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Xiao S, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Song W, Pei C, Chen D, Wang X. The contributions of non-methane hydrocarbon emissions by different fuel type on-road vehicles based on tests in a heavily trafficked urban tunnel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162432. [PMID: 36841415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Automobile exhaust is a major source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in metropolitan areas, yet it is difficult to accurately determine the contributions of different types of on-road vehicles. Tunnel tests are an effective way to measure real-world vehicle emissions, and the data collected are also suitable for receptor modeling to analyze the contributions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) from different types of vehicles, as the closed environment ensures good mixing and minimal aging. In this study, tunnel tests were conducted inside a heavily trafficked city tunnel in Guangzhou in south China, and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to the inlet-outlet incremental NMHC data. The results revealed that gasoline vehicles (GVs), Liquefied Petroleum Gas vehicles (LPGVs), and diesel vehicles (DVs) were responsible for 39 %, 45 % and 16 % of NMHCs, and 52 %, 23 %, and 24 % of the ozone formation potentials, respectively. LPGVs were the largest contributor of (56 %) alkanes, and GVs were the largest contributor of aromatics (61 %) and C2-C4 alkenes (55 %). With the video-recorded traffic counts the emissions of different fuel types are further compared on a per-vehicle-per-kilometer basis, and the results reveal that LPGVs and GVs were comparable in the OFPs of NMHCs emitted per kilometer, while on average a DV emitted 2.0 times more NMHCs than a GV with 2.4 times more OFPs. This study highlights substantial contribution of reactive alkenes and aromatics by DVs and the benefits of strengthening diesel exhaust control in terms of preventing ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Province Guangzhou Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Duohong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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El-Sayed MMH, Hennigan CJ. Aqueous processing of water-soluble organic compounds in the eastern United States during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:241-253. [PMID: 35838080 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous multi-phase processes are significant contributors to organic aerosol (OA) mass in the atmosphere. This study characterizes the formation of water-soluble organic matter during the winter in the eastern United States through simultaneous measurements of water-soluble organic carbon in the gas and particle phases (WSOCg and WSOCp, respectively). The formation of secondary WSOCp occurred primarily through two pathways: (1) absorptive partitioning of oxygenated organics to the bulk OA and (2) aqueous phase processes. WSOCp formation through the former pathway was evident through the relationship between the fraction of total WSOC in the particle phase (Fp) and the total OA concentration. Conversely, evidence for nighttime aqueous WSOCp formation was based upon the strong enhancement in Fp with increasing relative humidity, indicating the uptake of WSOCg to aerosol liquid water (ALW). The Fp-RH relationship was only observed for temperatures between 0-10 °C, suggesting conditions for aqueous multi-phase processes were enhanced during these times. Temperature exhibited an inverse relationship with ALW and a proportional relationship with aerosol potassium. ALW and biomass burning precursors were both abundant in the 0-10 °C temperature range, facilitating aqueous WSOCp formation. To assess the impact of particle drying on the WSOCp concentrations, the particle measurements alternated between ambient and dried channels. No change was observed in the concentration of particles before and after drying, indicating that the WSOCp formed through the uptake of WSOCg into OA and ALW remained in the condensed phase upon particle drying at all temperature ranges. This work contributes to our understanding of sources, pathways, and factors affecting aqueous aerosol formation in the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M H El-Sayed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Zhao Y, Tkacik DS, May AA, Donahue NM, Robinson AL. Mobile Sources Are Still an Important Source of Secondary Organic Aerosol and Fine Particulate Matter in the Los Angeles Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15328-15336. [PMID: 36215417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a significant component of atmospheric fine particulate matter. Mobile sources have historically been a major source of SOA precursors in urban environments, but decades of regulations have reduced their emissions. Less regulated sources, such as volatile chemical products (VCPs), are of growing importance. We analyzed ambient and emissions data to assess the contribution of mobile sources to SOA formation in Los Angeles during the period of 2009-2019. During this period, air quality in the Los Angeles region has improved, but organic aerosol (OA) concentrations did not decrease as much as primary pollutants. This appears to be largely due to SOA, whose mass fraction in OA increased over this period. In 2010, about half of the freshly formed SOA measured in Pasadena, CA appears to be formed from hydrocarbon (non-oxygenated) precursors. Chemical mass balance analysis indicates that these hydrocarbon SOA precursors (including intermediate volatility organic compounds) can largely be explained by emissions from mobile sources in 2010. Our analysis indicates that continued reduction in emissions from mobile sources should lead to additional significant decreases in atmospheric SOA and PM2.5 mass in the Los Angeles region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zhao
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Daniel S Tkacik
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Andrew A May
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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4
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Pani SK, Lin NH, Lee CT, Griffith SM, Chang JHW, Hsu BJ. Insights into aerosol chemical composition and optical properties at Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (2862 m asl) during two contrasting seasons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155291. [PMID: 35439502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Continental outflows from peninsular Southeast Asia and East Asia dominate the widespread dispersal of air pollutants over subtropical western North Pacific during spring and autumn, respectively. This study analyses the chemical composition and optical properties of PM10 aerosols during autumn and spring at a representative high-altitude site, viz., Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (23.47°N, 120.87°E; 2862 m a.s.l.), Taiwan. PM10 mass was reconstructed and the contributions of major chemical components were also delineated. Aerosol scattering (σsp) and absorption (σap) coefficients were regressed on mass densities of major chemical components by assuming external mixing between them, and the site-specific mass scattering efficiency (MSE) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of individual components for dry conditions were determined. NH4NO3 exhibited the highest MSE among all components during both seasons (8.40 and 12.58 m2 g-1 at 550 nm in autumn and spring, respectively). (NH4)2SO4 and organic matter (OM) accounted for the highest σsp during autumn (51%) and spring (50%), respectively. Mean MAE (mean contribution to σap) of elemental carbon (EC) at 550 nm was 2.51 m2 g-1 (36%) and 7.30 m2 g-1 (61%) in autumn and spring, respectively. Likewise, the mean MAE (mean contribution to σap) of organic carbon (OC) at 550 nm was 0.84 m2 g-1 (64%) and 0.83 m2 g-1 (39%) in autumn and spring, respectively. However, a classification matrix, based on scattering Ångström exponent, absorption Ångström exponent, and single scattering albedo (ω), demonstrated that the composite absorbing aerosols were EC-dominated (with weak absorption; ω = 0.91-0.95) in autumn and a combination of EC-dominated and EC/OC mixture (with moderate absorption; ω = 0.85-0.92) in spring. This study demonstrates a strong link between chemical composition and optical properties of aerosol and provides essential information for model simulations to assess the imbalance in regional radiation budget with better accuracy over the western North Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jackson Hian-Wui Chang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; Preparatory Center for Science and Technology, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Bo-Jun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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Zhou X, Li Z, Zhang T, Wang F, Tao Y, Zhang X. Multisize particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in arid and semiarid areas of Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118875. [PMID: 35074457 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the chemical components, sources, and interactions of particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a field campaign was implemented during the spring of 2018 in nine cities in northwestern (NW) China. PM was mainly contributed by organic matter and water-soluble inorganic ions (41% for PM10 and approximately 60% for PM2.5 and PM1). Two typical haze patterns were observed: anthropogenic pollution type (AP-type), wherein contributions of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) increased, and dust pollution type (DP-type), wherein contributions of Ca2+ increased and SNA decreased. Source appointment suggested that regional sources contributed close to half to PM2.5 pollution (40% for AP-type and 50% for DP-type). Thus, sources from regional transport are also important for haze and dust pollution. The ranking of VOC concentrations was methanol > acetaldehyde > formic acid + ethanol > acetone. Compared with other cities, there are higher oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and lower aromatics in NW China. The relationships between VOCs and PM were discussed. The dominating secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation potential precursors were C10-aromatics, xylene, and styrene under low-nitrogen oxide (NOx) conditions, and benzene, C10-aromatics, and toluene dominated under high-NOx conditions. The quadratic polynomial was the most suitable fitting model for their correlation, and the results suggested that VOC oxidations explained 6.1-10.8% and 9.9-20.7% of SOA formation under high-NOx and low-NOx conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhongqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; College of Sciences, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Tingjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Feiteng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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6
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Wang H, Zhang L, Yao X, Cheng I, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E. Identification of decadal trends and associated causes for organic and elemental carbon in PM 2.5 at Canadian urban sites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107031. [PMID: 34890898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemically resolved data for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have been collected across Canada since 2003 through the National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) network. Seven urban sites that have 10-17 years (2003-2019) of PM2.5 organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) data were selected for analysis of decadal trends of OC, EC, and OC/EC ratio using the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition method. Results showed that OC and EC decreased by 0.009-0.072 μg m-3 yr-1 and 0.028-0.049 μg m-3 yr-1, or 0.77-3.1 % yr-1 and 3.2-6.7 % yr-1, respectively, depending on the location. The more rapid decrease in EC than OC resulted in an increasing trend in the OC/EC ratio of 0.03-0.19 yr-1 across the sites. Macro-tracer approach was used to estimate source attributions of OC and EC from wood burning, fossil fuel combustion, and secondary aerosol formation. Using this approach, it was identified that the significant decrease in EC during the past decade was predominately caused by reduced on-road emissions. The decreased emissions from wood burning and transportation dominated the decline of OC, but such a decline was largely offset by the enhanced secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, resulting in much weaker decline of OC than EC. The enhanced SOA formation was due to the increased biogenic emissions fully offsetting the decreased anthropogenic emissions for volatile organic compounds. These findings highlight the need for quantifying biogenic sources of VOCs and other oxidants that are involved in OC formation at the national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Irene Cheng
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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7
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Kenagy HS, Romer Present PS, Wooldridge PJ, Nault BA, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Zare A, Pye HOT, Yu J, Song CH, Blake DR, Woo JH, Kim Y, Cohen RC. Contribution of Organic Nitrates to Organic Aerosol over South Korea during KORUS-AQ. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16326-16338. [PMID: 34870986 PMCID: PMC8759034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of anthropogenic NOx emissions in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production is not fully understood but is important for understanding the contribution of emissions to air quality. Here, we examine the role of organic nitrates (RONO2) in SOA formation over the Korean Peninsula during the Korea-United States Air Quality field study in Spring 2016 as a model for RONO2 aerosol in cities worldwide. We use aircraft-based measurements of the particle phase and total (gas + particle) RONO2 to explore RONO2 phase partitioning. These measurements show that, on average, one-fourth of RONO2 are in the condensed phase, and we estimate that ≈15% of the organic aerosol (OA) mass can be attributed to RONO2. Furthermore, we observe that the fraction of RONO2 in the condensed phase increases with OA concentration, evidencing that equilibrium absorptive partitioning controls the RONO2 phase distribution. Lastly, we model RONO2 chemistry and phase partitioning in the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. We find that known chemistry can account for one-third of the observed RONO2, but there is a large missing source of semivolatile, anthropogenically derived RONO2. We propose that this missing source may result from the oxidation of semi- and intermediate-volatility organic compounds and/or from anthropogenic molecules that undergo autoxidation or multiple generations of OH-initiated oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Kenagy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul S Romer Present
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul J Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin A Nault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Azimeh Zare
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jinhyeok Yu
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61105, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul H Song
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61105, Republic of Korea
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Younha Kim
- Energy, Climate, and Environment (ECE) Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley CA 94 720, United States
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8
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Xu L, Crounse JD, Vasquez KT, Allen H, Wennberg PO, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Campuzano-Jost P, Coggon MM, Crawford JH, DiGangi JP, Diskin GS, Fried A, Gargulinski EM, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Guo H, Hair JW, Hall SR, Halliday HA, Hanisco TF, Hannun RA, Holmes CD, Huey LG, Jimenez JL, Lamplugh A, Lee YR, Liao J, Lindaas J, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Peischl J, Peterson DA, Piel F, Richter D, Rickly PS, Robinson MA, Rollins AW, Ryerson TB, Sekimoto K, Selimovic V, Shingler T, Soja AJ, St. Clair JM, Tanner DJ, Ullmann K, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Wisthaler A, Wolfe GM, Womack CC, Yokelson RJ. Ozone chemistry in western U.S. wildfire plumes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl3648. [PMID: 34878847 PMCID: PMC8654285 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a substantial but poorly quantified source of tropospheric ozone (O3). Here, to investigate the highly variable O3 chemistry in wildfire plumes, we exploit the in situ chemical characterization of western wildfires during the FIREX-AQ flight campaign and show that O3 production can be predicted as a function of experimentally constrained OH exposure, volatile organic compound (VOC) reactivity, and the fate of peroxy radicals. The O3 chemistry exhibits rapid transition in chemical regimes. Within a few daylight hours, the O3 formation substantially slows and is largely limited by the abundance of nitrogen oxides (NOx). This finding supports previous observations that O3 formation is enhanced when VOC-rich wildfire smoke mixes into NOx-rich urban plumes, thereby deteriorating urban air quality. Last, we relate O3 chemistry to the underlying fire characteristics, enabling a more accurate representation of wildfire chemistry in atmospheric models that are used to study air quality and predict climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.X.); (P.O.W.)
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Krystal T. Vasquez
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.X.); (P.O.W.)
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matthew M. Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Georgios I. Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Reem A. Hannun
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Young Ro Lee
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jin Liao
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Jakob Lindaas
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Felix Piel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pamela S. Rickly
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael A. Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Amber J. Soja
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Jason M. St. Clair
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J. Tanner
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline C. Womack
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert J. Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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9
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Park G, Kim K, Park T, Kang S, Ban J, Choi S, Yu DG, Lee S, Lim Y, Kim S, Mun S, Woo JH, Jeon CS, Lee T. Primary and secondary aerosols in small passenger vehicle emissions: Evaluation of engine technology, driving conditions, and regulatory standards. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117195. [PMID: 33975218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of primary gas/aerosol and secondary aerosol emissions were identified for small passenger vehicles using typical fuel types in South Korea (gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and diesel). The generation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was explored using the potential aerosol mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor. The primary emissions did not vary significantly between fuel types, combustion technologies, or aftertreatment systems, while the amount of NH3 was higher in gasoline and LPG vehicle emissions than that in diesel vehicle emissions. The SOA emission factor was 11.7-66 mg kg-fuel-1 for gasoline vehicles, 2.4-50 mg kg-fuel-1 for non-diesel particulate filter (non-DPF) diesel vehicles (EURO 2-3), 0.4-40 mg kg-fuel-1 for DPF diesel vehicles (EURO 4-6), and 3-11 mg kg-fuel-1 for LPG vehicles (lowest). The carbonaceous aerosols (equivalent black carbon (eBC) + primary organic aerosol + SOA) of diesel vehicles in EURO 4-6 were reduced by up to 95% compared to those in EURO 2-3. The expected SOA yield increased through the hot-condition combustion section of a vehicle, over the SOA range of 0.2-155 μg m-3. These results provide the necessary data to analyze all types of SOA generated by the gas-phase oxidation in vehicle emissions in metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyutae Park
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, South Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, South Korea
| | - Taehyun Park
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, South Korea
| | - Seokwon Kang
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, South Korea
| | - Jihee Ban
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, South Korea
| | - Siyoung Choi
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gil Yu
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, South Korea
| | - Sanguk Lee
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Yunsung Lim
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Sunmoon Kim
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Sunhee Mun
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Chan-Soo Jeon
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang, 10223, South Korea
| | - Taehyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, South Korea.
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10
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Liao K, Chen Q, Liu Y, Li YJ, Lambe AT, Zhu T, Huang RJ, Zheng Y, Cheng X, Miao R, Huang G, Khuzestani RB, Jia T. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation of Fleet Vehicle Emissions in China: Potential Seasonality of Spatial Distributions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7276-7286. [PMID: 34009957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle emissions are an important source of urban particular matter. To investigate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential of real-world vehicle emissions, we exposed on-road air in Beijing to hydroxyl radicals generated in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) under high-NOx conditions on-board a mobile laboratory and characterized SOA and their precursors with a suite of state-of-the-art instrumentation. The OFR produced 10-170 μg m-3 of SOA with a maximum SOA formation potential of 39-50 μg m-3 ppmv-1 CO that occurred following an integrated OH exposure of (1.3-2.0) × 1011 molecules cm-3 s. The results indicate relatively shorter photochemical ages for maximum SOA production than previous OFR results obtained under low-NOx conditions. Such timescales represent the balance of functionalization and fragmentation, possibly resulting in different spatial distributions of SOA in different seasons as the oxidant level changes. The detected precursors may explain as much as 13% of the observed SOA with the remaining plausibly contributed by the oxidation of undetected intermediate-volatility organic compounds. Extrapolation of the results suggests an annual SOA production rate of 0.78 Tg yr-1 from mobile gasoline sources in China, highlighting the importance of effective regulation of gaseous vehicular precursors to improve air quality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Liao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Andrew T Lambe
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruqian Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guancong Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Reza Bashiri Khuzestani
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianjiao Jia
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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11
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Cui L, Li HW, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Lee SC, Blake DR, Wang XM, Ho KF, Cao JJ. The characteristics and sources of roadside VOCs in Hong Kong: Effect of the LPG catalytic converter replacement programme. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143811. [PMID: 33246717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve local air quality of Hong Kong, more than 99% taxies and public light buses were changed from diesel to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel type in the early 2000s. In addition to the catalytic converters wear and tear, it is necessary to control air pollutants emitted from LPG vehicles. Therefore, an LPG catalytic converter replacement programme (CCRP) was fulfilled from October 2013 to April 2014 by the Hong Kong government. Roadside volatile compounds (VOCs) were measured by on-line measurement techniques before and after the programme to evaluate the effectiveness of the LPG CCRP. The mixing ratios of total measured VOCs were found decreased from 69.3 ± 12.6 ppbv to 43.9 ± 6.5 ppbv after the LPG CCRP with the decreasing percentage of 36.7%. In addition, the total mixing ratio of LPG tracers, namely propane, i-butane, and n-butane, accounted for 49% of total measured VOCs before the LPG CCRP and the weighting percentage decreased to 34% after the programme. Moreover, the source apportionment of roadside VOCs also reflects the large decreasing trend of LPG vehicular emissions after the air pollution control measure. Due to the application of PTR-MS on measuring real-time VOCs and oxygenated volatile compounds (OVOCs) in this study, the emission ratios of individual OVOCs were investigated and being utilized to differentiate primary and secondary/biogenic sources of roadside OVOCs in Hong Kong. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention programme, and are helpful to further implementation of air pollution control strategies in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cui
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hai Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shun Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Donald Ray Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xin Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Ji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Deng W, Hu Q, Wu Z, Yang W, Zhang H, Wang Z, Fang Z, Zhu M, Li S, Song W, Ding X, Wang X. Comparison between idling and cruising gasoline vehicles in primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation during photochemical ageing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137934. [PMID: 32208274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Driving conditions are among the important factors determining gasoline vehicle emissions, yet their relation with exhaust-derived secondary pollutants is poorly understood. Here, we introduced exhaust from a gasoline vehicle under hot idling and cruising conditions into an indoor smog chamber by using a chassis dynamometer and investigated the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) during photochemical ageing under light after characterizing the primary emission of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and primary organic aerosol (POA) in the dark. When compared to emission factors (EFs) at idling, during cruising at 20 km h-1 or 40 km h-1, the EFs of NMHCs decreased by more than an order of magnitude, while the EFs of NOx were more than doubled, resulting in a large drop in the NMHC-to-NOx ratios. The percentages of reactive alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons also decreased from idling to cruising at 20 km h-1 to that at 40 km h-1. The emission factor of benzene, a carcinogenic compound, decreased more than 10 times from ~0.35 g kg-fuel-1 at idling to ~0.03 g kg-fuel-1 during cruising. During photochemical ageing of exhaust, substantial SOA was formed, and the SOA/POA ratios decreased from 52 to 92 at idling to 4-14 during cruising. Traditional aromatics could explain 30-64% of the measured SOA at idling but less than 15% of the measured SOA during cruising. Our results highlight that traffic congestion would greatly promote the emission of reactive volatile organic compounds and carcinogenic benzene from gasoline vehicles and also show that NMHCs as a target in gasoline vehicle emission tests cannot effectively represent the SOA and ozone formation potentials of the partially oxidized hydrocarbons from poorly functioning converters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qihou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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13
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Gao Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Jing S, Peng Y, Qiao L, Zhou M, Huang DD, Wang Q, Li X, Li L, Feng J, Ma Y, Li Y. Estimating Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Toluene Photochemistry in a Megacity of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8664-8671. [PMID: 31265258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The production of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from toluene photochemistry in Shanghai, a megacity of China, was estimated by two approaches, the parametrization method and the tracer-based method. The temporal profiles of toluene, together with other fifty-six volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were characterized. Combing with the vapor wall loss corrected SOA yields derived from chamber experiments, the estimated toluene SOA by the parametrization method as embodied in the two-product model contributes up to ∼40% of the total SOA budget during summertime. 2,3-Dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (DHOPA), a unique product from the OH-initiated oxidation of toluene in the presence of elevated NOx, was used as a tracer to back calculate the toluene SOA concentrations. By taking account for the effect of gas-particle partitioning processes on the fraction of DHOPA in the particle phase, the estimated toluene SOA concentrations agree within ∼33% with the estimates by the parametrization method. The agreement between these two independent approaches highlight the need to update current model frameworks with recent laboratory advances for a more accurate representation of SOA formation in regions with substantial anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory (ACOM) , National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) , Boulder , Colorado 80301 , United States
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Yarong Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Li Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
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14
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Saha PK, Reece SM, Grieshop AP. Seasonally Varying Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation From In-Situ Oxidation of Near-Highway Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7192-7202. [PMID: 29847110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which motor vehicles contribute to ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA) remains uncertain. Here, we present in situ measurements of SOA formation at a near-highway site with substantial tree-cover 10 m from Interstate 40 near Durham, North Carolina. In July 2015 (summer) and February 2016 (winter), we exposed ambient air to a range of oxidant (O3 and OH) concentrations in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR), resulting in hours to weeks of equivalent atmospheric aging. We observed substantial seasonal variation in SOA formation upon OFR aging; diurnally varying OA enhancements of ∼3-8 μg m-3 were observed in summer and significantly lower enhancements (∼0.5-1 μg m-3) in winter. Measurements in both seasons showed consistent changes in bulk OA properties (chemical composition; volatility) with OFR aging. Mild increases in traffic-related SOA precursors during summer partly explains the seasonal variation. However, biogenic emissions, with sharp temperature dependence, appear to dominate summer OFR-SOA. Our analysis indicates that SOA observed in the OFR is similar (within a factor of 2) to that predicted to form from traffic and biogenic precursors using literature yields, especially in winter. This study highlights the utility of the OFR for studying the prevalence of SOA precursors in complex real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Provat K Saha
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , 431B Mann Hall , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Stephen M Reece
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , 431B Mann Hall , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Andrew P Grieshop
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , 431B Mann Hall , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
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15
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Gramsch E, Papapostolou V, Reyes F, Vásquez Y, Castillo M, Oyola P, López G, Cádiz A, Ferguson S, Wolfson M, Lawrence J, Koutrakis P. Variability in the primary emissions and secondary gas and particle formation from vehicles using bioethanol mixtures. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:329-346. [PMID: 29020572 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1386600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bioethanol for use in vehicles is becoming a substantial part of global energy infrastructure because it is renewable and some emissions are reduced. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and total hydrocarbons (THC) are reduced, but there is still controversy regarding emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), aldehydes, and ethanol; this may be a concern because all these compounds are precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The amount of emissions depends on the ethanol content, but it also may depend on the engine quality and ethanol origin. Thus, a photochemical chamber was used to study secondary gas and aerosol formation from two flex-fueled vehicles using different ethanol blends in gasoline. One vehicle and the fuel used were made in the United States, and the others were made in Brazil. Primary emissions of THC, CO, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) from both vehicles decreased as the amount of ethanol in gasoline increased. NOx emissions in the U.S. and Brazilian cars decreased with ethanol content. However, emissions of THC, CO, and NOx from the Brazilian car were markedly higher than those from the U.S. car, showing high variability between vehicle technologies. In the Brazilian car, formation of secondary nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) was lower for higher ethanol content in the fuel. In the U.S. car, NO2 and O3 had a small increase. Secondary particle (particulate matter [PM]) formation in the chamber decreased for both vehicles as the fraction of ethanol in fuel increased, consistent with previous studies. Secondary to primary PM ratios for pure gasoline is 11, also consistent with previous studies. In addition, the time required to form secondary PM is longer for higher ethanol blends. These results indicate that using higher ethanol blends may have a positive impact on air quality. IMPLICATIONS The use of bioethanol can significantly reduce petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Given the extent of its use, it is important to understand its effect on urban pollution. There is a controversy on whether there is a reduction or increase in PM emission when using ethanol blends. Primary emissions of THC, CO, CO2, NOx, and NMHC for both cars decreased as the fraction of ethanol in gasoline increased. Using a photochemical chamber, the authors have found a decrease in the formation of secondary particles and the time required to form secondary PM is longer when using higher ethanol blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gramsch
- a Department of Physics , University of Santiago de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - V Papapostolou
- b Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - F Reyes
- c Mario Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environment , Santiago , Chile
| | - Y Vásquez
- c Mario Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environment , Santiago , Chile
| | - M Castillo
- c Mario Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environment , Santiago , Chile
| | - P Oyola
- c Mario Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environment , Santiago , Chile
| | - G López
- c Mario Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environment , Santiago , Chile
| | - A Cádiz
- d Center for Control and Certification of Vehicles , Santiago , Chile
| | - S Ferguson
- b Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - M Wolfson
- b Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - J Lawrence
- b Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - P Koutrakis
- b Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA
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16
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Riedel TP, DeMarini DM, Zavala J, Warren SH, Corse EW, Offenberg JH, Kleindienst TE, Lewandowski M. Mutagenic atmospheres resulting from the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon and NO x mixtures. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2018; 178:164-172. [PMID: 29725240 PMCID: PMC5921836 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated to limit air pollution and the consequent health effects, the photooxidation products generally are not. Thus, we examined the mutagenicity in Salmonella TA100 of photochemical atmospheres generated in a steady-state atmospheric simulation chamber by irradiating mixtures of single aromatic VOCs, NOx, and ammonium sulfate seed aerosol in air. The 10 VOCs examined were benzene; toluene; ethylbenzene; o-, m-, and p-xylene; 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene; m-cresol; and naphthalene. Salmonella were exposed at the air-agar interface to the generated atmospheres for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 h. Dark-control exposures produced non-mutagenic atmospheres, illustrating that the gas-phase precursor VOCs were not mutagenic at the concentrations tested. Under irradiation, all but m-cresol and naphthalene produced mutagenic atmospheres, with potencies ranging from 2.0 (p-xylene) to 10.4 (ethylbenzene) revertants m3 mgC-1 h-1. The mutagenicity was due exclusively to direct-acting late-generation products of the photooxidation reactions. Gas-phase chemical analysis showed that a number of oxidized organic chemical species enhanced during the irradiated exposure experiments correlated (r ≥ 0.81) with the mutagenic potencies of the atmospheres. Molecular formulas assigned to these species indicated that they likely contained peroxy acid, aldehyde, alcohol, and other functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theran P. Riedel
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jose Zavala
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Eric W. Corse
- Jacobs Technology, Cary, North Carolina, United States
| | - John H. Offenberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
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17
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Zhao Y, Lambe AT, Saleh R, Saliba G, Robinson AL. Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust: Effects of Engine Technology, Cold Start, and Emission Certification Standard. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1253-1261. [PMID: 29303572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from dilute exhaust from 16 gasoline vehicles was investigated using a potential aerosol mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor during chassis dynamometer testing using the cold-start unified cycle (UC). Ten vehicles were equipped with gasoline direct injection engines (GDI vehicles) and six with port fuel injection engines (PFI vehicles) certified to a wide range of emissions standards. We measured similar SOA production from GDI and PFI vehicles certified to the same emissions standard; less SOA production from vehicles certified to stricter emissions standards; and, after accounting for differences in gas-particle partitioning, similar effective SOA yields across different engine technologies and certification standards. Therefore the ongoing, dramatic shift from PFI to GDI vehicles in the United States should not alter the contribution of gasoline vehicles to ambient SOA and the natural replacement of older vehicles with newer ones certified to stricter emissions standards should reduce atmospheric SOA levels. Compared to hot operations, cold-start exhaust had lower effective SOA yields, but still contributed more SOA overall because of substantially higher organic gas emissions. We demonstrate that the PAM reactor can be used as a screening tool for vehicle SOA production by carefully accounting for the effects of the large variations in emission rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Andrew T Lambe
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Rawad Saleh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Georges Saliba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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18
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Leong YJ, Sanchez NP, Wallace HW, Karakurt Cevik B, Hernandez CS, Han Y, Flynn JH, Massoli P, Floerchinger C, Fortner EC, Herndon S, Bean JK, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Jeon W, Choi Y, Lefer B, Griffin RJ. Overview of surface measurements and spatial characterization of submicrometer particulate matter during the DISCOVER-AQ 2013 campaign in Houston, TX. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:854-872. [PMID: 28278029 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1296502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sources of submicrometer particulate matter (PM1) remain poorly characterized in the industrialized city of Houston, TX. A mobile sampling approach was used to characterize PM1 composition and concentration across Houston based on high-time-resolution measurements of nonrefractory PM1 and trace gases during the DISCOVER-AQ Texas 2013 campaign. Two pollution zones with marked differences in PM1 levels, character, and dynamics were established based on cluster analysis of organic aerosol mass loadings sampled at 16 sites. The highest PM1 mass concentrations (average 11.6 ± 5.7 µg/m3) were observed to the northwest of Houston (zone 1), dominated by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass likely driven by nighttime biogenic organonitrate formation. Zone 2, an industrial/urban area south/east of Houston, exhibited lower concentrations of PM1 (average 4.4 ± 3.3 µg/m3), significant organic aerosol (OA) aging, and evidence of primary sulfate emissions. Diurnal patterns and backward-trajectory analyses enable the classification of airmass clusters characterized by distinct PM sources: biogenic SOA, photochemical aged SOA, and primary sulfate emissions from the Houston Ship Channel. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that secondary biogenic organonitrates primarily related with monoterpenes are predominant in zone 1 (accounting for 34% of the variability in the data set). The relevance of photochemical processes and industrial and traffic emission sources in zone 2 also is highlighted by PCA, which identifies three factors related with these processes/sources (~50% of the aerosol/trace gas concentration variability). PCA reveals a relatively minor contribution of isoprene to SOA formation in zone 1 and the absence of isoprene-derived aerosol in zone 2. The relevance of industrial amine emissions and the likely contribution of chloride-displaced sea salt aerosol to the observed variability in pollution levels in zone 2 also are captured by PCA. IMPLICATIONS This article describes an urban-scale mobile study to characterize spatial variations in submicrometer particulate matter (PM1) in greater Houston. The data set indicates substantial spatial variations in PM1 sources/chemistry and elucidates the importance of photochemistry and nighttime oxidant chemistry in producing secondary PM1. These results emphasize the potential benefits of effective control strategies throughout the region, not only to reduce primary emissions of PM1 from automobiles and industry but also to reduce the emissions of important secondary PM1 precursors, including sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. Such efforts also could aid in efforts to reduce mixing ratios of ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Leong
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - N P Sanchez
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - H W Wallace
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - B Karakurt Cevik
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - C S Hernandez
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Y Han
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - J H Flynn
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - P Massoli
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | | | - E C Fortner
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | - S Herndon
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | - J K Bean
- d McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - L Hildebrandt Ruiz
- d McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - W Jeon
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Y Choi
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - B Lefer
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - R J Griffin
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
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19
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Ding X, Zhang YQ, He QF, Yu QQ, Wang JQ, Shen RQ, Song W, Wang YS, Wang XM. Significant Increase of Aromatics-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol during Fall to Winter in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7432-7441. [PMID: 28590125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human activities release large amounts of anthropogenic pollutants into the air, and thereby produce substantial secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) that mainly emitted from coal combustion, transportation, solvent use and biofuel/biomass burning, are a major class of anthropogenic SOA precursors. At present, there are few field studies focusing on AH-derived SOA (SOAA) on a continental scale, especially in polluted regions of the world. In this study, a one-year concurrent observation of the SOAA tracer, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (C5H8O5, DHOPA) was carried out at 12 sites across six regions of China for the first time. The annual averages of DHOPA among the 12 sites ranged from 1.23 to 8.83 ng m-3 with a mean of 3.48 ± 1.96 ng m-3. At all observation sites, the concentrations of DHOPA from fall to spring were significantly higher than those in summertime, and positive correlations were observed between DHOPA and the biomass burning tracer (levoglucosan). This indicated that such a nationwide increase of SOAA during the cold period was highly associated with the enhancement of biomass burning emission. In the northern China, the highest levels of DHOPA were observed in the coldest months during winter, probably due to the enhancement of biofuel and coal consumption for household heating. In the southern China, the highest levels of DHOPA were mostly observed in fall and spring, which were associated with the enhancement of open biomass burning. The apparent increases of DHOPA and levoglucosan levels during the cold period and the negative correlations of visibility with DHOPA and levoglucosan imply that the reduction of SOAA amount and biomass burning emission is an efficient way to reduce haze pollution during fall to winter in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quan-Fu He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Qin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue-Si Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xin-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, China
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20
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Zhang Z, Wang H, Chen D, Li Q, Thai P, Gong D, Li Y, Zhang C, Gu Y, Zhou L, Morawska L, Wang B. Emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds and their secondary organic aerosol formation potentials from a petroleum refinery in Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:1162-1174. [PMID: 28189307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A campaign was carried out to measure the emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in different areas of a petroleum refinery in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China. In the refining area, 2-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, methylcyclopentane, 3-methylhexane, and butane accounted for >50% of the total VOCs; in the chemical industry area, 2-methylpentane, p-diethylbenzene, 2,3-dimethylbutane, m-diethylbenzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOCs detected; and in the wastewater treatment area, the five most abundant species were 2-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, methylcyclopentane, 3-methylpentane and p-diethylbenzene. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential was estimated using the fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC), secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP), and SOA yield methods. The FAC method suggests that toluene, p-diethylbenzene, and p-diethylbenzene are the largest contributors to the SOA formation in the refining, chemical industry, and wastewater treatment areas, respectively. With the SOAP method, it is estimated that toluene is the largest contributor to the SOA formation in the refining area, but o-ethyltoluene contributes the most both in the chemical industry and wastewater treatment areas. For the SOA yield method, aromatics dominate the yields and account for nearly 100% of the total in the three areas. The SOA concentrations estimated of the refining, chemical industry and wastewater treatment areas are 30, 3835 and 137μgm-3, respectively. Despite the uncertainties and limitations associated with the three methods, the SOA yield method is suggested to be used for the estimation of SOA formation from the petroleum refinery. The results of this study have demonstrated that the control of VOCs, especially aromatics such as toluene, ethyltoluene, benzene and diethylbenzene, should be a focus of future regulatory measures in order to reduce PM pollution in the PRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qinqin Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yinggang Gu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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21
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Jathar SH, Friedman B, Galang AA, Link MF, Brophy P, Volckens J, Eluri S, Farmer DK. Linking Load, Fuel, and Emission Controls to Photochemical Production of Secondary Organic Aerosol from a Diesel Engine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1377-1386. [PMID: 28071047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diesel engines are important sources of fine particle pollution in urban environments, but their contribution to the atmospheric formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is not well constrained. We investigated direct emissions of primary organic aerosol (POA) and photochemical production of SOA from a diesel engine using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR). In less than a day of simulated atmospheric aging, SOA production exceeded POA emissions by an order of magnitude or more. Efficient combustion at higher engine loads coupled to the removal of SOA precursors and particle emissions by aftertreatment systems reduced POA emission factors by an order of magnitude and SOA production factors by factors of 2-10. The only exception was that the retrofitted aftertreatment did not reduce SOA production at idle loads where exhaust temperatures were low enough to limit removal of SOA precursors in the oxidation catalyst. Use of biodiesel resulted in nearly identical POA and SOA compared to diesel. The effective SOA yield of diesel exhaust was similar to that of unburned diesel fuel. While OFRs can help study the multiday evolution, at low particle concentrations OFRs may not allow for complete gas/particle partitioning and bias the potential of precursors to form SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
| | - Beth Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Abril A Galang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
| | - Michael F Link
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Patrick Brophy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
| | - Sailaja Eluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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22
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Gentner DR, Jathar SH, Gordon TD, Bahreini R, Day DA, El Haddad I, Hayes PL, Pieber SM, Platt SM, de Gouw J, Goldstein AH, Harley RA, Jimenez JL, Prévôt ASH, Robinson AL. Review of Urban Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicle Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1074-1093. [PMID: 28000440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is formed from the atmospheric oxidation of gas-phase organic compounds leading to the formation of particle mass. Gasoline- and diesel-powered motor vehicles, both on/off-road, are important sources of SOA precursors. They emit complex mixtures of gas-phase organic compounds that vary in volatility and molecular structure-factors that influence their contributions to urban SOA. However, the relative importance of each vehicle type with respect to SOA formation remains unclear due to conflicting evidence from recent laboratory, field, and modeling studies. Both are likely important, with evolving contributions that vary with location and over short time scales. This review summarizes evidence, research needs, and discrepancies between top-down and bottom-up approaches used to estimate SOA from motor vehicles, focusing on inconsistencies between molecular-level understanding and regional observations. The effect of emission controls (e.g., exhaust aftertreatment technologies, fuel formulation) on SOA precursor emissions needs comprehensive evaluation, especially with international perspective given heterogeneity in regulations and technology penetration. Novel studies are needed to identify and quantify "missing" emissions that appear to contribute substantially to SOA production, especially in gasoline vehicles with the most advanced aftertreatment. Initial evidence suggests catalyzed diesel particulate filters greatly reduce emissions of SOA precursors along with primary aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- School of Forestry & Environmental Science, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Timothy D Gordon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Roya Bahreini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simone M Pieber
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Stephen M Platt
- Department of Atmosphere and Climate, Norwegian Institute for Air Research , 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert A Harley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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23
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Guo H, Ling ZH, Cheng HR, Simpson IJ, Lyu XP, Wang XM, Shao M, Lu HX, Ayoko G, Zhang YL, Saunders SM, Lam SHM, Wang JL, Blake DR. Tropospheric volatile organic compounds in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1021-1043. [PMID: 27668854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical smog, characterized by high concentrations of ozone (O3) and fine particles (PM2.5) in the atmosphere, has become one of the top environmental concerns in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), one of the key precursors of O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (an important component of PM2.5), have a critical influence on atmospheric chemistry and subsequently affect regional and global climate. Thus, VOCs have been extensively studied in many cities and regions in China, especially in the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta regions where photochemical smog pollution has become increasingly worse over recent decades. This paper reviews the main studies conducted in China on the characteristics and sources of VOCs, their relationship with O3 and SOA, and their removal technology. This paper also provides an integrated literature review on the formulation and implementation of effective control strategies of VOCs and photochemical smog, as well as suggestions for future directions of VOCs study in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Z H Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H R Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - I J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - X P Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - X M Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Shao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - H X Lu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - G Ayoko
- Discipline of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Y L Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - S M Saunders
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S H M Lam
- Pacific Environment Limited, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J L Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - D R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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24
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Wang B, Liu Y, Shao M, Lu S, Wang M, Yuan B, Gong Z, He L, Zeng L, Hu M, Zhang Y. The contributions of biomass burning to primary and secondary organics: A case study in Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:548-556. [PMID: 27371770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synchronized online measurements of gas- and particle- phase organics including non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and submicron organic matters (OM) were conducted in November 2010 at Heshan, Guangdong provincial supersite, China. Several biomass burning events were identified by using acetonitrile as a tracer, and enhancement ratios (EnRs) of organics to carbon monoxide (CO) obtained from this work generally agree with those from rice straw burning in previous studies. The influences of biomass burning on NMHCs, OVOCs and OM were explored by comparing biomass burning impacted plumes (BB plumes) and non-biomass burning plumes (non-BB plumes). A photochemical age-based parameterization method was used to characterize primary emission and chemical behavior of those three organic groups. The emission ratios (EmRs) of NMHCs, OVOCs and OM to CO increased by 27-71%, 34-55% and 67% in BB plumes, respectively, in comparison with non-BB plumes. The estimated formation rate of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in BB plumes was found to be 24% faster than non-BB plumes. By applying the above emission ratios to the whole PRD, the annual emissions of VOCs and OM from open burning of crop residues would be 56.4 and 3.8Gg in 2010 in PRD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaoLin Wang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Min Shao
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - SiHua Lu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - ZhaoHeng Gong
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - LingYan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - LiMin Zeng
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - YuanHang Zhang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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El-Sayed MMH, Amenumey D, Hennigan CJ. Drying-Induced Evaporation of Secondary Organic Aerosol during Summer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3626-3633. [PMID: 26910726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized the effect of drying on the concentration of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Simultaneous measurements of water-soluble organic carbon in the gas (WSOCg) and particle (WSOCp) phases were carried out in Baltimore, MD during the summertime. To investigate the effect of drying on SOA, the WSOCp measurement was alternated through an ambient channel (WSOCp) and a "dried" channel (WSOCp,dry) maintained at ∼35% relative humidity (RH). The average mass ratio between WSOCp,dry and WSOCp was 0.85, showing that significant evaporation of the organic aerosol occurred due to drying. The average amount of evaporated water-soluble organic matter (WSOM = WSOC × 1.95) was 0.6 μg m(-3); however, the maximum evaporated WSOM concentration exceeded 5 μg m(-3), demonstrating the importance of this phenomenon. The systematic difference between ambient and dry channels indicates a significant and persistent source of aqueous SOA formed through reversible uptake processes. The wide-ranging implications of the work are discussed, and include: new insight into atmospheric SOA formation; impacts on particle measurement techniques; a newly identified bias in PM2.5 measurements using the EPA's Federal Reference and Equivalent Methods (FRM and FEM); atmospheric model evaluations; and the challenge in relating ground-based measurements to remote sensing of aerosol properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M H El-Sayed
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Dziedzorm Amenumey
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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26
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Pereira KL, Hamilton JF, Rickard AR, Bloss WJ, Alam MS, Camredon M, Ward MW, Wyche KP, Muñoz A, Vera T, Vázquez M, Borrás E, Ródenas M. Insights into the Formation and Evolution of Individual Compounds in the Particulate Phase during Aromatic Photo-Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13168-78. [PMID: 26473383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is well-known to have adverse effects on air quality and human health. However, the dynamic mechanisms occurring during SOA formation and evolution are poorly understood. The time-resolved SOA composition formed during the photo-oxidation of three aromatic compounds, methyl chavicol, toluene and 4-methyl catechol, were investigated at the European Photoreactor. SOA was collected using a particle into liquid sampler and analyzed offline using state-of-the-art mass spectrometry to produce temporal profiles of individual photo-oxidation products. In the photo-oxidation of methyl chavicol, 70 individual compounds were characterized and three distinctive temporal profile shapes were observed. The calculated mass fraction (Ci,aer/COA) of the individual SOA compounds showed either a linear trend (increasing/decreasing) or exponential decay with time. Substituted nitrophenols showed an exponential decay, with the nitro-group on the aromatic ring found to control the formation and loss of these species in the aerosol phase. Nitrophenols from both methyl chavicol and toluene photo-oxidation experiments showed a strong relationship with the NO2/NO (ppbv/ppbv) ratio and were observed during initial SOA growth. The location of the nitrophenol aromatic substitutions was found to be critically important, with the nitrophenol in the photo-oxidation of 4-methyl catechol not partitioning into the aerosol phase until irradiation had stopped; highlighting the importance of studying SOA formation and evolution at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Pereira
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline F Hamilton
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Rickard
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - William J Bloss
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed S Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Camredon
- LISA, UMR CNRS/INSU 7583, University of Paris-Est Créteil and Paris Diderot , Créteil, 94010, France
| | - Martyn W Ward
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin P Wyche
- Air Environment Research, School Environment and Technology, University of Brighton , Brighton, BN2 4AT, United Kingdom
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von Schneidemesser E, Monks PS, Allan JD, Bruhwiler L, Forster P, Fowler D, Lauer A, Morgan WT, Paasonen P, Righi M, Sindelarova K, Sutton MA. Chemistry and the Linkages between Air Quality and Climate Change. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3856-97. [PMID: 25926133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul S Monks
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - David Fowler
- ∇Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Lauer
- †Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Pauli Paasonen
- ○Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattia Righi
- ◆Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Katerina Sindelarova
- ¶UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Université Versailles St-Quentin; CNRS/INSU; LATMOS-IPSL, UMR 8190 Paris, France.,□Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark A Sutton
- ∇Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
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Tkacik DS, Lambe AT, Jathar S, Li X, Presto AA, Zhao Y, Blake D, Meinardi S, Jayne JT, Croteau PL, Robinson AL. Secondary organic aerosol formation from in-use motor vehicle emissions using a potential aerosol mass reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11235-11242. [PMID: 25188317 DOI: 10.1021/es502239v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from in-use vehicle emissions was investigated using a potential aerosol mass (PAM) flow reactor deployed in a highway tunnel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Experiments consisted of passing exhaust-dominated tunnel air through a PAM reactor over integrated hydroxyl radical (OH) exposures ranging from ∼ 0.3 to 9.3 days of equivalent atmospheric oxidation. Experiments were performed during heavy traffic periods when the fleet was at least 80% light-duty gasoline vehicles on a fuel-consumption basis. The peak SOA production occurred after 2-3 days of equivalent atmospheric oxidation. Additional OH exposure decreased the SOA production presumably due to a shift from functionalization to fragmentation dominated reaction mechanisms. Photo-oxidation also produced substantial ammonium nitrate, often exceeding the mass of SOA. Analysis with an SOA model highlight that unspeciated organics (i.e., unresolved complex mixture) are a very important class of precursors and that multigenerational processing of both gases and particles is important at longer time scales. The chemical evolution of the organic aerosol inside the PAM reactor appears to be similar to that observed in the atmosphere. The mass spectrum of the unoxidized primary organic aerosol closely resembles ambient hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA). After aging the exhaust equivalent to a few hours of atmospheric oxidation, the organic aerosol most closely resembles semivolatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SV-OOA) and then low-volatility organic aerosol (LV-OOA) at higher OH exposures. Scaling the data suggests that mobile sources contribute ∼ 2.9 ± 1.6 Tg SOA yr(-1) in the United States, which is a factor of 6 greater than all mobile source particulate matter emissions reported by the National Emissions Inventory. This highlights the important contribution of SOA formation from vehicle exhaust to ambient particulate matter concentrations in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Tkacik
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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29
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McVay RC, Cappa CD, Seinfeld JH. Vapor-wall deposition in chambers: theoretical considerations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10251-8. [PMID: 25118825 DOI: 10.1021/es502170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to constrain the effects of vapor-wall deposition on measured secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields in laboratory chambers, researchers recently varied the seed aerosol surface area in toluene oxidation and observed a clear increase in the SOA yield with increasing seed surface area (Zhang, X.; et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, 5802). Using a coupled vapor-particle dynamics model, we examine the extent to which this increase is the result of vapor-wall deposition versus kinetic limitations arising from imperfect accommodation of organic species into the particle phase. We show that a seed surface area dependence of the SOA yield is present only when condensation of vapors onto particles is kinetically limited. The existence of kinetic limitation can be predicted by comparing the characteristic time scales of gas-phase reaction, vapor-wall deposition, and gas-particle equilibration. The gas-particle equilibration time scale depends on the gas-particle accommodation coefficient αp. Regardless of the extent of kinetic limitation, vapor-wall deposition depresses the SOA yield from that in its absence since vapor molecules that might otherwise condense on particles deposit on the walls. To accurately extrapolate chamber-derived yields to atmospheric conditions, both vapor-wall deposition and kinetic limitations must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee C McVay
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and §Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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30
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Brown SG, Lee T, Roberts PT, Collett JL. Variations in the OM/OC ratio of urban organic aerosol next to a major roadway. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:1422-1433. [PMID: 24558705 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.826602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the organic matter/organic carbon (OM/OC) ratio in ambient particulate matter (PM) is critical to achieve mass closure in routine PM measurements, to assess the sources of and the degree of chemical processing organic aerosol particles have undergone, and to relate ambient pollutant concentrations to health effects. Of particular interest is how the OM/OC ratio varies in the urban environment, where strong spatial and temporal gradients in source emissions are common. We provide results of near-roadway high-time-resolution PM1 OM concentration and OM/OC ratio observations during January 2008 at Fyfe Elementary School in Las Vegas, NV, 18 m from the U.S. 95 freeway soundwall, measured with an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS). The average OM/OC ratio was 1.54 (+/- 0.20 standard deviation), typical of environments with a low amount of secondary aerosol formation. The 2-min average OM/OC ratios varied between 1.17 and 2.67, and daily average OM/OC ratios varied between 1.44 and 1.73. The ratios were highest during periods of low OM concentrations and generally low during periods of high OM concentrations. OM/OC ratios were low (1.52 +/- 0.14, on average) during the morning rush hour (average OM = 2.4 microg/m3), when vehicular emissions dominate this near-road measurement site. The ratios were slightly lower (1.46 +/- 0.10) in the evening (average OM = 6.3 microg/m3), when a combination of vehicular and fresh residential biomass burning emissions was typically present during times with temperature inversions. The hourly averaged OM/OC ratio peaked at 1.66 at midday. OM concentrations were similar regardless of whether the monitoring site was downwind or upwind of the adjacent freeway throughout the day, though they were higher during stagnant conditions (wind speed < 0.5 m/sec). The OM/OC ratio generally varied more with time of day than with wind direction and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Brown
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California 94954, USA.
| | - Taehyoung Lee
- Atmospheric Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul T Roberts
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California 94954, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Atmospheric Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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von Stackelberg K, Buonocore J, Bhave PV, Schwartz JA. Public health impacts of secondary particulate formation from aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline. Environ Health 2013; 12:19. [PMID: 23425393 PMCID: PMC3652775 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from gasoline-powered vehicles contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which increases the atmospheric mass concentration of fine particles (PM2.5). Here we estimate the public health burden associated with exposures to the subset of PM2.5 that originates from vehicle emissions of aromatics under business as usual conditions. METHODS The PM2.5 contribution from gasoline aromatics is estimated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system and the results are compared to ambient measurements from the literature. Marginal PM2.5 annualized concentration changes are used to calculate premature mortalities using concentration-response functions, with a value of mortality reduction approach used to monetize the social cost of mortality impacts. Morbidity impacts are qualitatively discussed. RESULTS Modeled aromatic SOA concentrations from CMAQ fall short of ambient measurements by approximately a factor of two nationwide, with strong regional differences. After accounting for this model bias, the estimated public health impacts from exposure to PM2.5 originating from aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline lead to a central estimate of approximately 3800 predicted premature mortalities nationwide, with estimates ranging from 1800 to over 4700 depending on the specific concentration-response function used. These impacts are associated with total social costs of $28.2B, and range from $13.6B to $34.9B in 2006$. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary quantitative estimates indicate particulates from vehicular emissions of aromatic hydrocarbons demonstrate a nontrivial public health burden. The results provide a baseline from which to evaluate potential public health impacts of changes in gasoline composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Buonocore
- Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 401 Park Drive, Landmark 404J, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Prakash V Bhave
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Joel A Schwartz
- Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 401 Park Drive, Landmark 404J, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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32
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Yuan B, Shao M, de Gouw J, Parrish DD, Lu S, Wang M, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Song Y, Zhang J, Hu M. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban air: How chemistry affects the interpretation of positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gentner DR, Isaacman G, Worton DR, Chan AWH, Dallmann TR, Davis L, Liu S, Day DA, Russell LM, Wilson KR, Weber R, Guha A, Harley RA, Goldstein AH. Elucidating secondary organic aerosol from diesel and gasoline vehicles through detailed characterization of organic carbon emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18318-23. [PMID: 23091031 PMCID: PMC3494959 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212272109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles are predominant anthropogenic sources of reactive gas-phase organic carbon and key precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban areas. Their relative importance for aerosol formation is a controversial issue with implications for air quality control policy and public health. We characterize the chemical composition, mass distribution, and organic aerosol formation potential of emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles, and find diesel exhaust is seven times more efficient at forming aerosol than gasoline exhaust. However, both sources are important for air quality; depending on a region's fuel use, diesel is responsible for 65% to 90% of vehicular-derived SOA, with substantial contributions from aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Including these insights on source characterization and SOA formation will improve regional pollution control policies, fuel regulations, and methodologies for future measurement, laboratory, and modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Gabriel Isaacman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David R. Worton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Aerosol Dynamics, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | - Arthur W. H. Chan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Timothy R. Dallmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Laura Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Shang Liu
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Douglas A. Day
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Robin Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Abhinav Guha
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Robert A. Harley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Zhang X, Liu J, Parker ET, Hayes PL, Jimenez JL, de Gouw JA, Flynn JH, Grossberg N, Lefer BL, Weber RJ. On the gas-particle partitioning of soluble organic aerosol in two urban atmospheres with contrasting emissions: 1. Bulk water-soluble organic carbon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wozniak AS, Bauer JE, Dickhut RM, Xu L, McNichol AP. Isotopic characterization of aerosol organic carbon components over the eastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Pye HOT, Pouliot GA. Modeling the role of alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and their oligomers in secondary organic aerosol formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6041-7. [PMID: 22568386 DOI: 10.1021/es300409w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A computationally efficient method to treat secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from various length and structure alkanes as well as SOA from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is implemented in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to predict aerosol concentrations over the United States. Oxidation of alkanes is predicted to produce more aerosol than oxidation of PAHs driven by relatively higher alkane emissions. SOA from alkanes and PAHs, although small in magnitude, can be a substantial fraction of the SOA from anthropogenic hydrocarbons, particularly in winter, and could contribute more if emission inventories lack intermediate volatility alkanes (>C(13)) or if the vehicle fleet shifts toward diesel-powered vehicles. The SOA produced from oxidation of alkanes correlates well with ozone and odd oxygen in many locations, but the lower correlation of anthropogenic oligomers with odd oxygen indicates that models may need additional photochemically dependent pathways to low-volatility SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O T Pye
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States.
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Langridge JM, Lack D, Brock CA, Bahreini R, Middlebrook AM, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Perring AE, Schwarz JP, Spackman JR, Holloway JS, Pollack IB, Ryerson TB, Roberts JM, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Trainer MK, Murphy DM. Evolution of aerosol properties impacting visibility and direct climate forcing in an ammonia-rich urban environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Ahmadov R, McKeen SA, Robinson AL, Bahreini R, Middlebrook AM, de Gouw JA, Meagher J, Hsie EY, Edgerton E, Shaw S, Trainer M. A volatility basis set model for summertime secondary organic aerosols over the eastern United States in 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ding X, Wang XM, Gao B, Fu XX, He QF, Zhao XY, Yu JZ, Zheng M. Tracer-based estimation of secondary organic carbon in the Pearl River Delta, south China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Shakya KM, Place PF, Griffin RJ, Talbot RW. Carbonaceous content and water-soluble organic functionality of atmospheric aerosols at a semi-rural New England location. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Peltier RE, Lippmann M. Spatial and seasonal distribution of aerosol chemical components in New York City: (1) Incineration, coal combustion, and biomass burning. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2011; 21:473-483. [PMID: 21540886 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe spatial and temporal patterns of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and of 12 of its constituent chemical elements commonly observed in measurements at residential locations in New York City (NYC). These elements, that is, Ni, V, As, Se, S, Cl, Na, K, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Mn, had significant spatial and temporal variability at 10 PM(2.5) sampling locations during our winter and summer sampling campaigns. By grouping the elements into traditional source apportionment categories, we show that specific chemical components of PM(2.5) considered to have a common source category, such as As and Se for coal combustion, do not always follow the same temporal or spatial pattern. PM(2.5) mass had only limited spatial variability and a slight summertime concentration enhancement. Measurements at residential locations were, on average, consistent with EPA sampling network measurements, although we found that during times of low regional concentration, EPA measurements underestimated the PM(2.5) concentration at residential locations. These results have implications for improved understanding of exposures to specific sources of PM(2.5), and raise some concerns about source profiles used in source-receptor modeling tracer input selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Peltier
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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Contribution of isoprene-derived organosulfates to free tropospheric aerosol mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21360-5. [PMID: 21098310 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012561107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent laboratory studies have demonstrated that isoprene oxidation products can partition to atmospheric aerosols by reacting with condensed phase sulfuric acid, forming low-volatility organosulfate compounds. We have identified organosulfate compounds in free tropospheric aerosols by single particle mass spectrometry during several airborne field campaigns. One of these organosulfates is identified as the sulfate ester of IEPOX, a second generation oxidation product of isoprene. The patterns of IEPOX sulfate ester in ambient data generally followed the aerosol acidity and NO(x) dependence established by laboratory studies. Detection of the IEPOX sulfate ester was most sensitive using reduced ionization laser power, when it was observed in up to 80% of particles in the tropical free troposphere. Based on laboratory mass calibrations, IEPOX added > 0.4% to tropospheric aerosol mass in the remote tropics and up to 20% in regions downwind of isoprene sources. In the southeastern United States, when acidic aerosol was exposed to fresh isoprene emissions, accumulation of IEPOX increased aerosol mass by up to 3%. The IEPOX sulfate ester is therefore one of the most abundant single organic compounds measured in atmospheric aerosol. Our data show that acidity-dependent IEPOX uptake is a mechanism by which anthropogenic SO(2) and marine dimethyl sulfide emissions generate secondary biogenic aerosol mass throughout the troposphere.
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Liggio J, Li SM, Vlasenko A, Sjostedt S, Chang R, Shantz N, Abbatt J, Slowik JG, Bottenheim JW, Brickell PC, Stroud C, Leaitch WR. Primary and secondary organic aerosols in urban air masses intercepted at a rural site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Gouw J, Jimenez JL. Organic aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:7614-8. [PMID: 19921869 DOI: 10.1021/es9006004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joost de Gouw
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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Bahreini R, Ervens B, Middlebrook AM, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, DeCarlo PF, Jimenez JL, Brock CA, Neuman JA, Ryerson TB, Stark H, Atlas E, Brioude J, Fried A, Holloway JS, Peischl J, Richter D, Walega J, Weibring P, Wollny AG, Fehsenfeld FC. Organic aerosol formation in urban and industrial plumes near Houston and Dallas, Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miyazaki Y, Kondo Y, Shiraiwa M, Takegawa N, Miyakawa T, Han S, Kita K, Hu M, Deng ZQ, Zhao Y, Sugimoto N, Blake DR, Weber RJ. Chemical characterization of water-soluble organic carbon aerosols at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta, China, in the summer of 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McKeen S, Grell G, Peckham S, Wilczak J, Djalalova I, Hsie EY, Frost G, Peischl J, Schwarz J, Spackman R, Holloway J, de Gouw J, Warneke C, Gong W, Bouchet V, Gaudreault S, Racine J, McHenry J, McQueen J, Lee P, Tang Y, Carmichael GR, Mathur R. An evaluation of real-time air quality forecasts and their urban emissions over eastern Texas during the summer of 2006 Second Texas Air Quality Study field study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sahu LK, Kondo Y, Miyazaki Y, Kuwata M, Koike M, Takegawa N, Tanimoto H, Matsueda H, Yoon SC, Kim YJ. Anthropogenic aerosols observed in Asian continental outflow at Jeju Island, Korea, in spring 2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pye HOT, Liao H, Wu S, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ, Henze DK, Seinfeld JH. Effect of changes in climate and emissions on future sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosol levels in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. O. T. Pye
- Department of Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - S. Wu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - L. J. Mickley
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. K. Henze
- Earth Institute; Columbia University; New York New York USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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