laboratory; University of California; Davis California USA
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8
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Cisneros-Dozal LM, Trumbore SE, Hanson PJ. Effect of moisture on leaf litter decomposition and its contribution to soil respiration in a temperate forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Joslin JD, Gaudinski JB, Torn MS, Riley WJ, Hanson PJ. Fine-root turnover patterns and their relationship to root diameter and soil depth in a 14C-labeled hardwood forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 172:523-35. [PMID: 17083682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of turnover times of fine roots is essential to understanding patterns of carbon allocation in plants and describing forest C cycling. We used the rate of decline in the ratio of 14C to 12C in a mature hardwood forest, enriched by an inadvertent 14C pulse, to investigate fine-root turnover and its relationship with fine-root diameter and soil depth. Biomass and Delta14C values were determined for fine roots collected during three consecutive winters from four sites, by depth, diameter size classes (< 0.5 or 0.5-2 mm), and live-or-dead status. Live-root pools retained significant 14C enrichment over 3 yr, demonstrating a mean turnover time on the order of years. However, elevated Delta14C values in dead-root pools within 18 months of the pulse indicated an additional component of live roots with short turnover times (months). Our results challenge assumptions of a single live fine-root pool with a unimodal and normal age distribution. Live fine roots < 0.5 mm and those near the surface, especially those in the O horizon, had more rapid turnover than 0.5-2 mm roots and deeper roots, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Joslin
- Below-ground Forest Research, Apartado 104-5655, Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
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10
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LOVE ADAMH, HUNT JAMESR, KNEZOVICH JOHNP. Reconstructing tritium exposure using tree rings at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:4330-4335. [PMID: 14572081 PMCID: PMC2846404 DOI: 10.1021/es034278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Annual tritium exposures were reconstructed using tree cores from Pinus jeffreyi and Eucalyptus globulus near a tritiated water vapor release stack. Both tritium (3H) and carbon-14 (14C) from the wood were measured from milligram samples using accelerator mass spectrometry. Because the annual nature of the eucalyptus tree rings was in doubt, 14C measurements provided growth rates used to estimate the age for 3H determinations. A 30-yr comparison of organically bound tritium (OBT) levels to reported 3H release data is achieved using OBT measurements from three trees nearthe stack. The annual average 3H, determined from atmospheric water vapor monitoring stations, is comparable to the OBT in proximal trees. For situations without adequate historical monitoring data, this measurement-based historical assessment provides the only independent means of assessing exposure as compared to fate and transport models that require prior knowledge of environmental conditions and 3H discharge patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JAMES R. HUNT
- Corresponding author phone: (510)642-0948; fax: (510)642-7483;
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11
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Estimating the Net Primary and Net Ecosystem Production of a Southeastern Upland Quercus Forest from an 8-Year Biometric Record. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0021-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Soil Carbon Turnover. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0021-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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