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Hsu CY, Lee RQ, Wong PY, Candice Lung SC, Chen YC, Chen PC, Adamkiewicz G, Wu CD. Estimating morning and evening commute period O 3 concentration in Taiwan using a fine spatial-temporal resolution ensemble mixed spatial model with Geo-AI technology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119725. [PMID: 38064987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Elevated levels of ground-level ozone (O3) can have harmful effects on health. While previous studies have focused mainly on daily averages and daytime patterns, it's crucial to consider the effects of air pollution during daily commutes, as this can significantly contribute to overall exposure. This study is also the first to employ an ensemble mixed spatial model (EMSM) that integrates multiple machine learning algorithms and predictor variables selected using Shapley Additive exExplanations (SHAP) values to predict spatial-temporal fluctuations in O3 concentrations across the entire island of Taiwan. We utilized geospatial-artificial intelligence (Geo-AI), incorporating kriging, land use regression (LUR), machine learning (random forest (RF), categorical boosting (CatBoost), gradient boosting (GBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting (LightGBM)), and ensemble learning techniques to develop ensemble mixed spatial models (EMSMs) for morning and evening commute periods. The EMSMs were used to estimate long-term spatiotemporal variations of O3 levels, accounting for in-situ measurements, meteorological factors, geospatial predictors, and social and seasonal influences over a 26-year period. Compared to conventional LUR-based approaches, the EMSMs improved performance by 58% for both commute periods, with high explanatory power and an adjusted R2 of 0.91. Internal and external validation procedures and verification of O3 concentrations at the upper percentile ranges (in 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) and other conditions (including rain, no rain, weekday, weekend, festival, and no festival) have demonstrated that the models are stable and free from overfitting issues. Estimation maps were generated to examine changes in O3 levels before and during the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions. These findings provide accurate variations of O3 levels in commute period with high spatiotemporal resolution of daily and 50m * 50m grid, which can support control pollution efforts and aid in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yu Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Qin Lee
- Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Wong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Candice Lung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chih-Da Wu
- Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Hu X, Chen D, Hu L, Li B, Li X, Fang X. Global methyl halide emissions from biomass burning during 2003-2021. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:100228. [PMID: 36560957 PMCID: PMC9763365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Methyl halides (CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I) are ozone-depleting substances. Biomass burning (BB) is an important source of methyl halides. The temporal variations and global spatial distribution of BB methyl halide emissions are unclear. Thus, global methyl halide emissions from BB during 2003-2021 were estimated based on satellite data. A significant decreasing trend (p < 0.01) in global methyl halide emissions from BB was found between 2003 and 2021, with CH3Cl emissions decreasing from 302 to 220 Gg yr-1, CH3Br emissions decreasing from 16.5 to 11.7 Gg yr-1, and CH3I emissions decreasing from 8.9 to 6.1 Gg yr-1. From a latitudinal perspective, the northern high-latitude region (60-90° N) was the only latitude zone with significant increases in BB methyl halide emissions (p < 0.01). Based on an analysis of the drivers of BB methyl halide emissions, emissions from cropland, grassland, and shrubland fires were more correlated with the burned area, while BB emissions from forest fires were more correlated with the emissions per unit burned area. The non-BB emissions of CH3Cl increased from 4749 Gg yr-1 in 2003 to 4882 Gg yr-1 in 2020, while those of CH3Br decreased from 136 Gg yr-1 in 2003 to 118 Gg yr-1 in 2020 (global total CH3I emissions are not available). The finding indicates that global CH3Cl and CH3Br emissions from sources besides BB increased and decreased during 2003-2020. Based on our findings, not only searching for unknown sources is important, but also re-evaluating known sources is necessary for addressing methyl halide emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Liting Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Li X, Li B, Yang Y, Hu L, Chen D, Hu X, Feng R, Fang X. Characteristics and source apportionment of some halocarbons in Hangzhou, eastern China during 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:160894. [PMID: 36563752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, eastern China has been identified as an important contributor to national and global emissions of halocarbons, some of which are ozone depletion substances (ODSs) that delay the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. However, the most recent characteristics and sources of halocarbons in eastern China remain unclear. Thus, hourly atmospheric observations of halocarbons were conducted in Hangzhou throughout 2021. The results showed that methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) was the most abundant halocarbon (2207 (25 %-75 % quantile: 1116-2848) ppt; parts per trillion) followed by chloromethane (CH3Cl) (912 (683-1043) ppt), and 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl) (596 (292-763) ppt). Then, backward trajectory and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis show that the emission hot spots of halocarbons were concentrated in adjacent cities in Zhejiang and neighboring provinces in eastern China. Moreover, based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, industrial emission (38.7 %), solvent usage (32.6 %), and the refrigeration sector and biomass burning (23.7 %) were the main sources of halocarbons (observed in this study). This study reveals high concentrations and potential sources of halocarbons in eastern China, which are important for studying the recovery of the ozone layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Liting Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Bezerra MG, Leitão EFV, de Andrade RB, Ventura E, do Monte SA. Photochemistry of Monohydrated Chloromethane: Formation of Free and Hydrated Cl - and CH 3+ Ions from a Solvent-Shared Semi-Ion-Pair. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8603-8614. [PMID: 34582197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of water molecule on the excited states of CH3Cl(H2O), as compared to those of the isolated chloromethane, has been studied at the multireference configuration interaction with singles and doubles (MR-CISD), including extensivity corrections. Eight new Rydberg states are due to the water molecule but the common states of both systems are not severely altered. Potential energy curves of 23 singlet states along the C-Cl coordinate have also been computed at the MR-CISD level. The dissociation energy of the C-Cl bond decreases from ∼0.4 to 0.5 eV due to the water molecule. As for CH3Cl (de Medeiros, V. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 272-280), a stable ion-pair has also been characterized. However, for CH3Cl(H2O), this ion-pair is better described as a solvent-shared semi-ion-pair, CH3+δ(H2O)Cl-δ. This species is connected with three ionic dissociation channels, with two being due to the water molecule. The presence of these new ionic channels, particularly the lowest energy one, [H3C-O]+ + Cl-, raises a very important question of atmospheric relevance: can the interaction of chloroalkanes with water decrease its deleterious effect on the ozone layer? Several potentially new competing dissociation channels are also studied. The latter results can help to set up the most important states to be included in nonadiabatic dynamic calculations to study how the yields of the ionic channels change due to the water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Bezerra
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58-059-900, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel F V Leitão
- Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cajazeiras, PB 58900-000, Brazil
| | - Railton B de Andrade
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58-059-900, Brazil
| | - Elizete Ventura
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58-059-900, Brazil
| | - Silmar A do Monte
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58-059-900, Brazil
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Su J, Zhao P, Ding J, Du X, Dou Y. Insights into measurements of water-soluble ions in PM 2.5 and their gaseous precursors in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 102:123-137. [PMID: 33637238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the characteristics and transformation mechanisms of secondary inorganic aerosols, hourly mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM2.5 and their gaseous precursors were measured online from 2016 to 2018 at an urban site in Beijing. Seasonal and diurnal variations in water-soluble ions and gaseous precursors were discussed and their gas-particle conversion and partitioning were also examined, some related parameters were characterized. The (TNH3) Rich was also defined to describe the variations of the excess NH3 in different seasons. In addition, a sensitivity test was carried out by using ISORROPIA II to outline the driving factors of gas-particle partitioning. In Beijing, the relative contribution of nitrate to PM2.5 has increased markedly in recent years, especially under polluted conditions. In the four seasons, only a small portion of NO2 in the atmosphere was converted into total nitrate (TNO3), and more than 80% of TNO3 occurred in the form of nitrate due to the abundant ammonia. The concentration of total ammonia (TNH3) was much higher than that required to neutralize acid gases, and most of the TNH3 occurred as gaseous NH3. The nitrous acid (HONO) concentration was highly correlated with NH3 concentration and had increased significantly in Beijing compared with previous studies. The total chloride (TCl) was the highest in winter, and ε(Cl-) was more sensitive to variations in the ambient temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) than ε(NO3-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Su
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Jing Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiang Du
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Youjun Dou
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
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Hong Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Fan Q, Chen C, Chen X, Wang M. The role of anthropogenic chlorine emission in surface ozone formation during different seasons over eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137697. [PMID: 32392687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic chlorine emission is an important source of Cl radicals, which plays an important role in the oxidative chemistry of the troposphere. However, its seasonal impacts on surface ozone levels in China have yet been comprehensively explored. In this study, we conducted numerical simulations for January, April, July and October 2015 by using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with updated heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen oxides with particulate chlorine and updated Anthropogenic Chlorine Emission Inventory for China (ACEIC). Two experiments with and without ACEIC in the model were established, and their results were compared with each other. The model can faithfully reproduce the magnitudes and variations of meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations. Cl radicals were generated by the photolysis of ClNO2, ClNO and Cl2, HCl oxidation by OH radicals, and the heterogeneous reactions of NO3 with particulate Cl-. ClNO2 and ClNO were mainly produced from the heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 and NO2 with particulate Cl-, respectively. The spatial and seasonal variations ofz these chlorinated species and their responses to the implementation of ACEIC were revealed in this study. Our results suggested that besides N2O5, the heterogeneous reactions of NO2 and NO3 with particulate Cl- could be important sources of Cl radicals. Anthropogenic chlorine emission increased the Cl radical concentration through enhancing the photolysis of ClNO, Cl2, and ClNO2. The implementation of ACEIC in the model increased the degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) not only by Cl radicals but also by OH radicals. Although the seasonal variation of AECIE was insignificant, the larger formation of Cl radicals caused by higher levels of NOx in January was counteracted by the larger loss of them due to more VOCs degradations, resulting in a lower increase in Cl radicals due to the implementation of ACEIC compared with other months. The anthropogenic chlorine emissions increased the monthly mean maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 mixing ratio by up to 4.9 ppbv, and increased the 1-hour O3 mixing ratio by up to 34.3 ppbv. The impact of ACEIC was the most significant in January and the least in July due to the high emissions of NOx and VOCs and adverse meteorological conditions in winter. It indicated that although the ozone concentration was low, the anthropogenic chlorine emission significantly contributed to the atmospheric oxidation capacity and increase ozone concentrations in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hong
- Guangdong Ecological Meteorology Center, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Qi Fan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Foshan Meteorological Bureau, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xunlai Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Severe Weather in South China, Shenzhen 518040, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Severe Weather in South China, Shenzhen 518040, China
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Source Identification of Trace Elements in PM2.5 at a Rural Site in the North China Plain. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An intensive sampling of PM2.5 was conducted at a rural site (Gucheng) in the North China Plain from 22 October to 23 November 2016. A total of 25 elements (Al, Na, Cl, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Cd, Ba, Pb, and Sb) from PM2.5 filter samples collected daily were measured using a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Cl, S, and K were the most abundant elements, with average concentrations of 2077.66 ng m−3 (range 118.88–4638.96 ng m−3), 1748.78 ng m−3 (range 276.67–4335.59 ng m−3), and 1287.07 ng m−3 (range 254.90–2748.63 ng m−3), respectively. Among noncrustal trace metal elements, the concentration of Zn was the highest, with an average of 397.74 ng m−3 (range 36.45–1602.96 ng m−3), followed by Sb and Pb, on average, of 299.20 ng m−3 and 184.52 ng m−3, respectively. The morphologies of PM2.5 samples were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The shape of the particles was predominantly spherical, chain-like, and irregular. Positive matrix factorization analysis revealed that soil dust, following by industry, secondary formation, vehicle emissions, biomass and waste burning, and coal combustion, were the main sources of PM2.5. The results of cluster, potential source contribution function, and concentration weighted trajectory analyses suggested that local emissions from Hebei Province, as well as regional transport from Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, and Shanxi Province, and long-range transport from Inner Mongolia, were the main contributors to PM2.5 pollution.
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Smirnov SV, Demin OV, Torgonskaya ML, Firsova YE, Zhukov VG, Zagustina NA. Optimization of the Process of Air Purification from Dichloromethane in a Biofilter with an Irrigated Layer by Mathematical Modeling. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818060121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wetherbee GA, Lehmann CMB, Kerschner BM, Ludtke AS, Green LA, Rhodes MF. RETRACTED: Trends in bromide wet deposition concentrations in the contiguous United States, 2001-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:168-179. [PMID: 29073524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors due to the results of a detailed investigation of the data quality conducted by the Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) after relocation to the University of Wisconsin (UW) – Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. Using a subset of the 30 samples with the highest bromide ion (Br-) concentrations, the CAL at UW found 6 samples that could not be verified or were incorrect. Because the extent of the incorrect data is unknown, the NADP Executive Committee voted unanimously in May 2019 to discontinue public access to these data, and they decided to sequester all Br- data prior to June 2018. These issues were not obvious to the authors when the paper was written. The authors apologize for the inconvenience caused.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian M Kerschner
- University of Illinois, NADP Central Analytical Laboratory, United States
| | - Amy S Ludtke
- U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Quality, United States
| | - Lee A Green
- University of Illinois, NADP Central Analytical Laboratory, United States
| | - Mark F Rhodes
- University of Illinois, NADP Program Office, United States
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Hu Q, Xie Z, Wang X, Yu J, Zhang Y. Methyl iodine over oceans from the Arctic Ocean to the maritime Antarctic. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26007. [PMID: 27184471 PMCID: PMC4868973 DOI: 10.1038/srep26007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies about methyl iodide (CH3I), an important atmospheric iodine species over oceans, had been conducted in some maritime regions, but the understanding of the spatial distribution of CH3I on a global scale is still limited. In this study, we reports atmospheric CH3I over oceans during the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Research Expeditions. CH3I varied considerably with the range of 0.17 to 2.9 pptv with absent of ship emission. The concentration of CH3I generally decreased with increasing latitudes, except for higher levels in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere than in the low latitudes. For sea areas, the Norwegian Sea had the highest CH3I concentrations with a median of 0.91 pptv, while the Central Arctic Ocean had the lowest concentrations with all values below 0.5 pptv. CH3I concentration over oceans was affected by many parameters, including sea surface temperature, salinity, dissolved organic carbon, biogenic emissions and input from continents, with distinctive dominant factor in different regions, indicating complex biogeochemical processes of CH3I on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Wynn PM, Brocks JJ. A framework for the extraction and interpretation of organic molecules in speleothem carbonate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:845-854. [PMID: 24623687 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The organic content of speleothem calcite is a well-recognized component of their chemical composition. To date, the techniques for interpretation of this material include UV fluorescence, FTIR spectroscopy and biomarker analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). However, investigation of the minute concentrations of molecules in speleothems demands careful sampling and laboratory controls. METHODS To be certain extracted molecules were encapsulated at the time of speleothem growth and do not represent contamination, we submitted three pieces of speleothem calcite to a rigorous extraction procedure. Based on sequential digestion and analysis by GC/MS, we measured concentration profiles of individual compounds with increasing distance from sample surfaces. RESULTS Declining concentrations toward interior extracts identified cholesterol, phthalates, and n-alkanes as surface contaminants. In contrast, iodo organic compounds had homogeneous concentration profiles and were also significantly above laboratory background levels, consistent with an indigenous origin. However, further laboratory testing demonstrated that iodo organics were produced by the reaction of iodine derived from the speleothem with solvent additives and other impurities of the extraction procedure. Sitosterol and some fatty acids demonstrated distributions which were probably indigenous to the speleothem archive, thus recording environmental conditions commensurate with time of growth. CONCLUSIONS We do not aim to provide an environmental interpretation of extracted molecules, but highlight the caution necessary before doing so. We ultimately establish a framework for differentiating between organic constituents that are introduced to the speleothems during storage, handling and as artifacts of extraction, and those encapsulated in situ at the time of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Wynn
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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12
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Chen Y, Xie SD. Characteristics and formation mechanism of a heavy air pollution episode caused by biomass burning in Chengdu, Southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:507-17. [PMID: 24394363 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To track the chemical characteristics and formation mechanism of biomass burning pollution, the hourly variations of meteorological factors and pollutant concentrations during a heavy pollution on 18-21 May, 2012 in Chengdu are presented in this study. The episode was the heaviest and most long-lasting pollution event in the historical record of Chengdu caused by a combination of stagnant dispersion conditions and enhanced PM2.5 emission from intensive biomass burning, with peak values surpassing 500 μg m(-3). The event was characterized by three nighttime peaks, relating to the burning practice and decreased boundary layer height at night. The prevailing northeasterly wind during nighttime preferentially brought more pollutants to the urban regions from northern suburbs of Chengdu, where dense fire spots were observed. Due to the obstruction of hilly topography and weak wind speed, minor regional features were reflected from the PM10 variations in nearby cities, whereas the long-distance transport of the plume impacted extensive regions in northern and eastern China. Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations increased by more than 200%, while exceptionally high PM2.5 levels of 190.1 and 268.4 μg m(-3) on 17 May and 18 May, were observed and showed high correlation with CO (r=0.75). The relative contribution of biomass burning smoke to organic carbon was estimated from OC/EC ratios (organic carbon/elemental carbon) and elevated to 81.3% during the episode, indicating a significant impact on urban aerosol levels. The occurrence of high PM2.5/PM10 ratios (>0.80) and K(+)/EC ratios (>1.0), along with the increased carbonaceous concentrations and their fraction in PM2.5 (>40%) and high OC/EC ratios (about 8), could be used as immediate indicators for biomass burning pollution in cities. In addition, the heavy pollution involved a mixture of anthropogenic sources, reflected from the high SOR and NOR values and increases in the EFs (enrichment factors) of Mo, Zn, Cd, and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shao-Dong Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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13
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Kuechler ER, York DM. Quantum mechanical study of solvent effects in a prototype SN2 reaction in solution: Cl- attack on CH3Cl. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:054109. [PMID: 24511924 PMCID: PMC3977776 DOI: 10.1063/1.4863344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleophilic attack of a chloride ion on methyl chloride is an important prototype SN2 reaction in organic chemistry that is known to be sensitive to the effects of the surrounding solvent. Herein, we develop a highly accurate Specific Reaction Parameter (SRP) model based on the Austin Model 1 Hamiltonian for chlorine to study the effects of solvation into an aqueous environment on the reaction mechanism. To accomplish this task, we apply high-level quantum mechanical calculations to study the reaction in the gas phase and combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations with TIP3P and TIP4P-ew water models and the resulting free energy profiles are compared with those determined from simulations using other fast semi-empirical quantum models. Both gas phase and solution results with the SRP model agree very well with experiment and provide insight into the specific role of solvent on the reaction coordinate. Overall, the newly parameterized SRP Hamiltonian is able to reproduce both the gas phase and solution phase barriers, suggesting it is an accurate and robust model for simulations in the aqueous phase at greatly reduced computational cost relative to comparably accurate ab initio and density functional models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich R Kuechler
- BioMaPS Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087, USA
| | - Darrin M York
- BioMaPS Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087, USA
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14
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Partial hydration of n-alkyl halides at the water–vapor interface: a molecular simulation study with atmospheric implications. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Abstract
This review, with 290 references, presents the fascinating area of iodinated natural products over the past hundred years for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Mangaladoss Fredimoses
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shengrong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
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16
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Šulka M, Šulková K, Louis F, Neogrády P, Černušák I. A Theoretical Study of the X-Abstraction Reactions (X = H, Br, or I) from CH2IBr by OH Radicals: Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry. Z PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2013.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Maione M, Giostra U, Arduini J, Furlani F, Graziosi F, Lo Vullo E, Bonasoni P. Ten years of continuous observations of stratospheric ozone depleting gases at Monte Cimone (Italy)--comments on the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol from a regional perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 445-446:155-64. [PMID: 23333511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated gases potentially harmful to the stratospheric ozone layer are monitored worldwide in order to assess compliance with the Montreal Protocol requiring a phase out of these compounds on a global scale. We present the results of long term (2002-2011) continuous observation conducted at the Mt. Cimone GAW Global Station located on the highest peak of the Italian Northern Apennines, at the border of two important regions: the Po Valley (and the Alps) to the North and the Mediterranean Basin to the South. Bi-hourly air samples of CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-114, CFC-115, H-1211, H-1301, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, HCFC-124 and methyl bromide are collected and analysed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, providing multi annual time series. In order to appreciate the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol from a regional perspective, trends and annual growth rates of halogenated species have been calculated after identification of their baseline values. A comparison with results from other international observation programmes is also presented. Our data show that the peak in the atmospheric mixing ratios of four chlorofluorocarbons, two halons and two chlorocarbons has been reached and all these species now show a negative atmospheric trend. Pollution episodes are still occurring for species like halon-1211, methyl chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, indicating fresh emissions from the site domain which could be ascribed both to fugitive un-reported uses of the compounds and/or emissions from banks. For the hydrofluorocarbons changes in the baseline are affected by emissions from fast developing Countries in East Asia. Fresh emissions from the site domain are clearly declining. Methyl bromide, for which the Mediterranean area is an important source region, shows, in a generally decreasing trend, an emission pattern that is not consistent with the phase-out schedule of this compound, with a renewed increase in the last two years of pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maione
- Department of Basic Sciences (DiSBeF), Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Chemical Sciences Section, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
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18
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Šulková K, Šulka M, Louis F, Neogrády P. Atmospheric Reactivity of CH2ICl with OH Radicals: High-Level OVOS CCSD(T) Calculations for the X-Abstraction Pathways (X = H, Cl, or I). J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:771-82. [PMID: 23294186 DOI: 10.1021/jp312447x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Šulková
- Department of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Šulka
- Department of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Florent Louis
- PhysicoChimie des Processus
de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère (PC2A), UMR 8522 CNRS/Lille1, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies,
Cité Scientifique, Bât. C11/C5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq
Cedex, France
| | - Pavel Neogrády
- Department of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
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19
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Tassi F, Capecchiacci F, Cabassi J, Calabrese S, Vaselli O, Rouwet D, Pecoraino G, Chiodini G. Geogenic and atmospheric sources for volatile organic compounds in fumarolic emissions from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Pašalić H, Roeselová M, Lischka H. Methyl and Pentyl Chloride in a Microhydrated Environment and at the Liquid Water−Vapor Interface: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:1807-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107989k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Pašalić
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Roeselová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hans Lischka
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Kwok RHF, Fung JCH, Lau AKH, Fu JS. Numerical study on seasonal variations of gaseous pollutants and particulate matters in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Bahadur R, Uplinger T, Russell LM, Sive BC, Cliff SS, Millet DB, Goldstein A, Bates TS. Phenol groups in northeastern U.S. submicrometer aerosol particles produced from seawater sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2542-2548. [PMID: 20192253 DOI: 10.1021/es9032277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles collected during the ICARTT 2004 field experiment at ground based sites at Appledore Island (AI), New Hampshire, Chebogue Point (CP), Nova Scotia, and aboard the R/V Ronald Brown (RB) were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to quantify organic mass (OM) and organic functional groups. Several of these spectra contain a unique absorbance peak at 3500 cm(-1). Laboratory calibrations identify this peak with phenol functional groups. The phenol groups are associated with seawater-derived emissions based on correlations with tracer volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ions, and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis. On the basis of the measured absorptivities, the project average phenol group concentrations are 0.24 +/- 0.18 microg m(-3) (4% of the total OM) at AI, 0.10 +/- 0.6 microg m(-3) (5% of the total OM) at CP, and 0.08 +/- 0.09 microg m(-3) (2% of the total OM) on board the RB, with detection limits typically between 0.06 and 0.11 microg m(-3). The spectra were partitioned into three primary factors using positive matrix factorization (PMF) sufficient to explain more than 95% of the measured OM. The fossil fuel combustion factor contributed 40% (AI), 34% (CP), and 43% (RB) of the total OM; the terrestrial biogenic factor contributed 20% (AI), 30% (CP), and 27% (RB). The seawater-derived factor contributed 40% (AI), 36% (CP) and 29% (RB) of the OM and showed similar correlations to tracers as the phenol group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Bahadur
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla California 92093-0221, USA
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23
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Tracking Fires in India Using Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (A)ATSR Data. REMOTE SENSING 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/rs2020591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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25
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Trotsenko YA, Torgonskaya ML. The aerobic degradation of dichloromethane: Structural-functional aspects (a review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683809030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Goldammer JG, Statheropoulos M, Andreae MO. Chapter 1 Impacts of Vegetation Fire Emissions on the Environment, Human Health, and Security: A Global Perspective. WILDLAND FIRES AND AIR POLLUTION 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(08)00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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27
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Mühle J, Lueker TJ, Su Y, Miller BR, Prather KA, Weiss RF. Trace gas and particulate emissions from the 2003 southern California wildfires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Keene WC, Lobert JM, Crutzen PJ, Maben JR, Scharffe DH, Landmann T, Hély C, Brain C. Emissions of major gaseous and particulate species during experimental burns of southern African biomass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Trebs I. The NH4+-NO3−-Cl−-SO42−-H2O aerosol system and its gas phase precursors at a pasture site in the Amazon Basin: How relevant are mineral cations and soluble organic acids? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Bertschi IT, Jaffe DA, Jaeglé L, Price HU, Dennison JB. PHOBEA/ITCT 2002 airborne observations of transpacific transport of ozone, CO, volatile organic compounds, and aerosols to the northeast Pacific: Impacts of Asian anthropogenic and Siberian boreal fire emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. T. Bertschi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences; University of Washington-Bothell; Bothell Washington USA
| | - D. A. Jaffe
- Department of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences; University of Washington-Bothell; Bothell Washington USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - L. Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - H. U. Price
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - J. B. Dennison
- Department of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences; University of Washington-Bothell; Bothell Washington USA
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31
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Saltzman ES. Methyl bromide in preindustrial air: Measurements from an Antarctic ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Trentmann J, Andreae MO, Graf H. Chemical processes in a young biomass‐burning plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Trentmann
- Biogeochemistry DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Chemistry Mainz Germany
- Now at Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meinrat O. Andreae
- Biogeochemistry DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Chemistry Mainz Germany
| | - Hans‐F. Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany
- Now at Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Goldstein AH, Shaw SL. Isotopes of Volatile Organic Compounds: An Emerging Approach for Studying Atmospheric Budgets and Chemistry. Chem Rev 2003; 103:5025-48. [PMID: 14664642 DOI: 10.1021/cr0206566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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34
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Hamilton JTG, McRoberts WC, Keppler F, Kalin RM, Harper DB. Chloride methylation by plant pectin: an efficient environmentally significant process. Science 2003; 301:206-9. [PMID: 12855805 DOI: 10.1126/science.1085036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric chloromethane (CH3Cl) plays an important role in stratospheric ozone destruction, but many uncertainties exist regarding the strengths of its sources and sinks and particularly regarding the processes generating this naturally occurring gas. Evidence is presented here that CH3Cl is produced in many terrestrial environments by a common mechanism. Abiotic conversion of chloride to CH3Cl occurs readily in plant material, with the widespread plant component pectin acting as a methyl donor. Significant CH3Cl emissions from senescent and dead leaves were observed at ambient temperatures; those emissions rose dramatically when temperatures increased. This ubiquitous process acting in terrestrial ecosystems and during biomass burning could contribute the bulk of atmospheric CH3Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T G Hamilton
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK.
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35
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Shirai T, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Rowland FS, Russell-Smith J, Edwards A, Kondo Y, Koike M, Kita K, Machida T, Takegawa N, Nishi N, Kawakami S, Ogawa T. Emission estimates of selected volatile organic compounds from tropical savanna burning in northern Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Shirai
- National Space Development Agency of Japan; Earth Observation Research Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - S. Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - F. S. Rowland
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - J. Russell-Smith
- Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre; Bushfires Council of the Northern Territory; Northern Territory Australia
| | - A. Edwards
- Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre; Bushfires Council of the Northern Territory; Northern Territory Australia
| | - Y. Kondo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Kita
- Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science; Ibaraki University; Ibaraki Japan
| | - T. Machida
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Japan
| | - N. Takegawa
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Aichi Japan
| | - N. Nishi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - S. Kawakami
- National Space Development Agency of Japan; Earth Observation Research Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Ogawa
- National Space Development Agency of Japan; Earth Observation Research Center; Tokyo Japan
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36
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Low JC. Measurements of ambient atmospheric C2H5Cl and other ethyl and methyl halides at coastal California sites and over the Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Bösch H. Upper limits of stratospheric IO and OIO inferred from center-to-limb-darkening-corrected balloon-borne solar occultation visible spectra: Implications for total gaseous iodine and stratospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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38
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Bartlett KB. Large-scale distribution of CH4in the western North Pacific: Sources and transport from the Asian continent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Reeves CE. Atmospheric budget implications of the temporal and spatial trends in methyl bromide concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Kita K, Kawakami S, Miyazaki Y, Higashi Y, Kondo Y, Nishi N, Koike M, Blake DR, Machida T, Sano T, Hu W, Ko M, Ogawa T. Photochemical production of ozone in the upper troposphere in association with cumulus convection over Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Bell N, Hsu L, Jacob DJ, Schultz MG, Blake DR, Butler JH, King DB, Lobert JM, Maier-Reimer E. Methyl iodide: Atmospheric budget and use as a tracer of marine convection in global models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Bell
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - L. Hsu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - M. G. Schultz
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. R. Blake
- University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - J. H. Butler
- NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. B. King
- NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. M. Lobert
- Advanced Pollution Instrumentation; San Diego California USA
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42
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Scheeren HA. Methyl chloride and other chlorocarbons in polluted air during INDOEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Maloney JC, Fuelberg HE, Avery MA, Crawford JH, Blake DR, Heikes BG, Sachse GW, Sandholm ST, Singh H, Talbot RW. Chemical characteristics of air from different source regions during the second Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropics (PEM-Tropics B). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Keppler F, Eiden R, Niedan V, Pracht J, Schöler HF. Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter. Nature 2000; 403:298-301. [PMID: 10659846 DOI: 10.1038/35002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOC) play an important role in atmospheric chemical processes-contributing, for example, to stratospheric ozone depletion. For anthropogenic VHOC whose sources are well known, the global atmospheric input can be estimated from industrial production data. Halogenated compounds of natural origin can also contribute significantly to the levels of VHOC in the atmosphere. The oceans have been implicated as one of the main natural sources, where organisms such as macroalgae and microalgae can release large quantities of VHOC to the atmosphere. Some terrestrial sources have also been identified, such as wood-rotting fungi, biomass burning and volcanic emissions. Here we report the identification of a different terrestrial source of naturally occurring VHOC. We find that, in soils and sediments, halide ions can be alkylated during the oxidation of organic matter by an electron acceptor such as Fe(III): sunlight or microbial mediation are not required for these reactions. When the available halide ion is chloride, the reaction products are CH3Cl, C2H5Cl, C3H7Cl and C4H9Cl. (The corresponding alkyl bromides or alkyl iodides are produced when bromide or iodide are present.) Such abiotic processes could make a significant contribution to the budget of the important atmospheric compounds CH3Cl, CH3Br and CH3I.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Keppler
- Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, Heidelberg University, Germany.
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45
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Cautenet S, Poulet D, Delon C, Delmas R, Grégoire JM, Pereira JM, Cherchali S, Amram O, Flouzat G. Simulation of carbon monoxide redistribution over central Africa during biomass burning events (Experiment for Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxidants (EXPRESSO)). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Williams J, Wang NY, Cicerone RJ. Methyl bromide emissions from agricultural field fumigations in California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schauffler SM, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Flocke F, Lueb RA, Lee-Taylor JM, Stroud V, Travnicek W. Distributions of brominated organic compounds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McCauley SE, Goldstein AH, DePaolo DJ. An isotopic approach for understanding the CH(3)Br budget of the atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:10006-9. [PMID: 10468552 PMCID: PMC17832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.18.10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The atmospheric budget of methyl bromide (CH(3)Br), an ozone-depleting gas, is highly uncertain, because it has complex sources and sinks. Although oceans, biomass burning, and industrial production are identified as the major sources, the fraction of CH(3)Br that is contributed by each source is not well known. A mass-balance approach that exploits differences in the carbon isotopic signature (delta(13)C) of CH(3)Br sources and sinks may provide a means of reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric budget. This approach depends on the distinctiveness of industrially produced methyl bromide. Our delta(13)C measurements of industrial CH(3)Br from the three largest manufacturers worldwide yield a weighted average of -54.4 per thousand relative to the Peedee Belemnite standard. This result suggests that industrial CH(3)Br is isotopically distinct and that the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CH(3)Br may indicate what fraction of atmospheric CH(3)Br is anthropogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E McCauley
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management (MC 3110), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Board AS, Fuelberg HE, Gregory GL, Heikes BG, Schultz MG, Blake DR, Dibb JE, Sandholm ST, Talbot RW. Chemical characteristics of air from differing source regions during the Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics A (PEM-Tropics A). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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