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Lim JJ, Reginald K, Say YH, Liu MH, Chew FT. A Dietary Pattern for High Estimated Total Fat Amount Is Associated with Enhanced Allergy Sensitization and Atopic Diseases among Singapore/Malaysia Young Chinese Adults. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2023; 184:975-984. [PMID: 37393903 DOI: 10.1159/000530948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Frequent dietary patterns for fast food diets are suggested to be a risk factor for atopic disease development. Excessive dietary fats in fast foods are postulated to promote low-grade chronic inflammation. However, no studies in Asia have yet to characterize the dietary pattern for high-fat foods with atopic diseases. Thus, this study aims to assess the association between dietary fats with the prevalence of atopic diseases in an allergic cohort. METHODS Through an investigator-administered questionnaire that follows the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) protocol, we evaluated the eating habits, lifestyle behaviours, sociodemographics, and atopic symptoms, and history among 11,494 young Chinese adults in Singapore and Malaysia. A skin prick test (SPT) for common house dust mites was also conducted to determine the atopic (allergic) status. We identified 1,550 atopic dermatitis (AD), 1,301 allergic asthma (AS), and 3,757 allergic rhinitis (AR) atopic cases. We derived a novel dietary index, Diet Quality based on Total Fat Amount (DQTFA), to examine the association between eating patterns for estimated total fat amount with various atopic outcomes. RESULTS There was a preponderance of subjects having positive SPT reaction (69.0%) with the prevalence of AR being the highest (32.7%), then AD (13.5%), and AS (11.3%). Additionally, there is a significantly higher proportion of subjects with an atopy background and atopic diseases consume diets with a high estimated mean fat amount. The adherence to a dietary pattern of the higher estimated total fat amount was shown to be strongly associated with all atopic diseases and exhibited dose-dependent responses in the univariate analysis. These associations remained significant even with the adjustments for age, gender, body mass index, use of alcohol, sedentary lifestyles, and physical activity. A dietary pattern for high-fat amount is more strongly associated with AS (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.524; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.216-1.725; p < 0.001) and AR (AOR: 1.294; 95% CI: 1.107-1.512; p < 0.001) compared to AD (AOR: 1.278; 95% CI: 1.049-1.559; p < 0.05). Finally, it was shown that having either one of the atopic comorbidities was strongly associated with a dietary pattern of high-fat amounts (AOR: 1.360; 95% CI: 1.161-1.594; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings altogether provide initial evidence that the dietary pattern of a diet high in fat amount is associated with an increased risk of atopy and atopic diseases in young Chinese adults in Singapore and Malaysia. Balancing the consumption of dietary fats and changing personal dietary habits by choosing foods of the lower fat amount may reduce the associated odds of atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,
| | - Kavita Reginald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yee-How Say
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Mei Hui Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Demers-Mathieu V, Lavangnananda S. Restricting Cow's Milk in the Maternal Diet Reduces the Titers of β-Lactoglobulin-Specific IgG Antibodies in Human Milk. Breastfeed Med 2022; 17:501-505. [PMID: 35325546 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2021.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Human milk antibodies specific to allergen enhance immunological tolerance in neonates by educating their immature mucosal immunity. The impact of restricting food allergens in diet and maternal factors on the levels of allergen-specific antibodies in human milk remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the influence of the maternal avoidance diet of cow's milk on the titers of IgG, SIgA/IgA, and IgM specific to β-lactoglobulin (BLG) in human milk. Materials and Methods: Human milk samples were collected from 26 women nonrestricting cow's milk and 11 women restricting cow's milk. The titers of IgG, SIgA/IgA, and SIgM/IgM specific to BLG were measured using ELISA. Results: BLG-specific IgG titers were 2.9-fold higher in women nonrestricting cow's milk than those restricting cow's milk in their diet (p = 0.026), but BLG-specific SIgA/IgA and SIgM/IgM titers were comparable between these two groups. BLG-specific IgG was positively correlated with BLG-specific SIgA/IgA titers in milk from mothers nonrestricting cow's milk (p = 0.0007) but did not correlate for mothers restricting cow's milk. BLG-specific SIgA/IgA titer decreased with increasing postpartum time in milk from women restricting cow's milk (p = 0.019). Type of delivery, infant gender, maternal age, and probiotic intake did not influence the BLG-specific antibody titers. Conclusions: This study reveals that the secretion of BLG-specific IgG in human milk increases in women nonrestricting cow's milk compared with women restricting cow's milk. The role of breast milk allergen-specific antibodies on the neonatal gut (crosstalk with immune and epithelial cells) remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Demers-Mathieu
- Medolac Laboratories, A Public Benefit Corporation, Department of Neonatal Immunology and Microbiology, Boulder City, Nevada, USA
| | - Sirima Lavangnananda
- Medolac Laboratories, A Public Benefit Corporation, Department of Neonatal Immunology and Microbiology, Boulder City, Nevada, USA
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Effect of breastfeeding for 6 months on disease outcomes in patients with Kawasaki disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261156. [PMID: 34932591 PMCID: PMC8691627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systematic vasculitis that occurs predominantly in young children, and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children younger than five-years-old in developed countries. Although the etiology of KD is unknown, it is believed to be an inflammatory disease resulting from abnormal immune responses to possible environmental or infectious stimuli in genetically predisposed individuals. Breast milk contains numerous anti-inflammatory factors which may protect against allergic and autoimmune diseases. In this study we tried to examine the effect of breastfeeding for 6 months or more on disease outcomes in patients with Kawasaki disease. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 249 KD patients admitted from 1999- 2013 who were older than 6 months at time of diagnosis and had data regarding breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data was collected by chart review. Continuous data was compared using Student's t-test and categorical variables were compared using Chi-square. Stepwise multivariate regression of all demographic factors was performed. RESULTS Breastfeeding for 6 months or more was associated with a shorter total duration of fever (5.980± 1.405 Vs. 6.910 ± 2.573 days, p = 0.001) and a lower risk of developing persistent coronary artery lesions (CALs) (7.8% Vs. 20.2%, p-value = 0.039) on univariate analysis. Multivariate regression of all factors associated with CALs including breastfeeding for 6 months found that only the presence of CALs at baseline (β-coefficient = 0.065, p < 0.001) and white blood count (β-coefficient = 0.065, p = 0.018) remained significant after regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding for 6 months or more was associated with a shorter duration of fever and a lower risk of persistent CAL formation in patients with KD on univariate analysis, although this effect may be modest when other factors such as the presence of CALs at baseline and white blood cell count are also taken into consideration.
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de Almeida CC, Baião DDS, Leandro KC, Paschoalin VMF, da Costa MP, Conte-Junior CA. Protein Quality in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil: Assessments on Biodigestibility, Essential Amino Acid Content and Proteins of Biological Importance. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113933. [PMID: 34836188 PMCID: PMC8622549 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant formulas, designed to provide similar nutritional composition and performance to human milk, are recommended when breastfeeding is not enough to provide for the nutritional needs of children under 12 months of age. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the protein quality and essential amino acid content of both starting (phase 1) and follow-up (phase 2) formulas from different manufacturers. The chemical amino acid score and protein digestibility corrected by the amino acid score were calculated. The determined protein contents in most formulas were above the maximum limit recommended by FAO and WHO guidelines and at odds with the protein contents declared in the label. All infant formulas contained lactoferrin (0.06 to 0.44 g·100 g−1) and α-lactalbumin (0.02 to 1.34 g·100 g−1) below recommended concentrations, whereas ĸ-casein (8.28 to 12.91 g·100 g−1), α-casein (0.70 to 2.28 g·100 g−1) and β-lactoglobulin (1.32 to 4.19 g·100 g−1) were detected above recommended concentrations. Essential amino acid quantification indicated that threonine, leucine and phenylalanine were the most abundant amino acids found in the investigated infant formulas. In conclusion, infant formulas are still unconforming to nutritional breast milk quality and must be improved in order to follow current global health authority guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Couto de Almeida
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (C.C.d.A.); (K.C.L.)
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24230-340, Brazil;
| | - Diego dos Santos Baião
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (D.d.S.B.); (V.M.F.P.)
| | - Katia Christina Leandro
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (C.C.d.A.); (K.C.L.)
| | - Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (D.d.S.B.); (V.M.F.P.)
- Graduate Studies in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Studies in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Marion Pereira da Costa
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24230-340, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Inspection and Technology of Milk and Derivatives (LaITLácteos), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (C.C.d.A.); (K.C.L.)
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24230-340, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (D.d.S.B.); (V.M.F.P.)
- Graduate Studies in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Studies in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +21-98728-6704 or +21-3938-7825
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Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Allergic and Non-Allergic Mothers: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061740. [PMID: 32532066 PMCID: PMC7352579 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the differences in human milk fatty acid composition in relation to maternal allergy within a large birth cohort study using statistical methods accounting for the correlations that exist in compositional data. We observed marginal differences in human milk fatty acid composition of allergic and non-allergic mothers. However, our results do not support the hypothesis that human milk fatty acid composition is influenced by allergy or that it differs between mothers with or without allergy. Observed differences in our results between transformed and untransformed fatty acid data call for re-evaluation of previous, as well as future, studies using statistical methods appropriate for compositionality of fatty acid data.
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The Determinants of the Human Milk Metabolome and Its Role in Infant Health. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020077. [PMID: 32093351 PMCID: PMC7074355 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is needed for optimal growth as it satisfies both the nutritional and biological needs of an infant. The established relationship between breastfeeding and an infant’s health is attributable to the nutritional and non-nutritional, functional components of human milk including metabolites such as the lipids, amino acids, biogenic amines and carbohydrates. These components have diverse roles, including protecting the infant against infections and guiding the development of the infant’s immature immune system. In this review, we provide an in-depth and updated insight into the immune modulatory and anti-infective role of human milk metabolites and their effects on infant health and development. We also review the literature on potential determinants of the human milk metabolome, including maternal infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and mastitis.
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Radzikowska U, Rinaldi AO, Çelebi Sözener Z, Karaguzel D, Wojcik M, Cypryk K, Akdis M, Akdis CA, Sokolowska M. The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2990. [PMID: 31817726 PMCID: PMC6950146 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-derived fatty acids (FAs) are essential sources of energy and fundamental structural components of cells. They also play important roles in the modulation of immune responses in health and disease. Saturated and unsaturated FAs influence the effector and regulatory functions of innate and adaptive immune cells by changing membrane composition and fluidity and by acting through specific receptors. Impaired balance of saturated/unsaturated FAs, as well as n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FAs has significant consequences on immune system homeostasis, contributing to the development of many allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. In this paper, we discuss up-to-date knowledge and the clinical relevance of the influence of dietary FAs on the biology, homeostasis, and functions of epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells, T cells and B cells. Additionally, we review the effects of dietary FAs on the pathogenesis of many diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis as well as type 1 and 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Radzikowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Arturo O Rinaldi
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Çelebi Sözener
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Department of Chest Disease, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ankara University School of Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilara Karaguzel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marzena Wojcik
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Cypryk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
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Venter C, Meyer RW, Nwaru BI, Roduit C, Untersmayr E, Adel‐Patient K, Agache I, Agostoni C, Akdis CA, Bischoff S, du Toit G, Feeney M, Frei R, Garn H, Greenhawt M, Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K, Lunjani N, Maslin K, Mills C, Muraro A, Pali I, Poulson L, Reese I, Renz H, Roberts GC, Smith P, Smolinska S, Sokolowska M, Stanton C, Vlieg‐Boerstra B, O'Mahony L. EAACI position paper: Influence of dietary fatty acids on asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2019; 74:1429-1444. [PMID: 31032983 DOI: 10.1111/all.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis has increased dramatically during the last decades, which is associated with altered environmental exposures and lifestyle practices. The purpose of this review was to highlight the potential role for dietary fatty acids, in the prevention and management of these disorders. In addition to their nutritive value, fatty acids have important immunoregulatory effects. Fatty acid-associated biological mechanisms, human epidemiology, and intervention studies are summarized in this review. The influence of genetics and the microbiome on fatty acid metabolism is also discussed. Despite critical gaps in our current knowledge, it is increasingly apparent that dietary intake of fatty acids may influence the development of inflammatory and tolerogenic immune responses. However, the lack of standardized formats (ie, food versus supplement) and standardized doses, and frequently a lack of prestudy serum fatty acid level assessments in clinical studies significantly limit our ability to compare allergy outcomes across studies and to provide clear recommendations at this time. Future studies must address these limitations and individualized medical approaches should consider the inclusion of specific dietary factors for the prevention and management of asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Venter
- Section of Allergy and Immunology University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado Colorado
| | | | - Bright I. Nwaru
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Caroline Roduit
- University Children's Hospital Zurich Switzerland
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Karine Adel‐Patient
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Immuno‐Allergie Alimentaire (LIAA) INRA, CEA, Université Paris Saclay Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
| | | | - Carlo Agostoni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda ‐ Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunita Universita' degli Studi Milano Italy
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Stephan Bischoff
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin Universität Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany
| | - George du Toit
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Department of Paediatric Allergy King's College London London UK
- Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Mary Feeney
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Department of Paediatric Allergy King's College London London UK
- Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Remo Frei
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Holger Garn
- Center for Tumor‐ and Immunobiology (ZTI), Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry Philipps University of Marburg ‐ Medical Faculty Marburg Germany
| | - Matthew Greenhawt
- School of Medicine, Section of Allergy and Immunology Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Aurora Colorado
| | - Karin Hoffmann‐Sommergruber
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Nonhlanhla Lunjani
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Kate Maslin
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Clare Mills
- School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Antonella Muraro
- Centro di Specializzazione Regionale per lo Studio e la Cura delle Allergie e delle Intolleranze Alimentari presso l'Azienda Ospedaliera Università di Padova Padova Italy
| | - Isabella Pali
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Lars Poulson
- Allergy Clinic, Dept. of Skin and Allergy Diseases Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Imke Reese
- Dietary Counseling and Nutrition Therapy Centre Munich Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Graham C. Roberts
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre St Mary's Hospital Newport UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust Southampton UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development in Health Academic Units University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Peter Smith
- School of Medicine Griffith University Southport Australia
| | - Sylwia Smolinska
- Department of Clinical Immunology Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw Poland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | | | | | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Depts of Medicine and Microbiology APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland Cork Ireland
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The influence of breastfeeding in breast-fed infants with atopic dermatitis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 52:132-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Waidyatillake NT, Dharmage SC, Allen KJ, Lodge CJ, Simpson JA, Bowatte G, Abramson MJ, Lowe AJ. Association of breast milk fatty acids with allergic disease outcomes-A systematic review. Allergy 2018; 73:295-312. [PMID: 28869762 DOI: 10.1111/all.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have immunoregulatory properties. Breast milk is rich in PUFA, and it has been hypothesized that these PUFAs may be important in the aetiology of allergic diseases. Despite a growing body of evidence, the associations between breast milk PUFA and allergic disease have not previously been systematically reviewed. METHODS The search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE databases using breastfeeding, fatty acid and allergic disease terms. Two authors were involved in selecting papers for review according to the inclusion criteria and extracting information on study characteristics and measures of association. Only studies that reported numeric associations between concentration of breast milk fatty acids and allergic disease outcomes were included. RESULTS A total of 18 papers met the inclusion criteria, reporting results from 15 study populations. The majority were cohort studies (n=11), with data from only two case-control and two cross-sectional studies. Sample size varied between 30 and 352 participants, and follow-up time of the cohorts varied between 3 months and 14 years. Nine studies reported on eczema, seven reported on sensitization, and only five reported on asthma/wheeze. There was heterogeneity among studies in terms of presenting the association between PUFA and allergy; therefore, estimates could not be pooled. Only a few studies observed associations between n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and allergic disease, and the magnitude of this effect varied greatly. CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to suggest that colostrum or breast milk polyunsaturated fatty acids influence the risk of childhood allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. T. Waidyatillake
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - S. C. Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - K. J. Allen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - C. J. Lodge
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - J. A. Simpson
- Biostatistics Unit; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - G. Bowatte
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - M. J. Abramson
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - A. J. Lowe
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne VIC Australia
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11
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Prentice S. They Are What You Eat: Can Nutritional Factors during Gestation and Early Infancy Modulate the Neonatal Immune Response? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1641. [PMID: 29234319 PMCID: PMC5712338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ontogeny of the human immune system is sensitive to nutrition even in the very early embryo, with both deficiency and excess of macro- and micronutrients being potentially detrimental. Neonates are particularly vulnerable to infectious disease due to the immaturity of the immune system and modulation of nutritional immunity may play a role in this sensitivity. This review examines whether nutrition around the time of conception, throughout pregnancy, and in early neonatal life may impact on the developing infant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Prentice
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Jonsson K, Barman M, Moberg S, Sjöberg A, Brekke HK, Hesselmar B, Sandberg AS, Wold AE. Serum fatty acids in infants, reflecting family fish consumption, were inversely associated with allergy development but not related to farm residence. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1462-1471. [PMID: 27637371 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM In this study, differences in serum fatty acid patterns between farm and nonfarm infants were investigated and related to subsequent allergy development. We also related allergy-related serum fatty acids to maternal diet and breast milk fatty acids. METHODS The FARMFLORA birth cohort included 28 farm and 37 nonfarm infants. Serum was obtained from 21 farm infants and 29 controls at four months post-partum and analysed for phospholipid fatty acids. Allergy was diagnosed by paediatricians at three years of age. RESULTS Serum fatty acid patterns were similar in farm and control infants, although farm infants had lower 18:1 omega-7 proportions. Serum proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were unrelated to farming status, but lower in children who subsequently developed allergy, with an odds ratio of 0.47 and 95% confidence interval of 0.27-0.83 (p = 0.01) for every 0.1% EPA increase. The infants' serum EPA proportions correlated with breast milk EPA proportions, which, in turn, correlated with maternal oily fish intake during lactation. CONCLUSION The allergy-protective effect of farming was not linked to infant serum fatty acid composition. However, healthy infants had higher proportions of EPA in their sera, probably reflecting a family diet rich in fish, compared to subsequently allergic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Jonsson
- Food and Nutrition Science; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Malin Barman
- Food and Nutrition Science; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Sara Moberg
- Food and Nutrition Science; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Agneta Sjöberg
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Hilde K. Brekke
- Department of Nutrition; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Bill Hesselmar
- Department of Paediatrics; Institute of Clinical Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandberg
- Food and Nutrition Science; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Agnes E. Wold
- Clinical Bacteriology Section; Department of Infectious Diseases; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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13
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Chen XL, Wang N, Tian ML, Wang L, Liu T, Zhang XW, Shi BM, Shan AS. Dietary linseed oil in the maternal diet affects immunoglobulins, tissue fatty acid composition and expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:e257-e265. [PMID: 27868251 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effects of supplementing the maternal diet with linseed oil (LSO) and soya bean oil (SBO) on immunoglobulins, the fatty acid composition and hepatic expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in piglets. Multiparous sows (twenty-four per diet) were fed on diets containing a supplement of either SBO or LSO during last week of gestation and lactation. The results indicated that supplementation of maternal diet with LSO could improve the weaning weight of piglets and average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05). The concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) was enhanced in sow plasma, colostrum and milk by the addition of LSO (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of 18: 3n-3 fatty acids was higher in the milk of LSO sows. Meanwhile, maternal supplementation with LSO increased the levels of plasma IgG, IgA and the tissues n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in piglets (p < 0.05). Correspondingly, the mRNA expression levels of hepatic ∆5-desaturase (D5D) and ∆6-desaturase (D6D) were higher, and fatty acid synthase (FAS) was lower in piglets from LSO-fed sows when compared with that in the SBO group. In conclusion, LSO supplementation of the maternal diet increases immunoglobulins, modifies the fatty acid composition and affects the gene of D5D and D6D expression of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - N Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - M L Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - L Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - T Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - X W Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - B M Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - A S Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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14
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Warstedt K, Furuhjelm C, Fälth-Magnusson K, Fagerås M, Duchén K. High levels of omega-3 fatty acids in milk from omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented mothers are related to less immunoglobulin E-associated disease in infancy. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1337-1347. [PMID: 26970335 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM We previously reported a protective effect of maternal omega-3 fatty acid supplements on the development of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated disease in infancy. This study assessed omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in maternal milk in relation to omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation and the development of allergic disease in their infants. METHODS This study randomised 95 pregnant women at risk of having an allergic infant, to daily supplements of 2.6 g omega-3 LCPUFA or a placebo of 2.7 g soya bean oil from gestational week 25 until 3 months of lactation. Breast milk samples were collected as colostrum, at one and 3 months. Milk fatty acids were related to allergic outcome in the infants at 24 months. RESULTS Omega-3 milk fatty acids were higher in women who received omega-3 supplements than the placebo group (p < 0.01). Higher proportions of milk eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and a lower arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio were associated with an absence of IgE-associated disease in the infants. None of the children developed IgE-associated atopic eczema above a level of 0.83 mol% eicosapentaenoic acid in colostrum. [Correction added on 7 July 2016, after online publication: In the preceding sentence, the correct word should be "above" instead of "below" and this has been amended in this current version.] CONCLUSION: High omega-3 LCPUFA milk levels in mothers who received omega-3 LCPUFA supplements were related to fewer allergies in their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Warstedt
- Division of Pediatrics; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Clinical and Experimental Research; Faculty of Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Catrin Furuhjelm
- Division of Pediatrics; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Childrens Hospital; Linköping University Hospital; The County Council in Östergötland; Linköping Sweden
| | - Karin Fälth-Magnusson
- Division of Pediatrics; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Childrens Hospital; Linköping University Hospital; The County Council in Östergötland; Linköping Sweden
| | - Malin Fagerås
- Division of Pediatrics; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- AstraZeneca; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Karel Duchén
- Division of Pediatrics; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Childrens Hospital; Linköping University Hospital; The County Council in Östergötland; Linköping Sweden
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15
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Rosenlund H, Fagerstedt S, Alm J, Mie A. Breastmilk fatty acids in relation to sensitization - the ALADDIN birth cohort. Allergy 2016; 71:1444-52. [PMID: 27043329 DOI: 10.1111/all.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastmilk fatty acids (FAs) have been associated with childhood allergic disease. Children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle have a low prevalence of sensitization compared to reference groups. This study aimed to investigate whether the lower prevalence of sensitization among these children can be explained by the differences in breastmilk FA composition. METHODS The prospective birth cohort ALADDIN included 330 children from anthroposophic, partly anthroposophic and nonanthroposophic families recruited between 2004 and 2007 in Sweden. In total, 245 breastmilk samples, collected at 2 months of age, were analysed for FA composition. Allergen-specific IgE levels against seven common allergens were measured in the blood samples at the ages of 6, 12 and 24 months. Data were analysed longitudinally using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS An inverse association was observed between total concentration of omega-3 PUFA in breastmilk and sensitization in the child up to 24 months of age (highest vs lowest quartile, RRadj 0. 49, 95% CI 0.23-1.05, P for trend 0.024). No associations were observed between omega-6 PUFAs or ruminant FAs and sensitization. Overall, we observed 56% lower risks of sensitization among the anthroposophic group compared to the nonanthroposophic group (RRadj 0.44, 95% CI 0.21-0.90). This association remained largely unchanged when breastmilk omega-3 PUFA was included in the model. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that a higher concentration of omega-3 PUFAs in breastmilk may be associated with a reduced risk of sensitization up to 24 months of age; however, this did not explain the lower risk of sensitization among children of anthroposophic families.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Rosenlund
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Karolinska Institutet; Södersjukhuset; Stockholm Sweden
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics; Department of Orthopedics; Danderyd Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S. Fagerstedt
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Karolinska Institutet; Södersjukhuset; Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. Alm
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Karolinska Institutet; Södersjukhuset; Stockholm Sweden
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital; Södersjukhuset; Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Mie
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Karolinska Institutet; Södersjukhuset; Stockholm Sweden
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16
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Carlson SE, Colombo J. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Nutrition in Early Development. Adv Pediatr 2016; 63:453-71. [PMID: 27426911 PMCID: PMC5207030 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, MS 4013, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - John Colombo
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Psychology, Life Span Institute, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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17
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Richard C, Lewis ED, Field CJ. Evidence for the essentiality of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in the postnatal maternal and infant diet for the development of the infant’s immune system early in life. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:461-75. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), especially the balance between arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are known to have important immunomodulatory roles during the postnatal period when the immune system is rapidly developing. AA and DHA are required in infant formula in many countries but are optional in North America. The rationale for adding these LCPUFA to full-term formula is based on their presence in breast milk and randomized controlled studies that suggest improved cognitive function in preterm infants, but results are more variable in full-term infants. Recently, the European Food Safety Authority has proposed, based on a lack of functional evidence, that AA is not required in infant formula for full-term infants during the first year of life but DHA should remain mandatory. The purpose of this review is to review the evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies regarding the essentiality of AA and DHA in the postnatal infant and maternal diet (breast-feeding) for the immune system development early in life. Although studies support the essentiality of DHA for the immune system development, more research is needed to rule out the essentiality of AA. Nevertheless, intervention studies have demonstrated improvement in many markers of immune function in infants fed formula supplemented with AA and DHA compared with unsupplemented formula, which appears to consistently result in beneficial health outcomes including reduction in the risk of developing allergic and atopic disease early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Erin D. Lewis
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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18
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Munblit D, Boyle RJ, Warner JO. Factors affecting breast milk composition and potential consequences for development of the allergic phenotype. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:583-601. [PMID: 25077553 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence on the protective role of breastfeeding in relation to allergic sensitization and disease. The factors in breast milk which influence these processes are still unclear and under investigation. We know that colostrum and breast milk contain a variety of molecules which can influence immune responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of a neonate. This review summarizes the evidence that variations in colostrum and breast milk composition can influence allergic outcomes in the infant, and the evidence that maternal and environmental factors can modify milk composition. Taken together, the data presented support the possibility that maternal dietary interventions may be an effective way to promote infant health through modification of breast milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Munblit
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK; International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, of the World Universities Network (WUN)
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19
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van Elten TM, van Rossem L, Wijga AH, Brunekreef B, de Jongste JC, Koppelman GH, Smit HA. Breast milk fatty acid composition has a long-term effect on the risk of asthma, eczema, and sensitization. Allergy 2015. [PMID: 26214160 DOI: 10.1111/all.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-6 PUFAs in breast milk are associated with the development of allergic diseases up to school age. However, it is unknown whether this relationship persists when the child becomes older. We therefore studied the association between levels of n-3 PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs in breast milk of allergic- and nonallergic mothers and asthma, eczema and sensitization up to the age of 14 years. METHODS The study was nested in the ongoing PIAMA birth cohort. At the child's age of 3 months, 276 mothers provided a breast milk sample. Asthma (N total = 269) and eczema (N total = 274) were self-reported up to the child's age of 14 years. Specific serum IgE levels were measured at the ages of 4, 8 and 12 years (N total = 216). Generalized estimating equations analyses were used to take account of repeated observations. RESULTS Asthma up to the age of 14 years is less prevalent in children of allergic mothers receiving breast milk with higher levels of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated (LCP) fatty acids (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.31-0.79), and more prevalent in children of nonallergic mothers receiving breast milk with higher levels of n-6LCP (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.14-3.03). Weaker associations in similar direction were observed for eczema and sensitization. Direction of associations were consistent and of similar magnitude throughout childhood. CONCLUSION The association between breast milk fatty acid composition and asthma, eczema and sensitization persists up to the age of 14 years in children of both allergic and nonallergic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. van Elten
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - L. van Rossem
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - A. H. Wijga
- Centre for Prevention and Health Services Research; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - B. Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS); Division of Environmental Epidemiology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. C. de Jongste
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Respiratory Medicine; Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - G. H. Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology; Beatrix Children's Hospital and GRIAC Research Institute; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - H. A. Smit
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
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21
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Urbaniak C, McMillan A, Angelini M, Gloor GB, Sumarah M, Burton JP, Reid G. Effect of chemotherapy on the microbiota and metabolome of human milk, a case report. MICROBIOME 2014; 2:24. [PMID: 25061513 PMCID: PMC4109383 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is an important source of bacteria for the developing infant and has been shown to influence the bacterial composition of the neonatal gut, which in turn can affect disease risk later in life. Human milk is also an important source of nutrients, influencing bacterial composition but also directly affecting the host. While recent studies have emphasized the adverse effects of antibiotic therapy on the infant microbiota, the effects of maternal chemotherapy have not been previously studied. Here we report the effects of drug administration on the microbiota and metabolome of human milk. METHODS Mature milk was collected every two weeks over a four month period from a lactating woman undergoing chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mature milk was also collected from healthy lactating women for comparison. Microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S sequencing and the metabolome by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FINDINGS Chemotherapy caused a significant deviation from a healthy microbial and metabolomic profile, with depletion of genera Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Staphylococcus and Cloacibacterium in favor of Acinetobacter, Xanthomonadaceae and Stenotrophomonas. The metabolites docosahexaenoic acid and inositol known for their beneficial effects were also decreased. CONCLUSION With milk contents being critical for shaping infant immunity and development, consideration needs to be given to the impact of drugs administered to the mother and the long-term potential consequences for the health of the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Urbaniak
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Amy McMillan
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Michelle Angelini
- Perinatal and Women’s Health, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Gregory B Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Jeremy P Burton
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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Tai EKK, Wang XB, Chen ZY. An update on adding docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) to baby formula. Food Funct 2013; 4:1767-75. [PMID: 24150114 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60298b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is the ideal food providing optimal nutrition for healthy term infants. Its complex lipid composition is critical for infant growth and serves as a golden standard for baby formula development. Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n- 3, DHA) and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n- 6, AA) are the two major long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in human milk. In humans, they are fundamental components of the cell membrane and play an important role in neurite growth and signal transmission. Their importance for both preterm and term infants has been demonstrated by various clinical trials. DHA and AA supplementation shows desirable influences on visual and cognitive development in early life and is additionally associated with potential benefits on later health. Further clinical data revealed that supplementing both DHA and AA instead of DHA alone during infancy is important to deliver the optimal outcome. In this review, we summarize current research and scientific evidence of DHA and AA on baby development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K K Tai
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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23
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Barman M, Johansson S, Hesselmar B, Wold AE, Sandberg AS, Sandin A. High levels of both n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cord serum phospholipids predict allergy development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67920. [PMID: 23874467 PMCID: PMC3707846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) reduce T-cell activation and dampen inflammation. They might thereby counteract the neonatal immune activation and hamper normal tolerance development to harmless environmental antigens. We investigated whether fatty acid composition of cord serum phospholipids affects allergy development up to age 13 years. METHODS From a population-based birth-cohort born in 1996/7 and followed until 13 years of age (n = 794), we selected cases with atopic eczema (n = 37) or respiratory allergy (n = 44), as well as non-allergic non-sensitized controls (n = 48) based on diagnosis at 13 years of age. Cord and maternal sera obtained at delivery from cases and controls were analysed for proportions of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids among serum phospholipids. RESULTS The cord serum phospholipids from subject who later developed either respiratory allergy or atopic eczema had significantly higher proportions of 5/8 LCPUFA species, as well as total n-3 LCPUFA, total n-6 LCPUFA and total LCPUFA compared to cord serum phospholipids from controls who did not develop allergy (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Conversely, individuals later developing allergy had lower proportion of the monounsaturated fatty acid 18∶1n-9 as well as total MUFA (p<0.001) among cord serum phospholipids. The risk of respiratory allergy at age 13 increased linearly with the proportion of n-3 LCPUFA (Ptrend<0.001), n-6 LCPUFA (Ptrend = 0.001), and total LCPUFA (Ptrend<0.001) and decreased linearly with the proportions of total MUFA (Ptrend = 0.025) in cord serum phospholipids. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier estimates of allergy development demonstrated that total LCPUFA proportion in cord serum phospholipids was significantly associated with respiratory allergy (P = 0.008) and sensitization (P = 0.002), after control for sex and parental allergy. CONCLUSION A high proportion of long-chain PUFAs among cord serum phospholipids may predispose to allergy development. The mechanism is unknown, but may involve dampening of the physiologic immune activation in infancy needed for proper maturation of the infant's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Barman
- Food Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Weiss GA, Troxler H, Klinke G, Rogler D, Braegger C, Hersberger M. High levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators lipoxins and resolvins and declining docosahexaenoic acid levels in human milk during the first month of lactation. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:89. [PMID: 23767972 PMCID: PMC3698171 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fatty acid mixture of human milk is ideal for the newborn but little is known about its composition in the first few weeks of lactation. Of special interest are the levels of long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs), since these are essential for the newborn’s development. Additionally, the LCPUFAs arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are precursors for lipid mediators which regulate inflammation. Methods We determined the composition of 94 human milk samples from 30 mothers over the first month of lactation for fatty acids using GC-MS and quantified lipid mediators using HPLC-MS/MS. Results Over the four weeks period, DHA levels decreased, while levels of γC18:3 and αC18:3 steadily increased. Intriguingly, we found high concentrations of lipid mediators and their hydroxy fatty acid precursors in human milk, including pro-inflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipoxin A4 (LXA4), resolvin D1 (RvD1) and resolvin E1 (RvE1). Lipid mediator levels were stable with the exception of two direct precursors. Conclusions Elevated levels of DHA right after birth might represent higher requirements of the newborn and the high content of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators and their precursors may indicate their role in neonatal immunity and may be one of the reasons for the advantage of human milk over infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Adrienne Weiss
- Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Jenmalm MC, Duchén K. Timing of allergy-preventive and immunomodulatory dietary interventions - are prenatal, perinatal or postnatal strategies optimal? Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:273-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Jenmalm
- Division of Inflammation Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping; Sweden
| | - K. Duchén
- Division of Paediatrics; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping; Sweden
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Abstract
Breast-feeding provides protection against infections and contains numerous factors that modulate and promote the development of the infant immune system. These factors include secretory IgA, antimicrobial proteins like CD14, cytokines, and fatty acids. Studies examining the role of breast-feeding in the development of allergic disease in infants demonstrate potentially protective as well as neutral or nonprotective effects, likely due to the heterogeneity in their study design. In this overview, we explore the potential role of immune factors in the breast milk, as well as selected probiotics, in the development of allergy.
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Peroni DG, Bonomo B, Casarotto S, Boner AL, Piacentini GL. How changes in nutrition have influenced the development of allergic diseases in childhood. Ital J Pediatr 2012; 38:22. [PMID: 22651129 PMCID: PMC3433366 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-38-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in childhood in the last decades could be linked to concomitant dietary changes, especially with the modified and lower consumption of fruit, vegetables and minerals. The consumption of these foods by pregnant women and children in the first years of life seems to be associated with a reduced risk of asthma and related symptoms. Foods that can prevent the development of wheezing through their antioxidant effects contain vitamin C and selenium; blood levels of these elements correlate negatively with the risk of wheezing. Intake of vitamin E during pregnancy also appears to be correlated with a reduced risk of wheezing for the unborn child. Similarly, low intake of zinc and carotenoids by pregnant women is associated with an increased risk of wheezing and asthma in childhood. Fiber also has anti-inflammatory properties and protective effects against allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and asthma. The consumption of fat influences the development of the airways. Populations in Western countries have increased their consumption of n-6 PUFAs and, in parallel, reduced n-3 PUFAs. This has led to decreased production of PGE2, which is believed to have a protective effect against inflammation of the airways. Conflicting hypotheses also concern vitamin D; both an excess and a deficiency of vitamin D, in fact, have been associated with an increased risk of asthma. Further studies on the role of these substances are necessary before any conclusions can be drawn on a clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Peroni
- Pediatric Department, University of Verona, Ospedale G,B,Rossi, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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Warstedt K, Duchén K. Increased linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid ratio in Swedish cord blood samples collected between 1985 and 2005. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:659-65. [PMID: 22584414 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cord serum (CS) phospholipid fatty acid composition is associated with maternal diet during foetal life, and maternal intake of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2ω-6) and α-linolenic acid (LNA, C18:3 ω-3) has been shown to influence the LA and LNA levels in CS. A possible connection between the increased incidence of atopic diseases and increased intake of LA and decreased intake of LNA in the Western world has been proposed. AIM The aim of this study was to explore phospholipid fatty acid proportions and total IgE levels in CS from Swedish children, collected from 1985 to 2005, a period with increasing frequency of allergic diseases in Sweden, and reveal possible changes over time. METHOD Phospholipid fatty acids and total IgE antibodies were analysed with gas chromatography and UniCAP(®) technology, respectively, in 300 CS samples. RESULTS The proportions of LA and LNA decreased significantly from 1985 to 2005 (p < 0.001 for both). However, the LA/LNA ratio did increase (p < 0.001), revealing a relatively larger decrease in LNA than in LA. No correlations were found between ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids and total IgE antibodies in CS from newborn children. CONCLUSIONS The LA/LNA ratio increased (p < 0.001) in cord serum samples collected between 1985 and 2005, and no correlations between fatty acids and total IgE were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Warstedt
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Furuhjelm C, Warstedt K, Fagerås M, Fälth-Magnusson K, Larsson J, Fredriksson M, Duchén K. Allergic disease in infants up to 2 years of age in relation to plasma omega-3 fatty acids and maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22:505-14. [PMID: 21332799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a protective effect of maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) supplementation in pregnancy and lactation on IgE-associated eczema and food allergy in the infant during the first year of life. Here we investigate whether the effects of the LCPUFA supplementation on IgE-associated diseases last up to 2 yr of age and assess the relationship between plasma proportions of ω-3 PUFAs and the frequency and severity of infant allergic disease. 145 pregnant women, at risk of having an allergic infant, were randomized to daily supplementation with 1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.1 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or placebo starting in the 25th gestational week and continuing through 3.5 months of breastfeeding. Clinical examinations, skin prick tests and analysis of maternal and infant plasma phospholipid fatty acids and infant specific IgE were performed. No difference in the prevalence of allergic symptoms was found between the intervention groups. The cumulative incidence of IgE-associated disease was lower in the ω-3-supplemented group (6/54, 13%) compared with the placebo group (19/62, 30%, p=0.01). Higher maternal and infant proportions of DHA and EPA were associated with lower prevalence of IgE associated disease (p=0.01-0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Higher maternal and infant proportions of DHA and EPA were found if the infants presented none, when compared with multiple allergic symptoms, (p<0.05) regardless of sensitization. In summary, the ω-3 supplementation offered no obvious preventive effect on the prevalence of clinical symptoms of allergic disease, but the decrease in cumulative incidence of IgE-associated disease seen during the first year still remained until 2 yr of age. Furthermore, high proportions of DHA and EPA in maternal and infant plasma phospholipids were associated with less IgE-associated disease and a reduced severity of the allergic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Furuhjelm
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Ozden MG, Tekin NS, Gürer MA, Akdemir D, Doğramacı C, Utaş S, Akman A, Evans SE, Bahadır S, Oztürkcan S, Ikizoğlu G, Sendur N, Köse O, Bek Y, Yaylı S, Cantürk T, Turanl AY. Environmental risk factors in pediatric psoriasis: a multicenter case-control study. Pediatr Dermatol 2011; 28:306-12. [PMID: 21615473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the effect of possible risk factors, including breastfeeding, on the development of childhood-onset psoriasis, a multicenter case-control study with prospective collection of data was performed. Using a standard questionnaire, personal and specific variables including family history of psoriasis, maternal and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, body mass index (BMI), exclusive and partial breastfeeding for at least 3 and 12 months, cow's milk intake before 1 year, birth delivery method, and stressful life events were collected during 2009 from 537 patients with psoriasis and 511 controls younger than 18. Overall, patients more frequently reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home and stressful life events in the year preceding the diagnosis than controls. The odds ratios (OR) for smoking and stressful life events were 2.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.27-3.78) and 2.94 (95% CI=2.28-3.79), respectively. In addition, children with psoriasis were more likely to have a higher BMI (>26) than controls (OR=2.52; 95% CI=1.42-4.49). High BMI, environmental tobacco smoke exposure at home, and stressful life events may influence the development of pediatric psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge G Ozden
- Dermatology Department, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Pesonen M, Kallio MJT, Siimes MA, Savilahti E, Ranki A. Serum immunoglobulin A concentration in infancy, but not human milk immunoglobulin A, is associated with subsequent atopic manifestations in children and adolescents: a 20-year prospective follow-up study. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:688-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Johansson S, Wold AE, Sandberg AS. Low breast milk levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in allergic women, despite frequent fish intake. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:505-15. [PMID: 21338426 PMCID: PMC3085074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have immune regulating and anti-inflammatory effects. However, their role in allergic disease is unclear. Allergic diseases are immunologically heterogeneous, and we hypothesized that n-3 fatty acid composition in serum and breast milk may vary according to clinical manifestations. Further, animal studies have shown reduction of serum-PUFA levels during allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVE To investigate fatty acid composition in breast milk and serum from women with different atopic disease manifestations. Secondly, to determine whether low PUFA levels reflected insufficient intakes. METHODS Fatty acids were analysed in breast milk and serum of women with atopic eczema and respiratory allergy (n=16), only respiratory allergy (n=7), as well as healthy women (n=22). Dietary intake of foods expected to affect long-chain n-3 PUFA levels were estimated by food-frequency questionnaire. The fatty acid pattern was related to diagnostic group and intake of relevant food items using a multivariate pattern recognition method (partial least squares projections to latent structures and discriminant analysis). Results Women with a combination of eczema and respiratory allergy had lower breast milk levels of several PUFAs (arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and docosapentaenoic acid, DPA), and a lower ratio of long-chain n-3 PUFAs/n-6 PUFAs. Their PUFA levels differed not only from that of healthy women, but also from that of women with only respiratory allergy. The latter had a fatty acid pattern similar to that of healthy women. Despite low EPA, DHA and DPA levels women with eczema and respiratory allergy consumed no less fish than did healthy women. CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data suggest that reduced levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in serum and breast milk characterize women with extensive allergic disease including eczema, and are not related to low fish intake. Consumption of PUFAs during the allergic process may explain these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johansson
- Food Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Wilczynska-Kwiatek A, Bargiel-Matusiewicz K, Lapinski L. Asthma, allergy, mood disorders, and nutrition. Eur J Med Res 2010; 14 Suppl 4:248-54. [PMID: 20156766 PMCID: PMC3521357 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-14-s4-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence supports comorbidity of asthma and allergies with mood disorders and various connections between these diseases. It still remains unclear whether this comorbidity is caused by the same pathophysiological factors or whether there are other links between asthma and depression. There is no definite answer to the question of an optimal treatment to deal with both asthma and depression, when they occur simultaneously. Epidemiological and clinical trials on the influence of nutrition on certain diseases suggest the effects of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in aiding treatment of mood disorders and inflammatory conditions. Objective This is an overview showing the connections between asthma, allergic disease, and mood disorders, and the influence of nutrition on these conditions. Evidence indicates positive correlations between consumption of PUFAs and mood correction. Several analyses show the connection between diet and asthma. They may form a basis for potential recommending ω3 PUFAs as an adjuvant in prevention and treatment of mental disorders, asthma, and allergy.
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Birch EE, Khoury JC, Berseth CL, Castañeda YS, Couch JM, Bean J, Tamer R, Harris CL, Mitmesser SH, Scalabrin DM. The impact of early nutrition on incidence of allergic manifestations and common respiratory illnesses in children. J Pediatr 2010; 156:902-906.e1. [PMID: 20227721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of allergic and respiratory diseases through age 3 years in children fed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)- and arachidonic acid (ARA)-supplemented formula during infancy. STUDY DESIGN Children who completed randomized, double-blind studies of DHA/ARA-supplemented (0.32%-0.36%/0.64%-0.72% of total fatty acids, respectively) versus nonsupplemented (control) formulas, fed during the first year of life, were eligible. Blinded study nurses reviewed medical charts for upper respiratory infection (URI), wheezing, asthma, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, otitis media, sinusitis, atopic dermatitis (AD), and urticaria. RESULTS From the 2 original cohorts, 89/179 children participated; 38/89 were fed DHA/ARA formula. The DHA/ARA group had significantly lower odds for developing URI (odds ratio [OR], 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08-0.58), wheezing/asthma (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11-0.97), wheezing/asthma/AD (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09-0.67), or any allergy (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.10-0.72). The control group had significantly shorter time to first diagnosis of URI (P = .006), wheezing/asthma (P = .03), or any allergy (P = .006). CONCLUSIONS DHA/ARA supplementation was associated with delayed onset and reduced incidence of URIs and common allergic diseases up to 3 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen E Birch
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jane C Khoury
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Carol Lynn Berseth
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN
| | | | - Jill M Couch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Judy Bean
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Robert Tamer
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Cheryl L Harris
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN
| | - Susan Hazels Mitmesser
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN.
| | - Deolinda M Scalabrin
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN
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Johansson S, Lönnqvist A, Ostman S, Sandberg AS, Wold AE. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are consumed during allergic inflammation and affect T helper type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-mediated hypersensitivity differently. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:411-9. [PMID: 20148912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that atopic individuals have decreased serum levels of n-3 fatty acids. Indicating these compounds may have a protective effect against allergic reaction and/or are consumed during inflammation. This study investigated whether fish (n-3) or sunflower (n-6) oil supplementation affected T helper type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-mediated hypersensitivity in the skin and airways, respectively, and whether the fatty acid serum profile changed during the inflammatory response. Mice were fed regular chow, chow + 10% fish oil or chow + 10% sunflower oil. Mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) resolved in Th1 or Th2 adjuvant. For Th1 hypersensitivity, mice were challenged with OVA in the footpad. Footpad swelling, OVA-induced lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in the draining lymph node were evaluated. In the airway hypersensitivity model (Th2), mice were challenged intranasally with OVA and the resulting serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E and eosinophilic lung infiltration were measured. In the Th1 model, OVA-specific T cells proliferated less and produced less interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 in fish oil-fed mice versus controls. Footpad swelling was reduced marginally. In contrast, mice fed fish oil in the Th2 model produced more OVA-specific IgE and had slightly higher proportions of eosinophils in lung infiltrate. A significant fall in serum levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids accompanied challenge and Th2-mediated inflammation in Th2 model. Fish oil supplementation affects Th1 and Th2 immune responses conversely; significant consumption of n-3 fatty acids occurs during Th2-driven inflammation. The latter observation may explain the association between Th2-mediated inflammation and low serum levels of n-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johansson
- Food Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important component of membrane phospholipids in the retina and brain and accumulates rapidly in these tissues during early infancy. DHA is present in human milk, but the amount varies considerably and is largely dependent on maternal diet. This article reviews data addressing the impact of different DHA intakes by lactating women on infant and maternal outcomes to determine if available data are sufficient to estimate optimal breast milk DHA content and estimate dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for DHA by breast-feeding mothers. Results of published observational studies and interventional trials assessing the impact of maternal DHA intake (or breast milk DHA content) on infant visual function, neurodevelopment, and immunologic status were reviewed. Studies related to the potential impact of DHA intake on depression or cognitive function of lactating women also were reviewed. Although only a limited number of studies are available in the current medical literature, and study results have not been consistent, better infant neurodevelopment and/or visual function have been reported with higher vs. lower levels of breast milk DHA. The effect of DHA intake on the incidence or severity of depression in lactating women is not clear. Increasing breast milk DHA content above that typically found in the US, by increasing maternal DHA intake, may confer neurodevelopmental benefits to the recipient breast-fed infant. However, current data are insufficient to permit determination of specific DRIs during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Jensen
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin, MC 1010.00, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Boudry G, Douard V, Mourot J, Lallès JP, Le Huërou-Luron I. Linseed oil in the maternal diet during gestation and lactation modifies fatty acid composition, mucosal architecture, and mast cell regulation of the ileal barrier in piglets. J Nutr 2009; 139:1110-7. [PMID: 19403717 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of supplementation of the maternal diet with linseed oil [rich in 18:3(n-3)] on fatty acid composition, mucosal architecture, and mast cell regulation of barrier function in piglet ileum. Sixteen sows were fed a lard (LAR)- or a linseed oil (LSO)-based diet during gestation and lactation. Fatty acid composition of maternal RBC at parturition and of milk at d 14 of lactation were determined. Fatty acid composition, villous-crypt structure, and permeability to horseradish peroxidase in Ussing chambers after mast cell degranulation were determined in the ileum of piglets at d 0, 7, and 28. At d 0, 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) levels were higher, but 22:6(n-3) and 20:4(n-6) levels were lower in both maternal RBC and piglet ileum of the LSO group. Levels of 18:3(n-3) were also higher in the milk of LSO sows. Levels of 18:3(n-3) were higher in LSO piglet ileum at d 7 and 28. Moreover, at d 28, 20:4(n-6) ileal levels tended (P = 0.09) to be lower in LSO than in LAR piglets, in parallel with a lower mRNA expression of Delta5 desaturase. LSO piglets had shorter villi at d 0 and shorter crypts at d 7 compared with LAR piglets. The effect of mast cell degranulation on ileal permeability decreased with age in both groups but reached a minimum sooner in the LSO group (d 7) than in the LAR group (d 28). In conclusion, linseed oil supplementation of the maternal diet profoundly modifies the fatty acid composition, structure, and physiology of the offspring ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Boudry
- INRA, UMR1079, Systèmes d'Elevage, Nutrition Animale et Humaine, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Yang YW, Tsai CL, Lu CY. Exclusive breastfeeding and incident atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:373-83. [PMID: 19239469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding is undisputedly preferable to formula feeding for infant nutrition because of its nutritional, immunological and psychological benefits. However, studies on the association between breastfeeding and development of atopic dermatitis (AD) have shown inconsistent results. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between exclusive breastfeeding for at least 3 months after birth and the development of AD in childhood. METHODS An electronic literature search of MEDLINE (January 1966-May 2008) and EMBASE (1980-May 2008) was conducted. Prospective cohort studies that met the predetermined criteria were independently assessed by three reviewers. The pooled effect estimate was calculated by random effects model. Heterogeneity across the studies was investigated by meta-regression analysis. RESULTS Twenty-one studies with 27 study populations were included for meta-analysis. The summary odds ratio (OR) for the effect of exclusive breastfeeding on the risk of AD was 0.89 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.76-1.04). Heterogeneity was found across the studies (chi(2) = 83.6, d.f. = 26; P < 0.001). Breastfeeding was associated with a decreased risk of AD (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.50-0.99) when analysis was restricted to the studies comparing breastfeeding with conventional formula feeding. The pooled OR for study populations with atopic heredity was 0.78 (95% CI 0.58-1.05). CONCLUSIONS There is no strong evidence of a protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding for at least 3 months against AD, even among children with a positive family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Sinyi District, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Hanson LÅ, Silfverdal SA, Hahn-Zoric M, Håversen L, Baltzer IM, Moisei M, Motas C. Immune Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 639:97-111. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8749-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
It has recently been reported that the increased prevalence in childhood allergy may be linked to deviations in fetal immune development. One reason may be impaired nutrient supply. Hence, a well-differentiated placenta together with an optimal fetal nutrition via the mother are important prerequisites for the establishment of a functional immune system with normal immune responses. Fatty acids and their derivatives can influence both the early immune development and immune maturation by regulating numerous metabolic processes and the gene expression of important proteins such as enzymes and cytokines. The present review summarises the impact of nutritional fatty acids on the development of the immune system as well as the fetal development. It describes the mechanisms of action of PUFA, trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in programming the fetus with regard to its risk of acquiring atopic diseases in childhood.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The primary prevention of food allergy and atopy has become a public health priority in developed countries. Although some preventive dietary interventions have entered common practice, the level of evidence underpinning these strategies varies. RECENT FINDINGS Exclusive breast-feeding and delayed introduction of complementary foods from the age of 4-6 months are key strategies in primary food allergy and atopy prevention. Maternal elimination diets during pregnancy and lactation are currently not recommended. Partially and extensively hydrolyzed formulae may confer a small preventive effect in high-risk infants. Amino acid-based formula is, however, considered a treatment formula and not recommended for primary allergy prevention. The effect of prebiotic oligosaccharides and probiotic bacteria in prevention of food allergy remains unclear and requires further investigation. Maternal fish oil supplementation during pregnancy shows promise in reducing the risk of allergic sensitization in the infant, but prospective long-term data are required. Fish oil supplementation in young infants was not effective. SUMMARY Although there is evidence for the primary dietary prevention of eczema and possible respiratory allergies, data on food allergy prevention have, so far, remained less convincing. Further prospective research is needed to clarify the effectiveness of dietary interventions in primary food allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Heine
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Rosetta L, Baldi A. On the role of breastfeeding in health promotion and the prevention of allergic diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 606:467-83. [PMID: 18183942 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on animal models, we specify the major role of different bioactive milk components known to participate significantly in neonatal health promotion and in protection against a large number of infectious diseases and the development of allergies and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rosetta
- CNRS UPR 2147, 44 rue de, Amidal Mouchez, 75044 Paris, France.
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Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW. Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics 2008; 121:183-91. [PMID: 18166574 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical report reviews the nutritional options during pregnancy, lactation, and the first year of life that may affect the development of atopic disease (atopic dermatitis, asthma, food allergy) in early life. It replaces an earlier policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics that addressed the use of hypoallergenic infant formulas and included provisional recommendations for dietary management for the prevention of atopic disease. The documented benefits of nutritional intervention that may prevent or delay the onset of atopic disease are largely limited to infants at high risk of developing allergy (ie, infants with at least 1 first-degree relative [parent or sibling] with allergic disease). Current evidence does not support a major role for maternal dietary restrictions during pregnancy or lactation. There is evidence that breastfeeding for at least 4 months, compared with feeding formula made with intact cow milk protein, prevents or delays the occurrence of atopic dermatitis, cow milk allergy, and wheezing in early childhood. In studies of infants at high risk of atopy and who are not exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months, there is modest evidence that the onset of atopic disease may be delayed or prevented by the use of hydrolyzed formulas compared with formula made with intact cow milk protein, particularly for atopic dermatitis. Comparative studies of the various hydrolyzed formulas also indicate that not all formulas have the same protective benefit. There is also little evidence that delaying the timing of the introduction of complementary foods beyond 4 to 6 months of age prevents the occurrence of atopic disease. At present, there are insufficient data to document a protective effect of any dietary intervention beyond 4 to 6 months of age for the development of atopic disease.
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Pesonen M, Ranki A, Siimes MA, Kallio MJT. Serum cholesterol level in infancy is inversely associated with subsequent allergy in children and adolescents. A 20-year follow-up study. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 38:178-84. [PMID: 18028461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest an association between an altered lipoprotein profile and atopy. The association has been hypothesized to be due to alterations in the dietary fat intake, a factor possibly contributing to the increase of allergic diseases in industrialized countries. OBJECTIVE We aimed at assessing whether there is an association between the serum lipid levels in infancy and subsequent development of allergic symptoms in childhood and adolescence. METHODS A cohort of 200 unselected newborns was prospectively followed up from birth to age 20 years (from 1981 to 2002) with repeated measurements of total cholesterol from birth and throughout the first year of life. The subjects were re-examined at the ages of 5, 11 and 20 years, with assessment of the occurrence of allergic symptoms, skin prick testing (SPT) and measurement of total IgE and of the total, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS Children and adolescents with allergic symptoms, SPT positivity and an elevated IgE had lower total cholesterol levels in infancy and childhood than the non-atopic subjects. The difference was not detectable in cord blood, but became significant from age 2 months onward. CONCLUSION The inverse association between the cholesterol level in infancy and subsequent manifestations of atopy seems not to be due to atopy-related dietary alterations, because it was already present in early infancy, when virtually all the infants were on a similar diet, i.e. on exclusive breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pesonen
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Žižka J, Kverka M, Novotná O, Staňková I, Lodinová-Žádníková R, Kocourková I, Šterzl I, Prokešová L. Perinatal period cytokines related to increased risk of future allergy development. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2007; 52:549-55. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Sariachvili M, Droste J, Dom S, Wieringa M, Vellinga A, Hagendorens M, Bridts C, Stevens W, Sprundel MV, Desager K, Weyler J. Is breast feeding a risk factor for eczema during the first year of life? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007; 18:410-7. [PMID: 17561931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast feeding (BF) provides many advantages to the offspring; however, at present there is an ongoing debate as to whether or not it prevents allergic diseases. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of duration of BF on eczema in the first year of life. A birth cohort of 1128 infants was followed prospectively from 5 months of pregnancy. Data were collected using questionnaires, a medical examination and blood tests for allergy at the age of 1 yr. Breast feeding was not statistically significant associated with eczema in the first year of life [adj ORs with 95% CIs: 0.8 (0.4-1.3), 0.8 (0.5-1.3) and 1.0 (0.6-1.5) for BF duration of 1-6 wk, 7-12 wk and > or = 13 wk, respectively]. Eczema was positively associated with atopy and educational level of the mother, use of antibiotics in pregnancy and passive smoking by the child during the first 12 months. Regular postnatal contact of the infants with dogs was inversely associated with eczema. Breast feeding was positively associated with eczema among children with non-atopic parents [adj ORs with 95% CIs: 2.1 (0.4-10.6), 2.2 (0.4-11.3) and 1.9 (0.4-8.5) for BF duration of 1-6 wk, 7-12 wk and > or = 13 wk, respectively], whereas an inverse association was found among children with atopic parents [adj ORs with 95% CIs: 0.6 (0.3-1.3), 0.7 (0.3-1.4) and 0.9 (0.5-1.7) for the same BF durations]. However, these associations were not statistically significant. Breast feeding has no significant effect on the prevalence of eczema in the first year of life. The effect of BF on eczema in children depends on parental atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manana Sariachvili
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children, with increasing morbidity and mortality. A genetic predisposition and exposure to allergens have been implicated as major risk factors for the development of asthma. However, increasing evidence indicates that the mother plays a crucial role in mediating the development of fetal-infant immune responses to inhaled allergens. The exact nature and mechanism of this maternal influence and how it might be associated with the development of allergic sensitization and asthma are not clear. Under normal conditions, the maternal environment during pregnancy promotes an initial Th2 skewed immune response in the offspring which transitions to a nonallergic Th1 type response after birth. However, the allergic mother's influence may delay the normal transition to a nonallergic immune response to inhaled allergens in her children, thus increasing the risk for the development of allergic sensitization and/or asthma. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which the maternal immune environment can influence the development of the fetal-infant immune response to inhaled allergens may lead to identifying new targets for the prevention of allergic sensitization and asthma.
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Bryan DL, Forsyth KD, Hart PH, Gibson RA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate cytokine and prostaglandin E2 production by respiratory cells in response to mast cell mediators. Lipids 2007; 41:1101-7. [PMID: 17269555 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A protective association between breastfeeding and the development of bronchial asthma has been demonstrated. However, a mechanism remains unclear. FA present in human milk but rare in infant formula have been associated with marked immunological modulation as well as some indications of protection from asthma development. We examined the effect of in vitro manipulation of membrane phospholipid on the production of cytokines and prostaglandin (PG)E2 by respiratory epithelial cells (A549) in response to stimulation by mast cell mediators of allergic disease [histamine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5]. DHA and CLA significantly decreased the production of IL-8 in response to stimulation by TNF-alpha [2907 +/- 970 (DHA) and 6471 +/- 1203 (CLA) vs. 12,287 +/- 2309 (control) pg/mL; P < or = 0.05, mean +/- SEM], whereas both EPA and DHA reduced histamine-stimulated RANTES (regulation on activation, T cell-expressed and -secreted) production [2314 +/- 861 (EPA) and 877 +/- 326 (DHA) vs. 8526 +/- 1118 (control) pg/mL; P < or = 0.03]. PGE2 released in response to histamine was decreased by n-3 [1305 +/- 399 (alpha-linolenic acid), 406 +/- 73 (EPA), and 265 +/- 32 (DHA) vs. 9324 +/- 3672 (control) pg/mL; P < or = 0.05] and increased by n-6 [18,843 +/- 4439 (arachidonic acid) vs. 9324 +/- 3672 (control) pg/mL; P = 0.02], with CLA producing a decrease of the same magnitude as DHA [553 +/- 126 (CLA) vs. 9324 +/- 3672 (control) pg/mL; P = 0.03]. This study demonstrates the potential for immunological manipulation of the respiratory epithelium by FA in situ during allergic responses and suggests that further investigation into FA intervention in infants via human milk or supplemented infant formula, to prevent the development of allergic disease, may be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani-Louise Bryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University, Child Health Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Romieu I, Torrent M, Garcia-Esteban R, Ferrer C, Ribas-Fitó N, Antó JM, Sunyer J. Maternal fish intake during pregnancy and atopy and asthma in infancy. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:518-25. [PMID: 17430348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that n-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and may modulate immune response. Dietary intake of these nutrients during pregnancy could play a role in the risk of asthma and atopy in the offspring. METHODS Using data from a cohort of women (n=462) enrolled during pregnancy and whose offspring were followed up to 6 years, we evaluated the impact of fish consumption during pregnancy on the incidence of atopy and asthma. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire (42 items) applied by an interviewer. RESULTS Thirty-four percent of infants had a medical diagnosis of eczema at age 1 year, 14.3% of the children were atopic [based on skin prick test (SPT) at 6 years], and 5.7% had atopic wheeze at age 6 years. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, fish intake during pregnancy was protective against the risk of eczema at age 1 year, a positive SPT for house dust mite at age 6 years and atopic wheeze at age 6 years [odds ratio (OR)=0.73 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.98, OR=0.68, 95% CI 0.46-1.01 and OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.31-0.96, respectively]. For an increase in fish intake from once per week to 2.5 times per week, the risk of eczema at age 1 year decreased by 37%, and the risk of positive SPT at age 6 years by 35%. Stratification by breastfeeding showed that fish intake was significantly related to a decrease risk in persistent wheeze among non-breastfed children (P for interaction<0.05). No protective effect was observed among breastfed children. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a protective effect of fish intake during pregnancy on the risk of atopy-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Romieu
- National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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Laitinen K, Sallinen J, Linderborg K, Isolauri E. Serum, cheek cell and breast milk fatty acid compositions in infants with atopic and non-atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:166-73. [PMID: 16433853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major theory implicating diet with allergic diseases is associated with altered food consumption and subsequent changes in fatty acid composition. OBJECTIVE To investigate fatty acid compositions among infants with atopic and non-atopic eczema and healthy infants and to evaluate the expediency of non-invasive cheek cell phospholipid fatty acid composition as a marker in patients with eczema. METHODS Diagnosis of eczema in infants was confirmed clinically and by positive (atopic eczema, n=6) or negative (non-atopic eczema, n=6) skin prick testing in comparison with controls (n=19). The fatty acid compositions of infant cheek cell and serum phospholipids and breast milk total lipids were analysed by gas chromatography. RESULTS The distinction between atopic and non-atopic eczema was manifested in cheek cell phospholipids as linoleic acid (14.69 (13.67-15.53)% of total fatty acids; the median (interquartile range)), the sum of n-6 fatty acids (19.94 (19.06-20.53)%) and the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (22.70 (21.31-23.28)%) were higher in infants with atopic eczema compared with non-atopic eczema (12.69 (10.87-13.93); 17.72 (15.63-18.91) and 19.90 (17.64-21.06), respectively; P<0.05) and controls (12.50 (12.16-13.42); 18.19 (17.43-18.70) and 20.32 (19.32-21.03), respectively; P<0.05). Serum phospholipid gamma-linolenic acid was lower in both atopic and non-atopic eczema compared with controls (P<0.05) and additionally eicosapentaenoic acid was higher in atopic eczema compared with controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest differences in fatty acid compositions between the two types of eczema, calling for further evaluation in a larger setting. The two types of eczema may be regulated by different immunological processes, and fatty acids may have a more profound role in the atopic type.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laitinen
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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