1
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Sarkar K, Wei G, Rosadi MY, Murata N, Li F. Characterization of DOM released from bacteria in response to chlorine in water based on indicator bacteria E. coli. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:193-207. [PMID: 35852481 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTIn this study, Escherichia coli (E. coli) was used as an indicator bacterium treated with five different concentrations of chlorine (0.1; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0, and 5.0 mg/L) and without chlorine (0.0 mg/L) to evaluate the changes in the DOM characteristics. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration initially increased along with the chlorine concentrations and decreased after 24 h (0.0 and 0.1 mg/L) and 168 h (0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 5.0 mg/L). Ultra-violet absorbance at 260 nm (UV260) showed that the absorbance decreased for control without chlorine (0.0 mg/L) and 0.1 mg/L chlorine, while increased for other concentrations of chlorine within 120 h. The DOC and UV260 results indicated that the high concentrations of chlorine initiated high contents of DOM which contained more humic-like molecules than the DOM released from E. coli without chlorine. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) analysis suggested that the DOM released from E. coli without chlorine enriched with protein-like substances, whereas the fulvic-like and humic-like substances more intensified in the DOM for the high concentrations of chlorine (>1.0 mg/L). The molecular weight distribution of DOM showed that the intensity of high molecular weight substances and polydispersity increased along with chlorine concentration and contact time, whereas the low molecular weight substances were relatively higher in the DOM for control without chlorine. The obtained results of this study would be useful for a better understanding of the variation of DOM during treatment and could be used as an important reference for optimizing the operation condition of the water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Sarkar
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Gengrui Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Fusheng Li
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- River Basin Research Centre, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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2
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Fernández-Pascual E, Droz B, O’Dwyer J, O’Driscoll C, Goslan EH, Harrison S, Weatherill J. Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter Components as Surrogates for Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Drinking Water: A Critical Review. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:1997-2008. [PMID: 37588806 PMCID: PMC10425960 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation, prediction, and minimization are critical challenges facing the drinking water treatment industry worldwide where chemical disinfection is required to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) is used to characterize and quantify fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) components in aquatic systems and may offer considerable promise as a low-cost optical surrogate for DBP formation in treated drinking waters. However, the global utility of this approach for quantification and prediction of specific DBP classes or species has not been widely explored to date. Hence, this critical review aims to elucidate recurring empirical relationships between common environmental fluorophores (identified by PARAFAC) and DBP concentrations produced during water disinfection. From 45 selected peer-reviewed articles, 218 statistically significant linear relationships (R2 ≥ 0.5) with one or more DBP classes or species were established. Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), as key regulated classes, were extensively investigated and exhibited strong, recurrent relationships with ubiquitous humic/fulvic-like FDOM components, highlighting their potential as surrogates for carbonaceous DBP formation. Conversely, observed relationships between nitrogenous DBP classes, such as haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), and N-nitrosamines (NAs), and PARAFAC fluorophores were more ambiguous, but preferential relationships with protein-like components in the case of algal/microbial FDOM sources were noted. This review highlights the challenges of transposing site-specific or FDOM source-specific empirical relationships between PARAFAC component and DBP formation potential to a global model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Pascual
- School
of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental
Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Boris Droz
- School
of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental
Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Jean O’Dwyer
- School
of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental
Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
- iCRAG
Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | | | - Emma H. Goslan
- Cranfield
Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Harrison
- School
of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental
Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - John Weatherill
- School
of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental
Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
- iCRAG
Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
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3
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Chow ATS, Ulus Y, Huang G, Kline MA, Cheah WY. Challenges in quantifying and characterizing dissolved organic carbon: Sampling, isolation, storage, and analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:837-871. [PMID: 35899915 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advancements in analytical techniques, there are still great challenges and difficulties in accurately and effectively quantifying and characterizing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in environmental samples. The objectives of this review paper are (a) to understand the roles and variability of DOC along the water continuum; (b) to identify the constraints, inconsistences, limitations, and artifacts in DOC characterization; and (c) to provide recommendations and remarks to improve the analytical accuracy. For the first objective, we summarize the four ecological and engineering roles of DOC along the water continuum from source water to municipal utility, including nutrients and energy sources, controlling the fates of micropollutants, buffering capacity, and treatability and precursors of disinfection byproducts. We also discuss three major challenges in DOC analysis, including spatial and temporal variations, degradability and stability, and unknown structures and formulas. For the second objective, we review the procedures and steps in DOC analysis, including sampling in diverse environmental matrices, isolation of DOC fraction, storage and preservation techniques, and analyses on bulk chemical characteristics. We list and discuss the available options and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each choice. Last, we provide recommendations and remarks for each stage: sampling, isolation, storage, and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tat-Shing Chow
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Yener Ulus
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Guocheng Huang
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuzhou Univ., Minhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Michael Alan Kline
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Wing-Yee Cheah
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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4
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Nguyen HVM, Lee HS, Lee SY, Hur J, Shin HS. Changes in structural characteristics of humic and fulvic acids under chlorination and their association with trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148142. [PMID: 34380267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chlorination on 16 humic and fulvic acids (HAs and FAs, respectively) extracted from six different soil samples from Korea and two purchased soil samples (Canadian peat moss, Elliott Silt Loam Soil) were investigated to identify the changes in their structural characteristics and their effects on trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential. The effect of chlorination was also investigated in fractionated samples (Aldrich HA, F1-F5) based on molecular weight (MW). Total organic carbon (TOC), specific UV absorbance (SUVA), fulvic-like fluorescence (%FLF), terrestrial humic-like fluorescence (%THLF), weight-average molecular weight (MWw), and carbon structures (13C NMR) were measured for each sample before and after chlorination, and factors relating to the chlorination mechanism were examined using principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the changes in the structural characteristics and the disinfection by-product formation of chlorinated HA and FA differed critically. For chlorinated HA, TOC and %FLF decreased due to oxidation, whereas %THLF was reduced via incorporation; MW also affected the structural changes and THMFP generation. In the PCA results, high SUVA, low MW, low N/C, and low O groups of aromatic C were associated with high THMFP production in HA, whereas low O groups of aliphatic C in FA were associated with both oxidation and incorporation in terms of THMFP. These results elucidate the mechanisms associated with the effects of chlorination in HA and FA and will support the prediction of THMFP generation in HA and FA based on their specific structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Vo-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, South Korea
| | - Han-Saem Lee
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, South Korea
| | - Su-Young Lee
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sang Shin
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, South Korea.
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5
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Lin CJ, Zhang R, Waisner SA, Nawaz T, Center L, Gent DB, Johnson JL, Holland S. Effects of process factors on the performance of electrochemical disinfection for wastewater in a continuous-flow cell reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36573-36584. [PMID: 33704635 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although electrochemical disinfection has been shown to be an effective approach to inactivate bacteria in saline water, the effects of process parameters and reactor design for its application in low-salinity water have not been well understood. In this study, factorial experiments were performed to investigate the direct and confounded effects of applied current (5-20 mA), contact time (2.5-20 min), anode surface area (185-370 cm2), and chloride concentration (50-400 mg L-1) on the disinfection efficiency in fresh water and the secondary effluent of municipal wastewater. An electrochemical disinfection reactor cell with an internal volume of 75 cm3 was designed and fabricated. Residence time distribution analysis showed that the internal mixing of the reactor is similar to that of a dispersed plug-flow reactor. All studied process parameters showed significant effect on the kill efficiency, with the applied current and contact time having the most dominant effect. Although the effect of chloride concentration, which is responsible for electrochemical production of free chlorine in water, is statistically significant, it is not as prominent as those reported for high salinity water. A synergistic effect between chloride concentration and anode surface area was identified, leading to high kill efficiency (99.9%, 3 log kill) at low current density (0.0135 mA cm-2). Response surface modeling results suggested that a scaled-up disinfection reactor can be designed using large anode surface area with long contact time for high chloride water (400 mg L-1) or high current density with short contact time for low chloride water (50 mg L-1). The power requirement of a portable system treating 37.85 m3 day-1 (10,000 gpd) of municipal wastewater was estimated to be 1.9 to 8.3 kW to achieve a 3 log kill, depending on the reactor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Jen Lin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA.
- Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA.
| | - Ruolin Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
| | - Scott A Waisner
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Tabish Nawaz
- Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Lori Center
- Texas Research Institute for Environmental Studies, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - David B Gent
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Sabin Holland
- Texas Research Institute for Environmental Studies, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
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6
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Li X, Li A, Li Z, Sun H, Shi P, Zhou Q, Shuang C. Organic micropollutants and disinfection byproducts removal from drinking water using concurrent anion exchange and chlorination process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141470. [PMID: 32889255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many traditional drinking water treatment processes have limited removal efficiencies on natural organic matter (NOM) and organic micropollutants (OMPs), and thus may lead to the production of harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs). We examined four kinds of anion exchange resins (D205, D213, NDMP-3, and M80) in conjunction with chlorination in the treatment of drinking water. Five categories including 40 OMPs at environmentally relevant concentrations were analyzed. M80 showed the best performance to remove OMPs in water. However, it was vulnerable to the presence of humic acid (HA), indicating its limitation on removing OMPs and NOM at the same time. In contrast, D205, D213, NDMP-3 resins were less affected by HA. Besides, D205, D213 and NDMP-3 provided higher efficiencies on the reduction of DBPs than M80. The amount of trihalomethanes (THMs) lowered by 42.7%, 37.6%, 32.1%, and 0%, whereas haloacetic acids (HAAs) were decreased by 34.0%, 31.2%, 23.0%, and 17.9% by D205, D312, NDMP-3, and M80. Notably, D205 showed the highest removal effects on the bromide ion, brominated THMs, and HAAs, supporting that D205 can be a selective resin for the treatment of drinking water in high bromide-containing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zekai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongfang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, 362000, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, 362000, China
| | - Chendong Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, 362000, China
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7
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Ike IA, Karanfil T, Ray SK, Hur J. A comprehensive review of mathematical models developed for the estimation of organic disinfection byproducts. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125797. [PMID: 31918104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present comparative and comprehensive views on the foundations, potentials and limitations of the previously reported mathematical models for the estimation of the concentration of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generated during the chlor(am)ination of water. To this end, DBPs models were divided into two major categories: static variable (SV) and dynamic variable (DV) or differential models. In SV models, variables remain in their original form throughout a chlor(am)ination modelling period while DV models consider the changes driven by a chlor(am)ination treatment as the variables. This classification and the comparative study of the two types of models led to a better understanding of the assumptions, potentials, and limitations of the existing DBP models. In opposition to several claims in the literature, certain DV models based on UV absorbance/fluorescence failed to selectively track the chromophores responsible for DBP formation. In this critical review, a conceptual model for the photophysics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) based on the theory of electron delocalization was proposed to explain some inconsistent spectroscopic properties of DOM following chlor(am)ination and several unique photophysical properties of DOM. New insights for the development and deployment of mathematical models were also provided to estimate DBPs in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu A Ike
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Schindra Kumar Ray
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
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8
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Williams CJ, Conrad D, Kothawala DN, Baulch HM. Selective removal of dissolved organic matter affects the production and speciation of disinfection byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:75-84. [PMID: 30359804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural and human impacted waters and the variety of drinking water treatment processes employed has made a mechanistic understanding of disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation challenging. In this study, we examined the formation of the regulated DBPs (Trichloromethanes, THM, and Haloacetic acids, HAA) during full-scale water treatment operations both with prechlorination treatment (normal operations for the drinking water plant) and without (altered operations); followed by coagulation, flocculation, filtration, and chlorination. The source water DOM concentration ranged 6.4 to 7.3 mg-C/L. DOM composition was moderately humic and degraded with a mix of microbial- and terrestrial-like characteristics. Removal of raw water prechlorination caused an average reduction in total THM and HAA concentrations of 52.7% and 40.0%, respectively, with the greater reduction noted for chlorinated-DBPs rather than brominated-DBPs. Prechlorination treatment resulted in a higher relative production of Cl3CH and BrCl2CH associated with aromatic, humic, and terrestrial-like DOM. Without prechlorination, the DBP pool had higher proportions of brominated-DBPs (Br3CH, Br2ClCH, Br2CHCOOH, BrClCHCOOH, and BrCH2COOH) associated with microbial-like, processed humic-like, and protein-like DOM. These observed patterns could not be explained by chloride demand and DOM concentration, indicating that DOM composition played an important role in DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton J Williams
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Dan Conrad
- Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant, P.O. Box 1790, Regina, SK S4P 3C8, Canada
| | - Dolly N Kothawala
- Department of Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helen M Baulch
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
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9
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Brophy MJ, Trueman BF, Park Y, Betts RA, Gagnon GA. Fluorescence Spectra Predict Microcystin-LR and Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential in Lake Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:586-594. [PMID: 30561985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and algal toxins can be expensive to monitor and represent significant potential risks to human health. DBPs, including haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes, are possible or probable human carcinogens. Microcystin-LR-produced by cyanobacteria-is linked with various adverse health effects. Here we show that fluorescence spectra predict both microcystin-LR occurrence and DBP formation potential (DBPfp) in lake water. We compared models with either fluorescence spectra or a suite of water quality predictors as inputs. A regularized logistic regression model with fluorescence spectral inputs correctly classified 94% of test data with respect to microcystin-LR occurrence, with a 96% probability of correctly ranking a detect/nondetect pair. Regularized linear regression predicted DBPfp based on fluorescence inputs with a combined R2 of 0.83 on test data. A gradient-boosted classifier with seven water quality inputs was comparable in detecting microcystin-LR (91% correct), as was UV254 in predicting DBPfp (combined test R2 = 0.84), but no single parameter matched fluorescence spectra over both predictive tasks. Results highlight the potential for multiparameter monitoring via fluorescence spectroscopy, extending previous work on predicting DBPs alone. As a high-frequency monitoring tool, this approach could supplement mass spectrometric methods that may only be applicable at low frequency due to resource limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Brophy
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Benjamin F Trueman
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Yuri Park
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Rebecca A Betts
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
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10
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Shimabuku KK, Kennedy AM, Mulhern RE, Summers RS. Evaluating Activated Carbon Adsorption of Dissolved Organic Matter and Micropollutants Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2676-2684. [PMID: 28117982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) negatively impacts granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption of micropollutants and is a disinfection byproduct precursor. DOM from surface waters, wastewater effluent, and 1 kDa size fractions were adsorbed by GAC and characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-absorption, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Fluorescing DOM was preferentially adsorbed relative to UV-absorbing DOM. Humic-like fluorescence (peaks A and C) was selectively adsorbed relative to polyphenol-like fluorescence (peaks T and B) potentially due to size exclusion effects. In the surface waters and size fractions, peak C was preferentially removed relative to peak A, whereas the reverse was found in wastewater effluent, indicating that humic-like fluorescence is associated with different compounds depending on DOM source. Based on specific UV-absorption (SUVA), aromatic DOM was preferentially adsorbed. The fluorescence index (FI), if interpreted as an indicator of aromaticity, indicated the opposite but exhibited a strong relationship with average molecular weight, suggesting that FI might be a better indicator of DOM size than aromaticity. The influence of DOM intermolecular interactions on adsorption were minimal based on SEC analysis. Fluorescence parameters captured the impact of DOM size on the fouling of 2-methylisoborneol and warfarin adsorption and correlated with direct competition and pore blockage indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K Shimabuku
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Anthony M Kennedy
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Technical Service Center, US Bureau of Reclamation , Denver Federal Center Building 67, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Riley E Mulhern
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - R Scott Summers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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11
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Cawley KM, Hohner AK, Podgorski DC, Cooper WT, Korak JA, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Molecular and Spectroscopic Characterization of Water Extractable Organic Matter from Thermally Altered Soils Reveal Insight into Disinfection Byproduct Precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:771-779. [PMID: 28032509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the effects of thermal-alteration on water extractable organic matter (WEOM), soil samples were heated in a laboratory at 225, 350, and 500 °C. Next, heated and unheated soils were leached, filtered, and analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, optical properties, molecular size distribution, molecular composition, and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation following the addition of chlorine. The soils heated to 225 °C leached the greatest DOC and had the highest C- and N-DBP precursor reactivity per unit carbon compared to the unheated material or soils heated to 350 or 500 °C. The molecular weight of the soluble compounds decreased with increasing heating temperature. Compared to the unheated soil leachates, all DBP yields were higher for the leachates of soils heated to 225 °C. However, only haloacetonitrile yields (μg/mgC) were higher for leachates of the soils heated to 350 °C, whereas trihalomethane, haloacetic acid and chloropicrin yields were lower compared to unheated soil leachates. Soluble N-containing compounds comprised a high number of molecular formulas for leachates of heated soils, which may explain the higher yield of haloacetonitriles for heated soil leachates. Overall, heating soils altered the quantity, quality, and reactivity of the WEOM pool. These results may be useful for inferring how thermal alteration of soil by wildfire can affect water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelin M Cawley
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado , 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0607, United States
- National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) , 1685 38th Street, Suite 100, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Amanda K Hohner
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado , 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0607, United States
| | - David C Podgorski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - William T Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Julie A Korak
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado , 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0607, United States
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado , 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0607, United States
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12
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Hohner AK, Cawley K, Oropeza J, Summers RS, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Drinking water treatment response following a Colorado wildfire. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:187-198. [PMID: 27619495 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can greatly alter the vegetation, soils, and hydrologic processes of watersheds serving as drinking water supplies, which may negatively influence source water quality and treatment. To address wildfire impacts on treatment, a drinking water intake below a burned watershed and an upstream, unburned reference site were monitored following the High Park wildfire (2012) in the Cache la Poudre watershed of northern Colorado, USA. Turbidity, nutrients, dissolved organic matter (DOM) character, coagulation treatability, and disinfection byproduct formation were evaluated and compared to pre-fire data. Post-fire paired spatial differences between the treatment plant intake and reference site for turbidity, nitrogen, and phosphorus increased by an order of magnitude compared to pre-fire differences. Fluorescence index (FI) values were significantly higher at the intake compared to the reference site (Δ = 0.04), and higher than pre-fire years, suggesting the wildfire altered the DOM character of the river. Total trihalomethane (TTHM) and haloacetonitrile (HAN4) formation at the intake were 10.1 μg L-1 and 0.91 μg L-1 higher than the reference site. Post-fire water was amenable to conventional treatment at a 10 mg L-1 higher average alum dose than reference samples. The intake was also monitored following rainstorms. Post-rainstorm samples showed the maximum observed FI values (1.52), HAN4 (3.4 μg mgC-1) and chloropicrin formation yields (3.6 μg mgC-1), whereas TTHM and haloacetic acid yields were not elevated. Several post-rainstorm samples presented treatment challenges, and even at high alum doses (65 mg L-1), showed minimal dissolved organic carbon removal (<10%). The degraded water quality of the post-rainstorm samples is likely attributed to the combined effects of runoff from precipitation and greater erosion following wildfire. Wildfire impacts cannot be separated from rainfall effects due to the lack of post-rainstorm samples from the reference site. Results suggest for this study region, wildfire may have consequences for influent water quality, coagulant dosing, and DBP speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Hohner
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kaelin Cawley
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jill Oropeza
- City of Fort Collins Utilities, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - R Scott Summers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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13
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Long-Term Comparison of Disinfection By-Product Formation Potential in a Full Scale Treatment Plant Utilizing a Multi-Coagulant Drinking Water Treatment Scheme. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8080318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Awad J, van Leeuwen J, Abate D, Pichler M, Bestland E, Chittleborough DJ, Fleming N, Cohen J, Liffner J, Drikas M. The effect of vegetation and soil texture on the nature of organics in runoff from a catchment supplying water for domestic consumption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 529:72-81. [PMID: 26005751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of vegetation and soil texture on the concentration and character of dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in runoff from the surface and sub-surface of zero order catchments of the Myponga Reservoir-catchment (South Australia) was investigated to determine the impacts of catchment characteristics and land management practices on the quality of waters used for domestic supply. Catchments selected have distinct vegetative cover (grass, native vegetation or pine) and contrasting texture of the surface soil horizon (sand or clay loam/clay). Water samples were collected from three slope positions (upper, middle, and lower) at soil depths of ~30 cm and ~60 cm in addition to overland flows. Filtered (0.45 μm) water samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV-visible absorbance and by F-EEM and HPSEC with UV and fluorescence detection to characterize the DOM. Surface and sub-surface runoff from catchments with clay soils and native vegetation or grass had lower DOC concentrations and lower relative abundances of aromatic, humic-like and high molecular weight organics than runoff from sandy soils with these vegetative types. Sub-surface flows from two catchments with Pinus radiata had similar DOC concentrations and DOM character, regardless of marked variation in surface soil texture. Runoff from catchments under native vegetation and grass on clay soils resulted in lower DOC concentrations and hence would be expected to have lower coagulant demand in conventional treatment for potable water supply than runoff from corresponding sandy soil catchments. However, organics in runoff from clay catchments would be more difficult to remove by coagulation. Surface waters from the native vegetation and grass catchments were generally found to have higher relative abundance of organic compounds amenable to removal by coagulation compared with sub-surface waters. Biophysical and land management practices combine to have a marked influence on the quality of source water used for domestic supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Awad
- Centre for Water Management and Reuse, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - John van Leeuwen
- Centre for Water Management and Reuse, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia 5095, Australia; State Key Laboratory for Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, CAS, Beijing, China; Barbara Hardy Institute, University of South Australia, South Australia 5095, Australia.
| | - Dawit Abate
- Centre for Water Management and Reuse, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Markus Pichler
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Erick Bestland
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - David J Chittleborough
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Nigel Fleming
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 397, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Centre for Water Management and Reuse, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Joel Liffner
- Centre for Water Management and Reuse, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Mary Drikas
- Centre for Water Management and Reuse, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia 5095, Australia; Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; State Key Laboratory for Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, CAS, Beijing, China
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15
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Shi P, Ma R, Zhou Q, Li A, Wu B, Miao Y, Chen X, Zhang X. Chemical and bioanalytical assessments on drinking water treatments by quaternized magnetic microspheres. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 285:53-60. [PMID: 25481701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the toxicity reduction performance of conventional drinking water treatment (CT) and a treatment (NT) with quaternized magnetic microspheres (NDMP) based on chemical analyses. Fluorescence excitation-emission-matrix combined with parallel factor analysis identified four components in source water of different rivers or lake, and the abundance of each component differed greatly among the different samples. Compared with the CT, the NT evidently reduced the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, adsorbable organic halogens (AOX), bromide and disinfection by-products. Toxicological evaluation indicated that the NT completely eliminated the cytotoxicity, and greatly reduced the genotoxicity and oxidative stress of all raw water. In contrast, the CT increased the cytotoxicity of Taihu Lake and the Zhongshan River water, genotoxicity of Taihu Lake and the Mangshe River water, as well as the levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde of the Mangshe River water. Correlation analysis indicated that the AOX of the treated samples was significantly correlated with the genotoxicity and glutathione concentration, but exhibited no correlation with either of them for all the samples. As it can effectively reduce pollutant levels and the toxicities of drinking water, NDMP might be widely used for drinking water treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; National Engineering Research Center of Organic Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; National Engineering Research Center of Organic Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; National Engineering Research Center of Organic Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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16
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Korak JA, Dotson AD, Summers RS, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Critical analysis of commonly used fluorescence metrics to characterize dissolved organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 49:327-338. [PMID: 24384525 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of fluorescence spectroscopy for the analysis and characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) has gained widespread interest over the past decade, in part because of its ease of use and ability to provide bulk DOM chemical characteristics. However, the lack of standard approaches for analysis and data evaluation has complicated its use. This study utilized comparative statistics to systematically evaluate commonly used fluorescence metrics for DOM characterization to provide insight into the implications for data analysis and interpretation such as peak picking methods, carbon-normalized metrics and the fluorescence index (FI). The uncertainty associated with peak picking methods was evaluated, including the reporting of peak intensity and peak position. The linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was found to deviate from linearity at environmentally relevant concentrations and simultaneously across all peak regions. Comparative analysis suggests that the loss of linearity is composition specific and likely due to non-ideal intermolecular interactions of the DOM rather than the inner filter effects. For some DOM sources, Peak A deviated from linearity at optical densities a factor of 2 higher than that of Peak C. For carbon-normalized fluorescence intensities, the error associated with DOC measurements significantly decreases the ability to distinguish compositional differences. An in-depth analysis of FI determined that the metric is mostly driven by peak emission wavelength and less by emission spectra slope. This study also demonstrates that fluorescence intensity follows property balance principles, but the fluorescence index does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Korak
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Aaron D Dotson
- Civil Engineering Department, ENGR 201, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - R Scott Summers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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17
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Sanchez NP, Skeriotis AT, Miller CM. A PARAFAC-based long-term assessment of DOM in a multi-coagulant drinking water treatment scheme. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1582-1591. [PMID: 24417368 DOI: 10.1021/es4049384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis approach was used to study the character and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a multicoagulant (two aluminum-based coagulants) full scale drinking water treatment plant. A three year, long-term assessment was conducted based on deconstruction of the excitation-emission matrices (EEM) of over 1000 water samples collected before and after parallel coagulation treatment basins. Two humic moieties and a protein-like group were identified in the raw and treated waters. Apportionment of fluorophores was established using a novel approach based on the overall fluorescence intensity (OFI) of PARAFAC components. Uncorrected matrix correlation (UMC) revealed minimal changes of the fluorescence moieties after treatment (UMC > 0.98), and a comparable effect of both coagulants on the structure (UMC > 0.99) and distribution of these groups. Coagulation increased the proportion of the protein-like fluorophore and preferentially removed a humic-like group irrespective of the coagulant. Preference for this moiety was supported by a coagulant-affinity factor derived from the association between PARAFAC components after treatment. The suitability of a PARAFAC-based approach for coagulant evaluation/selection was demonstrated when compared to a dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-based criterion. This paper contributes to the understanding of the behavior of PARAFAC components in water treatment processes and presents several approaches for the future monitoring and control of coagulation at full scale treatment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy P Sanchez
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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18
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Beggs KM, Billica JA, Korak JA, Rosario-Ortiz FL, McKnight DM, Summers RS. Spectral evaluation of watershed DOM and DBP precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M.H. Beggs
- University of Colorado at Boulder; Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Boulder Colo
| | | | - Julie A. Korak
- University of Colorado at Boulder; Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Boulder Colo
| | - Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz
- University of Colorado at Boulder; Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Boulder Colo
| | - Diane M. McKnight
- University of Colorado at Boulder; Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Boulder Colo
| | - R. Scott Summers
- University of Colorado at Boulder; Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Boulder Colo
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19
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Sanchez NP, Skeriotis AT, Miller CM. Assessment of dissolved organic matter fluorescence PARAFAC components before and after coagulation-filtration in a full scale water treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:1679-1690. [PMID: 23305685 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence monitoring of the raw and treated water after coagulation-filtration in a drinking water treatment plant in Northeast Ohio was conducted during a period of 32 months. Principal fluorophore groups present in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) of the raw, treated, raw-treated combined water and differential fluorescence data sets comprising over 680 samples were determined through Parallel Factor (PARAFAC) analysis. Four components (two humic-like and two with protein nature) were identified in each model and their degree of similarity was evaluated using the Uncorrected Matrix Correlation (UMC), a measure of spectral overlapping. Results show that spectral characteristics of the components in the independent models are comparable (average UMC > 0.98), indicating that from a PARAFAC perspective, components in the raw water are not experiencing major transformations beyond removal through the treatment process and new fluorescent components are not being formed. Coagulation assessment based on PARAFAC application to the differential excitation-emission matrices (ΔEEM), representing the portion of fluorescence removed after treatment, is introduced in this paper along with the volumetric evaluation of the components present in a sample as an alternative approach to determine their relative contribution. Volumetric analysis revealed a predominance of humic components, constituting about 80% in the raw and treated water. Results of the ΔEEM model indicated that the most amenable component to be removed by coagulation (removal ≈ 50%) at full scale operation is a humic-like fluorophore with predominance in the raw water, while removal of the protein-like components was about 30%. Results also show that the PARAFAC sample loadings exhibit a higher association with the total EEM signal in the raw and treated water samples when compared with alternative analysis techniques. These results support the analysis of the PARAFAC components present in the raw and treated samples as a viable measure for assessment of the coagulation process in a drinking water treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy P Sanchez
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn Science and Engineering Center (ASEC), 210, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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20
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Granderson CW, Pifer AD, Fairey JL. An improved chloroform surrogate for chlorine dioxide-and alum-treated waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley D. Pifer
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Ark
| | - Julian L. Fairey
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Ark
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21
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Beggs KMH, Summers RS. Character and chlorine reactivity of dissolved organic matter from a mountain pine beetle impacted watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5717-5724. [PMID: 21630676 DOI: 10.1021/es1042436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lodgepole pine needle leachates from trees killed by the mountain pine beetle epidemic in Colorado were evaluated for dissolved organic matter (DOM) character, biodegradation, treatability by coagulation and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. An average of 8.0 (±0.62) mg-DOC/g-dry weight of litter was leached from three sets of needle samples representing different levels of forest floor degradation. Fluorescence analysis included collection of excitation and emission matrices, examination of peak intensities and development of a 4-component parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis model. Peak intensity and PARAFAC analyses provided complementary results showing that fresh leachates were initially dominated by polyphenolic/protein-like components (60-70%) and humic-like fluorescence increased (40-70%) after biodegradation. Humic-like components were removed by coagulation (20-64%), while polyphenolic/protein-like components were not, which may create challenges for utilities required to meet OM removal regulations. DBP formation yields after 24 h chlorination were 20.5-26.4 μg/mg-DOC for trihalomethanes and 9.0-14.5 μg/mg-DOC for haloacetic acids for fresh leachates; increased after biodegradation to 19.2-64.2 and 7.1-30.9 μg/mg-DOC, respectively; and decreased after coagulation (fresh: 11.3-17.7;5.7-7.6 μg/mg-DOC, respectively; biodegraded: 12.0-27.3 and 2.9-7.2 μg/mg-DOC, respectively), reflective of changes in concentration of humic material. Humic-like PARAFAC components and peak intensities were positively correlated (R(2) ≥ 0.45) to DBP concentrations, while polyphenolic/protein-like components were not (R(2) ≤ 0.17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M H Beggs
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, United States.
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