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Huang Z, Yu X, Liu Q, Maki T, Alam K, Wang Y, Xue F, Tang S, Du P, Dong Q, Wang D, Huang J. Bioaerosols in the atmosphere: A comprehensive review on detection methods, concentration and influencing factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168818. [PMID: 38036132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, especially since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the effects of atmospheric bioaerosols on human health, the environment, and climate have received great attention. To evaluate the impacts of bioaerosols quantitatively, it is crucial to determine the types of bioaerosols in the atmosphere and their spatial-temporal distribution. We provide a concise summary of the online and offline observation strategies employed by the global research community to sample and analyze atmospheric bioaerosols. In addition, the quantitative distribution of bioaerosols is described by considering the atmospheric bioaerosols concentrations at various time scales (daily and seasonal changes, for example), under various weather, and different underlying surfaces. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the reasons for the spatiotemporal distribution of bioaerosols is discussed, including differences in emission sources, the impact process of meteorological factors and environmental factors. This review of information on the latest research progress contributes to the emergence of further observation strategies that determine the quantitative dynamics of public health and ecological effects of bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinrong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiantao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Teruya Maki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Khan Alam
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Yongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fanli Xue
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shihan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengyue Du
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Chudakov DB, Konovalova MV, Kashirina EI, Kotsareva OD, Shevchenko MA, Tsaregorodtseva DS, Fattakhova GV. DEPs Induce Local Ige Class Switching Independent of Their Ability to Stimulate iBALT de Novo Formation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13063. [PMID: 36293642 PMCID: PMC9603618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are leading to a general increase in atopic diseases worldwide. However, it is still unknown whether DEPs induce systemic B-cell IgE class switching in secondary lymphoid organs or locally in the lungs in inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT). The aim of this work was to identify the exact site of DEP-mediated B-cell IgE class switching and pro-allergic antibody production. METHODS We immunized BALB/c mice with different OVA doses (0.3 and 30 µg) intranasally in the presence and absence of two types of DEPs, SRM1650B and SRM2786. We used low (30 µg) and high (150 µg) DEP doses. RESULTS Only a high DEP dose induced IgE production, regardless of the particle type. Local IgE class switching was stimulated upon treatment with both types of particles with both low and high OVA doses. Despite the similar ability of the two standard DEPs to stimulate IgE production, their ability to induce iBALT formation and growth was markedly different upon co-administration with low OVA doses. CONCLUSIONS DEP-induced local IgE class switching takes place in preexisting iBALTs independent of de novo iBALT formation, at least in the case of SRM1650B co-administered with low OVA doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Borisovich Chudakov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Mariya Vladimirovna Konovalova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Elena Igorevna Kashirina
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Dmitrievna Kotsareva
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Marina Alexandrovna Shevchenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Daria Sergeevna Tsaregorodtseva
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., Moscow 1194535, Russia
| | - Gulnar Vaisovna Fattakhova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
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Bhat MA, Eraslan FN, Awad A, Malkoç S, Üzmez ÖÖ, Döğeroğlu T, Gaga EO. Investigation of indoor and outdoor air quality in a university campus during COVID-19 lock down period. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 219:109176. [PMID: 35599669 PMCID: PMC9116033 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 currently shadows the world; the whole earth has been on an unprecedented lockdown. Social distancing among people interrupted domestic and international air traffic, suspended industrial productions and economic activities, and had various far-reaching and undetermined implications on air quality. Improvement in air quality has been reported in many cities during the lockdown. On March 22, 2020, the Turkish government enforced strict lockdown measures to reduce coronavirus disease transmission. This lockdown had a significant impact on the movement of people within the country, which resulted in a major drop in worldwide commercial activities. During this period, university campuses were emptied due to the transition to distance education. In this study, various air pollutants sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), total bacteria, and total fungi were measured in different indoor environments at Eskişehir Technical University Campus in Eskişehir, Turkey during COVID-19 lock down period. Also, to calculate the indoor and outdoor ratios (I/O) of the pollutants, simultaneous outdoor measurements were also carried out. The average indoor SO2, NO2, O3, and PM2.5 concentrations in different indoor environments ranged between 2.10 and 54.58, 1.36-30.89, 12.01-39.05, and 21-94 μg/m3, respectively. The total number of bacteria and fungi ranged between 21.83-514.15 and 13.10-83.36 CFU/m3, respectively. Our study intends to give a glimpse to quantify the impact of a pandemic on air quality in different indoor environments in a university campus in Eskişehir, Turkey and calls for follow-up studies. Indoor concentrations were evaluated together with outdoor concentrations. In general, it can be said that the calculated I/O ratios for SO2, NO2, O3, bacteria, and fungi were less than 1 in most indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Ahmad Bhat
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Nur Eraslan
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Alaa Awad
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Semra Malkoç
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Eskişehir Technical University, Environmental Research Center (ÇEVMER), 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özden Üzmez
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Döğeroğlu
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Eskişehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Eskişehir Technical University, Environmental Research Center (ÇEVMER), 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Alfardan AS, Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Al-Harbi MM, AlSharari SD. Plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) enhances cockroach allergen extract-driven airway inflammation by enhancing pulmonary Th2 as well as Th17 immune responses in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:327-339. [PMID: 29567418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a gradual increase in the prevalence of asthma. Various factors including environmental pollutants have contributed to this phenomenon. Plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is one of the commonest environmental pollutants due to its association with plastic products. DEHP gets released from plastic products easily leading to respiratory exposure in humans. As a consequence, DEHP is associated with allergic asthma in humans and animals. DEHP is reported to act as an adjuvant in ovalbumin-induced mouse models of asthma at high doses. However, these studies mostly looked into the role of DEHP on Th2 cytokines/eosinophilic inflammation without investigating the role of airway epithelial cells (AECs)/dendritic cells (DCs)/Th17 cells. Its adjuvant activity with natural allergens such as cockroach allergens at tolerable daily intake needs to be explored. Cockroach allergens and DEHP may be inhaled together due to their coexistence in work place as well as household environments. Therefore, effect of DEHP was assessed in cockroach allergens extract (CE)-induced mouse model of asthma. Airway inflammation, histopathology, mucus secretion, and immune responses related to Th2/Th17/DCs and AECs were assessed in mice with DEHP exposure alone and in combination with CE. Our study shows that DEHP converts CE-induced eosinophilic inflammation into mixed granulocytic inflammation by promoting Th2 as well as Th17 immune responses. This was probably due to downregulation of E-cadherin in AECs, and enhancement of costimulatory molecules (MHCII/CD86/CD40)/pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6/MCP-1) in DCs by DEHP. This suggests that DEHP facilitates development of mixed granulocytic airway inflammation in the presence of a natural allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Alfardan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir D AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Neunkirchner A, Kratzer B, Köhler C, Smole U, Mager LF, Schmetterer KG, Trapin D, Leb-Reichl V, Rosloniec E, Naumann R, Kenner L, Jahn-Schmid B, Bohle B, Valenta R, Pickl WF. Genetic restriction of antigen-presentation dictates allergic sensitization and disease in humanized mice. EBioMedicine 2018; 31:66-78. [PMID: 29678672 PMCID: PMC6014064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin(Ig)E-associated allergies result from misguided immune responses against innocuous antigens. CD4+ T lymphocytes are critical for initiating and perpetuating that process, yet the crucial factors determining whether an individual becomes sensitized towards a given allergen remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the key factors for sensitization and allergy towards a given allergen. METHODS We here created a novel human T cell receptor(TCR) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR1 (TCR-DR1) transgenic mouse model of asthma, based on the human-relevant major mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) pollen allergen Art v 1 to examine the critical factors for sensitization and allergy upon natural allergen exposure via the airways in the absence of systemic priming and adjuvants. RESULTS Acute allergen exposure led to IgE-independent airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and T helper(Th)2-prone lung inflammation in TCR-DR1, but not DR1, TCR or wildtype (WT) control mice, that was alleviated by prophylactic interleukin(IL)-2-αIL-2 mAb complex-induced expansion of Tregs. Chronic allergen exposure sensitized one third of single DR1 transgenic mice, however, without impacting on lung function. Similar treatment led to AHR and Th2-driven lung pathology in >90% of TCR-DR1 mice. Prophylactic and therapeutic expansion of Tregs with IL-2-αIL-2 mAb complexes blocked the generation and boosting of allergen-specific IgE associated with chronic allergen exposure. CONCLUSIONS We identify genetic restriction of allergen presentation as primary factor dictating allergic sensitization and disease against the major pollen allergen from the weed mugwort, which frequently causes sensitization and disease in humans. Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of the balance between allergen-specific T effector and Treg cells for modulating allergic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Neunkirchner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cordula Köhler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Smole
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas F Mager
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus G Schmetterer
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Edward Rosloniec
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, TN, USA; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 38104, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, TN, USA
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Falcon-Rodriguez CI, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Rosas-Pérez IA, Osornio-Vargas ÁR, Segura-Medina P. Inhalation of concentrated PM 2.5 from Mexico City acts as an adjuvant in a guinea pig model of allergic asthma. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:474-483. [PMID: 28570992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Particulate Matter (PM) could function as an adjuvant depending on the city of origin in mice allergic asthma models. Therefore, our aim was to determine whether inhalation of fine particles (PM2.5) from Mexico City could act as an adjuvant inducing allergic sensitization and/or worsening the asthmatic response in guinea pig, as a suitable model of human asthma. Experimental groups were Non-Sensitized (NS group), sensitized with Ovalbumin (OVA) plus Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) as adjuvant (S + Adj group), and sensitized (OVA) without adjuvant (S group). All the animals were exposed to Filtered Air (FA) or concentrated PM2.5 (5 h/daily/3 days), employing an aerosol concentrator system, PM2.5 composition was characterized. Lung function was evaluated by barometric plethysmography (Penh index). Inflammatory cells present in bronchoalveolar lavage were counted as well as OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE were determined by ELISA assay. Our results showed in sensitized animals without Al(OH)3, that the PM2.5 exposure (609 ± 12.73 μg/m3) acted as an adjuvant, triggering OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE concentration. Penh index increased ∼9-fold after OVA challenge in adjuvant-sensitized animals as well as in S + PM2.5 group (∼6-fold), meanwhile NS + FA and S + FA lacked response. S + Adj + PM2.5 group showed an increase significantly of eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage. PM2.5 composition was made up of inorganic elements and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, as well as endotoxins and β-glucan, all these components could act as adjuvant. Our study demonstrated that acute inhalation of PM2.5 acted as an adjuvant, similar to the aluminum hydroxide effect, triggering allergic asthma in a guinea pig model. Furthermore, in sensitized animals with aluminum hydroxide an enhancing influence of PM2.5 exposure was observed as specific-hyperresponsiveness to OVA challenge (quickly response) and eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation. Fine particles from Mexico City is a complex mix, which play a significant role as adjuvant in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Iván Falcon-Rodriguez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria (CU), Del. Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico; Departamento de Investigación en Hiperactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Calz. de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Del. Tlalpan, C.P. 14080 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico.
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Contaminantes Atmosféricos y Estrés Oxidativo, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)-Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico.
| | - Irma Aurora Rosas-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Aerobiología, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, CU, Del. Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico.
| | - Álvaro Román Osornio-Vargas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 3-591 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87th Avenue, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Patricia Segura-Medina
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Calz. de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Del. Tlalpan, C.P. 14080 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico.
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North MA, Kinniburgh DW, Smits JEG. European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) As Sentinels of Urban Air Pollution: A Comprehensive Approach from Noninvasive to Post Mortem Investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8746-8756. [PMID: 28665607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban, traffic-related air pollution remains a concern to health-care and environmental professionals, with mounting evidence connecting diverse disease conditions with exposure. Wildlife species such as European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) cohabit urban neighborhoods and may serve as sentinels for these contaminants. In this novel approach, we use passive, personal-type air samplers to provide site-specific measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, or BTEX), and account for the effects of confounding environmental factors when teasing out the responses to exposure. This study examines biomarkers of exposure to predominately traffic-related, urban air contaminants in European starlings, including morphometric measurements, immunotoxicology, oxidative stress and hepatic detoxification, and analyses responses in the context of multilayered factors including year, hatch date, weather and location, confirming that this experimental approach and the selected health indicators can be used for comparing locations with different levels of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A North
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada , T2N 4Z6
| | - David W Kinniburgh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada , T2N 4N1
| | - Judit E G Smits
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada , T2N 4Z6
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Falcón-Rodríguez CI, Rosas-Pérez I, Segura-Medina P. Relación de los mecanismos inmunológicos del asma y la contaminación ambiental. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2017. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v65n2.59954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. Se calcula que más de 300 millones de personas alrededor del mundo padecen asma y se estima que para el año 2025 esta cifra se incremente a 400 millones debido a los contaminantes criterio. Sin embargo, dadas sus limitaciones, los estudios epidemiológicos son controversiales sobre la contaminación y el desarrollo de asma.Objetivos. Describir las diferencias y similitudes de la respuesta inmunológica de pacientes asmáticos y los modelos animales de asma alérgica después de la exposición a contaminantes criterio y elementos biológicos, para así identificar los factores inmunológicos relacionados con el desarrollo de asma.Materiales y método. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos sobre asma y los diferentes contaminantes criterio.Resultados. La respuesta Th2 es activada por la inhalación de ozono, dióxido de nitrógeno, azufre y la exposición aguda a material particulado, mientras que el contacto con ciertos tipos de pólenes y glucanos y la exposición crónica de partículas incrementa la respuesta Th1, la cual inhibe a la respuesta Th2 produciendo un “efecto protector”.Conclusiones. La respuesta Th1 podría causar baja o nula asociación entre la exposición a contaminación y el desarrollo de asma en las diferentes ciudades, adicionando de esta manera otra limitación a los estudios epidemiológicos.
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Giridhar PV, Bell SM, Sridharan A, Rajavelu P, Kitzmiller JA, Na CL, Kofron M, Brandt EB, Ericksen M, Naren AP, Moon C, Khurana Hershey GK, Whitsett JA. Airway Epithelial KIF3A Regulates Th2 Responses to Aeroallergens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:4228-4239. [PMID: 27794000 PMCID: PMC5123825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
KIF3A, the gene encoding kinesin family member 3A, is a susceptibility gene locus associated with asthma; however, mechanisms by which KIF3A might influence the pathogenesis of the disorder are unknown. In this study, we deleted the mouse Kif3a gene in airway epithelial cells. Both homozygous and heterozygous Kif3a gene-deleted mice were highly susceptible to aeroallergens from Aspergillus fumigatus and the house dust mite, resulting in an asthma-like pathology characterized by increased goblet cell metaplasia, airway hyperresponsiveness, and Th2-mediated inflammation. Deletion of the Kif3a gene increased the severity of pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation and expression of cytokines (Il-4, Il-13, and Il-17a) and chemokine (Ccl11) RNAs following pulmonary exposure to Aspergillus extract. Inhibition of Kif3a disrupted the structure of motile cilia and impaired mucociliary clearance, barrier function, and epithelial repair, demonstrating additional mechanisms by which deficiency of KIF3A in respiratory epithelial cells contributes to pulmonary pathology. Airway epithelial KIF3A suppresses Th2 pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness following aeroallergen exposure, implicating epithelial microtubular functions in the pathogenesis of Th2-mediated lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Vummidi Giridhar
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Sheila M Bell
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Priya Rajavelu
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Joseph A Kitzmiller
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Cheng-Lun Na
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Matthew Kofron
- Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Eric B Brandt
- Division of Asthma Research, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Mark Ericksen
- Division of Asthma Research, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Changsuk Moon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229;
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Ventura MT, Musi M, Giuliano G, Arsieni A, Di Leo E, Buquicchio R, Accettura G, Spanevello A, Foschino-Barbaro MP, Resta O. Latex Allergy and Sensitization in Cities: A Survey in a Population at Risk. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 19:821-30. [PMID: 17166403 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant increase in allergic diseases in western countries is correlated with changes in lifestyle and with the deterioration of the air inhaled by the inhabitants because of the growing concentrations of pollutant substances present. Within a population at risk, i.e., the inhabitants of cities, a group of subjects at even higher risk was selected, whose job exposes them to automobile exhaust fumes for many hours a day. All the study subjects underwent allergological screening and spirometry. The results obtained show an overall increase of respiratory allergic diseases but no increased sensitisation to latex. It therefore seems plausible that, besides social and lifestyle changes, the deterioration of the quality of the air could be considered responsible, at least in part, for the growing numbers of allergic subjects. This study offers an opportunity to reconsider the validity of the “hygiene hypothesis” as an explanation for the increase of allergic disease in western countries, although recent reports have indicated that a sedentary lifestyle may also contribute, together with environmental degradation, to the notably increased prevalence of allergic diseases in large cities in industrialized nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ventura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (MIDIM), University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
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11
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Sénéchal H, Visez N, Charpin D, Shahali Y, Peltre G, Biolley JP, Lhuissier F, Couderc R, Yamada O, Malrat-Domenge A, Pham-Thi N, Poncet P, Sutra JP. A Review of the Effects of Major Atmospheric Pollutants on Pollen Grains, Pollen Content, and Allergenicity. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:940243. [PMID: 26819967 PMCID: PMC4706970 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the available data related to the effects of air pollution on pollen grains from different plant species. Several studies carried out either on in situ harvested pollen or on pollen exposed in different places more or less polluted are presented and discussed. The different experimental procedures used to monitor the impact of pollution on pollen grains and on various produced external or internal subparticles are listed. Physicochemical and biological effects of artificial pollution (gaseous and particulate) on pollen from different plants, in different laboratory conditions, are considered. The effects of polluted pollen grains, subparticles, and derived aeroallergens in animal models, in in vitro cell culture, on healthy human and allergic patients are described. Combined effects of atmospheric pollutants and pollen grains-derived biological material on allergic population are specifically discussed. Within the notion of "polluen," some methodological biases are underlined and research tracks in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sénéchal
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Visez
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmosphere Processes (PC2A), UMR CNRS 8522, University of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Denis Charpin
- Pneumo-Allergology Department, North Hospital, 265 chemin des Bourrely, 13915 Marseille 20, France
| | - Youcef Shahali
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
- Persiflore, 18 avenue du Parc, 91220 Le Plessis-Pâté, France
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Biolley
- SEVE Team, Ecology and Biology of Interactions (EBI), UMR-CNRS-UP 7267, University of Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | | | - Rémy Couderc
- Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris 12, France
| | - Ohri Yamada
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Audrey Malrat-Domenge
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nhân Pham-Thi
- Allergology Department, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France
| | - Pascal Poncet
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
- Infections & Epidemiology Department, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Sutra
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
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12
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Lu S, Ren J, Hao X, Liu D, Zhang R, Wu M, Yi F, Lin J, Shinich Y, Wang Q. Characterization of protein expression of Platanus pollen following exposure to gaseous pollutants and vehicle exhaust particles. AEROBIOLOGIA 2014; 30:281-291. [PMID: 25110385 PMCID: PMC4122811 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-014-9327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Being major ornamental street trees, species of Platanus are widely planted in the Shanghai urban area. A great deal of allergenic Platanus pollen is released from the trees and suspended in the atmosphere during its flowering season, ultimately causing allergic respiratory diseases. Few papers have focused on the distribution of this type of pollen and its expression of allergenic proteins. In order to investigate any differences in protein expression in Platanus pollen following exposure to gaseous and particulate pollutants, a special apparatus was designed. Exposure condition (such as temperature, humidity, and exposure time) of Platanus pollen and gaseous pollutants can be simulated using of this apparatus. Fresh Platanus orientalis pollen, pollutant gases (NO2, SO2, NH3), and typical urban ambient particles (vehicle exhaust particles, VEPs) were mixed in this device to examine possible changes that might occur in ambient airborne urban pollen following exposure to such pollutants. Our results showed that the fresh P. orientalis pollen became swollen, and new kinds of particles could be found on the surface of the pollen grains after exposure to the pollutants. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that five protein bands with molecular weights of 17-19, 34, 61, 82, and 144 kDa, respectively, were detected and gray scale of these brands increased after the pollen exposure to gaseous pollutants. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that a Platanus pollen allergenic protein (Pla a1, with a molecular weight of 18 kDa) increased in abundance following exposure to pollutant gases and VEPs, implying that air pollutants may exacerbate the allergenicity of pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Jingjin Ren
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Xiaojie Hao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Dingyu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Rongci Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Fei Yi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Jun Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800 China
| | - Yonemochi Shinich
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, Saitama, 374-0115 Japan
| | - Qingyue Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
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13
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Alberg T, Hansen JS, Lovik M, Nygaard UC. Particles influence allergic responses in mice--role of gender and particle size. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:281-292. [PMID: 24588227 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.863746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggesting that exposure to traffic air pollution may enhance sensitization to common allergens in children is increasing, and animal studies support biological plausibility and causality. The effect of air pollution on respiratory symptoms was suggested to be gender dependent. Previous studies showed that allergy-promoting activity of polystyrene particles (PSP) increased with decreasing particle size after footpad injection of mice. The primary aim of this study was to confirm the influence of particle size on the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-promoting capacity of particles in an airway allergy model. A second aim was to examine whether the allergy-promoting capacity of particles was influenced by gender. Female and male mice were intranasally exposed to the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) with or without ultrafine, fine, or coarse PSP modeling the core of ambient air particles. After intranasal booster immunizations with OVA, serum levels of OVA-specific IgE antibodies, and also markers of airway inflammation and cellular responses in the lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), were determined. PSP of all sizes promoted allergic responses, measured as increased serum concentrations of OVA-specific IgE antibodies. Further, PSP produced eosinophilic airway inflammation and elevated MLN cell numbers as well as numerically reducing the percentage of regulatory T cells. Ultrafine PSP produced stronger allergic responses to OVA than fine and coarse PSP. Although PSP enhanced sensitization in both female and male mice, significantly higher IgE levels and numbers of eosinophils were observed in females than males. However, the allergy-promoting effect of PSP was apparently independent of gender. Thus, our data support the notion that ambient air particle pollution may affect development of allergy in both female and male individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torunn Alberg
- a Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
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14
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Weir CH, Yeatts KB, Sarnat JA, Vizuete W, Salo PM, Jaramillo R, Cohn RD, Chu H, Zeldin DC, London SJ. Nitrogen dioxide and allergic sensitization in the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Respir Med 2013; 107:1763-72. [PMID: 24045117 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic sensitization is a risk factor for asthma and allergic diseases. The relationship between ambient air pollution and allergic sensitization is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between ambient air pollution and allergic sensitization in a nationally representative sample of the US population. METHODS We linked annual average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10), particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), and summer concentrations of ozone (O3), to allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) data for participants in the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). In addition to the monitor-based air pollution estimates, we used the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to increase the representation of rural participants in our sample. Logistic regression with population-based sampling weights was used to calculate adjusted prevalence odds ratios per 10 ppb increase in O3 and NO2, per 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM10, and per 5 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 adjusting for race, gender, age, socioeconomic status, smoking, and urban/rural status. RESULTS Using CMAQ data, increased levels of NO2 were associated with positive IgE to any (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.04, 1.27), inhalant (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.02, 1.33), and indoor (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03, 1.31) allergens. Higher PM2.5 levels were associated with positivity to indoor allergen-specific IgE (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.13, 1.36). Effect estimates were similar using monitored data. CONCLUSIONS Increased ambient NO2 was consistently associated with increased prevalence of allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Weir
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Carbon nanofibers have IgE adjuvant capacity but are less potent than nanotubes in promoting allergic airway responses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:476010. [PMID: 24024193 PMCID: PMC3760273 DOI: 10.1155/2013/476010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing concern for the possible health impact of nanoparticles. The main objective of this study was to investigate the allergy-promoting capacity of four different carbon nanofiber (CNF) samples in an injection and an airway mouse model of allergy. Secondly, the potency of the CNF was compared to the previously reported allergy-promoting capacity of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the airway model. Ultrafine carbon black particles (ufCBP) were used as a positive control. Particles were given together with the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) either by subcutaneous injection into the footpad or intranasally to BALB/cA mice. After allergen booster, OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a in serum were measured. In the airway model, inflammation was determined as influx of inflammatory cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages) and by mediators (MCP-1 and TNF-α present in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF)). CNF and CNT both increased OVA-specific IgE levels in the two models, but in the airway model, the CNT gave a significantly stronger IgE response than the CNF. Furthermore, the CNT and not the CNF promoted eosinophil lung inflammation. Our data therefore suggest that nanotube-associated properties are particularly potent in promoting allergic responses.
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16
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Sousa SIV, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Martins FG. Health effects of ozone focusing on childhood asthma: what is now known--a review from an epidemiological point of view. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2051-2058. [PMID: 23228906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Protecting the health of children and the environment is an essential objective for the health policies of any modern society, being also crucial for a sustainable development, according to the World Health Organization. Evaluating the risk of developing childhood asthma is one of the four priority issues identified by the European Commission, according to the European Union Environment and Health Action Plan. Accordingly, this review aimed to update information concerning the effects of exposure to ozone on childhood asthma, thus helping in the development of strategies for further research. Studies have been demonstrating strong associations between the exposure to ozone and asthma. However, the complexity of exposure patterns, the changes in the vulnerability of children at various stages of development, and the practical limitations of research, lead to a still incomplete understanding of the ozone impact on the health of children. Difficulties on the interpretation of epidemiological studies to evaluate chronic effects are mainly due to an absence of studies designed specifically to address this question and to inherent limitations in characterizing exposure. The more rigorous studies provided new evidences for chronic effects of ozone on small airway function and possibly on asthma, but substantial uncertainties remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I V Sousa
- LEPAE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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17
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Mohiuddin M, Zacharisen MC, Poulos C, Levy MB. Asthma deaths outside the hospital in an urban community from 2004 to 2008. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108:412-7. [PMID: 22626593 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have been performed reviewing medical examiner's autopsy reports of asthma deaths. None, to our knowledge, have focused on the characteristics of asthma deaths in the urban community alone. OBJECTIVE To characterize factors related to asthma deaths occurring outside the hospital setting in an urban community. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 22 patients who died outside the hospital of asthma and underwent autopsy performed by the Milwaukee County medical examiner from 2004 to 2008. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 32 years (range, 12-71 years), 11 patients were male, and 14 patients (64%) were African American. Seventeen patients (77%) died during the night or shortly on awakening. Twelve patients (55%) died in June, July, or August. A history of illicit drug, alcohol, or tobacco use was discovered in 13 patients (59%). Toxicologic test results for drugs of abuse were positive in 4 patients (18%). Twenty patients were using or overusing a short-acting β-agonist, 1 patient was taking omalizumab, and none were taking long-acting β-agonists alone. Two patients were taking no medications. Asthma severity and medication adherence were not consistently reported. Lung pathologic testing revealed eosinophils in 18 patients and a lack of neutrophils in every case. CONCLUSION In this small and limited series of asthma deaths occurring in an urban setting outside the hospital, individuals were more likely to be African Americans, with deaths occurring more frequently at night, during the summer months, and in those with substance abuse and not taking anti-inflammatory asthma medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaz Mohiuddin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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18
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Puc M. Threat of allergenic airborne grass pollen in Szczecin, NW Poland: the dynamics of pollen seasons, effect of meteorological variables and air pollution. AEROBIOLOGIA 2011; 27:191-202. [PMID: 21892248 PMCID: PMC3150813 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-010-9188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of Poaceae pollen season, in particularly that of the Secale genus, in Szczecin (western Poland) 2004-2008 was analysed to establish a relationship between the meteorological variables, air pollution and the pollen count of the taxa studied. Consecutive phases during the pollen season were defined for each taxon (1, 2.5, 5, 25, 50, 75, 95, 97.5, 99% of annual total), and duration of the season was determined using the 98% method. On the basis of this analysis, the temporary differences in the dynamics of the seasons were most evident for Secale in 2005 and 2006 with the longest main pollen season (90% total pollen). The pollen season of Poaceae started the earliest in 2007, when thermal conditions were the most favourable. Correlation analysis with meteorological factors demonstrated that the relative humidity, mean and maximum air temperature, and rainfall were the factors influencing the average daily pollen concentrations in the atmosphere; also, the presence of air pollutants such as ozone, PM(10) and SO(2) was statistically related to the pollen count in the air. However, multiple regression models explained little part of the total variance. Atmospheric pollution induces aggravation of symptoms of grass pollen allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Puc
- Department of Botany and Nature Conservation, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
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19
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Eckl-Dorna J, Klein B, Reichenauer TG, Niederberger V, Valenta R. Exposure of rye (Secale cereale) cultivars to elevated ozone levels increases the allergen content in pollen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:1315-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gastaminza G, Lombardero M, Bernaola G, Antepara I, Muñoz D, Gamboa PM, Audicana MT, Marcos C, Ansotegui IJ. Allergenicity and cross-reactivity of pine pollen. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1438-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sousa SIV, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Martins FG, Pereira MC. Ozone exposure and its influence on the worsening of childhood asthma. Allergy 2009; 64:1046-55. [PMID: 19220225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well documented that high levels of many airborne pollutants can adversely affect many systems of the human body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the specific impact of ozone (O(3)) on the worsening of childhood asthma, comparing children living at regions with high and low O(3) concentrations (reference site) without the confounding effects of other pollutants. METHODS Pollutant concentrations were monitored and data concerning asthma prevalence were collected through a questionnaire. The studied population consisted of 478 children aged 6-13 years old enrolled in four schools of the municipalities where monitoring was performed. Remote sites were identified with very low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds and high concentrations of O(3). RESULTS The prevalence of wheeze for lifetime period and in the past year was 15.9% and 6.3%, respectively. Asthmatic children were identified when dyspnoea and wheezing were simultaneously mentioned in the absence of upper respiratory infections; according to that, the lifetime prevalence of asthmatic symptoms at the remote sites was 7.1%. The comparison with other previous studies was difficult because the criteria for analysis are not conveniently established. CONCLUSION The prevalence of childhood asthmatic symptoms was about 4% higher at the high O(3) site than at the low O(3) site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I V Sousa
- LEPAE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
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Nygaard UC, Hansen JS, Samuelsen M, Alberg T, Marioara CD, Løvik M. Single-Walled and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Promote Allergic Immune Responses in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2009; 109:113-23. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ho CY, Tan CT, Tsai HH, Kou YR. Ozone-induced Nasal Hyperresponsiveness to Tachykinins in Guinea Pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 22:463-7. [DOI: 10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess role of hydroxyl radials in the ozone-induced upper airway hyperresponsiveness to tachykinins. Methods A prospective, controlled, animal model (n = 96) was performed. Half of them exposed to air (A-group, placebo) and the other half exposed to 3 ppm ozone (O-group) for 2 h. Two hours post air/ozone exposure, animals were anesthetized and equally randomized to be pretreated with one of the three treatments, including saline vehicle, dimethylthiourea (DMTU; 500 mg/kg m, a hydroxyl radical scavenger), or phosphoramidon (Phos; 2 μg/kg, an inhibitor for neutral endopeptidase). Ten minutes after pretreatment, half of the animals in each group were i.v. injected with capsaicin (2 μg/kg), and the other half were i.v. injected with substance P (10 μg/kg) to produce Evans blue dye extravasation. Results Nasal exudative response to capsaicin or substance P in O-group was found to be significantly greater than that in A-group. This ozone-induced nasal airway hyperresponsiveness was largely prevented by DMTU. Phosphoramidon produced a similar nasal airway hyperresponsiveness in the A-group, but failed to alter ozone-induced nasal airway hyperresponsiveness in O-group. In sharp contrast, only substance P, but not capsaicin, produced a laryngeal exudative response in the A-group, which was similar to that in the O-group. The laryngeal exudative response to substance P was not significantly affected by DMTU or Phos. Conculsion In the guinea-pig model, hydroxyl radicals play a vital role in the development of ozone-induced nasal airway hyperresponsiveness to tachykinins. It is possibly mediated through the suppressive action of ozone on the tachykinin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yin Ho
- Department of Otolaryngology, Veterans General Hospital–Taipei and National Yang-Ming University
| | - Ching-Ting Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University College of Medicine
| | | | - Yu Ru Kou
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Cai C, Xu J, Zhang M, Chen XD, Li L, Wu J, Lai HW, Zhong NS. Prior SO2 exposure promotes airway inflammation and subepithelial fibrosis following repeated ovalbumin challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:1680-7. [PMID: 18631350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to allergens or air pollutants often leads to asthma exacerbations associated with aggravation of airway inflammation. Although, repeated allergen challenge often induces chronic allergic airway inflammation (CAAI) and airway remodelling, yet, the effects of brief exposure to air pollutants such as SO(2) on development of CAAI and airway remodelling remain to be clarified. OBJECTIVE The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of acute neutrophilic airway inflammation induced by brief exposure to SO(2) on development of CAAI and subepithelial fibrosis (SEF) in a murine model of asthma. METHODS Acute airway inflammation was induced by brief exposure to 50 p.p.m. SO(2) (1 h/d, 3 days). CAAI and SEF in BALB/c mice were induced by repeated challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) for 5 or 9 weeks with or without prior exposure to SO(2). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophilia as index of CAAI, BALF endothelin-1 (ET-1) and TGF-beta1 levels, morphometric evaluation of fibrotic area beneath subbasement membrane and lung hydroxyproline content (Hyp) as indexes of SEF were monitored. RESULTS Exposure to SO(2) led to acute neutrophilic inflammation and epithelial sloughing with profound elevation of BALF ET-1. Repeated OVA challenge resulted in CAAI and SEF along with elevation of Hyp, increase of fibrotic area beneath subbasement membrane and elevation of BALF TGF-beta1. Preceding SO(2) exposure exaggerated BALF eosinophilia, facilitated and enhanced SEF with more significant elevation of BALF ET-1 and TGF-beta1 levels compared with OVA-challenged mice without prior exposure to SO(2). The increase of Hyp was positively correlated with elevation of BALF TGF-beta1 during CAAI (r=0.842, P<0.01). CONCLUSION This data demonstrated that SEF developed in parallel with severity and time course of CAAI following repeated OVA challenge. SO(2)-induced acute epithelial injury and neutrophilic inflammation could enhance CAAI and promote SEF, probably through overexpression of ET-1 and TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cai
- Department of Pulmonology, No. 1 Hospital of Beijing University, Beijing, China
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You XI, Senthilselvan A, Cherry NM, Kim HGMI, Burstyn I. Determinants of airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds in rural areas of Western Canada. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2008; 18:117-28. [PMID: 17327851 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We estimated the level and determinants of airborne concentrations of 26 volatile organic compounds (VOC) in rural Western Canada. A multisite, multimonth unbalanced two-factorial design was used to collect air samples at 1206 fixed sites across a geographic area associated with primary oil and gas industry in Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, and central and southern Saskatchewan from April 2001 to December 2002. Principal component factor analysis was used to group VOC into three mixtures. Factor I was a group of compounds dominated by benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, xylenes, and hexane. Factor II was mainly a group of vegetation-related monoterpenes and dichlorobenzenes. Factor III was a group of chlorinated VOC. Linear mixed effects models were applied to identify the determinants of airborne concentrations of VOC and evaluate the association between these factors and oil and gas facilities. Our results indicated that the studied VOC were present in small (ng/m3) quantities. Components of Factor I VOC showed a seasonal variation with maxima in winter and minima in summer, whereas components of Factor II displayed an opposite seasonal trend. Components of Factor III did not show a clear seasonal pattern. We observed that oil and gas facilities only contribute to airborne concentrations of components of Factor I. Proximity to batteries (within 2 km) was most influential in determining monthly airborne concentrations of components of Factor I, followed by gas and oil wells. Modification of batteries to reduce evaporation and leakage might be considered as a measure to control airborne concentrations of compounds such as benzene and toluene.
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Children's respiratory health and mold levels in New Orleans after Katrina: a preliminary look. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:622-5. [PMID: 18179814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When the federal levee system broke after Hurricane Katrina, 80 percent of New Orleans, approximately 134,000 homes, flooded. As repopulation and revitalization activities continue, exposure to mold and other respiratory irritants has emerged as a major health concern; however, there has been no study examining children's respiratory health and indoor mold levels in the post-Katrina environment. OBJECTIVE The Children's Respiratory Health Study was designed as a preliminary examination of indoor air levels of mold, children's lung function, and common indices of respiratory health in a select sample of children returning to live in New Orleans immediately after Hurricane Katrina. METHODS Children were recruited from a private primary school in the Garden District of New Orleans. Respiratory health questionnaire and spirometric data were collected on children 7 to 14 years of age, and mold air sampling was conducted at baseline and again after 2 months. CONCLUSIONS There was an overall decrease in mold levels and respiratory symptoms over the study period, and indoor mold levels were low despite reported hurricane damage.
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Lourenço O, Fonseca AM, Taborda-Barata L. Demographic, laboratory and clinical characterisation of adult portuguese asthmatic patients. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2007; 35:177-83. [PMID: 17923071 DOI: 10.1157/13110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory condition characterised by reversible airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness associated with underlying bronchial inflammation and structural changes. It represents an increasing health problem and is a huge burden on the patients, their families and society. The aim of the study was to characterise the adult asthmatic population attending a Hospital Allergy Clinic between the years of 2003 and 2006. METHODS Clinical files from the Allergy Outpatient Clinic of Cova da Beira Hospital were sequentially studied. The total population analysed included 335 female and 130 male asthmatic patients. Bronchial asthma was characterised by clinical history, skin prick testing to aeroallergens, determination of total and specific IgE and lung function testing, and classified according to international guidelines. RESULTS Of the patients studied, 70 % had allergic asthma, and 30 % had non-allergic asthma. When compared to allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma was more frequently associated with older age, perennial symptoms and female gender. More allergic than non-allergic asthma patients also had rhinitis and the reverse was true regarding drug allergy and oesophageal reflux. Grass pollen and mites were the major sensitisers for allergic asthmatics. The sensitisation profile was significantly different between urban- and rural-based asthmatic patients regarding tree pollen, fungi and moulds. CONCLUSIONS In this population, rhinitis was more frequently associated with allergic than with non-allergic asthma. The two types of asthma did not differ in clinical severity or changes in lung function. Sensitisation profiles were different between the urban and rural patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lourenço
- CICS, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Jianan X, Zhiyun O, Hua Z, Xiaoke W, Hong M. Allergenic pollen plants and their influential factors in urban areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2032(07)60082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Adhikari A, Reponen T, Grinshpun SA, Martuzevicius D, LeMasters G. Correlation of ambient inhalable bioaerosols with particulate matter and ozone: a two-year study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 140:16-28. [PMID: 16183184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have examined the relationships between the concentrations of ambient inhalable airborne fungi and pollen with PM10, PM2.5, ozone, organic carbon, selected trace metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc), temperature, and relative humidity. The database was collected in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, during two consecutive years. Measurements of all environmental variables were performed at the same site continuously 5 days a week except during winter months. The airborne concentrations of biological and non-biological pollutants ranged as follows: total fungi: 184-16 979 spores m(-3); total pollen: 0-6692 pollen m(-3); PM10: 6.70-65.38 microg m(-3); PM2.5: 5.04-45.02 microg m(-3); and ozone: 2.54-64.17 ppb. Higher levels of total inhalable fungi and particulate matter were found during fall and summer months. In contrast, total pollen concentration showed elevated levels in spring. Peak concentrations of ozone were observed during summer and beginning of fall. Our study concluded that several types of inhalable airborne fungi and pollen, particulate matter, and ozone could be positively correlated as a result of the atmospheric temperature influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atin Adhikari
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
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Verstraelen S, Van Den Heuvel R, Nelissen I, Witters H, Verheyen G, Schoeters G. Flow cytometric characterisation of antigen presenting dendritic cells after in vitro exposure to diesel exhaust particles. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:903-7. [PMID: 16112833 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain more insight into the effect of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on the maturation of primary human dendritic cells. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) derived from seven different donors were exposed to different DEP concentrations (0.2,2,20,200 and 2,000 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and changes in the surface expression of HLA-DR, CD86 and CD83 were examined. Exposure of Mo-DC to DEP alone did not alter expression levels of any of the markers. Treatment with LPS alone increased the expression levels of all three surface markers, although the levels were not significantly different compared to untreated DCs. The LPS-induced marker expression could be further enhanced by co-stimulation of the cells with DEP. Statistical significantly increased levels of CD83 expression were observed after exposure to 0.2 (p=0.018), 20 (p=0.010) and 200 ng/ml (p=0.047) DEP combined with LPS in the group of responders. We conclude that DEP has an adjuvant effect on LPS-induced maturation of Mo-DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verstraelen
- Centre of Expertise in Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Xiao GG, Nel AE, Loo JA. Nitrotyrosine-modified proteins and oxidative stress induced by diesel exhaust particles. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:280-92. [PMID: 15624150 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration is a post-translational modification that occurs under conditions of oxidative stress and may play a role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as asthma. Through their ability to generate reactive oxygen species in macrophages and epithelial cells, particulate pollutants, such as diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), may lead to a worsening of the asthmatic condition. In this study, we looked for evidence of oxidative modification of proteins in RAW 264.7 cell line treated with DEP chemicals. We show that the induction of oxidative stress is accompanied by 53 newly expressed proteins which are suppressed by a thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. These include antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory components, and products of intermediary metabolism. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was identified as a biologically relevant oxidative stress protein that is induced concurrent with increased NO production and protein tyrosine-nitration in DEP-exposed RAW 264.7 cells. Utilizing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, anti-nitrotyrosine immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry led to the identification of an additional ten nitrotyrosine modified proteins, including oxidative stress proteins involved in intermediary metabolism (e.g., GAPDH and enolase), antioxidant defense (e.g., MnSOD) and inhibition of proteosomal activity (e.g., Hsp 90alpha). These oxidative proteins may serve as markers for oxidative stress generation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Guishan Xiao
- Department of Medicine-Clinical Immunology and Allergy, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Nygaard UC, Alberg T, Bleumink R, Aase A, Dybing E, Pieters R, Løvik M. Ambient air particles from four European cities increase the primary cellular response to allergen in the draining lymph node. Toxicology 2005; 207:241-54. [PMID: 15596255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the RAIAP (respiratory allergy and inflammation due to ambient particles) project, qualitative properties of ambient air particles from Amsterdam, Oslo, Lodz and Rome were investigated in relation to inflammation and allergy. Most collected particle fractions were found to increase the allergen-specific IgE and IgG2a responses after subcutaneous injection of particles with allergen in mice. However, some fractions appeared to skew the antibody response towards more Th1- or Th2-associated antibody isotypes, and the fine fractions were found to be more potent than the coarse fractions with regard to IgE adjuvant activity. In the present study we investigated the cellular response in the draining lymph node 5 days after a subcutaneous injection of selected RAIAP particle fractions. The particles (100 microg) were injected into both hind footpads of BALB/cA mice, in the presence or absence of the allergen ovalbumin (OVA, 50 microg). We also studied if the coarse and fine RAIAP particle fractions affected the cellular responses to OVA differently. The number of lymph node cells, as well as the relative number of B and T lymphocytes and T helper cells were determined. Expression of cell surface molecules (MHC class II, CD86 and CD23) and ex vivo cytokine production (IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma) by the lymph node cells were measured. Overall, particles in the presence of allergen enhanced the levels of the various cellular parameters compared to allergen alone or particles alone. In the absence of allergen, ambient air particles, in contrast to diesel exhaust particles, marginally affected some cellular parameters. By histological examination of the lymph node, the particles appeared to be scattered between the lymphocytes, often localised within macrophage-like (acid phosphatase positive) cells. The cell parameters measured could, for the individual sample, neither predict the degree of a Th2- or Th1-skewed antibody response, nor the stronger antibody adjuvant capacity of the fine than the coarse particle fractions. In conclusion, we have shown that coarse and fine ambient air particles from different European cities enhance the cellular response in the draining lymph node after injection with an allergen. In the absence of allergen, ambient particles only marginally affected the cellular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unni Cecilie Nygaard
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Bousquet J, Warner JO. Allergy and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology are the official organs of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2004; 59:1333-8. [PMID: 15507103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Warner JO, Bousquet J. Allergy and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology are the official organs of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004; 15:479-84. [PMID: 15610359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2004.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cortegano I, Civantos E, Aceituno E, del Moral A, López E, Lombardero M, del Pozo V, Lahoz C. Cloning and expression of a major allergen from Cupressus arizonica pollen, Cup a 3, a PR-5 protein expressed under polluted environment. Allergy 2004; 59:485-90. [PMID: 15080828 DOI: 10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper describes the cloning and expression of the Cupressus arizonica pollen protein Cup a 3. In addition, we present its modulation under polluted environmental conditions. Species of the Cupressaceae family are important because of their high sensitization prevalence. METHODS Cup a 3 cloning is based on the sequence of the homologous protein Jun a 3. Cup a 3 was expressed with good yield in the methylotropic yeast Pichia pastoris. RESULTS Recombinant Cup a 3 (rCup a 3) contains 199 amino acids, 10 potential phosphorylation sites and no glycosylation sites. By immunoblot 63% of cypress allergic patients had specific immunoglobulin E antibodies against rCup a 3 (n = 104). This major allergen is homologous to members of the pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-5 group) and contributes to the overall allergenicity of C. arizonica pollen. Our results show that the increased expression of Cup a 3 is dependent on the pollution in the area where the pollen has been collected, being higher under polluted conditions. CONCLUSIONS Cup a 3 is a PR-5 protein derived from C. arizonica pollen. The expression of the protein under polluted conditions has a direct incidence on the pollen allergenicity, as has been demonstrated by skin tests and Radioallergosorbent test inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cortegano
- Immunology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The relation between outdoor air pollution and asthma has always been a major focus of research. The evidence that current levels of air pollution in many countries result in increased morbidity and mortality is fairly consistent. With rapid urbanization in many communities, traffic exhausts have become the major source of pollution, and many recent research studies have attempted to investigate the detrimental effects of this type of pollution. This paper reviews the recent evidence of the possible detrimental effects of ambient air pollution on the inception and morbidity of asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Traffic related pollution has been confirmed in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to be associated with increased asthma morbidity and cardiopulmonary mortality. There is also evidence that pollutants such as ozone and traffic exhausts may be responsible for new incident cases of asthma. Among the particulate pollution, research investigating the ultrafine particles and the bacterial components suggested that these particles may have important role in asthma morbidity. SUMMARY More research studies are needed to reveal how various air pollutants may interact with the host systems, such as the immune system, leading to increased morbidity in susceptible individuals. Reduction of the current levels of ambient air pollution should be an integral part of the overall effort in minimizing asthma morbidity or mortality in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W K Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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