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Gupta S, Sharma SK, Tiwari P, Vijayan N. Insight Study of Trace Elements in PM 2.5 During Nine Years in Delhi, India: Seasonal Variation, Source Apportionment, and Health Risks Assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 86:393-409. [PMID: 38806840 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentrations, seasonal variations, sources, and human health risks associated with exposure to heavy elements (As, Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni) of PM2.5 at an urban location of Delhi (28° 38' N, 77° 10' E; 218 m amsl), India, from January 2013 to December 2021. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 throughout the study period was estimated as 127 ± 77 µg m-3, which is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limit (annual: 40 µg m-3; 24 h: 60 µg m-3). The seasonal mass concentrations of PM2.5 exhibited at the order of post-monsoon (192 ± 110 µgm-3) > winter (158 ± 70 µgm-3) > summer (92 ± 44 µgm-3) and > monsoon (67 ± 32 µgm-3). The heavy elements, Al (1.19 µg m-3), Zn (0.49 µg m-3), Pb (0.43 µg m-3), Cr (0.21 µg m-3), Cu (0.21 µg m-3), Mn (0.07 µg m-3), and Ni (0.14 µg m-3) exhibited varying concentrations in PM2.5, with the highest levels observed in the post-monsoon season, followed by winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Six primary sources throughout the study period, contributing to PM2.5 were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), such as dust (paved/crustal/soil dust: 29.9%), vehicular emissions (17.2%), biomass burning (15.4%), combustion (14%), industrial emissions (14.2%), and Br-rich sources (9.2%). Health risk assessments, including hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR), were computed based on heavy elements concentrations in PM2.5. Elevated HQ values for Cr and Mn linked with adverse health impacts in both adults and children. High carcinogenic risk values were observed for Cr in both adults and children during the winter and post-monsoon seasons, as well as in adults during the summer and monsoon seasons. The combined HI value exceeding one suggests appreciable non-carcinogenic risks associated with the examined elements. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behaviour and risk mitigation of heavy elements in PM2.5, contributing to the understanding of air quality and public health in the urban environment of Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gupta
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Preeti Tiwari
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Narayanasamy Vijayan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Attri P, Mani D, Satyanarayanan M, Reddy D, Kumar D, Sarkar S, Kumar S, Hegde P. Atmospheric aerosol chemistry and source apportionment of PM10 using stable carbon isotopes and PMF modelling during fireworks over Hyderabad, southern India. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26746. [PMID: 38495155 PMCID: PMC10943357 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the influence of fireworks on atmospheric aerosols over the Southern Indian city of Hyderabad during festival of Diwali using mass closure, stable carbon isotopes and the EPA-PMF model. Identification of chemical species in day and night time aerosol samples for 2019 and 2020 Diwali weeks showed increased concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, K+, organic carbon (OC), Ba, Pb and Li, which were considered as tracers for fireworks. PM10 source apportionment was done using inorganic (trace elements, major ions) and carbonaceous (organic and elemental carbon; OC & EC) constituents, along with stable isotopic compositions of TC and EC. K+/Na+ ∼1 and K+nss/OC > 0.5 indicated contribution from fireworks. High NO3-, NH4+, Na+, Cl- and SO42- suggested the presence of deliquescent salts NaCl, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. TAE/TCE >1 suggested H+ exclusion, indicating possible presence of H2SO4 and NH4HSO4 in the aerosols. Ba, Pb, Sb, Sr and Fe increased by 305 (87), 12 (11), 12 (3), 3 (2) and 3 (4) times on Diwali nights, compared to pre-Diwali of 2019 (2020), and are considered as metallic tracers of fireworks. δ13CTC and δ13CEC in aerosols closely resembled that of diesel and C3 plant burning emissions, with meagre contribution from firecrackers during Diwali period. The δ13CEC was relatively depleted than δ13CTC and δ13COC. For both years, δ13COC-EC (δ13COC - δ13CEC) were positive, suggesting photochemical aging of aerosols during long-range transport, while for pre-Diwali 2019 and post-Diwali 2020, δ13COC-EC were negative with high OC/EC ratio, implying secondary organic aerosols formation. High toluene during Diwali week contributed to fresh SOA formation, which reacted with precursor 12C, leading to 13C depletions. Eight-factored EPA-PMF source apportionment indicated highest contribution from residue/waste burning, followed by marine/dust soil and fireworks, while least was contributed from solid fuel/coal combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Attri
- Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Devleena Mani
- Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - M. Satyanarayanan
- CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - D.V. Reddy
- CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Devender Kumar
- CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695021, India
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Ramya CB, Aswini AR, Hegde P, Boreddy SKR, Babu SS. Water-soluble organic aerosols over South Asia - Seasonal changes and source characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165644. [PMID: 37495130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) has been identified as a key component in atmospheric aerosols due to its ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) owing to their highly hygroscopic nature. This paper discusses about the spatio-temporal variability in WSOC mass concentration, sources (primary and secondary contributions), the role of long-range air-mass transport in modulating their abundance, at distinct sectors over South Asia. We found from our observations that, photochemical ageing of primary organic aerosols that are derived from biomass emissions, significantly contribute to the total WSOC budget over South Asia. The wide range of water-soluble compounds released by biomass burning can contribute directly to the WSOC fraction or undergo further atmospheric processing, such as oxidation or ageing, leading to the formation of additional WSOC. WSOC/OC (organic carbon) ratio and the correlation between the WSOC and secondary organic carbon (SOC) are used for assessing the contribution from secondary sources. The three different ratios are used to delineate different source processes; OC/EC (elemental carbon) for source identification, WSOC/OC for long-range atmospheric transport (ageing) and WSOC/SOC to understand the primary and secondary contribution of WSOC. The present investigation revealed that, the primary OC that have undergone significant chemical processing as a result of long-range transport have a substantial influence on WSOC formation over South Asia, especially in Indo Gangetic Plain outflow regions such as southern peninsular and adjacent marine regions. Overall, oxidation and ageing of primary organic aerosols emitted from biomass burning was found to serve as an important source of WSOC over South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Ramya
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - A R Aswini
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
| | - Suresh K R Boreddy
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - S Suresh Babu
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Singh GK, Qadri AM, Paul D, Gupta T, Mukherjee S, Chatterjee A. Investigation of sources and atmospheric transformation of carbonaceous aerosols from Shyamnagar, eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains: Insights from δ 13C and carbon fractions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138422. [PMID: 36925018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the chemical characterization of the carbonaceous component of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) collected over a year-long campaign from a regional site in Shyamnagar, West Bengal, in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), India. The carbonaceous fractions (elemental and organic carbon), mass concentrations, and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C value) of aerosols were measured and utilized to characterize the sources and understand the atmospheric processing of aerosols. Cluster analysis, Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) modeling, and fire count data were analyzed to decipher the pattern of air masses, source contributions, and extent of burning activities. The PM2.5 mass concentrations were significantly higher during winter (168.3 ± 56.3 μg m-3) and post-monsoon (109.8 ± 59.1 μg m-3) compared to the monsoon (29.8 ± 10.7 μg m-3) and pre-monsoon (55.1 ± 23.0 μg m-3). Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and total carbon (TC) concentrations were also several factors higher during winter and post-monsoon compared to monsoon and pre-monsoon. The winter and post-monsoon experienced the impact of air masses from upwind IGP. On the other hand, long-range transported air masses from the South-West direction dominated during monsoon and pre-monsoon, which are also relatively cleaner periods. The average δ13C during post-monsoon and winter was ∼1‰ higher compared to monsoon and pre-monsoon. The vehicular exhaust and biomass/biofuel burning contributed dominantly in winter and post-monsoon. In comparison, lower δ13C in pre-monsoon and monsoon might be attributed to the dominance of biomass/biofuel combustion. Photochemical-induced aging of the anthropogenic aerosols resulted in a higher δ13C of TC in winter and post-monsoon, whereas the mixing of different local sources in pre-monsoon and monsoon resulted in lower δ13C values. These findings benefit policymakers in strategizing proper and effective management of biomass/biofuel burning in the IGP to minimize air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Adnan Mateen Qadri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Debajyoti Paul
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Sauryadeep Mukherjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
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Xie L, Gao X, Liu Y, Yang B, Yuan H, Li X, Song J, Zhao J, Xing Q. Atmospheric deposition as a direct source of particulate organic carbon in region coastal surface seawater: Evidence from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158540. [PMID: 36113787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess the source characteristics of coastal aerosols and evaluate the contribution of atmospheric deposition to particulate organic matter in surface seawater, total suspended particulates (TSP) were collected at a shore-based site on the south coast of North Yellow Sea from December 2019 through November 2020. The samples were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) as well as stable carbon and nitrogen isotope (δ13C and δ15N). The results showed that the annual mean concentrations of TOC and TN were 5.36 ± 4.74 and 5.12 ± 6.52 μg m-3, respectively. δ13C fluctuated between -25.1 ‰ and -19.2 ‰ with an annual mean of -24.0 ± 1.0 ‰ and a significant seasonal variation (P < 0.05) characterizing by the enrichment in winter (-23.4 ± 0.6 ‰) compared to other seasons, which was probably related to the massive coal combustion. Besides, δ15N ranged from 7.9 ‰ to 21.1 ‰ with an annual mean of 12.5 ± 2.9 ‰ and a less pronounced seasonal pattern (P = 0.23). The Bayesian isotope-mixing model showed that, annually, the most important source of TSP was biogenic and biomass source (55.5 ± 10.8 %), followed by fossil fuel combustion (31.9 ± 9.0 %), while the marine contribution was less (12.6 ± 2.3 %). For TOC and TN, the dominated sources were fossil fuel combustion (47.7 ± 3.4 %) and biogenic and biomass source (57.3 ± 11.7 %), respectively. Furthermore, the model results indicated that the contribution of atmospheric deposition to suspended particulate matter in surface seawater was 18.0 ± 11.0 %, 17.1 ± 6.7 % and 10.2 ± 2.0 % in autumn, spring and summer, respectively. For particulate organic carbon in surface seawater, the contribution of atmospheric deposition was 35.2 ± 3.5 % in spring, highlighting the huge impact of atmospheric deposition on particulate carbon cycling in coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuelu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Yongliang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518114, China
| | - Huamao Yuan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jinming Song
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Qianguo Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Banoo R, Rai A, Rani M. Long-Term Variation in Carbonaceous Components of PM 2.5 from 2012 to 2021 in Delhi. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:502-510. [PMID: 35322279 PMCID: PMC8942158 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous species [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), elemental matter (EM), primary organic carbon (POC), secondary organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (TC), and total carbonaceous matter (TCM)] of PM2.5 were analyzed to study the seasonal variability and long-term trend of carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) in megacity Delhi, India from January, 2012 to April, 2021. The average concentrations (± standard deviation) of PM2.5, OC, EC, TC, EM, TCM, POC and SOC were 127 ± 77, 15.7 ± 11.6, 7.4 ± 5.1, 23.1 ± 16.5, 8.2 ± 5.6, 33.3 ± 23.9, 9.3 ± 6.3 and 6.5 ± 5.3 µg m-3, respectively during the sampling period (10-year average). The average CAs accounted for 26% of PM2.5 concentration during the entire sampling period. In addition, the seasonal variations in PM2.5, OC, EC, POC, SOC, and TCM levels were recorded with maxima in post-monsoon and minima in monsoon seasons. The linear relationship of OC and EC, OC/EC and EC/TC ratios suggested that the vehicular emissions (VE), fossil fuel combustion (FFC) and biomass burning (BB) are the major sources of CAs at megacity Delhi, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - T K Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - R Banoo
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - A Rai
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - M Rani
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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Bhattarai H, Tripathee L, Kang S, Chen P, Sharma CM, Ram K, Guo J, Rupakheti M. Nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in PM 2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon: Characteristics and sources in the highly polluted mountain valley. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:10-24. [PMID: 34969440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports for the first time a comprehensive analysis of nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in simultaneously collected PM2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon (March-May 2018) from a highly polluted urban Kathmandu Valley (KV) of the Himalayan foothills. The mean mass concentration of PM2.5 (129.8 µg/m3) was only ~25% of TSP mass (558.7 µg/ m3) indicating the dominance of coarser mode aerosols. However, the mean concentration as well as fractional contributions of water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) and carbonaceous species reveal their predominance in find-mode aerosols. The mean mass concentration of WSTN was 17.43±4.70 µg/m3 (14%) in PM2.5 and 24.64±8.07 µg/m3 (5%) in TSP. Moreover, the fractional contribution of total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) is much higher in PM2.5 (~34%) than that in TSP (~20%). The relatively low OC/EC ratio in PM2.5 (3.03 ± 1.47) and TSP (4.64 ± 1.73) suggests fossil fuel combustion as the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols with contributions from secondary organic aerosols. Five-day air mass back trajectories simulated with the HYSPLIT model, together with MODIS fire counts indicate the influence of local emissions as well as transported pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain region to the south of the Himalayan foothills. Principal component analysis (PCA) also suggests a mixed contribution from other local anthropogenic, biomass burning, and crustal sources. Our results highlight that it is necessary to control local emissions as well as regional transport while designing mitigation measures to reduce the KV's air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemraj Bhattarai
- Earth System Science Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu 44602, Nepal
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu 44602, Nepal.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chhatra Mani Sharma
- Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu 44602, Nepal; Central Department of Environmental Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
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He DY, Huang XF, Wei J, Wei FH, Zhu B, Cao LM, He LY. Soil dust as a potential bridge from biogenic volatile organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol in a rural environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118840. [PMID: 35026325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of coarse particles has recently been proven to be underestimated in the atmosphere and can strongly influence clouds, ecosystems and climate. However, previous studies on atmospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have mostly focused on the products in fine particles, it remains less understood how coarse particles promote secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study, we investigated water-soluble compounds of size-segregated aerosol samples (0.056 to >18 μm) collected at a coastal rural site in southern China during late summer and found that oxygenated organic matter was abundant in the coarse mode. Comprehensive source apportionment based on mass spectrum and 14C analysis indicated that different from fossil fuel SOA, biogenic SOA existed more in the coarse mode than in the fine mode. The SOA in the coarse mode showed a unique correlation with biogenic VOCs. 13C and elemental composition strongly suggested a pathway of heterogeneous reactions on coarse particles, which had an abundant low-acidic aqueous environment with soil dust to possibly initiate iron-catalytic oxidation reactions to form SOA. This potential pathway might complement understanding of both formation of biogenic SOA and sink of biogenic VOCs in global biogeochemical cycles, warrantying future relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yi He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jing Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Ming Cao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Gupta L, Dev R, Zaidi K, Sunder Raman R, Habib G, Ghosh B. Assessment of PM 10 and PM 2.5 over Ghaziabad, an industrial city in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: spatio-temporal variability and associated health effects. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:735. [PMID: 34669030 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the PM10 and PM2.5 concentration, associated mortality, and transport pathways in Ghaziabad which is an industrial city in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. To achieve this, PM (both PM10 and PM2.5) and meteorological parameters were measured from June 2018 to May 2019 at 2 locations and analyzed together with data from a 3rd location in Ghaziabad. The highest daily average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were ~ 1000 µg m-3 and ~ 450 µg m-3, respectively. At each of the three locations, the annual mean PM10 concentrations were ~ 260 ± 150 µg m-3 while the PM2.5 concentrations were 140 ± 90 µg m-3. Nonparametric Spearman rank correlation analysis between meteorological parameters and PM concentrations indicated that ventilation coefficient was anti-correlated with PM concentration during the post-monsoon and winter seasons (the most polluted seasons) with rank correlation values of approximately - 0.50. Multiple linear regression (MLR) revealed that the variability in local meteorological parameters account for ~ 50% variability (maximum) in PM10 mass during the monsoon and PM2.5 during the post-monsoon season. For long-range sources, cluster and concentrated weighted trajectory (CWT) analyses utilizing regional meteorology showed the impact of transported PM from sources in Arabian sea through western India in monsoon and from parts of South Asia through Northwestern IGP and neighboring cities in Uttar Pradesh in other seasons. Finally, mortality estimates show that the number of deaths attributable to ambient PM2.5 in Ghaziabad were ~ 873 per million individuals which was ~ 70% higher than Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovleen Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rishabh Dev
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Kumail Zaidi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Gazala Habib
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Bipasha Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India
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Singh GK, Rajeev P, Paul D, Gupta T. Chemical characterization and stable nitrogen isotope composition of nitrogenous component of ambient aerosols from Kanpur in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143032. [PMID: 33131840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN), water-soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN), water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) and ẟ15NTN (total N) was carried out on PM2.5 aerosol samples during wintertime to understand the major sources of ambient nitrogenous species at a heavily polluted location of Kanpur in north India. During the nighttime sampling campaign, WSON and NH4+_N contributed dominantly to the WSTN. Ammonium-rich condition persisted during sampling (NH4+/SO42- average equivalent mass ratio = 3.1 ± 0.7), suggesting complete neutralization of SO42- and formation of NH4NO3, which is stable in winter due to low temperature and high relative humidity (RH). Stagnant atmospheric conditions during wintertime enhanced concentrations of ionic species (SO42-, NH4+, and NO3-) at this location. Good correlations between NO3-_N, NH4+_N and biomass burning tracer K+BB (and also between NO3-_N, NH4+_N and SO42-) suggests a strong impact of biomass burning activities. Multi-linear regression (MLR) analysis shows a strong dependence of ẟ15N on NO3-_N, SO42- and WSON in night-1 (10:00 pm to 2:00 am) and on NO3-_N and SO42- in night-2 (2:00 am to 6:00 am) depicting different formation and removal mechanism of aerosols during both the time-periods. ẟ15NTN in PM2.5 varied from +8.8 to +15.5‰ (10.8 ± 1.3), similar to the variability observed for many urban locations in India and elsewhere. NH4+_N and WSON control the final ẟ15N value of nitrogenous aerosols. High relative humidity during nighttime enhanced the secondary organic aerosols formation due to aqueous-phase formation and gas to particle-phase partitioning. Isotopic fractionations associated with multi-phase reactions during gas to particle conversion of NH3 would result in an increase in ẟ15N by ~48‰ to 51‰ (at T of 5.4 °C to 15.4 °C) than that of the emission source(s), which indicates the most likely N-emission sources at Kanpur to be from agriculture activities and waste generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India; APTL at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India.
| | - Pradhi Rajeev
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India; APTL at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
| | - Debajyoti Paul
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India; APTL at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India; APTL at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
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Patel A, Rastogi N, Gandhi U, Khatri N. Oxidative potential of atmospheric PM 10 at five different sites of Ahmedabad, a big city in Western India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115909. [PMID: 33143975 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents the oxidative potential (OP) along with a wide range of chemical speciation of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) at five sites representing different environments in Ahmedabad, a big city in western India. On an average, PM10 concentrations were 116 ± 36, 228 ± 43, 133 ± 29, 101 ± 21, and 70 ± 20 μg m-3; volume-normalized OP (OPV) were 2.51 ± 0.71, 5.62 ± 0.68, 2.69 ± 0.76, 2.14 ± 0.41, and 1.55 ± 0.51 nmol DTT min-1 m-3; and mass-normalized OP (OPM) were 22 ± 3, 25 ± 5, 21 ± 6, 21 ± 2, and 22 ± 3 pmol DTT min-1 μg-1 over Bapunagar (backward residential area), Narol (industrial), Paldi (bus transport hub), Income Tax (huge running traffic) and Science City (posh residential area), respectively. Overall, OPV showed a significant linear correlation with PM10, whereas OPM showed near uniformity with increasing PM10. Although the OPM values were similar, the site-to-site variability in PM10 concentration reflects the corresponding health risks associated with PM10 exposure for the people living in these areas. Further, a noticeable temporal variation in OPM at Narol and Paldi suggests that species with diverse OPM contributed to PM10 on different days. A strong linear relationship between the ratio of OPV to the mass concentration of organic carbon (OPOC) and the ratio of m/z 43 signal to total water-soluble organic aerosols (WSOA) signals (f43) suggests that the fossil-fuel combustion derived WSOA have higher OP. Furthermore, the relationships of OP with water-soluble trace metals and brown carbon are also investigated and discussed in this paper. Nitrogenous organic compounds particularly emitted from the traffic-related sources in Paldi and Income Tax have higher OPOC than those emitted from other sources over Bapunagar, Narol, and Science City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Patel
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Utsav Gandhi
- Gujarat Environment Management Institute, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Nitasha Khatri
- Gujarat Environment Management Institute, Gandhinagar, India
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Aba A, Ismaeel A, Al-Boloushi O, Al-Shammari H, Al-Boloushi A, Malak M. Atmospheric residence times and excess of unsupported 210Po in aerosol samples from the Kuwait bay-northern gulf. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127690. [PMID: 32736243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of cosmogenic radionuclide 7Be and the naturally occurring radionuclide 222Rn and its progenies 210Pb, 210Po, and 214Pb were measured in the ground surface air in the urban area of the northern Arabian Gulf close to Kuwait Bay. A high-volume air sampler connected with a five-stage cascade impactor was used to collect approximately 1800 cubic meter weekly for a period of one year. The concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po varied from 0.35 to 1.65 mBq m-3 and from 0.23 to 3.2 mBq m-3, respectively; the 210Po/210Pb activity ratio was close to one. The average concentration of 7Be was 6.24 mBq m-3, ranging from 3 to 10 mBq m-3. The temporal variations of 210Pb, 210Po and 7Be showed maximum concentrations of 210Po and 7Be in occurred summer months. The observed excess of 210Po concentrations can be attributed to the local and long-range transport of suspended dust with 210Pb and 210Po in radioactive equilibrium state, oil industry emissions, local resuspended dust and the sea-salt-aerosols from the Arabian Gulf. The range of the residence time estimation using the 222Rn/210Pb and 214Pb/210Pb activity ratio methods ranged from three to five days. Moreover, the estimated residence time by the application of 7Be from the activity median aerodynamic diameter method was 4.2 days. The method of using the 210Po/210Pb activity ratio was invalid because of the excess 210Po sources of anthropogenic origin. Therefore, extensive accurate diurnal measurements of 214Pb and 222Rn can be applied in hot arid regions for better aerosols residence time estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aba
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait.
| | - A Ismaeel
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - O Al-Boloushi
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - H Al-Shammari
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - A Al-Boloushi
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Malak
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
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Chemical Composition and Light Absorption of PM2.5 Observed at Two Sites near a Busy Road during Summer and Winter. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To examine the difference in the major chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) between two roadway sites, 24 h integrated PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected both 15 m (Buk-Ku District Office (BKO) site) and 150 m (Chonnam National University campus (CNU) site) away from busy roads during the summer and winter periods; these samples were taken to determine the concentrations of organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and water-soluble inorganic species. In addition, the real-time aerosol light absorption coefficients (Abs) were measured using a dual-spot seven-wavelength aethalometer at the CNU site to evaluate the influence of traffic and biomass burning (BB) emissions on the concentrations of organic aerosol particles. The hourly NO2 concentration was also observed at an air pollution monitoring network that is about 2 km away from the CNU site. During summer, 24 h PM2.5 concentrations (PM2.5 episode) which exceeded the Korean PM2.5 standard (35 μg/m3) were linked to increases in organic matter (OM) and SO42− concentrations that accounted for on average 35–41% and 26–30%, respectively, of the PM2.5 at the two sites. The increased SO42− concentration was most likely attributable to the inflow of long-range transported aerosols, rather than local production, as demonstrated by both the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images and transport pathways of air masses reaching the sites. On the other hand, the OM, WSOC, and EC concentrations were directly attributable to traffic emissions at the sampling sites, as supported by the tight correlation between the OC and EC. A small difference between the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values calculated at wavelengths of 370–950 nm (AAE370–950nm) and 370–520 nm (AAE370–520nm), and the poor correlation of absorption coefficient by brown carbon (BrC) at 370 nm (AbsBrC370nm) with K+ (R2 = 0.00) also suggest a significant contribution of traffic emissions to OM. However, the wintertime PM2.5 episode was strongly related to the enhanced OM and NO3− concentrations, which contributed 26–28% and 22–23% of the PM2.5 concentration, respectively. It is interesting to note that there were two distinct OC/EC ratios in winter: a lower OC/EC (~3.0), which indicates a significant contribution of traffic emissions to the OC and EC, and a higher OC/EC (~6.5), which suggests an additional influence of BB emissions as well as traffic emissions at the sites. Strong correlations between the OC and EC (R2 = 0.72–0.83) and the enhanced AAE370–520nm values compared to the AAE370–950nm support that BB emissions were also an important contributor to the wintertime OM concentrations as well as traffic emissions at the two sites. A good correlation between the gaseous NO2 and NO3− and meteorological conditions (e.g., low wind speed and high relative humidity) suggest that the heterogeneous oxidation of NO2 on moist particles could be an important contributor to wintertime particulate NO3− formation at the sites. The OC concentrations during summer and winter were higher at the BKO site, with a higher traffic flow and a shorter distance from the roadway than at the CNU site. However, there were slight differences in the concentrations of secondary inorganic species (NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+) between the sites during summer and winter.
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Gadi R, Sharma SK, Mandal TK. Seasonal variation, source apportionment and source attributed health risk of fine carbonaceous aerosols over National Capital Region, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124500. [PMID: 31549639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deteriorating air quality with high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over National Capital Region (NCR) of India is one of the serious environmental and scientific issues. In this paper, PM2.5 samples were collected for 24 h twice or thrice a week during December 2016-December 2017 at three sites [Delhi (IG), Modinagar (MN) and Mahendragarh (HR)] over NCR to analyse the carbonaceous aerosols. Source apportionment of PM2.5 was attempted using Principal Component analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) based on the analysed carbonaceous fractions [Organic carbon, Elemental carbon, Secondary organic carbon (SOC)]. Organic compounds: alkanes, hopanes, steranes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, levoglucosan and n-alkanoic acids were analysed to distinguish the emission sources. Total Carbonaceous Aerosols (TCA) contributed significantly (∼26%) to PM2.5 which revealed their importance in source apportionment. Estimated SOC contributed 43.2%, 42.2% and 58.2% to OC and 5.4%, 5.3% and 7.8% to PM2.5 at IG, MN and HR sites respectively. PCA and PMF apportion five emission sources i.e., vehicular emissions (34.6%), biomass burning (26.8%), cooking emissions (15.7%), plastic and waste burning (13.5%) and secondary organic carbon (9.5%) for PM2.5. Source attributed health risk has also been calculated in terms of Lung cancer risk (LCR) associated with PAHs exposure and concluded that vehicular emissions (40.3%), biomass burning (38.1%), secondary organic carbon (12.8%) contributed higher to LCR (503.2 × 10-5; ∼503 cases in 1,00,000). Health risk assessment combined with source apportionment inferences signifies the immediate implementation of emissions reduction strategies with special target on transport sector and biomass burning over the NCR of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
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15
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Islam N, Rabha S, Silva LFO, Saikia BK. Air quality and PM 10-associated poly-aromatic hydrocarbons around the railway traffic area: statistical and air mass trajectory approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2039-2053. [PMID: 30783820 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Diesel engine railway traffic causes atmosphere pollution due to the exhaust emission which may be harmful to the passengers as well as workers. In this study, the air quality and PM10 concentrations were evaluated around a railway station in Northeast India where trains are operated with diesel engines. The gaseous pollutant (e.g. SO2, NO2, and NH3) was collected and measured by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The advanced level characterizations of the PM10 samples were carried out by using ion chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry , X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy techniques to know their possible environmental contaminants. High-performance liquid chromatography technique was used to determine the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to estimate the possible atmospheric pollution level caused by the rail traffic in the enclosure. The average PM10 concentration was found to be 262.11 µg m-3 (maximum 24 hour) which indicates poor air quality (AQI category) around the rail traffic. The statistical and air mass trajectory analysis was also done to know their mutual correlation and source apportionment. This study will modify traditional studies where only models are used to simulate the origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
| | - Shahadev Rabha
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India.
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Bikkina S, Sarin M. Brown carbon in the continental outflow to the North Indian Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:970-987. [PMID: 31089643 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00089e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we synthesize the size distribution and optical properties of the atmospheric water-soluble fraction of light-absorbing organic carbon (brown carbon; BrC) in the continental outflow from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in South Asia to the North Indian Ocean. A comparison of the mass absorption coefficient of water-soluble BrC (babs-WSBrC-365nm) in PM2.5 with that in PM10 sampled over the Bay of Bengal reveals the dominance of BrC in fine mode. Furthermore, the babs-BrC-365nm shows a significant linear relationship with mass concentrations of airborne particulate matter, water-soluble organic carbon and non-sea-salt-K+ in the continental outflow from the IGP. This observation emphasizes the ubiquitous nature and significant contribution of water-soluble BrC from biomass burning emissions (BBEs). Comparing the absorption properties from this study with global datasets, it is discernible that BBEs dominate BrC absorption. Furthermore, the imaginary refractive index of water-soluble BrC (kWSBrC-365nm) in marine aerosols sampled over the North Indian Ocean during November is significantly higher than during December to January. Thus, significant temporal variability is associated with crop-residue burning emissions in the IGP on the composition of BrC over the North Indian Ocean. Our estimates show that the babs-WSBrC-365nm and kWSBrC-365nm from post-harvest crop-residue burning emissions in the IGP are much higher than the BBEs from the southeastern United States and Amazonian forest fires. Another major finding of this study is the lack of significant relationship between kWSBrC-365nm and the mass ratio of elemental carbon to particulate organic matter, as previously suggested by chamber experiments to model varying BrC absorption properties in ambient aerosols. Therefore, considerable spatio-temporal variability prevails among emission sources (wood burning vs. crop-residue burning), which needs to be considered when assessing the regional radiative forcing of BrC relative to major absorbing elemental carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Bikkina
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad-380 009, India.
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17
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Wu G, Ram K, Fu P, Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu X, Stone EA, Pradhan BB, Dangol PM, Panday AK, Wan X, Bai Z, Kang S, Zhang Q, Cong Z. Water-Soluble Brown Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols from Godavari (Nepal), a Regional Representative of South Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3471-3479. [PMID: 30848122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) has recently emerged as an important light-absorbing aerosol. This study provides interannual and seasonal variations in light absorption properties, chemical composition, and sources of water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) based on PM10 samples collected in Godavari, Nepal, from April 2012 to May 2014. The mass absorption efficiency of WS-BrC at 365 nm (MAE365) shows a clear seasonal variability, with the highest MAE365 of 1.05 ± 0.21 m2 g-1 in premonsoon season and the lowest in monsoon season (0.59 ± 0.16 m2 g-1). The higher MAE365 values in nonmonsoon seasons are associated with fresh biomass burning emissions. This is further substantiated by a strong correlation ( r = 0.79, P < 0.01) between Abs365 (light absorption coefficient at 365 nm) and levoglucosan. We found, using fluorescence techniques, that humic-like and protein-like substances are the main chromophores in WS-BrC and responsible for 80.2 ± 4.1% and 19.8 ± 4.1% of the total fluorescence intensity, respectively. BrC contributes to 8.78 ± 3.74% of total light absorption over the 300-700 nm wavelength range. Considering the dominant contribution of biomass burning to BrC over Godavari, this study suggests that reduction in biomass burning emission may be a practical method for climate change mitigation in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Wan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , China
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52246 , United States
| | - Bidya Banmali Pradhan
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development , Khumaltar , Lalitpur 009771 , Nepal
| | - Pradeep Man Dangol
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development , Khumaltar , Lalitpur 009771 , Nepal
| | - Arnico K Panday
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development , Khumaltar , Lalitpur 009771 , Nepal
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
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Aswini AR, Hegde P, Nair PR, Aryasree S. Seasonal changes in carbonaceous aerosols over a tropical coastal location in response to meteorological processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:1261-1279. [PMID: 30625656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Near-surface atmospheric aerosols (PM10) collected from a tropical coastal location in south-west peninsular Indian region for a duration of 6 years (2012-18) (N = 461) were analysed for carbonaceous aerosol components, the less studied aerosol species. Organic carbon (OC), its water soluble-insoluble (WSOC and WIOC) components, primary-secondary (POC and SOC) fractions and elemental carbon (EC) were examined for understanding the annual, seasonal, day-night variations in abundance pattern along with associated physical and meteorological processes. Total carbonaceous aerosols accounting for 36% of the collected aerosol mass with 31.5% organic matter (OM) and 4.5% EC respectively, exhibited consistent seasonal pattern throughout the study period with high concentration during winter followed by post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and monsoon. Delineation of marine and continental components of carbonaceous species based on their relative dominance during different air-mass periods, shows that while marine aerosols were a combination of natural sources comprising of volatile, semi-volatile species and secondary organics (from marine VOC precursors); the continental aerosols were composed of anthropogenic combustion sources (fossil fuel, biomass emissions etc). Based on the measurements of OC and EC during 2005-09 and 2012-18, their long term trends (for more than a decade) were investigated. Although OC showed an increasing tendency, EC exhibited a decrease with the total carbonaceous aerosols exhibiting a gradual decreasing trend over the years, indicating that they do not strictly reverberate the reported increasing trend observed over north-central parts of India. This can be presumed to be due to the reduced anthropogenic inputs over the location owing to the control measures and policies. The strong convective activity and large scale monsoon phenomena also helps in the effective dispersion of pollutants. Making use of comprehensive measurement of carbonaceous aerosols and the previous measurements of other aerosol components, an improved chemical composition model is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Aswini
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
| | - Prabha R Nair
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - S Aryasree
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Sarkar C, Roy A, Chatterjee A, Ghosh SK, Raha S. Factors controlling the long-term (2009-2015) trend of PM 2.5 and black carbon aerosols at eastern Himalaya, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:280-296. [PMID: 30513422 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A first-ever long-term (2009-2015) study on the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) aerosol were conducted over Himalaya in order to investigate the characteristics, temporal variations and the important factors regulating the long-term trend. The study was conducted over a high altitude station, Darjeeling (27°01'N, 88°15'E, 2200 m asl) representing a typical high altitude urban atmosphere at eastern Himalaya in India. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and BC over a period of seven years were 25.2 ± 5.6 μg m-3 (ranging between 2.2 and 220.4 μg m-3) and 3.4 ± 0.7 μg m-3 (0.4 to 15.6 μg m-3) respectively. We observed decreasing trends in both PM2.5 (49% at a rate of 170 ng m-3 month-1) and BC (34% at the rate of 20 ng m-3 month-1) mass concentration over this region from 2009 to 2015. We extensively studied the impact of micrometeorological parameters on the long-term trend in PM2.5 and BC through the correlation analysis. The significant changes in boundary layer dynamics over this region played a major role in the decreasing trend of aerosols. The concentration weighted trajectory analysis revealed that the important contributory long-distant source regions for PM2.5 and BC over eastern Himalaya were Indo Gangetic Plane and Nepal. The contributions from these regions were found to be decreased significantly from 2009 to 2015. Investigations on the fire counts associated with the forest fire, and open burning activities through the satellite observations revealed that the decreasing trend in PM2.5 and BC over eastern Himalaya is well correlated to the decreasing trend in the fire counts over IGP and Nepal. We also explored that the changes and up gradation of the domestic fuel at the Indo Gangetic Plane regions in recent years not only improved the regional air quality but also affected the atmospheric environment over the eastern part of Himalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirantan Sarkar
- Environmental Science Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Arindam Roy
- Environmental Science Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Environmental Science Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700054, India; National Facility on Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Bose Institute, 16, A.J.C. Bose Road, Darjeeling 734101, India.
| | - Sanjay K Ghosh
- Environmental Science Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700054, India; National Facility on Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Bose Institute, 16, A.J.C. Bose Road, Darjeeling 734101, India; National Center for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Sibaji Raha
- National Facility on Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Bose Institute, 16, A.J.C. Bose Road, Darjeeling 734101, India; National Center for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India
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20
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Dumka UC, Tiwari S, Kaskaoutis DG, Soni VK, Safai PD, Attri SD. Aerosol and pollutant characteristics in Delhi during a winter research campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3771-3794. [PMID: 30539401 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas in developing countries are major sources of carbonaceous aerosols and air pollutants, pointing out the need for a detailed assessment of their levels and origin close to the source. A multi-instrument research campaign was performed in Delhi during December 2015-February 2016 aimed at exploring the pollution levels and the contribution of various sources to particulate matter (PM) concentrations, black carbon (BC) aerosols, and trace gases. The weak winds (< 5-6 m s-1) along with the shallow boundary layer favoured the formation of thick and persistent fog conditions, which along with the high BC (24.4 ± 12.2 μg m-3) concentrations lead to the formation of smog. Very high pollution levels were recorded during the campaign, with mean PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO, and O3 concentrations of 245.5 ± 109.8 μg m-3, 145.5 ± 69.5 μg m-3, 1.7 ± 0.5 ppm, 7.9 ± 2.3 ppb, and 31.3 ± 18.4 ppb, respectively. This study focuses on examining the daily/diurnal cycles of the aerosol optical properties (extinction, scattering, absorption coefficients, single scattering albedo), as well as of PM and other pollutant concentrations, along with changes in meteorology (mixing-layer height and wind speed). In addition, the hot-spot pollution sources in the greater Delhi area were determined via bivariate plots and conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), while the distant sources were examined via the concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis. The results show that the highest aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients, PM, and trace gas concentrations are detected for weak winds (< 2 m s-1) with a preference for eastern directions, revealing high contribution from local sources and accumulation of pollutants within urban Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital, 263 001, India.
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, New Delhi Branch, New Delhi, 110 060, India
| | - Dimitris G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 118 10, Athens, Greece
| | - Vijay K Soni
- Indian Metrological Department, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110 003, India
| | - Promod D Safai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Shiv D Attri
- Indian Metrological Department, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110 003, India
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21
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Nath R, Luo Y, Chen W, Cui X. On the contribution of internal variability and external forcing factors to the Cooling trend over the Humid Subtropical Indo-Gangetic Plain in India. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18047. [PMID: 30575779 PMCID: PMC6303293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The summer surface air temperature (SAT) in the Humid Subtropical Climate Zone in India, exhibits a significant cooling trend (~−3 °C/40 yrs.) in CRU observational data during 1961–2000. Here we investigate the contribution of internal and external factors, which are driving this cooling trend. Using the Community Earth System Model-Large Ensemble (CESM-LE), we analyze the historical climate change in presence of internal climate variability. Most of the model ensemble members could reproduce this amplified cooling (<−3 °C) as shown from CRU data. Further analyses reveals that external forcing displays a strong cooling effect over this region, while internal variability displays mixed cooling (in most cases) and warming signals. The signal to noise ratio i.e. the ratio of external forcings and internal climatic variability is less than 1, which indicates that internal climatic variability dominates over the forced response. Furthermore, to quantify the role of different external forcing factors we used the CCSM4 single forcing simulations. The simulation results from CESM-LE and CCSM4 suggest that the cooling trend over the region is primarily due to the combined influence of internal variability (~73%) and partly due to aerosol (~10%) and ozone only forcing, which strongly mask the warming effect of GHG and solar forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmita Nath
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Wen Chen
- Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- School of System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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22
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Xu R, Tie X, Li G, Zhao S, Cao J, Feng T, Long X. Effect of biomass burning on black carbon (BC) in South Asia and Tibetan Plateau: The analysis of WRF-Chem modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:901-912. [PMID: 30032086 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study is to evaluate the impact of biomass burning (BB) from South Asia and Southeast Asia on the glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau. The seasonality and long-term trend of biomass fires measured by Terra and Aqua satellite data from 2010 to 2016 are used in this study. The analysis shows that the biomass burnings were widely dispersed in the continental of Indian and Southeast Asia and existed a strong seasonal variation. The biomass burnings in winter (January) were relatively weak and scattered and were significantly enhanced in spring (April). The highest biomass burnings located in two regions. One was along the foothill of Himalayas, where is a dense population area, and the second located in Southeast Asia. Because these two high biomass burning regions are close to the Tibetan Plateau, they could have important effects on the BC deposition over the glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau. In order to study the effect of BB emissions on the deposition over the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau, a regional chemical model (WRF-Chem; Weather Research and Forecasting Chemical model) was applied to simulate the BC distributions and the transport from BB emission regions to the glaciers in Tibetan Plateau. The result shows that in winter (January), due to the relatively weak BB emissions, the effect of BB emissions on BC concentrations was not significant. The BC concentrations resulted from BB emissions ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 μg/m3, with high concentrations distributed along the foothill of Himalayas and the southeastern Asia region. Due to the relative low BC concentrations, there was insignificant effect of BB emissions on the deposition over the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau in winter. However, the BB emissions were highest in spring (April), producing high BC concentrations. For example, along the Himalayas Mountain and in the southeastern Asia region, The BC concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 6.0 μg/m3. In addition to the high BC concentrations, there were also west and south prevailing winds in these regions. As a result, the BC particles were transported to the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau, causing significant deposition of BC particles on the snow surface of the glaciers. This study suggests that the biomass burning emissions have important effects on the BC deposition over the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau, and the contaminations of glaciers could have significant impact on the melting of snow in the Tibetan Plateau, causing some severe environmental problems, such as the water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiguang Xu
- State Kay Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Xi'an Chan-Ba Ecological District(CBE) Management Committee, Xi'an 710024, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- State Kay Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Guohui Li
- State Kay Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Shuyu Zhao
- State Kay Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Kay Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Kay Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xin Long
- State Kay Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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23
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Sen A, Karapurkar SG, Saxena M, Shenoy DM, Chaterjee A, Choudhuri AK, Das T, Khan AH, Kuniyal JC, Pal S, Singh DP, Sharma SK, Kotnala RK, Mandal TK. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of PM 10 over Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), adjoining regions and Indo-Himalayan Range (IHR) during a winter 2014 campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26279-26296. [PMID: 29978315 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For source identification, a field campaign involving simultaneous sampling of particulate matter (PM10) was conducted at eight sampling sites in the Indian mainland during winter 2014. The sampling sites include Delhi (upper IGP), Lucknow (middle IGP), and Kolkata (lower IGP) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP); Mohal-Kullu and Darjeeling in the Indo-Himalayan Range (IHR). In addition, Ajmer, located upwind of the IGP in NW-India and Giridih and Bhubaneswar, in the downwind to the IGP has also been chosen. To characterize the sources of the ambient PM10, stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13CTC) and nitrogen (δ15NTN) for the total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) fractions have been considered. Ancillary chemical parameters, such as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble ionic components (WSIC) mass concentrations are also presented in this paper. There was very small variation in the daily average δ13CTC ratios (- 24.8 to - 25.9‰) among the sites. Comparison with end-member stable C isotopic signatures of major typical sources suggests that the PM10 at the sites was mainly from fossil fuel and biofuel and biomass combustion. Daily average δ15NTN ratios were not observed to vary much between sites either (8.3 to 11.0‰), and the low δ15NTN levels also indicate substantial contributions from biofuel and biomass burning of primarily C3 andC4 plant matter. Graphical abstract Scatter plot of the average (± 1 standard deviation (SD)) δ13CTC (‰) compared to δ15NTN (‰) at the sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avirup Sen
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Mohit Saxena
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Damodar M Shenoy
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Abhijit Chaterjee
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Darjeeling, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Trupti Das
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Altaf H Khan
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Himachal Unit, Mohal, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Srimata Pal
- Indian Statistical Institute, B.T. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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24
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Tiwari S, Kaskaoutis D, Soni VK, Dev Attri S, Singh AK. Aerosol columnar characteristics and their heterogeneous nature over Varanasi, in the central Ganges valley. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24726-24745. [PMID: 29923051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) experiences one of the highest aerosol loading over the globe with pronounced inter-/intra-seasonal variability. Four-year (January 2011-December 2014) continuous MICROTOPS-II sun-photometer measurements at Varanasi, central Ganges valley, provide an opportunity to investigate the aerosol physical and optical properties and their variability. A large variation in aerosol optical depth (AOD: from 0.23 to 1.89, mean of 0.82 ± 0.31) and Ångström exponent (AE: from 0.19 to 1.44, mean of 0.96 ± 0.27) is observed, indicating a highly turbid atmospheric environment with significant heterogeneity in aerosol sources, types and optical properties. The highest seasonal means of both AOD and AE are observed in the post-monsoon (October-November) season (0.95 ± 0.31 for AOD and 1.16 ± 0.14 for AE) followed by winter (December, January, February; 0.97 ± 0.34 for AOD and 1.09 ± 0.20 for AE) and are mainly attributed to the accumulation of aerosols from urban and biomass/crop residue burning emissions within a shallow boundary layer. In contrast, during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, the aerosols are mostly coming from natural origin (desert and mineral dust) mixed with pollution in several cases. The spectral dependence of AE, the aerosol "curvature" effect and other graphical techniques are used for the identification of the aerosol types and their mixing processes in the atmosphere. Furthermore, the aerosol source-apportionment assessment using the weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) analysis reveals the different aerosol types, emission sources and transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Tiwari
- Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Present Address: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dimitris Kaskaoutis
- Atmospheric Research Team, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Shiv Dev Attri
- India Meteorological Department, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Singh
- Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
- DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, B.H.U, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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25
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Alvarado MJ, Winijkul E, Adams-Selin R, Hunt E, Brodowski C, Lonsdale CR, Shindell DT, Faluvegi G, Kleiman G, Mosier TM, Kumar R. Sources of Black Carbon Deposition to the Himalayan Glaciers in Current and Future Climates. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:7482-7505. [PMID: 32601579 PMCID: PMC7323718 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
WRF-Chem and a modified version of the ECLIPSE 5a emission inventory were used to investigate the sources impacting black carbon (BC) deposition to the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush (HKHK) region. This work extends previous studies by simulating deposition to the HKHK region not only under current conditions, but also in the 2040-2050 period under two realistic emission scenarios and in three different phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Under current conditions, sources from outside our South Asian modelling domain have a similar impact on total BC deposition to the HKHK region (35-87%, varying with month) as South Asian anthropogenic sources (13-62%). Industry (primarily brick kilns) and residential solid fuel burning combined account for 45-66% of the in-domain anthropogenic BC deposition to the HKHK region. Under a no further control emission scenario for 2040-2050, the relative contributions to BC deposition in the HKHK region are more skewed toward in-domain anthropogenic sources (45-65%) relative to sources outside the domain (26-52%). The in-domain anthropogenic BC deposition has significant contributions from industry (32-42%), solid fuel burning (17-28%), and diesel fuel burning (17-27%). Under a scenario in which emissions in South Asia are mitigated, the relative cotribution from South Asian anthropogenic sources is significantly reduced to 11-34%. The changes due to phase of ENSO do not seem to follow consistent patterns with ENSO. Future work will use the high-resolution deposition maps developed here to determine the impact of different sources of BC on glacier melt and water availability in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Hunt
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Drew T. Shindell
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory Faluvegi
- Center for Climate Systems Research (CCSR), Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Rajesh Kumar
- Advanced Study Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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26
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Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Sharma A, Jain S. Carbonaceous Species of PM 2.5 in Megacity Delhi, India During 2012-2016. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29516139 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 were estimated to study the seasonal and inter-annual variability of atmospheric total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) at an urban site of megacity Delhi, India for 5 years from January, 2012 to December, 2016. The annual average (± standard deviation) concentrations of PM2.5, OC, EC and TCA were 128 ± 81, 16.6 ± 12.2, 8.4 ± 5.8 and 34.5 ± 25.2 µg m-3, respectively. During the study, significant seasonal variations in mass concentrations of PM2.5, OC, EC and TCA were observed with maxima in winter and minima in monsoon seasons. Significant correlations between OC and EC, and OC/EC ratio suggested that vehicular emissions, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning could be major sources of carbonaceous aerosols of PM2.5 at the sampling site of Delhi, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - T K Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - A Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Srishti Jain
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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27
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Xu J, Wang Q, Deng C, McNeill VF, Fankhauser A, Wang F, Zheng X, Shen J, Huang K, Zhuang G. Insights into the characteristics and sources of primary and secondary organic carbon: High time resolution observation in urban Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:1177-1187. [PMID: 29037494 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence suggesting that organic aerosols play an important role in the evolution of severe haze episodes. However, long-term investigations of the different characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols during haze and non-haze days are insufficient. In this work, hourly measurements of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 were conducted in Shanghai, a megacity in Eastern China, over the course of a year from July 2013 to June 2014. Both OC and EC exhibited a bimodal diel pattern and were highly dependent on the wind speed and direction. The concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis illustrated that primary OC (POC) and EC were largely associated with regional and long-range transport. Secondary OC (SOC) formation was the strongest during the harvest season owing to significant biomass burning emissions from the adjacent Yangtze River Delta and farther agricultural regions. Compared to OC (6.7 μg m-3) and EC (2.0 μg m-3) in the non-haze days, higher levels of both OC (15.6 μg m-3) and EC (7.7 μg m-3) were observed in the haze days as expected, but with lower OC/EC ratios in the haze days (2.4) than in non-haze days (4.6). The proportion of POC and EC in PM2.5 remained relatively constant as a function of PM2.5 mass loadings, while that of SOC significantly decreased on the highly polluted days. It is concluded that the haze pollution in urban Shanghai was influenced more by the primary emissions (POC and EC), while the role of SOC in triggering haze was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiongzhen Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007, China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alison Fankhauser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Fengwen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xianjue Zheng
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007, China
| | - Jiandong Shen
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007, China
| | - Kan Huang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guoshun Zhuang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Large unexplained suite of chemically reactive compounds present in ambient air due to biomass fires. Sci Rep 2018; 8:626. [PMID: 29330495 PMCID: PMC5766614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass fires impact global atmospheric chemistry. The reactive compounds emitted and formed due to biomass fires drive ozone and organic aerosol formation, affecting both air quality and climate. Direct hydroxyl (OH) Reactivity measurements quantify total gaseous reactive pollutant loadings and comparison with measured compounds yields the fraction of unmeasured compounds. Here, we quantified the magnitude and composition of total OH reactivity in the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plain. More than 120% increase occurred in total OH reactivity (28 s-1 to 64 s-1) and from no missing OH reactivity in the normal summertime air, the missing OH reactivity fraction increased to ~40 % in the post-harvest summertime period influenced by large scale biomass fires highlighting presence of unmeasured compounds. Increased missing OH reactivity between the two summertime periods was associated with increased concentrations of compounds with strong photochemical source such as acetaldehyde, acetone, hydroxyacetone, nitromethane, amides, isocyanic acid and primary emissions of acetonitrile and aromatic compounds. Currently even the most detailed state-of-the art atmospheric chemistry models exclude formamide, acetamide, nitromethane and isocyanic acid and their highly reactive precursor alkylamines (e.g. methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine). For improved understanding of atmospheric chemistry-air quality-climate feedbacks in biomass-fire impacted atmospheric environments, future studies should include these compounds.
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Dumka UC, Kaskaoutis DG, Sagar R, Chen J, Singh N, Tiwari S. First results from light scattering enhancement factor over central Indian Himalayas during GVAX campaign. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:124-138. [PMID: 28662426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work examines the influence of relative humidity (RH), physical and optical aerosol properties on the light-scattering enhancement factor [f(RH=85%)] over central Indian Himalayas during the Ganges Valley Aerosol Experiment (GVAX). The aerosol hygroscopic properties were measured by means of DoE/ARM (US Department of Energy, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) mobile facility focusing on periods with the regular instrumental operation (November-December 2011). The measured optical properties include aerosol light-scattering (σsp) and absorption (σap) coefficients and the intensive parameters i.e., single scattering albedo (SSA), scattering Ångström exponent (SAE), absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) and light scattering enhancement factor (f(RH)=σsp(RH, λ)/σsp(RHdry, λ)). The measurements were separated for sub-micron (<1μm, D1μm) and particles with diameter<10μm (D10μm) in order to examine the influence of particle size on f(RH) and enhancement rate (γ). The particle size affects the aerosol hygroscopicity since mean f(RH=85%) of 1.27±0.12 and 1.32±0.14 are found for D10μm and D1μm, respectively. These f(RH) values are relatively low suggesting the enhanced presence of soot and carbonaceous particles from biomass burning activities, which is verified via backward air-mass trajectories. Similarly, the light-scattering enhancement rates are ~0.20 and 0.17 for the D1μm and D10μm particles, respectively. However, a general tendency for increasing f(RH) and γ is shown for higher σsp and σap values indicating the presence of rather aged smoke plumes, coated with industrial aerosols over northern India, with mean SSA, SAE and AAE values of 0.92, 1.00 and 1.15 respectively. On the other hand, a moderate-to-small dependence of f(RH) and γ on SAE, AAE, and SSA was observed for both particle sizes. Furthermore, f(RH) exhibits an increasing tendency with the number of cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN) indicating larger particle hygroscopicity but without significant dependence on the activation ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of observational Sciences, Nainital 263 001, India.
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Atmospheric Research Team, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 118 10 Athens, Greece
| | - Ram Sagar
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of observational Sciences, Nainital 263 001, India; NASI-Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellow, Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore 560 034, India
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200 433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210 023, China
| | - Narendra Singh
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of observational Sciences, Nainital 263 001, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, New Delhi Branch, New Delhi 110 060, India
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Sharma D, Srivastava AK, Ram K, Singh A, Singh D. Temporal variability in aerosol characteristics and its radiative properties over Patiala, northwestern part of India: Impact of agricultural biomass burning emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1030-1041. [PMID: 28915541 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD), particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) mass concentrations have been carried out over Patiala, a semi-urban site in northwest India during October 2008 to September 2010. The measured aerosol data was incorporated in an aerosol optical model to estimate various aerosol optical parameters, which were subsequently used for radiative forcing estimation. The measured AOD at 500 nm (AOD500) shows a significant seasonal variability, with maximum value of 0.81 during post-monsoon (PoM) and minimum of 0.56 during winter season. The Ångström exponent (α) has higher values (i.e. more fine-mode fraction) during the PoM/winter periods, and lower (i.e. more coarse-mode fraction) during pre-monsoon (PrM). In contrast, turbidity coefficient (β) exhibits an opposite trend to α during the study period. BC mass concentration varies from 2.8 to 13.9 μg m-3 (mean: 6.5 ± 3.2 μg m-3) during the entire study period, with higher concentrations during PoM/winter and lower during PrM/monsoon seasons. The average single scattering albedo (SSA at 500 nm) values are 0.70, 0.72, 0.82 and 0.75 during PoM, winter, PrM and monsoon seasons, respectively. However, inter-seasonal and inter-annual variability in measured aerosol parameters are statistically insignificant at Patiala. These results suggest strong changes in emission sources, aerosol composition, meteorological parameters as well as transport of aerosols over the station. Higher values of AOD, α and BC, along with lower SSA during PoM season are attributed to agriculture biomass burning emissions over and around the station. The estimated aerosol radiative forcing within the atmosphere is positive (i.e. warming) during all the seasons with higher values (∼60 Wm-2) during PoM-08/PoM-09 and lower (∼40 Wm-2) during winter-09/PrM-10. The present study highlights the role of BC aerosols from agricultural biomass burning emissions during post-monsoon season for atmospheric warming at Patiala.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sharma
- Department of Physics, Punjabi University, Patiala, India; Department of Physics, Arya College, Ludhiana, India
| | - A K Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Branch), Prof Ramnath Vij Marg, New Delhi, India.
| | - K Ram
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - A Singh
- Department of Physics, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - D Singh
- Department of Physics, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Nagar PK, Singh D, Sharma M, Kumar A, Aneja VP, George MP, Agarwal N, Shukla SP. Characterization of PM 2.5 in Delhi: role and impact of secondary aerosol, burning of biomass, and municipal solid waste and crustal matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25179-25189. [PMID: 28924742 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Delhi is one among the highly air polluted cities in the world. Absence of causal relationship between emitting sources of PM2.5 and their impact has resulted in inadequate actions. This research combines a set of innovative and state-of-the-art analytical techniques to establish relative predominance of PM2.5 sources. Air quality sampling at six sites in summer and winter for 40 days (at each site) showed alarmingly high PM2.5 concentrations (340 ± 135 μg/m3). The collected PM2.5 was subjected to chemical speciation including ions, metals, organic and elemental carbons which followed application of chemical mass balance technique for source apportionment. The source apportionment results showed that secondary aerosols, biomass burning (BMB), vehicles, fugitive dust, coal and fly ash, and municipal solid waste burning were the important sources. It was observed that secondary aerosol and crustal matter accounted for over 50% of mass. The PM2.5 levels were not solely result of emissions from Delhi; it is a larger regional problem caused by contiguous urban agglomerations. It was argued that emission reduction of precursors of secondary aerosol, SO2, NOx, and volatile organic compounds, which are unabated, is essential. A substantial reduction in BMB and suspension of crustal dust is equally important to ensure compliance with air quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K Nagar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Environment, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Viney P Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8208, USA
| | - Mohan P George
- Delhi Pollution Control Committee, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Nigam Agarwal
- Department of Environment, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Sheo P Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226021, India
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Hegde P, Kawamura K. Chemical Constituents of Carbonaceous and Nitrogen Aerosols over Thumba Region, Trivandrum, India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:456-473. [PMID: 28668997 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol filter samples collected at a tropical coastal site Thumba over Indian region were analysed for water-soluble ions, total carbon and nitrogen, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon/nitrogen and their sources for different seasons of the year. For the entire study period, the order of abundance of ions showed the dominance of secondary ions, such as SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+. On average, Mg2+ (56%), K+ (11%), SO42- (8.8%), and Ca2+ (8.1%) contributions were from maritime influence. There was significant chloride depletion due to enhanced levels of inorganic acids, such as SO42- and NO3-. Total carbon contributed 21% of the aerosol total suspended particulate matter in which 85% is organic carbon. Primary combustion-generated carbonaceous aerosols contributed 41% of aerosol mass for the entire study period. High average ratios of OC/EC (5.5 ± 1.8) and WSOC/OC (0.38 ± 0.11) suggest that organic aerosols are predominantly comprised of secondary species. In our samples, major fraction (89 ± 9%) was found to be inorganic nitrate in total nitrogen (TN). Good correlations (R 2 ≥ 0.82) were observed between TN with NO3- plus NH4+, indicating that nitrate and ammonium ions account for a significant portion of TN. The temporal variations in the specific carbonaceous aerosols and air mass trajectories demonstrated that several pollutants and/or their precursor compounds are likely transported from north western India and the oceanic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum, India.
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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Gawhane RD, Rao PSP, Budhavant KB, Waghmare V, Meshram DC, Safai PD. Seasonal variation of chemical composition and source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Pune, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:21065-21072. [PMID: 28730356 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) samples were collected from an urban site Pune, India, during April 2015 to April 2016. The samples were analyzed for various chemical constituents, including water soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). The yearly mean total mass concentration of PM2.5 at Pune was 37.3 μg/m3, which is almost four times higher than the annual WHO standard (10 μg/m3), and almost equal to that recommended by the Central Pollution Control Board, India (40 μg/m3). Measured (OC, EC) and estimated organic matter (OM) were the dominant component (56 ± 11%) in the total particulate matter which play major role in the regional atmospheric chemistry. Total measured inorganic components formed about 35% of PM2.5. Major chemical contributors to PM2.5 mass were OC (30%), SO42- (13%), and Cl- and EC (9% each). The high ratios of OC/EC demonstrated the existence of secondary organic carbon. The air mass origin and correlations between the various components indicate that long range transport of pollutants from Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Southern part of the Arabian Peninsula might have contributed to the high aerosol mass during the dry and winter seasons. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study that comprehensively explores the chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 aerosol speciation in Pune by applying multiple approaches based on a seasonal perspective. This study is broadly applicable to understanding the differences in anthropogenic and natural sources in the urban environment of particle air pollution over this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krishnakant B Budhavant
- Maldives Climate Observatory-Hanimaadhoo, H. Dh. Hanimaadhoo, Hanimaadhoo, -02020, Republic of Maldives.
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (CAOS), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | | | - Dhananjay C Meshram
- Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Pramod D Safai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 411008, India
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Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Saxena M. Inter-annual Variation of Ambient Ammonia and Related Trace Gases in Delhi, India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:281-285. [PMID: 28321469 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ambient NH3, NO, NO2, CO and SO2 were measured continuously from February, 2008, to December, 2016. The annual average mixing ratios (mole/mole) of NH3, NO, NO2, CO and SO2 were 17.8 ± 3.4 ppb; 21.2 ± 2.3 ppb, 18.1 ± 3.2 ppb; 1.7 ± 0.3 ppm and 2.0 ± 0.3 ppb, respectively. All the trace gases (NH3, NO, NO2, CO and SO2) showed significant annual variation during the study. A significant increasing trend in mixing ratios of ambient NH3 and NO2 were observed at the observational site of Delhi, whereas, increasing trend were recorded in case of NO, CO and NO2 mixing ratios. The results emphasized that traffic could be one of the significant sources of ambient NH3 at the urban site of Delhi, as illustrated by positive correlations of NH3 with traffic related co-pollutants (NO and CO).
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - T K Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Mohit Saxena
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Jain S, Sharma SK, Choudhary N, Masiwal R, Saxena M, Sharma A, Mandal TK, Gupta A, Gupta NC, Sharma C. Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM 2.5 using PCA/APCS, UNMIX, and PMF at an urban site of Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14637-14656. [PMID: 28455568 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the comprehensive chemical composition [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganic ionic components (WSICs), and major & trace elements] of particulate matter (PM2.5) and scrutinized their emission sources for urban region of Delhi. The 135 PM2.5 samples were collected from January 2013 to December 2014 and analyzed for chemical constituents for source apportionment study. The average concentration of PM2.5 was recorded as 121.9 ± 93.2 μg m-3 (range 25.1-429.8 μg m-3), whereas the total concentration of trace elements (Na, Ca, Mg, Al, S, Cl, K, Cr, Si, Ti, As, Br, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Mn) was accounted for ∼17% of PM2.5. Strong seasonal variation was observed in PM2.5 mass concentration and its chemical composition with maxima during winter and minima during monsoon seasons. The chemical composition of the PM2.5 was reconstructed using IMPROVE equation, which was observed to be in good agreement with the gravimetric mass. Source apportionment of PM2.5 was carried out using the following three different receptor models: principal component analysis with absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS), which identified five major sources; UNMIX which identified four major sources; and positive matrix factorization (PMF), which explored seven major sources. The applied models were able to identify the major sources contributing to the PM2.5 and re-confirmed that secondary aerosols (SAs), soil/road dust (SD), vehicular emissions (VEs), biomass burning (BB), fossil fuel combustion (FFC), and industrial emission (IE) were dominant contributors to PM2.5 in Delhi. The influences of local and regional sources were also explored using 5-day backward air mass trajectory analysis, cluster analysis, and potential source contribution function (PSCF). Cluster and PSCF results indicated that local as well as long-transported PM2.5 from the north-west India and Pakistan were mostly pertinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Jain
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- University School of Environment Management, GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi, 110 017, India
| | - Renu Masiwal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- University School of Environment Management, GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi, 110 017, India
| | - Mohit Saxena
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Ashima Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Anshu Gupta
- University School of Environment Management, GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi, 110 017, India
| | - Naresh Chandra Gupta
- University School of Environment Management, GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi, 110 017, India
| | - Chhemendra Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Bikkina S, Kawamura K, Sarin M. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation over Coastal Ocean: Inferences from Atmospheric Water-Soluble Low Molecular Weight Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4347-4357. [PMID: 28355054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A lack of consensus on the distributions and formation pathways of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) over oceanic regions downwind of pollution sources limits our ability to assess their climate impact globally. As a case study, we report here on water-soluble SOA components such as dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in the continental outflows from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Southeast Asia (SEA) to the Bay of Bengal. Oxalic acid (C2) is the dominant species followed by succinic (C4) and glyoxylic acids (ωC2) in the outflow. Nonsea-salt SO42- also dominates (∼70%) total water-soluble inorganic constituents and correlates well with aerosol liquid water content (LWC) and C2, indicating their production through aqueous phase photochemical reactions. Furthermore, mass ratios of dicarboxylic acids (C2/C4, C2/ωC2), and their relative abundances in water-soluble organic carbon and total organic carbon are quite similar between the two continental (IGP and SEA) outflows, indicating the formation of SOA through aqueous phase photochemical reactions in LWC-enriched aerosols, largely controlled by anthropogenic SO42-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Bikkina
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Physical Research Laboratory , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Manmohan Sarin
- Physical Research Laboratory , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India
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Patel PN, Dumka UC, Kaskaoutis DG, Babu KN, Mathur AK. Optical and radiative properties of aerosols over Desalpar, a remote site in western India: Source identification, modification processes and aerosol type discrimination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:612-627. [PMID: 27616711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol optical properties are analyzed for the first time over Desalpar (23.74°N, 70.69°E, 30m above mean sea level) a remote site in western India during October 2014 to August 2015. Spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements were performed using the CIMEL CE-318 automatic Sun/sky radiometer. The annual-averaged AOD500 and Ångström exponent (α440-870) values are found to be 0.43±0.26 and 0.69±0.39, respectively. On the seasonal basis, high AOD500 of 0.45±0.30 and 0.61±0.34 along with low α440-870 of 0.41±0.27 and 0.41±0.35 during spring (March-May) and summer (June-August), respectively, suggest the dominance of coarse-mode aerosols, while significant contribution from anthropogenic sources is observed in autumn (AOD500=0.47±0.26, α440-870=1.02±0.27). The volume size distribution and the spectral single-scattering albedo also confirm the presence of coarse-mode aerosols during March-August. An overall dominance of a mixed type of aerosols (~56%) mostly from October to February is found via the AOD500 vs α440-870 relationship, while marine aerosols contribute to ~18%. Spectral dependence of α and its second derivative (α') are also used for studying the aerosol modification processes. The average direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF) computed via the SBDART model is estimated to range from -27.08Wm-2 to -10.74Wm-2 at the top of the atmosphere, from -52.21Wm-2 to -21.71Wm-2 at the surface and from 10.97Wm-2 to 26.54Wm-2 within the atmosphere. This atmospheric forcing translates into heating rates of 0.31-0.75Kday-1. The aerosol properties and DARF are also examined for different trajectory clusters in order to identify the sources and to assess the influence of long-range transported aerosols over Desalpar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyushkumar N Patel
- Calibration & Validation Division, Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad 380 015, India
| | - U C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital 263 001, India.
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Atmospheric Research Team, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, GR, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - K N Babu
- Calibration & Validation Division, Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad 380 015, India
| | - Alok K Mathur
- Calibration & Validation Division, Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad 380 015, India
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Begam GR, Vachaspati CV, Ahammed YN, Kumar KR, Reddy RR, Sharma SK, Saxena M, Mandal TK. Seasonal characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosols in total suspended particulate matter at a rural semi-arid site, Kadapa (India). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1719-1734. [PMID: 27796981 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the sources as well as characterization of regional aerosols at a rural semi-arid region Kadapa (India), size-resolved composition of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations was sampled and analysed. This was carried out by using the Anderson low-pressure impactor for a period of 2 years during March 2013-February 2015. Also, the variations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble inorganic ion components (WSICs) present in total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) were studied over the measurement site. From the statistical analysis, the PM mass concentration showed a higher abundance of coarse mode particles than the fine mode during pre-monsoon season. In contrast, fine mode particles in the PM concentration showed dominance over coarse mode particle contribution during the winter. During the post-monsoon season, the percentage contributions of coarse and fine fractions were equal, whereas during the monsoon, coarse mode fraction was approximately 26 % higher than the fine mode. This distinct feature in the case of fine mode particles during the studied period is mainly attributed to large-scale anthropogenic activities and regional prevailing meteorological conditions. Further, the potential sources of PM have been identified qualitatively by using the ratios of certain ions. A high sulphate (SO4) concentration at the measurement site was observed during the studied period which is caused by the nearby/surrounding mining activity. Carbon fractions (OC and EC) were also analysed from the TSPM, and the results indicated (OC/EC ratio of ~4.2) the formation of a secondary organic aerosol. At last, the cluster backward trajectory analyses were also performed at Kadapa for different seasons to reveal the origin of sources from long-range transport during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reshma Begam
- Atmospheric Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516 003, India
| | - C Viswanatha Vachaspati
- Atmospheric Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516 003, India
| | - Y Nazeer Ahammed
- Atmospheric Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 516 003, India.
| | - K Raghavendra Kumar
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China
| | - R R Reddy
- Aerosol and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, 515 003, India
| | - S K Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, DR. K S Krishna Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Mohit Saxena
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, DR. K S Krishna Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - T K Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, DR. K S Krishna Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Deshmukh DK, Kawamura K, Deb MK. Dicarboxylic acids, ω-oxocarboxylic acids, α-dicarbonyls, WSOC, OC, EC, and inorganic ions in wintertime size-segregated aerosols from central India: Sources and formation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:27-42. [PMID: 27414241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The size distributions of aerosols can provide evidences for their sources and formation processes in the atmosphere. Size-segregated aerosols (9-sizes) were collected in urban site (Raipur: 21.2°N and 82.3°E) in central India during winter of 2012-2013. The samples were analyzed for dicarboxylic acids (C2-C12), ω-oxocarboxylic acids (ωC2-ωC9), pyruvic acid and α-dicarbonyls (C2-C3) as well as elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC (WSOC) and inorganic ions. Diacids showed a predominance of oxalic acid (C2) followed by succinic and azelaic acid whereas ω-oxoacids exhibited a predominance of glyoxylic acid and glyoxal was more abundant than methylglyoxal in all the sizes. Diacids, ω-oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls showed bimodal size distribution with peaks in fine and coarse modes. High correlations of fine mode diacids and related compounds with potassium and levoglucosan suggest that they were presumably due to a substantial contribution of primary emission from biomass burning and secondary production from biomass burning derived precursors. High correlations of C2 with higher carbon number diacids (C3-C9) suggest that they have similar sources and C2 may be produced via the decay of its higher homologous diacids in fine mode. Considerable portions of diacids and related compounds in coarse mode suggest that they were associated with mineral dust particles by their adsorption and photooxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors via heterogeneous reaction on dust surface. This study demonstrates that biomass burning and dust particles are two major factors to control the size distribution of diacids and related compounds in the urban aerosols from central India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay K Deshmukh
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Manas K Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India
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Characterization, Long-Range Transport and Source Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosols during Spring and Autumn Periods at a High Mountain Site in South China. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Srivastava MK, Chatterjee A, Jain S, Saxena M, Singh BP, Sharma A, Adak A, K Ghosh S. Spatio-temporal variation in chemical characteristics of PM10 over Indo Gangetic Plain of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18809-18822. [PMID: 27316652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the spatio-temporal variation of chemical compositions (organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble inorganic ionic components (WSIC)) of particulate matter (PM10) over three locations (Delhi, Varanasi, and Kolkata) of Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India for the year 2011. The observational sites are chosen to represent the characteristics of upper (Delhi), middle (Varanasi), and lower (Kolkata) IGP regions as converse to earlier single-station observation. Average mass concentration of PM10 was observed higher in the middle IGP (Varanasi 206.2 ± 77.4 μg m(-3)) as compared to upper IGP (Delhi 202.3 ± 74.3 μg m(-3)) and lower IGP (Kolkata 171.5 ± 38.5 μg m(-3)). Large variation in OC values from 23.57 μg m(-3) (Delhi) to 12.74 μg m(-3) (Kolkata) indicating role of formation of secondary aerosols, whereas EC have not shown much variation with maximum concentration over Delhi (10.07 μg m(-3)) and minimum over Varanasi (7.72 μg m(-3)). As expected, a strong seasonal variation was observed in the mass concentration of PM10 as well as in its chemical composition over the three locations. Principal component analysis (PCA) identifies the contribution of secondary aerosol, biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emission, and sea salt to PM10 mass concentration at the observational sites of IGP, India. Backward trajectory analysis indicated the influence of continental type aerosols being transported from the Bay of Bengal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and surrounding areas to IGP region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sharma
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - T K Mandal
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - M K Srivastava
- Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - A Chatterjee
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Srishti Jain
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - M Saxena
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - B P Singh
- Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - A Sharma
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - A Adak
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - S K Ghosh
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700091, India
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Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Jain S, Sharma A, Saxena M. Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Delhi, India Using PMF Model. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:286-293. [PMID: 27209541 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical characterization of PM2.5 [organic carbon, elemental carbon, water soluble inorganic ionic components, and major and trace elements] was carried out for a source apportionment study of PM2.5 at an urban site of Delhi, India from January, 2013, to December, 2014. The annual average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 122 ± 94.1 µg m(-3). Strong seasonal variation was observed in PM2.5 mass concentration and its chemical composition with maxima during winter and minima during monsoon. A receptor model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for source apportionment of PM2.5 mass concentration. The PMF model resolved the major sources of PM2.5 as secondary aerosols (21.3 %), followed by soil dust (20.5 %), vehicle emissions (19.7 %), biomass burning (14.3 %), fossil fuel combustion (13.7 %), industrial emissions (6.2 %) and sea salt (4.3 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sharma
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - T K Mandal
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Srishti Jain
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - A Sharma
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Mohit Saxena
- Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Shubhankar B, Ambade B. Chemical characterization of carbonaceous carbon from industrial and semi urban site of eastern India. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:837. [PMID: 27386286 PMCID: PMC4917507 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rigorous campaign was carried out from July 2013 to June 2014 at the remote and industrial site (Adityapur and Seraikela Kharsawan) in the eastern India aiming to identify and quantify the changes of aerosol chemical composition in the presence of industrial and biomass burning influence. The 24-h PM10 filter samples were analyzed by mass, carbonaceous species, organic ions. The results suggested that the average PM10 concentrations were 165 ± 43.93, 141 ± 30.86 μg/m(3) in industrial and remote site respectively. Secondary organic ions (SOC) were the dominant pollutants of PM10. Total carbon was a significant component explaining above 15 % of PM10. The annual average mass concentration of EC, OC, WSOC 26.39 ± 4.56, 5.11 ± 1.82, 18.56 ± 5.30 and 16.27 ± 5.75, 7.70 ± 2.1, 9.65 ± 1.92 µg/m(3), OC/EC, WSOC/OC 5.29 ± 1.08, 0.71 ± 0.17 and 2.34 ± 0.75, 0.67 ± 0.16) of industrial and remote site were respectively; and OC/EC particularly in industrial site it reached the highest 5.29 ± 1.08 which demonstrated that SOC should be a significant composition of PM10. The mass fraction of the highlighted species varies seasonally, resulting the air mass trajectories and corresponding cause severe strength. Based on exact mass concentration ratios of EC/OC, WSOC/OC, we predicted that industries and biofuel/biomass burning are a major source of atmospheric aerosols in the eastern part of India. This study provides the scientific baseline data of carbonaceous aerosols for eastern Jharkhand, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant Shubhankar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 831014 India
| | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 831014 India
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Behera SN, Sharma M. Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric particulate carbon fractions and identification of secondary sources at urban sites in North India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13464-13476. [PMID: 25940490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An intensive measurement campaign was undertaken to characterize eight fractions of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in particulate matter (PM) at four urban sites with different pollution characteristics during summer, post-monsoon, and winter at Kanpur, India. Speciation samplers were used to collect particulate samples on quartz filters followed by analysis of OC and EC using Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE)-based thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method. Based on 24-h average results at each site, the highest levels of OC and EC were observed during winter as 96.7 ± 26.9 and 31.8 ± 9.8 μg/m(3) at residential site and traffic site, respectively. The levels of OC at residential sites during winter appeared to be more than twice of that during summer. The site close to the road traffic had the least value of OC/EC, as 1.77 ± 0.28 during post-monsoon, and the site influenced by emissions of domestic cooking and heating had the highest value of OC/EC, as 4.05 ± 0.79 during winter. The average abundances of OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2, and EC3 in total carbon (TC) at all sites for three seasons were 10.03, 19.04, 20.03, 12.32, 10.53, 33.39, 3.21, and 1.99 %, respectively. A sharp increase in levels of OC1 and EC1-OP during winter at two residential sites revealed that biomass burning could be a significant contributor to carbonaceous aerosols. From the application of EC-tracer method, it was observed that contribution of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to PM mass increased from 5 % during post-monsoon to 16 % during winter at residential sites and from 2 % during post-monsoon to 7 % during winter at traffic sites. Therefore, it could be inferred that increase in primary emissions coupled with unfavorable meteorological conditions could cause particle agglomeration and hygroscopic growth, leading to unpleasant pollution episode during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh N Behera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore,
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Ram K, Sarin MM. Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols from Indo-Gangetic Plain and Central Himalaya: impact of anthropogenic sources. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 148:153-163. [PMID: 25199599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present-day scenario of growing anthropogenic activities, carbonaceous aerosols contribute significantly (∼20-70%) to the total atmospheric particulate matter mass and, thus, have immense potential to influence the Earth's radiation budget and climate on a regional to global scale. In addition, formation of secondary organic aerosols is being increasingly recognized as an important process in contributing to the air-pollution and poor visibility over urban regions. It is, thus, essential to study atmospheric concentrations of carbonaceous species (EC, OC and WSOC), their mixing state and absorption properties on a regional scale. This paper presents the comprehensive data on emission sources, chemical characteristics and optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols from selected urban sites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and from a high-altitude location in the central Himalaya. The mass concentrations of OC, EC and WSOC exhibit large spatio-temporal variability in the IGP. This is attributed to seasonally varying emissions from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning, their source strength, boundary layer dynamics and secondary aerosol formation. The high concentrations of OC and SO4(2-), and their characteristic high mass scattering efficiency, contribute significantly to the aerosol optical depth and scattering coefficient. This has implications to the assessment of single scattering albedo and aerosol radiative forcing on a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirpa Ram
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
| | - M M Sarin
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India.
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Srivastava AK, Ram K, Singh S, Kumar S, Tiwari S. Aerosol optical properties and radiative effects over Manora Peak in the Himalayan foothills: seasonal variability and role of transported aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 502:287-295. [PMID: 25261819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The higher altitude regions of Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau are influenced by the dust and black carbon (BC) aerosols from the emissions and long-range transport from the adjoining areas. In this study, we present impacts of advection of polluted air masses of natural and anthropogenic emissions, on aerosol optical and radiative properties at Manora Peak (~2000 m amsl) in central Himalaya over a period of more than two years (February 2006-May 2008). We used the most updated and comprehensive data of chemical and optical properties available in one of the most climatically sensitive region, the Himalaya, to estimate atmospheric radiative forcing and heating rate. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) was found to vary from 0.04 to 0.45 with significantly higher values in summer mainly due to an increase in mineral dust and biomass burning aerosols due to transport. In contrast, single scattering albedo (SSA) varied from 0.74 to 0.88 with relatively lower values during summer, suggesting an increase in absorbing BC and mineral dust aerosols. As a result, a large positive atmospheric radiative forcing (about 28 ± 5 Wm(-2)) and high values of corresponding heating rate (0.80 ± 0.14 Kday(-1)) has been found during summer. During the entire observation period, radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere varied from -2 to +14 Wm(-2) and from -3 to -50 Wm(-2) at the surface whereas atmospheric forcing was in the range of 3 to 65 Wm(-2) resulting in a heating rate of 0.1-1.8 Kday(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Branch), Prof Ramnath Vij Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - K Ram
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sachchidanand Singh
- Radio & Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Radio & Atmospheric Sciences Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - S Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Branch), Prof Ramnath Vij Marg, New Delhi, India
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Srinivas B, Sarin MM. PM₂.₅., EC and OC in atmospheric outflow from the Indo-Gangetic Plain: temporal variability and aerosol organic carbon-to-organic mass conversion factor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:196-205. [PMID: 24784744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variability (November'09-March'10) in the mass concentrations of PM2.5, mineral dust, organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and inorganic species (WSIS) has been studied in the atmospheric outflow to the Bay of Bengal from a sampling site [Kharagpur: 22.02°N, 87.11°E] in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Based on diagnostic ratios of carbonaceous species [OC/EC ≈ 7.0 ± 2.2, WSOC/OC ≈ 0.52 ± 0.16, and K(+)/EC≈0.48±0.17], we document dominant impact from biomass burning emissions (wood-fuel and post-harvest agricultural-waste burning) in the IGP-outflow. Relatively high concentration of sulphate (SO4(2-) ≈ 6.9-25.3 μg m(-3); SO4(2-)/ΣWSIS=45-77%) and characteristic ratios of nss-SO4(2-)/EC (3.9 ± 2.1) and nss-SO4(2-)/OC (0.61 ± 0.46) provide information on absorption/scattering properties of aerosols. Based on quantitative assessment of individual components of PM2.5, we document aerosol organic carbon-to-organic mass (OC to OM) conversion factor centring at 1.5 ± 0.2 (range: 1.3-2.7) in the atmospheric outflow from IGP. The aerosol composition over the Bay of Bengal shows striking similarity with the diagnostic ratios documented for the IGP-outflow. Relatively high conversion factor for assessing the mass of organic aerosols over the Bay of Bengal (1.1-3.7) provides evidence for their oxidation during long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikkina Srinivas
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M M Sarin
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
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Srivastava AK, Bisht DS, Tiwari S. Boundary layer aerosol characteristics at Mahabubnagar during CAIPEEX-IGOC: modeling the optical and radiative properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:1093-1102. [PMID: 24103256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An Integrated Ground Observational Campaign (IGOC) was conducted at Mahabubnagar--a tropical rural station in the southern peninsular India, under the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) program during the period from July to November 2011. Measured chemical composition and carbonaceous aerosols from PM2.5 samples were used in an aerosol optical model to deduce crucial aerosol optical properties, which were then used in a radiative transfer model for radiative forcing estimations. The model derived aerosol optical depth (AOD at 500 nm), varied from 0.13 to 0.76 (mean of 0.40 ± 0.18) whereas Ångström exponent (AE) between 0.10 and 0.65 (mean of 0.33 ± 0.17) suggests relative dominance of coarse particles over the station. On the other hand, single scattering albedo (SSA at 500 nm) was found to vary from 0.78 to 0.92 (mean of 0.87 ± 0.04) during the measurement period. The magnitude of absorption Ångström exponent (AAE), varied from 0.83 to 1.33 (mean of 1.10 ± 0.15), suggests mixed type aerosols over the station. Aerosol direct radiative forcing was estimated and found to vary from -8.9 to -49.3 W m(-2) (mean of -27.4 ± 11.8 W m(-2)) at the surface and +9.7 to +44.5 W m(-2) (mean of +21.3 ± 9.4 W m(-2)) in the atmosphere during the course of measurements. The atmospheric forcing was observed to be ~30% higher during October (+ 29 ± 9 W m(-2)) as compared to August (+21 ± 7 W m(-2)) when the station is mostly influenced by continental polluted aerosols. The result suggests an additional atmospheric heating rate of 0.24 K day(-1) during October, which may be crucial for various boundary layer processes in favorable atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Branch), Prof. Ramnath Vij Marg, New Delhi, India.
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Rajput P, Sarin MM, Sharma D, Singh D. Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India: impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:2371-9. [PMID: 25124269 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm), collected from a source region [Patiala: 30.2 °N; 76.3 °E; 250 m above mean sea level] of emissions from post-harvest agricultural-waste (paddy-residue) burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), North India, has been studied for its chemical composition and impact on regional atmospheric radiative forcing. On average, organic aerosol mass accounts for 63% of PM2.5, whereas the contribution of elemental carbon (EC) is ∼3.5%. Sulphate, nitrate and ammonium contribute up to ∼85% of the total water-soluble inorganic species (WSIS), which constitutes ∼23% of PM2.5. The potassium-to-organic carbon ratio from paddy-residue burning emissions (KBB(+)/OC: 0.05 ± 0.01) is quite similar to that reported from Amazonian and Savanna forest-fires; whereas non-sea-salt-sulphate-to-OC ratio (nss-SO4(2-)/OC: 0.21) and nss-SO4(2-)/EC ratio of 2.6 are significantly higher (by factor of 5 to 8). The mass absorption efficiency of EC (3.8 ± 1.3 m(2) g(-1)) shows significant decrease with a parallel increase in the concentrations of organic aerosols and scattering species (sulphate and nitrate). A cross plot of OC/EC and nss-SO4(2-)/EC ratios show distinct differences for post-harvest burning emissions from paddy-residue as compared to those from fossil-fuel combustion sources in south-east Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rajput
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009, Gujarat, India.
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Pachauri T, Singla V, Satsangi A, Lakhani A, Kumari KM. Characterization of major pollution events (dust, haze, and two festival events) at Agra, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5737-5752. [PMID: 23463279 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected during dust, haze, and two festival events (Holi and Diwali) from February 2009 to June 2010. Pollutant gases (NO2, SO2, and O3) along with the meteorological parameters were also measured during the four pollution events at Agra. The concentration of pollutant gases decreases during dust events (DEs), but the levels of the gases increase during other pollution events indicating the impact of anthropogenic emissions. The mass concentrations were about two times higher during pollution events than normal days (NDs). High TSP concentrations during Holi and Diwali events may be attributed to anthropogenic activities while increased combustion sources in addition to stagnant meteorological conditions contributed to high TSP mass during haze events. On the other hand, long-range transport of atmospheric particles plays a major role during DEs. In the dust samples, Ca(2+), Cl(-), NO3 (-), and SO4 (2-) were the most abundant ions and Ca(2+) alone accounted for 22 % of the total ionic mass, while during haze event, the concentrations of secondary aerosols species, viz., NO3 (-), SO4 (2-), and NH4 (+), were 3.6, 3.3, and 5.1 times higher than the normal days. During Diwali, SO4 (2-) concentration (17.8 μg m(-3)) was highest followed by NO3 (-), K(+), and Cl(-) while the Holi samples were strongly enriched with Cl(-) and K(+) which together made up 32.7 % of the total water-soluble ions. The ion balances indicate that the haze samples were acidic. On the other hand, Holi, Diwali, and DE samples were enriched with cations. The carbonaceous aerosol shows strong variation with the highest concentration during Holi followed by haze, Diwali, DEs, and NDs. However, the secondary organic carbon concentration follows the order haze > DEs > Diwali > Holi > NDs. The scanning electron microscope/EDX results indicate that KCl and carbon-rich particles were more dominant during Holi and haze events while DE samples were enriched with particles of crustal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Pachauri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, 282 110, India
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